Carte Engleza 8

INT[RPRcouRsE

Pre - Interm

Virginio Evons - Jenny Dooley

aEJxExpress Publishing

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physical/character descriptionclothes

l inking words

physical/character description

interests/hobbies

Phrasal verbs: look

accommodation

weather description

adjectives describing places

use of the senses in

describing places

holidays

adjectives describing placesgiving direct ions; makingrecommendaiions

Phrasal verbs: run

types of stories

feel ings

use of the senses

story: Episode 1

expressing obl igationiprohibition/absence ofnecessity

MODULE SELF-ASSESSMENT l , 2 , 3 ,4 ,5 ,6 t pp . 30 - 3 i l

UNIT 7A Ghostly Welcome(pp. 32 - 35)

UNIT 8Hard Times(pp. 36 - 3e)

mtfr iendly letter to a I

UNIT 1Read my lips(pp. 6 - e)

UNIT 2ln the Public Eye(pp. 10-13)

UNIT 3Around the world(pp. 14 - 17)

UNIT 4Travellers' Tales(pp. 18-21)

UNIT 5Enjoy Reading(pp.22 - 25)

UNIT 6The Lost World(pp. 26 - 29)

UNIT 9ln the Land ofthe Pyramids

(pp.40-43)

utiilT toCitizens 2050(pp.44-47)

describing people

buying clothesPronunciation: lsl, lzl, hzl

describing people

people's habits androutines

Pronunciation: lnl, lnl, lnkl

describing the weather

asking for information

catching up with news

Pronunciat ion: f t l , ldl , l rdl

describing places usingthe sensesgiving direct ions

making recommen-

dations about a place

sett ing the scene

describing people's

feel ings

expressing obl igation/prohibit ion/absence ofnecessity

describing animals

putting events in thecorrect order

narrating events

r asking forigiving advice. making plans/predictionsr making suggestions/

offers/invitations

Pronunciat ion: lsI l , lzdl

o describing ancientmonuments

r makingplans/predict ions. expressing opinions. comparing past,

present and future

situations

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pen{riend

describing a

famous person

fr iendly letter

describing your stayat a holiday resort

describing a visi t to

a prace

sett ing the scene

project:

describing animals

stones

fr iendly letter giving

advrce

project:

descript ion of thePyramids

expressing opinions- how l i fe wil l be in2050

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stories

feel ings & emotions

use of the senses

time words; sequence wordsPhrasal verbs: break

giving advice/making

recommendationsmaking suggestions/offers/invitations

story: Episode 2. say - tell

. life in the future

. expressing opinions (/ thrn(I believe, etc.)/giving reasons

. linking words (similar/

contrasting ideas)

Phrasal verbs: come

2

ffi m $ffiKffi ffiXffiw

Present Simple - Present

Continuous - stative verbs

o relative pronouns

(who-whose-which)r adverbs of frequency. forming adjectives

Past Simple - Past Cont. -

Present Perfect - Present

Perfect Continuous

for-si nce-ago-already-yef

wh i le-so far-ever-when-never

prepositions of place"the"

such/so .. . that

Past Simple - Past

Contrnuous

avoiding repeti t ion

Past Perfect - PastPerfect Continuous

compansons

pasl tenses

will - be going to -

Present Continuous1st type Conditionals

reported speech(statements - questions)

Future Continuous -

Future Perfect

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ftunr rrftt'tano* Escapes

flhn. ae-stt

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punr repl{ature's Fury

&(pp. sa'or)

HhilFil*il'

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accidents; survivors

giving advice; expressingcri t icism (should have done)car accidentfire

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a

natural disasters

Phrasal verbs: put

vocabulary related to jobs

joining similar/contrasting

ideas

types of sportsihobbies

sportsihobbies equipment

ski l ls/qual i t ies

Phrasal verbs: turn

story: Episode 4

endangered species

wild animals

voices of animals

ecology

expressing cause and

effectmaking suggestions

. types of foodo making complaints

story: Episode 5

' types of films. types of TV programmes. making recommendations

Phrasal verbs: take

story: Episode 6

reported orders/commands/

requests

passrve vorce

2nd and Srd type

Condit ionals

wishes

lnf ini t ives

the - ing form

question tags

reflexive pronouns

prurars

expressing reason

clauses of result+ n n - a n n r r d h

o clauses of purpose

r countable-uncountable nounso how much/how many. comparative/superlative

oegree

a

a

a

making deductions (must -

can't - may/might/could)

present & past participles

expressing preferencesso/neither

causative form

giving advice/

expressing cri t icismdescribing a car crashPronunciat ion: l I I l , ldSl

narrating past events

describing explorers' project:

lifestyles biography

o commenting/describing newsreports

natural disasters

Pronunciat ion: lal , laal

o commenting on jobs essay: advantages/r making wishes disadvantages

Pronunciat ion: lu. l , l ju. l

o describing sports prolect:

Pronunciat ion: ler l , lar l comparing and

contrasting sports

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lrlJt00t a

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's Burning70-73)

asking for confirmation

or agreemenr

describing sights

o describing animals

Pronunciat ion: laal , laal

project:describing sights

proiect:describing animals

essay: providing

solut ions to problems

letter of complaint

project:

describing future

cars

f i lm reviews

proiect: describing

inventions andinventors

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Roo.74 - 77)

F. Ull|T r8$ Problems of theq.

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$i 1pp,ze-er)I , |ODUIE SELF-ASSESSMENT 3 UNITS 13,14,15,16,17,18 lpp. 82 . 831

expressing cause and

effectproviding solut ions

comparing restaurants

making complaints

l i fe in the past

making deductions

describing future cars

TV programmes

recommendingexpressing preferences

describing f i lms

making preparations

talking aboutinventions

uNlT 19Quality orQuantity?(pp.84-87)

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MODULE SELF.ASSESSMENT 4 UNITS 19,20,21,22 (pp, lOO.1Ol l

GRAMMAR REFERENCE SECTION (pp, 102-1151

IRREGULAR VERBS (pp, I 1 6)

WORD LIST (pp, 1 17.1281

CULTURE GLIPS {pp. 129-1391AMERICAN ENGLISH - BRITISH ENGLISH (pp. 14O-1421PHOTOFILE

3

Pre-lntermediafe is a complete course foring English at pre-intermediate level. lt

with the necessary skills to successfullyin both the oral and written forms of the

consists of four modules of twentv-two units inpresent a story in episodes. Each module

of a care of useful language relatd tointerest with which the students need to

The units follow the same basic structure,

sections which draw on the students'of the given topic. The lead-in section ends

listening activity, requiring students to listen totext and complete a task, such as fil l ing in

information, underlining the correct item,matching, True/False statements, etc. Thisactivity prepares students to deal with the

text which follows. Having encountered theof the text, students are better equipped to

the reading task.

sections which consist of cross-culturaltexts allow students to develop skills suchfor gist, reading for specific information,

vocabulary from context andng te)d in their own words.

Practice sections which focus onthe vocabulary introduced in the reading text

various types of exercises such as 'word

(in which students deduce the meaning offrom context), gap-fil l ing, collocations which

remember vocabulary items as parts ofions, and sets of commonly confused

Text-related idioms, phrasal verbs andare also included.

sections which focus on encouragingto e)dract and reproduce relevant information

the text through discussion as well as mastering thecovered in the Vocabulary Practice section.

Development sections which presentlinked to the topic and extend students'at the appropriate level.

Listening and Speaking exercises which focus oncommunication. Students are given the opportunity todevelop competence in their listening and speakingskills through various exercises and activities.

Grammar in Use sections which present grammarstructures in a clear, easily understood way. Thesesections are used with the Grammar Reference section(found at the back of the book), allowing students toreinforce and expand their knowledge of grammarthrough a variety of useful exercises.

Pronunciation sections which help students gainconfidence in recognising sounds and pronouncingthem correctly. All pronunciation exercises arerecorded on tapes which accompany the coursebook.

Writing sections which introduce the most importantaspects of composition writing in an easy-to-followway. All writing exercises (either essays or projects)are guided so that students will not feel frustrated.Notes on successful wri t ing, plans and modelcompositions help students understand each type ofwriting presented.

Words of Wisdom sections which familiarise studentswith famous quotations and proverbs.

Module Self-Assessment sections which reinforcestudents' knowledge of the topics, vocabulary andstructures presented in the previous exercises andhelp prepare them for the tests. A marking schemeallows students to evaluate their progress and identifytheir weakness.

Culture Clips sectionsThe course is accompanied by: a) an easy-to-useTeacher's Book containing all the answers to theexercises in the Student's Book along with usefulsuggestions for presenting the exercises and four tests(each in two different versions) b) audio CDscontaining all the listening activities (teacher's set,student's set) c) Enterprise 3 Pre-lntermediateWorkbook in which students can revise vocabulary,and grammar structures presented in the coursebook,d) Enterprise 3 Test Booklet containing seven write-in tests, a Midterm and an Exit test, which aims toassess students' progress throughout the course.

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types of storiesfeelings

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present simple/continuousrelative pronounsadverbs of frequencyprepositions of placethe definite articlesuch/so ... thatpast simple/past continuouspresent perfect/present Perfectcontinuouspast perfect/past perfectcontinuouscomparisons

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a friendly letter to a Pen-frienda description of a famous Persona friendly letter describing your stayat a holiday resorta description of a visit to a Placea story: setting the sceneanimal fact files

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* lenrn how 10...describe people & placesbuy clothesdescribe people's habits/routines/feelingsdescribe the weatherask for informationgive directionsdescribe animalsexpress obligation/Prohibition/absence of necessitymake recommendations

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extinct animalsendangered sPeciesrules

UNII 1

responsibleimmature

energeticcareful

determined Icareful K

generousintelligent

decisivebossy

d-inResponsible, qui ck-te mp ered andgenerous are adjectives whichdescribe people's character. Canyou think of any more adjectives?

E nead the adjectives undereach picture, then listen to thetape and tick (/) the adjectivesyou hear.

WWil. , r : : i i , , . '

tsailinl3 Read the text and a) check your answers for the listening activity,

b) explain the words in bold as in the example.

e.g. Responsib le people ore those who you can always trust to da whot you oskthem to do.

Forget aboutfortune tellers ond horoscopes.Ihe shope of a person's lipscon sdy o lot about them.The 5,000-yeor-old art of face reoding is goiningpopulority. So, toke a look ot the shape of someone's lips to find outabout their personolity ...People with full lips are usually responsible. You can always trust them to do whal you

ask them to do. They are also decisive; they pake decisions quickly. 0n the other hand,they tend to be rather bossy. They like {elling other people what to dol

People who have a thin upper lip ahd full lower lip are energetic. They work very hardand like padicipating in a lot-of activities. They are ambitious as well;they wantto besuccessful in life. However, these people tend to be self-cenlred. They seem t0 only careabout themselves and they sometimes forget about other people's feelings.

People with thin lips are detetmined; they know what they want and they do all they canto get it. They are cateful people who do their work with a lot of attention and thought.However, they tend to be reserved; they don't like showing their feelings or expressingtheir opinions. They can also be mean; they don't like sharing things or spending,money,.People who have lips with down{urning corners are very generous. They love giving

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ambitiousself-centred

things to other people and helping them. They are also intelligent andunderstand difficult subiects quickly and easily, 0n the otherhand, they can be sensitive at times; they get upset easily,so be careful of what you say t0 them.

:$rcatdng

a) Look at these famous people's lips andtalk about their characters.e"g. Sylvester Stalltne has gat. lips with down-turning

corners. lt meons he is generous.

b) Talk about your partner's character by reading

his/her l ips.reservedmean

sensitivesecretive

thin upper lip with a full lower liP

UNIT 1

attimes. He is often aggresslve' (NOT:Hene). Look at the ways you can join the

qualitiesShe is friendly. She ls Pollte.She is friendly and (also) Polite.She is friendly and Polite as well.

qualities

the ideas using: and (also)' but, however'

at the list of adiectives in Ex.4 and make

about people you know using:andralso,

ar well, but, however, on the other hand'e,g, Tom is friendly and caring as well"

in the gaps with: earlY' mid' late.

13 - 14 = in his/hergg - 39 = in his/her44 - 46 = in his/her21 - 29 = in his/her67 - 69 = in his/her57 - 59 = in his/her

He is hetpful. He can be arrogant at times'He is helpful but he can be arrogant at times.He is helpful. On the other handlHowever, he

fends to be arrogant at times'

I B A film director is trying to decide on two

actors (one mate, one female) for the leading

roles in his new film. Look at the pictures then

listen to the tape and find the two people.

Read the following descriptions and match them

with the pictures above.Then fill in the tablebelow with words from the paragraphs. Finally'

cover the paragraphs and describe each person'

Mary's short and in her early twenties. She's got an oval

face, long black curly hair and a small nose. Her eyes are

brown.Paul's tall and in his early thirties. He's got a long face and

long black hair. His nose is quite large and he's got a

small mouth.Sally's short and plump. She's in her late sixties. She's got

a square face, shoulder-length wavy grey hair and a wide

mouth. Her eyes are green.Mike's tall, well-built and middle-aged with a square face'

His mouth is wide, and his nose is rather big' He has large

dark brown eyes and short grey hair . . . . . . . . . . . ' . .

l0 Write a short paragraph describing your bestfriend's physical aPPearance and character'

ualB lleunlnpmEnt

of the following adiectives are positive and

are negative?

unrelioble, self-confi dent, coring im oginotive, outgoing,

rude, eosygoing, stubborn, cooperotive, selfsh, shy,

ised, forgetful, active, lozy, loyol, arrogong polite

you describe people's character, you can include(e.g. kind) and negative (e.g. Iuy) qualities.

rn you talk about negative qualities, you can use

expressions in bold. e.g. He tends tolcan be

I

on the other hanp. x' rur'd d/@ioger is friendlflReg€r-+s caring. + Ao .i 4r is friendl!.*egpr-+s caring. ,_ .*, *.,q_it

i s i nt e | | i g e nt' Jeh++is t * "": :i,"^i ^5-- d- /- s

ew is stubborn. *ndrevlris disorganisqd nNtl*is coo pe rative.-Facrl-ts f o rg etf u l. tt.r-l-D, T ""?ael is energetic:*A'iehaefs bossy. tr'uut ' w i5

Height:

Bui ld:

Age:

Face:

Hair:

Eyes:

Mouth:

Nose:

UNIT I

11 Match the pictures with the words from the l ist:mini skirt, woistcoo't, jeans, shorts, leggings, high heeled shoes, tie, fur coot,evening dresq sul4 bow tie, denim jocket, troiners,T-shirt, bosebol! cop,V-neckjumper, scorf, flot shoes, oyerolls, polo-neck, trocksuit" dungorees, shirt

Which of these items are casual and which are formal?What doyou wear when you go: a) to the gym, b) on a trip, c) to work, d)to a party, e) to a reception?

When I go to the gym I wear a trocksuit,troiners ...etc.

E Reaa the dialogue and fill int, motch - go with - suit - fit.Now, listento the tape and check your answers. Then, act out a simitardialogue.

Good morning madam. May I help you?I hope so! l 'm looking for something really special to wear to my cousin,swedding. Something in b lue, l th ink.What about this lovely dress? lt has a jacket in the same colour to 1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . i t .Yes, it 's beautiful, but it looks a bit small. Do you think it will 2)

. . . . me?Why don't you try it on? ... (after some minutes)There! How does it look?It 's perfect! The colour 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you.Do you think so? Now al l I need is a pair of shoes to 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 Match the adjectives and theadverbs with the words below.

cosu ally, upturned, b right, form olly, n eatly,hooked, darlg golden, silky

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .d ressed 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ey r2 . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . n o s e 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h i

l,:iL'r" ''r""nrammar in Use

14 Match the tenses with theirning.When do we use presentple? When do we use presenttinuous?

23

scheduled actions :(timetables)future anangementsactions happeningn0wlikes and dislikespermanent states

l5 Put the verbs in brackets into thecorrect tense.

Steven 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (work) as a director.He's in the studio now. He 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(direct) a scene from his new film "Raidersof the Lost Treasure". He 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(stay) in London at present, but he 4)

(fly) to Egypt tomorrow to shoots o m e s c e n e s . H i s f l i g h t 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(leave) at 6.00 am and, although he 6)

(like) travelling, he 7)(hate) early mornings.

Verbs expressing likes/dislikes (like, Iove,hate, dislike, can't stand, don't mindetc.) are not used in continuous tensesand take a noun or -ing form after them.e.g. I love rock music.ll don't mindcleaning my room. (NOT: l'Mg-rockmusic.)

Paul works as asinger.He is singing now.He is staying at ahotel at present.He is going toLyon on Sunday.His flight leaves at9.00 am.He likes tennis.

temporary situat-r0ns

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e.g.

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15 E Read these sentences,then listen to the tapeand mark each statementT (True) or F (False).

Paul l ikes playingcomputer games.He enjoys meeting newpeopre.He loves science fictionstories.

17 What do you like/don't like / love /don't mind/ hateenjoy/ can't stand/ dislike doing?

Pronunniatinn18 E First l isten and tick.Then,listen and repeat.

Work in teams. One person chooses a picture,the other asks three questions trying to find outwho the person is. Finally, describe each person.

Canada, 13, tall, slim, fairhair, generous, caring,likes playing the guitar,hates watching honor

tilms

Australia,12, short, slim, shorl

brown hair, friendly, kind,likes swimming, hales

watching TV

' .0anada, 13, tall, plump,fair hair, polite, caring, likesgoing to the cinema, hates

watching horror filmsi.rf:;i;;pit-. js!,Xtr\

UNII I

Wfitin[ (a tetter to a pen-friend)

20 Fil l in each sentence into the right place.a) | love sports.b) My name is Ben Smith and I 'm from England.c) I'm twelve years old.

Dear Claude.

0 . . . . . . t live in Sussex with myf amily. there are f our of us; my parents, my sister Emily, aged4, and me. My mum works in a bank. My dad's a dentist.

2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (m ta l l , about 1,50,slinr. As you can see from my photo, I 've got green eyesshort fair hair. t usually wear jeans and trainers.

3) .................... My f avourite is basketball.t usually play basketball with my friends at the weekend. Ialso enjoy riding my bicycle. t enjoy reading books but I don'tlike reading corrics.

write back to rne soon and tell me about yol\ll l l .. -..-Send me a photograph of yourself.

Best wishes.Ben i

. ' . ;

Look at the plan, then write a letter to your pen-friend. Use the letter from Ex.20 as a model.

Plan(your pen-friend's first name)

INTRODUCTION

Para 1: name, where from, place you live in, family

MAIN BODY

Para2:. age, height, build, eyes, hair, clothes

Para 3: what you like/don't like/don't mind

CONCLUSION

Para 4: ask him/her to write back and send you his/her picture

Best wishes,(your first name)

Slnrds nf Wisdnm

Read these sentences.What do they mean?

o Clothes make the man.o The eyes are the window of the soul.o One man's meat is another man's poison.o Never trust appearances.o First imoressions are the most lastinq.

/s/ tzl ltzl

watchessitsplays

He hates doing hishomework.He doesn't mind t idyinghis room.He can' t stand popmusrc.

tst lzl ltzl

catchesgoes

talks

anaana

1921

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Australia, 12, short, slim,long brown hair, generous,kind, likes watching TV,

hates maths

lead-inLook at the pictures above.Whois famous for:a) losing a battle?b) painting pictures?c) winning tennis matches?d) starring in fi lms?e) playing the violin?

Can you think of any otherfamous people? What are theyfamous for?

E Guess whether thefollowing statements aboutDaryl Hannah are true or false.Then listen to the tape and findout if your answers were correct.

Daryl l ikes wearing expensive clothes. I

She is shy. IShe likes going to Hollywood parties.

She believes in true love.

She does not want to live in the city.She cares about the environment.

e ffirffi rmffiffiffi ,ffiffitrffiffi ffiff,,:ii|iacint

4 You are going to read an article about the actress Daryl HannaFor questions | - 5 choose the best answet A, B, C or D.

lD*nyn H"*r*hThe pretty mermaid looked up from very special before she starts a famiiy.

the golden sand and the world fell in Daryl's lifestyle is guite simple. wrerIove with her. The film was sp/ash, and she is not working, her favouritethe mermaid was the famous actress, activities are gardening, playing theDaryl Hannah, who has also staned in piano and making pottery a]l of whiclrsuch films as ftoxanne and Bjade reveal the creative side of herRunner. character.

Bjorn Borg

2

Daryl is tall and slender. She has gotIong blond hair, Iarge blue eyes andstunning features. She looks fantasticin expensive clofies, but she preferscasual clothes which show ofr hernatural beauty.

She is more than just another prettyface, however. She is a complicatedperson whose character has manysides. She is often in the public eye, butshe is acftrally a very shy person whodislikes the crowds and noise ofHollywood parties. Her shyness is aproblem which she is trying toovercome with her friends'help. She isnot the sort ofperson who expects helpwithout giving anything back, however.Daryl is an extremely caring person,and she says that she forgets her ownproblems when she is helping others.She is also a romantic who believes intrue love, so she wants to find someone

Daryl may prefer to sit in the shadowsat parties, but when it comes to herbeliefs she is not afraid to speak hermind. She has strong views on theenvironment. She believes that ourmodern lifestyle is destroying theenWonment, For this reason, she iscunently looking for a place in thecountyside where she can build anenvironmentally.friendly house. Shesays that she feels most relaxed whenshe is close to natue.

Underneath the success, shynessand simple lifestyle are Daryl's verysftong views on life. As she says, "Findout what is important to you - anddon't be afraid to live itl'

It is a pleasure to meet an actresswho remains down-to-earth andsincere in a world where fame andsuccess can often harm one'scharacter.

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UNII 2

In her everyday life, Daryl Hannah

A is successful and selfish.B enjoys big parties.C never goes to parties.D feels uncomfortable in large

groups of people.

One of Daryl's outstandingcharacteristics is that she

In her {ree time Daryl enjoys

A doing creative activities.B being with simple people.C resting in her garden.D writing music.

Daryl wants to build her ownhome because she

A cannot find one she likes.B cares about the

environment.C wants people to

know her views.D dislikes old houses.

5 The whole article tells us that DarylHannah

A is only happy when she is notworking.

B likes being a film star.C does not have strong oPinions.D is not a typical Hollyfiood actress.

to take care of sb/sthto try to findto expect sth with pleasure

to try to find a word, name, etc. in areference book

BcD

is always asking her friends forhelp.is willing to help others.doesn't pay attention to her friends.gets others into trouble.

':::li::

' ' i a : ; ' : i i '

Phrasal uer[s

t0 Fil l in the correct particle(s).

5 Read the article again and answer the questions.

a) ln which fi lms has Daryl Hannah acted?

b) What does she have strong feelings about?

c) What sort of clothes does she prefer to wear?

d) What are her views on life?

Tncabulary Practite

Look at the words in bold on p l0 and try to explain

them, then choose any three and make sentences.

Match the numbers to the letters.

look after:look for:look forward to:look up:

Fill in the correct word from the list below. Use the

words only once.

true, strong, golden, shadows, naturol, public, foll, speak

5 . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . beauty6 to s i t in the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v i e w s8 t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h e r m i n d

I don' t remember her phone number - let me look i t . . . . . . . .Jul ie looks . . . . . . . . our chi ldren whi le we're at work.Jane is really looking her sister's wedding.Helen is looking . . . . . . . . a new house.

Wrrds [ftEn oonfusnd

Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s).

fomous for - popular with

Switzer land is . . . . . . . . . . . . . skiers.Car l Lewis i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w inn ing four go ld meda ls inthe 1988 Olympic Games.

woit for - expect

| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . to get a let ter f rom John tomorrow.Please ... me; I am almost readY.

1234

I slender2 overcome3 reveal4 beliefs5 currently6 tind out

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s a n d2 to . . . . . . . . . . in love with sb3 in the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eye4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | o v e

a gel overb nowc discoverd showe ideasf sl im

fi

34

12

FrBIo$itions

I Fill in the correct prepositions, then choose anythree and make sentences.

1 to star ........... a film; 2 to look fantastic expensiveclothes; 3 to bel ieve sth; 4 . . . . . . . . . . . the countryside; 5 tobe close . . . . . . . . . . . sth; 6 to have strong views . . . . . . . . . . . l i fe

lnllnw-uI

. Read the article again and make notes under thefollowing headings, then talk about Daryl Hannah.

Appearanee Character Hobbies Beliefs

il

Ul,lII 2

Erammar in Use

12 took at the words in bold and say which a) areused for peopfe, b) show possession, c) are used forthings.1 Daryl is not the sort of person who/that expects help

without giving anything back.2 She prefers casual clothes which/that show off her

natural beauty.3 She is a complicated person whose characrer

has many sides.

l3 loin the sentences using who,which or whose.1 Ms Brown is a friendly person. She likes meeting new

people. e.g. Ms Brown is afriendly person who likesmeeilng new people.She lives in a big house. The house is near the oark.Steven is a lawyer. His office is in Baker Street.Claire is a model. She has been in many fashion shows.Sarah is wearing a nice dress. The dress fits herperfectly.

14 Undertine the correct word.

who's = who is/who has whose shows possession

1 That's the man who'slwhose Sally,s friend.2 That's the man who'slwhose son is my friend.3 That's the man who'slwhose got an Alsatian dog.4 That's the man who'slwhose dog keeps barking

at night.

15 Write sentences as in the examples.

e.g. A porter is someone who carries suitcases.A vocuum cleaner is a machine whiclt cleans corpets.

play the piano/ {make pottery?

travel byplane?

go to parties?

get up early?

eat latteningfood?

e.g. Daryl usually p/cys the piana ar makes pottery in hetfree time.

17 Wtrat do youalways/usual lylsometi mes/occasional lyly ever/ never do in your daily routine?

18 fi l t in each gap with only one word.

Naomi Campbell, the famousmode l , i s very ta t l 1 ) . . . . . . . , . . . . . . , apedect f igure . She 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . adark complexion and beautifulbrown eyes.3) . . . . . . . . . . straightblack hair fal ls past hershoulders. When she 4)

not working, sheusually wears casual clothes.Naomi 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . read ing and Ioften goes to the theatre. ITravelling is what she tikes 6) |

. She always travels Iabroad when she has free time. INaomi spends a lot of time 7) |

the gym and she does Inot eat fat tening food. She Ibelieves that working hard 8) |

the only way tosucceed in life. *

Adverbs of frequency (sometimes, usually, never, etc.) gobefore the main verb but after the verb ,,to be,' and afterauxiliary verbs. e.g. He never gets up /ate. She issometimes late for work.

16 E Read the table, then listen to the tape andtick (/) the correct boxes. Finally, writesentences as in the example.

How often always usually sometimesl rarelyl ,neverdoes Daryl ... occasionally hardly

ever

2345

&ffi

&12

tn t tt)t hkts tn

sink

srng

UNII 2

J

rt

Prununriatiun19 E First l isten and tick.Then, l isten and repeat.

We can form adjectives from nouns or verbs by adding-ful (e.9. wonder + wondertul), -ous (e.9. danger :dangerous), -ibfe (e.9. terror - terrible), -ing (e.9. excite+ exciting), -ed (e.9. bore s bored) and -ive (e.9. create. creative)

20 fit l in the correct derivatives of the words in bold.What is each paragraph about?

Brad Pitt is one of Hollvwood'sbrightest stars. He is a very 1) ..........(success) actor who has starred in .,many films, such as lnterview withthe Vampire and Twelve Monkeys.He is ta l l and s l im. H is 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . .

(beauty) blue eyes and goodlooks are difficult to forget.Brad P i t t i s a 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (humour )

person; his friends enjoy his companyHe is a sensible oerson who does not lead a4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (glamour) l i fe.When he has free time, he enjoys reading about architecture,

a subject that he f inds very 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( interest) . He alsoenjoys listening to music and has a huge CD collection.Brad Pit t is a 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( talent) as wel l as a handsome

young actor. We are sure to see a lot more of him in the future!

21 E Read the table, then listen to the tape and fillin the missing words.

j o b : a . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

f i lms: S.. . . . . . . . . . W.. . . . . . , Raiders of the Lost Ark

appearance: 1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . , wel l -bui l t , hardly any wrinkles,tanned s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . face , b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eyes ,

Ulfiting (describing a famous person)

When we describe a person, we talk about his/herappearance, character and hobbies/interests. We start anew paragraph for each topic.

n, lmagine you are areporter. Look at theparagraph planbeloq then write anarticle describingHarrison Ford.You may use theinformation giveni n E x . 2 l .

Plan

INTRODUCTION

Para 1: name - what he is famous for

MAIN BODY

Para 2: appearance (looks, e.g. tall, well-built, etc., clothes,e.g. casual clothes, etc.)

Para 3: character (what he is like e.g. kind, patient, etc.with justification)

Para 4: hobbies/interests (activities he enjoys doing/doesn'tenjoy doing)

CONCLUSION

Para 5: final comments (say whether you like him or notand what you think of him)

icharacter:

interests:

hobbies:

his life to become known, then wears dark glassesso that nobody will recognise him." (Fred Allen)

. .Try not to become a man of success, but rather tryto become a man of value." (Albert Einstein)

. .Allthat glitters is not gold." (William Shakespeare)

tn l tnt lrJklhing

hrn

hink

Wnrds nf Wisdum

Read these sentences.What do they mean?

brown hair starting to turn 9"""""""" r "A famous oerson is someone who works hard arlpr ivate, s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , car ing

works with environmental 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l i kes w. . . . . . . . . . . . . . w i th h is hands andb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . th ings

t3

leail-in7

2

1 Where are Barbara and Johnstaying?

2 Where is Janet staying?3 Where is Bob staying?

4 Who has tried fish curry?5 Who has put on weight?6 Who has tried snails?

E

}WWWhat places can you see in the pictures?

Where do you usually go for your holidays? When do youWhat do you enjoy doing most while you are on holiday?

E Read these questions then listen to the tape andthem.

f,nadinIRead these letters and find thesentence which best describeseach picture. Now look at thewords in bold and try to explainthem, then choose any three andmake sentences.

Dear Tim,

Creetings from wiombassa! tt's suchan exotic place! We're staying at af abulous hotel. The weather is hotand sticky here.

Yesterday, we went on a saf arithrough Tsovo Eost Nationrl park. Wes6w many wild animals there. Whilewe were driving through in our jeepa huge rhino chased us! We've beenswimming at Nyali Beach almostevery day and we've got great tans.

rhe f ood here is delicious. We'vebeen eating mangoes and pineapplesand we've even tried fish curryt

L}ve,Barbara and lohn

.&, . , , ,

Dear Tim,

Hi! lm on holiday in Crete. I'm staying at a marvellous camp-sitethe sea. The weather is warm and sunnv.

I've seen the inuedible trtinoan palace at the ancient city of KLost week I visited the trchaeological museum. I have been exploringthe gorgeous sandy beaches in the area. yesterday while t wos scudiving, t found an amazing underwater cave.

I have been eating a lot of traditional food. I've even tried snails.is a wonderful island. t'm having so much fun!

Ljve,Bob

14

ffi

dhpnalrinuRead the letters again. In teams, ask and answerquestions about where the people are staying,theweother,ploces they have visited things they have beendoing ond their good or bad experiences.

ffianuuaue llgvelnpment: , :

5 Find the adjectives in the three letters on p. | 4which are used with the following nouns.

ploce, hotel, guest-house, comp-site, weother, paloces, beoches,

food, city, cove, islond

6 Read the paragraph below and replace the words inbold with their opposites from the l ist.

unfriendly, dirty, avrful, lousy, horrible, crowded, disgusting,cloudy, filthy

Now write the new paragraph.

You won't believe what a 1) fabulous place this islWe are having a 2) wonderful time. The weatheris 3) sunny, and the hotel we are staying in isreally 4) clean. The beach is 5) quiet and thewater is 6) clear. The local people are very 7)friendly and the food is 8) delicious. l 've neverhad such an 9) enjoyable time in my life!

E Listen to the dialogue and write down fourquestions asking for information. Now act out asimilar dialogue trying to persuade your partnerto go on holiday with you.You may use adjectivesfrom Exs.5 and 5 to help you.

e.g. A: Whot is Malta like?B: lt's really fabulaus I gorgeouslfontasfic. etc"

UNII 3

Look at the two pictures.What is the weather like ineach picture? Read the extracts and underline the oddword out from the words in bold. In which extract isthe weather a) hot and sunny? b) cold, rainy andcloudy? c) snowy and freezing? d) stormy, windy andrainy? How did the people feel in each situation?

2 Strong winds kept blowing the whole time we werethere. On the third nioht. a terrible storm broke. lt waspouring with rain and the l ightning l i t up the night sky.I was so frightened, relaxed, scared and uneasy

The next day, we woke up to see that everything waswhite. Snow was falling lightly and it was freezing. Wespent the day making snowmen and skiing on theslopes. We fel t so exci ted, joyful , moody anddelighted that we decided to go there again next year.

Fill in the correct verb from the l ist.

d o - g o - t o k e - h o v e

9

456

123

.. . . . . on hol iday/on a tr ipsome shopping

, a hol iday

for a walk. . . . . . . . . some sightseeing

. . . . . . . . sk i ing

t5

e.g. lt wss culd anrlrainy. t"le fe/t unhcppy,nrisercble ond depresse<l

It was cold and rainy. The sky was covered with darkgrey clouds. I didn't go anywhere and spent most oftime in my hotel room watching TV. I felt so calm,unhappy, miserable and depressed that I took thefirst train back home.

that I left early the next morning.

It was hot and sunny. Every day we sat in the guest-house garden enjoying the sunshine. ln the afternoonsa light breeze blew in from the sea and cooled us. Wefelt so happy, refreshed, sad and cheerful that westaved there a whole month

UNII 3

Grammar in Use

tu ldentify the tenses in bold, then match them with the correcttense description. How is each tense formed? when do we useeach tense?

1 Yesterday morning lwent to St Stephen,s Cathedral.2 While I was taking pictures someone stole my bag.3 I have been exploring all the gorgeous sandy beaches in the area.4 We've been swimming at Nyali Beach almost every day and we,ve gotgreat tans.5 I've seen the incredible Minoan palace.6 | think I've put on weight.a tonger past action interrupted by a shorter actionb action which happened in the past at a definite timec past action having visible results in the presentd action which began in the past anO is siitt gorng one statement of personal experiences or chanoesf recent action when the time is not mentionJd

Past Simple: ago, yesterday, last month/week, etc.Past Continuous: when, while, asPresent Perfect: never, ever, before, already, yet, for, sincePresent Perfect Continuous: for, since

11 Put the verbs in into the correct tense.

1 While she .... (have) luncn some-one . . . . . . . . . . . . (steal) her camera.

2 He is dirty. He.(repair) cars since morntno.

3 He is sunburnt. He(lie) in the sun for hours,

12 E Reaa the diafogue and fiil inthe correct tense, then listen tothe tape and check your answers,Now act out the dialogue.

A: Hi Sally! | didn,t know you wereWhen 1)Last Friday.So you 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (be)for a week, right?

A:

B:

A;

B:

B: Yes, we're staying at the paradiseWhen 3)Late yesterday evening. l,m staying aia guest-house by the sea. So, what r

every day. The beaches are so ctean.6) . . . . . . . . . . . . (you/see) thetemple yet?

there on Monday. lt,s reallyUnfortunately, as we g) ...... . . ...(explore) i t Jane 9) . . . . . . . .(s l ip) and 1 0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( twisr)ankle.Oh dear! ls she any better now?Much better, thanks. Listen, havegot any plans for tonight?Not really.Why don't you come with us tobeach party? We 11) .. .. . (go)one a few days ago and i t 12) . . . . . . . . . . .(be) great fun. They 13) . . . . . . . . . . . .(serve) delicious food and we

(dance) tiil the earty IThat sounds greail Where shall Iyou?

l3 Fitl in the gaps with the correctadverb.Then say what tense theygo with.

for, since, ogo, already, yet, while, so for,ever, when, never

1 She left for her holiday in Spain a

2 lfour years.

Have you travelled bvbefore?l ' ve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . been toforeign country before.She has been skiingwas a child.

B :A:

A :

B:

B :brackets

a

have been going on holidav to

dbl( " , - "

iw-tt

. :{i ii

5 Whi le she . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (sk i )She lhraalz\ har l^^

6 She is tired. She 6 | don't want to go to Hawaii aqain. I

cialinn

E First l isten and tick.Then, l isten and repeat.

trl td l hdt

itayed

ookedcainted

UNII 3

16 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.In which paragraph doesVicky talk about a) theweather? b) sights/activities? c) food/experiences?

ilin r:i"nli u'tmniit *-f liq].:*;ffi '

' it started rainins' tttt'-tfr:ll.;.ffi ili;iedo today. 1

' We l l , I must g0 f low - werc av" 'e - - {

I Lout'i., Vicky

; . .

a - " ! r - ' ' ! , r . , , r J - \ . . ' * " - - - - r .

17 I*ugirr" you are on holiday. Use the paragraphplan below to write a letter to your friend.

Plan^.^r $our friend's first name)u( .u t . . , . . . . . :1 . . .

INTRODUCTIONPara 1: greetings, say where you are

MAIN BODY ,I'

Para 2: say where you are staying and what the weather is like

Para 3: sights you have seen/activitiesf.

Para 4: food you have tasted/good and bad experiences

CONCLUSIONPara 5: end the letter

Love,

: (v..9!!:.!!r:J..r.e.ns),i.t,:l,t:,"":'W[rd$ nf Wisdnm

Read these sentences.What do they mean?

e l .)?I

4)D?n)

rld

rA

)?

o)v .

er

7 | haven't unpacked my suitcase so I can't go out.8 Dad was driving the car Mum was reading

the map and giving directions.9 She was sunbathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i t started to rain.

10 I've been to four different beaches

14 Stuay the pairs of sentences below, thencomplete the following sentences using the wordsin bold. Use two to five words.

have never travelled by plane before.the first time I have travelled by plane.a long time since we went on holiday.haven't been on holiday for a long time. I oear engie'

| 1) ............" ' (write) to }/ou f"y '.y!!':l'' ttrv lamitv

nnrt | 2t roki"niii i^'^'?)t'l!v^'!!'i 'l"li'"'li;,When/How long ago did he leave for Cyprus?

"How long is it since he left for Cyprus? r,,nrii lr*#+.'[*;,il;il:;fir,i,r?i c,v i"Ii:i',;;r;',,,#,#,;il,;,",:*rr;t'itllt:;;':,3i i:"iTiiiH;l*.:;fr'ffi

The last time I went to Spain was last summer.I haven't been to Spain since last summer.James last went to Munich three years ago.James hasn't been to Munich for three years.

The last time we went fishing was last summer.have We .. . . . . . . . . . . . . last summer'She has never eaten Chinese food before.t ime l t 's the . . . . . . . . . Chinese {ood.When did he go to Naples?since How long . to Naples?It's a long time since we ate out.eaten We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a long t ime.He last went to Delhi five years ago.for He has ...... five vears.

ru (a letter describing your stay at a

holiday resort)

a letter describing your stay at a holidayshould talk about the place (where it is, what ityou arrived there), accommodation (where you

, the weather, sights you have visited, activitiesbeen doing, the food, any good or badyou have had and your impressions. Organise

o Travel broadens the mind.o Allwork and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

in paragraphs and be careful to use the

11

* ffiffiHYou are going to read an article about a tour ofthe west coast ofthe United States. For questions I to 8, choose from the placesmentioned in the tour (A - D).The places may be chosen more thi

f,eading

.There is an example at the beginning (0).

1

2

3

4

cSan Diego d

eHawaii f

g

h

Disneyland where we saw E.T.shook hands with MickevAfter that they took us toto see the houses of.the starshave made a lot of films - and aof money!The last place we visited

California was San Diego, a citysun, sand, sea and all kindswatersports. We went to theDiego Zoo which is one ofworld's largest zoos. We alsoMexico, which is only a shortaway from San Diego.Finally, we went to Hawaii.

paradise! We sat on goldenwith green palm trees anoamazing red sunsets. We alsocolourful fish at Sea Life parkwent snorkelling in Hanauma Bay.the evenings we enjoyed theclubs, bars and ice-creamBest of all, we ate fantastic Hifood while watching Hawaiianperforming traditionaldances.This holiday was fantastic.

when you have time, get on theplane to the west coast of The

tOad-inHave you ever travelled abroad?Where did you go? What did yousee there?

Match the pictures with the places:San Francisco, Los Angeles, SanDiego, Hawaii.What are theseplaces famous for?

E Mrt.lt two things from the listto each place. Now listen to thetape and check your answers.

San Francisco a cable carsb traditional

Los Angeles oancesa zooDisneylandgolden beachesa famous bridgerich people'shouseswatersports

Pncific Pnnndisr TounThe Pacific ParadiseTour took us to' California, on the west

coast of the United States,and to the Hawaiian islands in the

Pacilic 0cean. With beautifulcountiyside, exciting cities andfantastic beaches, this holidav hadevefihing.The first place we stopped at was

San Francisco, in noilhernCalifornia. This city is famous for itscable cars - and it certainly needsthem because San Francisco isextremely hilly and has some verysteep roads! By the sea, next to thefishing boats, there are the fishrestaurants. Here we enjoyedwatching the street actors andmusicians as we ate delicious freshfish. One thing we'll never forget isthe Golden Gate Bridge, which is verybig and beautiful.The neK city on the tour was Los

Angeles. This city is very excitingand has some very famousattractions. The nearby beaches arelong and sandy and the mountains

,, outside the city are high and dry. We:.r visited the beach where they were",.lilming Baywatch. We also went to

1B

States and have the time of vour

lary Prautine

at the words in bold in Ex. 4to explain them, then choose l0 Fill in the correct particle(s).

Phrasal Ucrlsto meet sb by chanceto finish; have no more ofto chaseto hit sb/sth with a car, etc.

the correct word from the

1 A car a lmost ran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . my dog.2 The bal l rol led down the hi l l and the chi ldren ran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i t .3 Whi le we were dr iv ing to Paris, the car ran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . petrol .4 Guess what l I ran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bi l l Garr ing yesterday.

PrcR[$lllons

I I Fill in the correct prepositions, then choose any three and makesentences.

1 . . . . . . . . . the west coast. . . . . . . . . the United States; 2. . . . . . . . . the pacif ic Ocean; 3famous . . . . . . . . . sth; 4 . . . . . . . . . a tour; 5 shake hands . . . . . . . . . sb; 6 si t . . . . . . . . . goldenbeaches; 7 get . . . . . . . . . a plane

Use the words only once.polm, steep, streel short, fshing

golden

... boats

oancesr : i l l l l i l , ',:fnllnw-uI

U g q u I I E J

UNII 4

Replace the words in bold withothers from the list.

colou rful, perfecg delicious, gorgeous,tiny, delightful, huge, fontastic

Last winter I went on a skiingholiday to the Alps. We stayed in a1) small chalet which had a 2) bigf ireplace in every room. Theweather was 3) good so we wereable to go skiing every day. In theevenings we had dinner at 4) nice restaurants in the village. The foodwas really 5) good. There were some 6) nice shops so I bought a 7) inice jumper. We stayed there for a week. We had a 8) good time.

f,lnrils rftnn Goilfilsod

9 Fil l in the gaps with one of these words.

look-wotch - see - toke -bring

sentences refer to which place(s)?

C San DiegoD Hawaii

is built on hil ls.

is a famous theme oark.

close to another

food is delicious.

perform as you

see the homes of famous

see Interestrng creatures rnsea.1 Can you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . tha t g i r l?

She's hiding behind the tree.2 | always my favourite TV

programme on Saturdayafternoons.

run into sb:run out of:run after:run over:

3 . . . . . . . . . at this statue! l t 's gorgeous.4 Can you . . . . . . . . . . . . . me a glass of

water, please?5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . the books back to the

library, please.

and make sentences.

each word from column Aits opposite from column B.

wa dul l

b ugly

c southern

d tasteless

e wet

I stale

roads . Read the article again and talk about San Francisco, Los Angeles,San Diego and Hawaii in terms of sights / activities.

l9

Eflt:

ntft:tftf

:[

Twgtilrliln

UNII 4

When you describe a place, you cangive examples of what you can see, hearand smell. This makes the descriotionmore interesting.

12 Read the phrases and say whichsense each one describes.Then,choose suitable phrases to fi l l inthe descriptions below.croshing woves, /eoves rustling, blue seo,smell of wet soil strow umbrellos, tollgreen trees, smell of sunton oil, birdschirping, bright sun

My holidaywas perfect.From mybalcony I saw1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . .

l which l inedthe beach. I

spent my days under the 2) . . , . . . . . . .swimming in the 3). . . . . . . . andplaying in the 4) . . . . . . . . The 5)

. . . . . . . . . . f i l l ed the a i r .

The forestwas peaceful.There were1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .all around me.The onlysounds I heardwere the 2) ...

on the trees and 3)The 4) . . . . . . . . . f i l led the air .

Language lleuelo[mcnt

E Listen to the tape and tick thephrases that you hear.What canthe man hear/see/smell?

honking horns t:loud music f]car exhaustfumes tfa large car park [ftallskyscrapers t:salty air [fthe busy street below n

14 toot at the map and fi l l in the gaps with one of the prepositionsthe l ist.

obove, next tolbeside, opposite, below, over, near I close to, by

The restaurant is . . . . . . . . . . the square.The car park is the cinemaThe schoo l i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thelibrary.The ha i rd resser 's i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , thechemist 's.

turn left/right, go straight on, go past, take the first/second turning onright/left, carry on/keep going until you get, turn into

E Listen to the tape and fi l l in the gaps with the words youhear.Then, read the dialogue and mark the route on the mapstarting from the l ibrary. Finally, in pairs ask for and givedirections a) from the hospitol to the hotel and b) from thetheatre to the librory, using the expressions in the box above.

Excuse me, sir. Can you tell me the way to the post office, please?

Yes. Wel l 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lor ing Road unt i l you get to Park

123

5 The chemis t ' s i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .hairdresser's.

6 The church is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the7 There is a br idge crossing . . .

the river.

15

13Tom:

Man:

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and go straight on unt i l you get to Cross Street.

Tom: Okay.

Man: Then 3) ... into Cross Street and 4)suoermarket which is on vour left. Cross Mill Street and keeoYou'll see a hotel on one corner, and 5) ... the hotelnewsagent 's. The post of f ice is 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the newsagent 's.can't miss it.

20

uJ

IJJzd

I i I . : C h u r c h it t + '

Hotel i '- '- '-: ""-'

j i River" '*'4w&1, -i I

MILL ST

Tom: Thanks very much.

UNII 4

in Useat the Grammar Reference Section on pp. 103 -

definite article).Then, read the following textatick(/) for every correct use ofthe and a

(JQ for every incorrect use of it.

was a busy day. I took Jenny to the t:and then I went to the station to pick up my f.]

who had just anived from the Spain. We l--l-ower

Bridge and the Buckingham Patace. noped she could see the Queen. Then we [fthe Trafalgar Square and took lots of photos |-l

visited the British Museum and Soho. f.]

the numbers to the letters, then, join theas in the example. How are such/so used?

wos such o lively place that I went out every nrght.wos so lively that I went. out every night.

l:l.l,lli:,a I didn't sleep well.b We spent a whole day

there.c Wemissedtheappointment.d Wefeltcompletely relaxed.e I went out every night.

at the different expressions you can use to(or not recommend) a place.

ought tolshould, I strongly odvise you to (not to),thing you con do is to, It's worth goinglvisiting, etc.

complete sentences using the expressionsand the notes below as in the example.reolly ought to visit Disney/ond os it's fun for the

fomily.

familyRock Beach/perfect for windsurfino

Beach/water/deepcrowded

things/see

(a visit to a place)

an article describing a visit to a place, we usedescribe what we saw, what we did there, the

impressions of the place. We use presentthe place is and what it is like. We can

(sight, hearing, smel l) to make the

place. ,ls peaceful.

\WAS

\r hotel. \re crowded. \

19 Read this article from a school magazine and fillin each gap with an adjective ending in -ous, -ly,-ic, -y,-fuL Then say what each paragraph is about.

The 1l famous (fame) BlackForest and the picturesque townof Baden Baden are insouthwestern Germany. I wentthere recently in search of a 2)

(peace), relaxingholiday and I certainly wasn'tdisappointed.

The town is sunounded bv3) ................. (marvel) scenery, clear lakes and tallmountains. The weather during my visit was so c00l and 4)

(mist) that it created a wonderfulty 5) ................(mystery) atmosphere.

There are plenty of interesting places to visit including the town's6) ...........,.,... (delight) 15th century palace and the Roman baths.I also explored the 7) .,............... (shade) Black Forest where all Icould hear was the gentle sound of flowing streams. The food wasexcellent. I tried several 8)................. (taste) local dishes. I alsobought some cuckoo clocks as souventrs.

I had the holiday of a lifetime in Baden Baden. With its g)(friend) people, and 10) (fantasy) natural

sunoundings, I would certainly recommend it to anyone who wantsto go on holiday in the near future.

n Imagine you visited a place in your country whichyou really liked. Describe it using the paragraphplan below.

PlanINTRODUCTION

Para 1: where the place is and why you went there

MAIN BODY

Para 2: further details about the place/weather conditions

Para 3: what you saw and what you did there

CONCLUSION

Para 4: how you feel.about the place and whether yourecommend it or not

, , t r t : t : , :

Wnrds nf WisdnmRead these sentences.What do they mean?

"When a man is tired of London, he is tired oflife." (Samuel Johnson)When in Rome, do as the Romans do.interesting.

21

ffiw$Wffiw.wW.WwW

Eitli

l&rF&hp

:

tt

A lungle tloor, sticky, icy, hissing,python, thrilled, help, screamed

branches, Freezing, sea, pool, thunder,lightning, horror, cold

A moonless torest, snow, rain, midnight,tired, whispered, dark shape, Fired

E ,,un.r, crarr< rooked up from the frower:T1:';til?'lflJ,ljlit?ljililiJ

:llifi [Jt;T,iyxm::xl"'Tr':H[d,:rfuf .Lr'r*i'.lsomethins hissins rehind her head l:l:nil;;.i.lLom'on' r''tp *t

ou*.t ."tttU itsel{ around her' "Help!" she sc

"0h no, I can' t hold on," Sammy shouted. He grabbed desperately fortheof a tree as the freezing water of the river carried him towards the sea. Cold rainpouring down while the thunder boomed, covering his shouts for help. Thelightning made the night seem like day. Sammy was stiff from the cold.

F

luk, uno Bill were walkins throush the m::tf::t:int ,:ffJ',ilr}:'S11'i::*?fiffifJ[uui,]#i;ili *iJnisnt and ]hey were reerrns tired suddenrv

stopped. "There it '',' n' *i'**t'lio eiil Srt*iy he raised his gun' armed atme

shaPe, then lired'

123

4

Where and when did each story take place?What was the weather like in each story?Who was involved in each story? How did these people feel?Why did they feel this way? What happened?Underl ine the use of the senses in the beginnings above.

lead-inWhat types of stories can you think of and which of them doyou enjoy reading? Look at these three pictures. How do youthink the people feel in each one? What do you think ishappening? Can you guess what they are saying or thinking?

E Loot at the words under each picture and guess which ofthem might appear in the story based on the picture you cansee.Then listen and underline the words you hear.

HnadinU3 First read the following beginnings of stories and underline the

sentences which best describe the pictures.Then try to explainwords in bold. Finally, answer the questions below.

27

6

UNIT 5

Read the sentences and match them with theadjectives below.

embarrossed, nervous, frightened, hoppy, ongry, surprised,bored. miseroble

His knees were trembling; he thought he was going tofaint. e.g. He was frightened.Ann sat at her desk staring out of the window.Everybody laughed at him and his face went very red.His eyes and mouth were wide open but he couldn,tsay anything.Liz sat quietly in the corner with her head in her hands,sighing from t ime to t ime.She started to shake as she went into the exam room.The driver shook his fist and started shouting.Tim's eyes were shining and he had a huge smile onhis face.

Join the sentences below using when, while, and,so, or as/because as in the example.

e.g. The sun was shining and the birds were singtng.

Read the beginnings again and match them withthe titles: a)The Flood b) Horror in the Junglec)The MonsterCan you think of another title for each story?

[alE llsuslo[mEnt

The use of various adjectives makes stories moreinteresting. Read the list of adjectives and matchthem with the nouns as in the examples.You mayuse some adjectives more than once.

moonlit" rough, colm, moonless, stormy, dork, sunny,cleo[ cloudless

restaurant

mountain

show a person's feelings by describing their. This makes a story more lively.

at the pictures and say how each personThen match the adjectives in the list with

pictures.When do you feel like this?

onnoyed, sod, angry, miseroble, terrified, glod,th rill ed, pl e os e d, depressed, fu r i o u s, d eli ghte d

234

678

nioht',0rflmmar in Use

steep, pebbly, noisy, crowded, high, norrow, expensive,sondy, tree-covered

1234

The sun was shining..Billwas watching TV. \lwas having a Ohfr.

\I heard a noise in thegarden.He went to bed early lastnight.

a His wife was gettingdressed.

b He was very tired.c The birds were singing.d I went to see what it was.e My doorbell rang.

8 Look at the sentences in Ex. T.Which tenses areused for: a) octions which hoppened one after theother? b) o post oction in progress interrupted byonother post action? c) post octions of a certoindurotion which hoppened ot the sorne time? d) ondction which hoppened ot o definite post time? e)giving o background description to events in o story?

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.Justify the use of the Past Continuous.

Paula 1) . . . . . . . ( took) out of the window. l t2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (be) dark and wet outs ide. Big ra indrops3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( r un ) down the g lass . Then she 4 )

. . ( see ) t hem and 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( gasp ) i nhorror . Two th in, whi te creatures 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (walk)towards the window. Her hands 7) . . . . . . . . .(begin) to shake as she 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( reat ise) thatthei r eyes 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (s tare) r ight in to hers.

23scared when I go to the dentist.

UNII 5

r012

It 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( rain) heavi ly and the wind 2)(blow). Sam 3) (walk) back home. lt 4)

(be) very late and the streets 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(be) empty. Suddenly he 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (hear) footstepsbehind him. They 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (get) c loser and closer.Sam 8) ( turn) round and 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (see)a slim woman in a dirty raincoat walking towards him.Peter 1) (work) in the garden. He 2)(d ig ) a deep ho le when he 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( f ind) an o ldsi lver box. When he 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (open) i t , he5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (be) surpr ised to see an o ld map.

When there are two past continuous forms in the samesentence, you can avoid repetition by just using the -ingparticiple. e.g. He was looking around and he was cryingfor his mother. He was looking around crying for his mother.

Now do the same with these sentences.

He was running fast and he was carrying a big box.They were standing at the edge of the cliff and theywere admiring the view.Tim was watching TV and he was eating his supper.

11 Fil l in the gaps with words from the l ist.Thenunderline the direct speech in the paragraph.croshing, soiling, enjoying, trying, blowing, sitting, mokingtalking, helping

It was a sunny afternoon.David and his friends

w e r e 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .along the coast,2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t h ewarm weather.

S A light breeze/ ! was3)

i across the bay.

'ltlfiting (setting the scene)

When we write a story we begin by setting theorder to do this, we imagine that we are lookingpicture and we try to describe the place (where), the(when), the weather, the people involved andfeelings. We can use our senses to make themore lively. That is, we can describe what we seehuge python), hear (e.9. hlssrng), feel (e.9. softfloor) or smef l (e.9. the scent of pine trees).We use direct speech (e.g. "Help!" shevariety of adjectives (e.9. horrified, stormy),(e.9. silently, strangely) and verbs (e.9.screamed) to make a story more interesting.

13 Put the verbs in brackets into Past SimplePast Continuous, then answer the questions.

a When and where did the story take placeeb What was the weather like?c Who were the people involved and how did theyd Which sentences describe the senses?

I t 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (be) a b i t te r ly co ld n igh t . l t 2 ) . . . . . . ,( rain) heavi ly. Sal ly 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (walk) along theroad and tears 4) ...... (run) down her5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( reach) a s t ree t lamp andShe 6) .. (have) nowhere to go to, nostay with ... nothing! She was soaked to the skin7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (no t /seem) to bo ther her .8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( feel) a gent le tap on her shoulder.she 9) (turn) around. In the pale yellow10) . . . . . (see) a stranger. He 11) . . . . .(wear) clothes as black as night, but his face 12)(be) kind and calm.

*;ffi} I TheY all felt

t ' ! relaxed. Rick andF: ' Ty le r were 4) . . . . . . . . . .

David sail the boat asthe others were 5) . . . . . . . . . . . ,

6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . about the i rplans for the summer holidays. Suddenly, the wind startedblowing strongly and the sea became rough. Waves began7 l . . . . . . . . . . . . . a g a i n s t t h e b o a t , 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .everyone lose their balance. Dark clouds covered the sky.David was 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to lower the sai ls when Rickcried "Where's Tyler?" ...

12 What is direct speech? Find examples of it in thebeginnings on p.22 and underl ine them.

. *,,fl. ,.---;'

74

E Loot at the picture and think of as manywords as you can that relate to the scene.Thenlisten to the tape and answer these questions.r What was the weather like?. Where and when did this happen?t Who was involved? How did they feel?Why?

the beginnings and endings and matchHow does the writer set the scene? How

he finish each story? Underline the directin them.

Black looked out of the window of the old building.dark and wet. Rain was coming down heavily. Thewere empty. No cars, no people ... nothing.

a flash of lightning tore across the sky. Shewith fear. A huge spaceship was approaching

"They've found me," she gasped. "l can't get,now."

UNII 516 E nt. paragraph below sets the scene of a

story. Read it and try to fill in the missing words.Now listen to the tape and check your answers.Can you think of any other beginnings for thestory?

Diane Brookes 1) . . . . . . . . .at her wooden desk. lt walabout midnight andeverything was 2l

. She fett 3)after all this

hard work, but now thecomputer disc was ready.Suddenly she heard a 4)

outside heroffice. Someone wastrying to 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in. Diane wasn't surpr ised. She knew thevwere coming for her. She looked at the door, then calmlv asked-,6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you?"

17 E fnint of a sentence for each picture usingdirect speech, then write a beginning for pictureA and an ending for picture B using the words inthe bubbles. Finally, listen and find out how

ltll::

Wurds nf Wisdum

n$

want to diel" David shouted' The wind was blowin9 ;

iis.Ci*. as he held onto the '"1\u lll:l*ii, {il;iil"* how much longer he could keep himself !'

* Hr f."f,.O up at the cle-ar morning sky' Suddenly g

ti. tornO of a helicopter approaching him'

I

t'

f

could hear the siren of an ambulance as the helicopter1, People were waiting anxiously for them. A manJ the ambulance door. "Don't worryl Everything will" the man told him. David looked up at his kind face

weakly. He was exhausted but he was alive.

similar your versionis to the one on thetape.

sigh with relief -safe - it's OK -

There are no dull subjects; there are only dull writers.The pen is mightier than the sword.no!This can't be true!", she cried'

Read these sentences.What do they mean?

i

ih

Read the text and for questions I - 4 choose the best answeri A, B, C or D.

James Kearns opened his eyes, and everything Had the doctor said ,that? The professor's headhurt and he felt weak. He lay downfor a few moments, and soon hefast asleep.

The roar of a dinosaur woke him up. lt was night-time, andnothing was visible. There was only the sound of somethingbreaking through the trees, then gradually it faded away. Hetook a lighter from his pocket and used this to start a fire. Thenhe began writing in his notebook, keeping a record of all histhoughts and feelings.

The next day, James left the cave to pick fruit from thenearby trees. While he was out he saw a small baby dinosaur,no bigger than a chicken. lt had yellow and green stripes on itsback and white legs. lt looked so small and harmless that hetried to touch it. Suddenly, something moved in the bushes. Awoman, dressed in animal skins and carrying a spear, pushedhim out of the way. She looked at him as if he had donesomething wrong, then, to show him what she meant, she heldher spear near the dinosaur's mouth. The baby dinosaur took alarge bite out of it, then ran away quickly. James was shocked atthe dinosaur's viciousness.

"Can you speak?" he asked her.The woman seemed confused by his voice. She made a

grunting noise, then pushed him away from the fruit trees withner soear.

They were standing in an open area, when a huge shadowcovered them both. The woman looked up, then jumped out ofthe way. A flying pteranodon swooped down, picked James upwith its sharp claws and flew away.

James looked down and saw the woman staring up at him,but there was nothing she could do.

"Somebody help me!" he yelled horrified, but his voice justechoed over the hills and valleys of this prehistoric land.

Why did James wake up in the night?A He heard a noise.B He wanted to write something in his notebook.C He had a headache.D He was too cold.

When the woman saw the shadow. sheA hid in the fruit trees.B moved away quickly.C bent down.D lay on the ground.

. The air felt heavy and wet. Thick green forests andof rocks surrounded him.

a giant lizard ran from the forest and tried to attackwith its sharp claws, but he was able to dive out of the wav.

appeared, and another. They allwalked on two feet,tails, and their heads were like those of alligators. Jamesseen these creatures in books before. Thev were called

and they were dinosaurs which liked to kill in groups.of these angry-looking creatures were circling him,

horrible growling noises.for help, but he only heard his own voice echo

the air. The velociraptors were about to attack when arus broke through the trees. lt must have been

in height. Two of the velociraptors tried to attack thebut the enormous creature grabbed one, killed it

jaws and dropped it on the ground. The others ran

James found a cave to hide in. lt was a deep, darkhe stayed near the front where there was light coming

memories were unclear. He and Dr Applebaum hadhome from the university where they both taught.

had been talking about an experiment he had beenworking on for quite a long time. "l

have seen things you can't imagine," hehad said. Then everything went black.

James looked at the notebook healways kept in his coat pocket. The

last entry said:

.&, ,

"lt's as if you arefalling. You feel nothing,then, boom, you're in

another time oeriod."

had an idea of what the velociraptors were becausehad written a book about them.had watched a film about them.

looked like alligators.had seen oictures of them.

had told James abouttime period.

experiment.dinosaurs.university.

t',*

WAS*4

&

21

UNII 6

Uncabulary Practire

. . . . . . . . c laws. . . . . . norses.. . . for help

away in fear

Look at the words in bold on p.27 and try toexplain them, then choose any three and makesentences.

Fill in the correct word(s) frcim the list below.Use the words only once.

fost,to moke growling,to work on,thick,to pick,

sharp, to scfeom, dork, to run, to stort

f o r e s t s 6 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c a v e

Put the verbs in brackets into the PastSimple or Past Perfect Continuous.

By the time we got to the cinema, the film(already/start).

2 She let me use her camera after sheme how to use it.

3 Henrietta (travel) for three daysreached her destination.Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( type) for so long that his f ingersHe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (save) up for months before he boughlThe team (practise) for the big matchJanuary.She lef t the room only after she . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .everywhere for her missing bracelet.She ............... (leave) before Paul arrived.

Read the short dialogue, then working inout similar dialogues using the notes below.

8

6456

7II

1 0

12345 9

k ,

A:B:A:B:

Have you everbeen to azoo?Yes, I have.When was thal?Last year.What was it like?It was exciting"

1 theatre/two weeksago/entertaining

234

opera/last winter/boringcircus/three weeksago/fascinatinga

a

bc

23

fashion show/last

Irunnssin! 0blilatinn/prnhibit!0n/rI llecessity

10 Look at the sign and match the words inwith their synonyms, then say what eachverb expresses.

a. don't have to b. have to c. are not

Wrigglesworth SafariYou must stay in yourYou mustn't feed theChildren under 5 neednpay for an entrance

Past Perfect Simple: by the time, after, before, by sixo'clock/midnight, etc.Past Perfect Continuous: for, since

frllnw-up

When did Professor Kearns feel a) horrified and b)shocked?Describe the baby dinosaur and the velociraptors.Read the summary in Ex.3,then close your book andtell the story to your partner in your own words.

Srammar in Use

ldentify the tenses in bold then match them tothe correct tense description. How is each tenseformed? When do we use each tense?

She had finished her homework bv the time her mothergot home.He was tired because he had been working hard all day.He had been studying for two years before he got hisoegree.

past action continuing over a period up to a certain timein the oastpast action which happened before another in the pastoast action of a certain duration with visible results in theoast

2B

UNIT 6

l4 E You witl hear a museum guide talking to some childrenabout the dinosaur exhibits in the museum. Read the table thenlisten to the tape and fill in the missing information.

habitat food stze weightspecialfeatures

Compsognathus all over the meat very fastcm tall kilos

Pteranodon

except inAntarctica

.. . . . . . . , Asiaand NorthAmerica

Velociraptor strong, fastrunners,

very very longlight beak

How do weWhen do we

we use thon?+

than spiders. 15.than snakes.

and the noteswith girafies, rnor€... thon.

Tyrannosaurus

small mediumanimals size

metrestall

otherbigdinosaurs

very

claws

stronglegs,long . . . . . . . .

AmericaandEast Asia

E First read the notes then listen to the second part of whatthe museum guide said to these children and underline thecorrect words.

dinosaurs disappeared 150/65 million years ago

Theories about why they disappeared: .

Theory A: o a giant meteorite from space hit/broke the earth. huge dust clouds rose up and blocked the

moon/sunlighto all plants died and dinosaurs starved or lrozel burned to

deathTheory B: o climate changed a lot/a litile because the continents

were moving around. summers got hotter/colder and winters got

hotter/coldero dinosaurs had such big problems with these changes

that they diedTheory C: o a poisonous plant/animal appeared which killed

dinosaurs. as a result the meat-eating dinosaurs had no food, so

they died

- * , \f f i : ---

Pruniln$ (Project)qtf'

Using the information about dinosaurs in this unit write yourproject describing them. Say when and where they lived, what theyate and looked like and why they disappeared. Cut pictures from thePhoto File Section at the back of the book to use with your project.

29

leave a1y lvaluables I

in the room l_.-i

, : l : : : , " , ' ' , : : ': . : , i l : : l i l i , (Unils I 6)

Choose the correct item.

Tina is a very . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chi ld who loves giving presents.A ambitious B generous C determined D sensitive

The chi ld fel t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . when the l ion roared at him.A frightened B depressed C furious D miserable

That dress real ly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you. You look terr i f ic lA matches B goes with C suits D fits

Jane is a . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . person; she never l ies.A sincere B caring C shy D creative

Please don't . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . my secret to anyone.A find out B reveal C overcome D remain

The explorer heard a snake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in the grass.A yelling B shouting C hissing D screaming

7 We v is i ted a(n) . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . temple tha t was bu i l tthousands of years ago.A traditional B modern C ancient D new

that strange man sitting over there?A Whose B Which C Who D Who's

My voice in the empty house.A echoed B grunted C roared D rustled

You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . buy a t icket ; l 've got a spare one.

4 Fil l in the correct particle(s) from the l ist.

for, up, ofter, forword to, out of, into, ofter, over

1 | looked his number in the teleohone2 We've run . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . .e99s .We need to buy3 | am looking a new flat.4 The motorcycle almost ran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the cat.5 She looks . . . . . . . . . . her younger sister when Mum is at6 Tom is looking his first day at college.7 On my way home from work, I ran . , . . . . . . . . my fr iend8 The policeman was running the thief,

Fill in the correct preposition.

Last May Joe and Ivis i ted Hawai i , 1)

the PacificOcean. Hawai i isfamous 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .its beautiful beachesand dark volcanoes.We went 3) ,,r,

a tour ofall the islands, whichJoe really enjoyed. We also spent hours lying 4) ...golden beaches . When it was time to get 5) ,,....the plane and go back home, we both felt very sadl

lwas quite impressed when lvisited Hollywood,last year. My favourite part of the trip was a visit to awhere a film was being made. I saw the actorstarr ing 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the f i lm and I even got tohands 2) him! | couldn't believe that Iclose 3) such a big star. He was

expensive clothes and looked fabulous,an experience that l ' l l never forget.

Underline the correct word.

We looked/watched the match on TV.Can you watch/see that man over there?Could you take/bring me a cup of tea, please?Athens is famous forlpopular with the Parthenon,I waited forlexpected Ann for ten minutes, then I

(c

Complete the sentences using the words inUse two to five words.

It's the first time I have travelled by plane.never 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .When did you buy your new car?

The last time we went to the theatre was weekshave We ............... . the theatre forHe last saw Greg two weeks ago.

5

A

1 0A mustn't B needn't C must

Fill in the correct word.

D need

(5 marks)

s/ender, overceme, stiff, fired, grodually, experiment, chosed,hormless

1 We did an interest ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in science class today.2 My dog is quite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; he never bi tes.3 She is tall and . She's got a lovely figure.4 The fox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the rabbit , but i t got away.5 Susan aimed at the target and . . . , . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . the gun.6 After Mary fell into the river she was ............. from the cold.7 Jill is trying to her fear of flying.8 They had problems in the beginning, but their relationship

improved.

3 Fill in the correct word. @ marks)

strong, true, pebbly, thick, public, osleep, pic( speoks,fishing, cosuallyIt was such a ,.... beach that it wasn't comfortable to lie on.In autumn, farmers fruit from their trees.She was dressed in jeans and a T-shirt.Famous people are always in the . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . eye.She has views on environmental oroblems.Colourful boats lined the small harbour.The ski chalet was surrounded by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . forests.Ann always her mind and doesn't care whatothers might think.People always try to find love in their life.By the t ime I got home, Susan was fast . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . .

612345

12345678

91 0

30 (10 marks)

in the correct tense.

Wednesday afternoon, I left the office early and 1)(go) home. l2) . (invite)

friends to come over for dinner. | 3) . . . .the table when the phone 4) ..... (ring).my fr iend Mary. She 5) . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( tel l ) me

she couldn't come to my house because she wasn'twell. I was disappointed. Luckily everyone else 6)

and Susan 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (go) camping last month.2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (plan) the tr ip for weeks andreally excited about it. They 3) ... (have)

t ime when the weather suddenly 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

so they 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (decide) to leave. As. (drive) back home, they realised....... (leave) their camera behind, so

to go all the way back to get it. Unfortunately, bythey 9) .... (reach) the camp-site,

out that someone 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( take) i t .

(17 marks)the correct word.

already / stil l finished their work.always / now late for appointments,

prepared a meal by the time / after John arrived.crossing the street when / since the bus came.ever / never been to Brazil?

been talking on the phone for / since hours.before / ago did you graduate?soaked to the skin because thev had been

in the rain for / since early in the morning.4 marks)

Fill in "the" where necessary.

A My sister recently won a trip to 1)New York, where she visited 2)

Statue of Liberty and went on acarr iage r ide through 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . CentralPark. She had a meal at an exoensive

restaurant where she saw 4) mayor! of New York City himself.

(Unils I 6)

1l Fi l l in the gaps with:

who,which, whose, whot

1 That is the man bag was stolen on the train.2 The f i lm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is on at the Odeon is a box off ice hi t .3 Janet, father is a doctor, is a {riend of mine.4 That 's Tom .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . got a Porsche.5 Steve is planning to visit his friend lives in Africa.

12 Fi l l in the gaps with:

needn't, mustn't, must

(5 matus)

1 You tell Sarah what her birthday present is - it 'sa suronse.

2 You have a passport if you want to travel abroad.3 You bring a raincoat *the weather forecast said

it was going to be sunny.4 Students hand in their exam papers at the end

of the exam.5 You collect me from work *l' l l take the bus

home. 6 marks)

13 Look at the pictures and the notes then comparethe ostrich with the pelican using (not) as ... as orthan. brg wings, Iong neck, short legs, smol/ head, Iong beok,

14 Answer the questions.

1 How do we start a letter to a oen-friend?2 What plan would you follow if you were asked to describe

a person?3 How do we sign off an informal letter?4 What plan would you follow if you were asked to describe

a place you have visited? (B marks)

NT

& -* B My cousin Simon, ' - f works for 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . "Knights" , a

l\ ( large company in the centre of 2)I I \ Liverpool. He often has toI 1 \ travelto 3) .. . . . . . . . . . . Paris on business.

He has promised to take me with himnext time he goes, and show me allthe sights, such as 4) . . . . . . . . . . . , Ei f felTower and 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . Louvre.

WritinI

(9 marks) TOTAL:100 marks

31

stories/narrati ng eventsdescribing feelings & emotions

Betore yoll slnilo ltlluldoes your [esllilend look like? lll|hil is hehhe lilre? o lltlhere do you spend your

; Reud, lislen, lnllr und wille uboul...

o asking for/giving adviceo making

predictions/offers/suggestions/invitations

o describing ancient monuments

l ife in the futuremaking predict ionsexpressing opinions

,,q,-

o

a

a

givrng adviceexpressing cr i t ic isnrdescribing accidents

a

c

a

a

o

e

a

narrate and put events in ther ight orderask forlgive advicemake plans/predict ions/su g gestions/off ers/i nvitatio nsexpress opinion/cr i t ic ismdescribe monumentscompare past, present andfuture si tuat ionsdescribe accidentsd o e n r i h o l i f a e t r r l a e

past tensesfuture tenses: wi l l - be goingto - present cont inuousCondit ionals Type 1reported speechfuture cont inuous/futureperfectreported orders/commands/requesrsnacc i r r o r r n i na

as - l ike

a srorya fr iendly let ter giv ing advicea fact f i le about the Pyramidsan art ic le expressing opiniona narrativea biography

a

a

a

a

a

o

a

the Vikingsexplorers' lifestyles

a

a

a

a

a

t

UN

*j! 4 You are going to read a stor

removed from it. Choose frortrfthe sentFlthe one which fits each gap ( if,p;. Thereexample at the beginning (0). )1 l

Lightning flashed across the sky, followed by the crash ofPhilips was driving carefully along the narrow country lane. lt wasand he was looking forward to reaching his hotel. Suddenly hisoiea. Il-F-l "Btast!" he said angrity. Up ahead in thecould see a light coming from a casile. He got out of the car andthrough the pouring rain towards the huge building.

George reached the castle's big wooden door and rang the bell.

thanked her and entered a big hall, then introduced himself andwhat had happened. She told him that he was welcome to spendthe castle and ted him into the tibrary. E l-l George wenthimself in front of it. The young woman ofiered to make some tearoom.

George had been standing there for a few minutes when hebehind him. "Good evening. l 'm Mrs McDougall. My daughter tolda guest. Please, have a seat."

Soon afterwards the daughter came in. Efinished their tea, Mrs McDougall offered to show him to his room.following her up the huge staircase when he heard her weeping.

"ls something wrong?" he asked her."l'm so sorry," she whispered as tears ran down her wrinkled

that you remind me so much of my husband. I haven,t seen him forThe wind war howling outside and George felt a chill run down his

When George woke up the next morning, the sun was shining andwere singing f l-lHe put on his ctothes, and wentthank the two women. He had been looking for them for some timerealised that he was alone in the castle. He wrote a note thankingtheir kindness and returned to his car. To his relief, when he turned

I Look at the pictures and the titteof the story.What do you think thetitle means? What type of storydoes it suggest? How do you thinkthe three people feel? Where doesthe story take place?

2 E Listen to the sounds on thetape. Can you guess what happensin the story?

3 E Listen to the tape and findout if your guesses in Ex. 2 werecorrect.

qgg!:lgrylygeqked open. In front of him stood a young woman.El-l"oh, please come in out of the rain," she said.

the car started with a roar.Ten minutes later, George stopped at a caf6 to have

waitress was fil l ing his coffee cup she said, "That was a terriblelast night, wasn't it?" George nodded and took a sip of hot coffee.that, as his car had broken down, the McDougalls had put him upforin their castle. E"Nobody has lived in that castle since Mrs McDougall and herin a car accident ten years ago!" George stared at her intrembling with shock, dropped his coffee cup onto the floor.

v-. 7\ /?'* t l - i r"/:'.1

32

Ul'lII 7

big crackling fire was burning infireplace.

had slept very well the nightand felt refreshed.

waitress looked at him in

Prartire

at the words in bold in Ex. 4 and try tothem, then choose any five and make

the letters to the numbers.

a visitorb showthe wayc say "yes" with the headd crye frightening cold feeling

correct word from the list. Use theonce.

country, chino, pouring, to take, uash, wrinkled,to rin$to turn

lane

As she looked up at George herface lit up.

He tried to start the car again, butnothing happened.

She was carrying a silver tray witha large teapot and three chinaCUOS.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rarn,. . . . . . . . the key

.. . . . . cheeksa sip of coffee

Phnasal tlgrD$

correct particle.

to stop working (of cars, engines, etc.)to enter a place by forceto begin suddenly (of wars, fires, storms,etc.)to stop for holidays (of schools, etc.)

ll broke .... in 1939.to break .... for Christmas on

December.... so I took it to the garage..... my house last night and

Wurds oftsn Gonfu$sd

9 Underline the correct word.

1 The wooden door crackedlcreaked as Tim opened itslowly.

2 Dry sticks were creakinglcrackling in the fire.3 We shoutedlwhispered so that the burglar couldn't hear

US.

4 Sam staredlglanced over his shoulder and realised thatthe man was st i l l fo l lowing him.

5 Everyone watchedlstared al him when he entered theroom wearing two different-coloured shoes.

Pnepnsitinns

10 Fill in the correct prepositions, then choose anythree and make sentences.

1 to get . . . . . . . . the car; 2lo lead sb . . . . . . . . a place; 3 . . . . . . . . h isrel ief ; 4 to die . . . . . . . . a car accident; 5 to stare . . . . . . . . sb . . . . . . . .d isbel ief ; 6 to tremble . . . . . . . . shock; 7 . . . . . . . . the distance; 8 toremind sb . . . . . . . . sb/sth

fullnw-up. Read the text again and say:a where and when the story took place.b what the weather was like.c what George did when his car engine died.d who welcomed him into the castle.e what happened with Mrs McDougall.f what happened the next morning.g what happened at the end of the story.

. Direct speech is the speaker's exact words. Readthe story again and underline the examples ofdirect speech in it.

. E Listen to the sound effects from Ex. 2 againand say what you hear.e"g. o crosh af thunder

33jewellery.

UNII 7

1 Fiona's eyes were red.2 Tim felt exhausted.3 John was dirtv.

4 Ann felt sleepy.5 Tom was hot and sticky.6 Liz had a headache.

Grammar in llse

I I Read the story again and underline the sentenceswhich include Post Continuous, Post perfect andPost Perfect Continuous.When do we use thesetenses?

12 Give reasons for each of the situations belowusing Post Perfect Continuous as in the example.

e"g. Tins was wer. She hod been wciking in the rain withautan umbrella.

When you write a story:

o Begin by setting the scene, that is,when the story takes place, who iswhat happens. You can use direct speechvariety of adjectives, adverbs and verbs tostory more interesting. You can alsoweather and people's feelings.Develop your story by narrating the eventshappen before the main (the most important)then describe the main event itself. Theevents is impofiant. Use time words such as:then, while, when, after, before, finaily, etc.End your story by referring to people,scomments and reactions or the conseocan use direct speech and a variety ofmake the ending more interesting.NOTE: Past Simple, Past Continuous andPerted are normally used in stories.

15 Read the following story and underline thecorrect t ime words.Then underline theof direct speech. Finally, answer the

a Where and when did the story take place?b Who was involved?c What was the main event in the story?d What happened at the end of the story?e How did the writer begin and end the story?f Can you think of a different ending?

door flew open and the man came

6) A few hours laler/As soon aslanded at the airport, Janet fell

A police car was warting forthem.man in the car. Janet smiled atofficers and said, "lt's over.injured. What's next?"

13 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense,Post Perfect Simple or Continuous and Post Sirnple.

By the t ime we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (get) home, Sai ly(prepare) a delicious meal.The farmer ... (take) a break because ne

(work) in the fields for hours anohe was exhausted.I t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (be) the most beaut i ful dress she

. ' ." . . . ' . (everlsee).When | (enter) the room, | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(notice) that someone (draw) the cuftains.After he ... (finish) packing hissuitcases, he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (cal t) ataxi .

6 By the time Susan .. (arrive) at the station,"lsn't this exciting?" whispered Janet Porter t0 the stranger

the train . (eave)She . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . ( t ravel) through Europe for a yearbefore she ....... (decide) to setile in Spain.The room .. . (be) much coolerafter she ...... (turn on) the air conditioning.

seat 1) as/after the plane flew through the dark sky. "yes, Ihe replied, smiling politely 2) as soon as/ before continuinonewspaper. She glanced at her watch. lt was half oast eleven al

Janet was just about to start reading her book 3)picked up his briefcase and started moving towards the frontCalmly and quietly, Janet stood up and started to follow him.

14 GAME Work in two teams. Continue thestory that your teacher starts. lf you fail tocontinue the story, your team loses.

Teacher: lt was midnight. Tim was watkinE along fhe sfreefTeam A 51: Suddenly he saw e beggar.Team B S1: #e was wearing an ale| dirty caat, etc.

the cockpit door, walked inside, 4) then/before closed it behind0f the passengers on the plane were asleep, but those wnowere watching every move that Janet made. She soueezed ispace behind the cockpit door and waited. b) At

a gun. "This is a hijackl" heno, it's not," Janet said calmly

her police gun to the back of hisaid, "Drop your weapon andthe floor."Wfiting (a story)

Before you write a story:

Decide on the plot (the events you will include inyour story and the chronological order they willappear in).Decide on the characters who will be involved.

34

and

,e

)d

kebe

s .Yrds

Put the sentences in chronological order.listen to the tape and see if your guessescorrect.

[-l Two men came out of a building.

f_l Mark was driving through the streets.

f_-] Mark followed them.

f_-l Mark arrested the men.

[--l The men jumped into a car and spedaway.

f-l wtark radioed for herp.

f_l The police officers handcuffed the men.

f_-] Police cars blocked the road.

Look at the pictures.Where and when didstory take place? Who was involved in the

How did he feel?What happened?Workyour partner and think of a sentence forpicture to make a plot. Now, listen to theand find out how different your version was.

write the story in your own words.

i:il

I. Fe l

ns'/:.

;i.'il

18 Look at the pictures and decide on a plot.Then,using the plot, the words given and the plan,write a story entitled "Luclcy to be olive",

UNII 7

Mark! Jump ontomy board and pushyours towards the

shark.

Words to be used in the story: sunny Sundoy morning -

beoch - golden sond - srgn - 'No Swimming - Shorks"- ignore -

stort surftng - shark oppeor - yell - get onto his boord - paddletowords the beach - other boord in pieces - sofe - lucky to be olive

Plan

INTRODUCTION

Para 1: set the scene (who, when, where, what)iil

MAIN BODY

Para 2: describe events leading up to the main event

Para 3: describe the main event:::

CONCLUSION

Para 4: end the story (feelings, reactions, comments,consequences)

':,.

'Words nf WisdumRead these sentences.What do they mean?

"Words are loaded pistols." (Jean-PaulSartre - Frenchphilosopher)"Do not fear when your enemies criticise you. Bewarewhen they applaud." (Vo Dong Giang)"What you really value is what you miss, not what youhave." (Jorge Luls Borges - Argentinian writer)

35

UNII B

IeadinURead these extracts, identify each person's problem, thenthe advice Auntie Claire gives each one of them.Which pi

advice matches each problem?

fffifi*fiffiffruj,ffiE ,

"r 65 and r n"u"

"r*uy)" o""n n"o, orrv *,r,,r ;t

shop, but I will be retiring in February, so I'm not going to hianything to do. l 'm an active person and it will be impossibleme to sit around the house. lf I spend my time just goingpensioners'trips or walks in the park, l ' l l feel useless. Anv ide

son ond You con

1 The best ihing You

con do is to stoP

worrYing. There ore so

monY things YoY .:ondo io feel usetul' now

obout toking uP o

hobbY which YoY 1"u":hod time for betores

You could olso do some

work for chorities onq

helP others with. YSurexPerience ond obiltttes'

'workplo." hos got. o

child-minding cenJr.e, tor

its emPloYees' children'

I sironglY odvise You

to stoY' ln this woY

vou'll be close to Your

seek Promotion'.this odvice is ot

help to You'

positive. <

sure thot

2 You ought 'to think

obout whot is best tor

vour fomilY lf You con

oftord to live on less

money, then You

should oPply tor :port-time iob' This wttt

t" ,nrth better ior. You

becouse You'll hove

more time for . Your

son. AhernotivelY' 'l

3 l d o r

should wo

Why dort

gym? Yot

of friendrwere yo

be ofroidlhe newyouf presenl

lead-in

Look at the pictures.Whatdo you think these peopleare worried about?

2 a. E Listen to the threeextracts (A, B, C) and matchthe speakers with theproblems.

;::;ti$whe'che*o n- "l'm afraid l'll feel useless." l--l- "l miss my old friends." t]

b. E Now listen toAuntieClaire and write down onepiece of advice she gives toeach person.

will be OK'

UNII B

Pranlice

Look at the words in bold on p. 36 and try toexplain them, then choose any three and makesentences.

Fill in the correct word from the list below.

teose( opply for, promotion, retire, pensioner; seeking

I 've decided to . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . , . a job at the post of f ice.(otticially reguest),Most people when they reach acertain age. (stop working)

grandfather spends most of his time gardening nowhe is a(n) . (retired person)

fr iends laughed and . . . . . . . . . . . me when theymy new haircut. (made fun of)got a(n) ........ last week; now he is the

manager. (higher position at work)tactory .......... get three weeks' holiday

year. (workers)you're . . . . . . . . . . . . solut ions to your problems, you I

talk to a friend. (looking for)

the expressions that Auntie Claire usedgive advice.Then, using these expressions, thinkfurther advice to give to the three people.

lleuelnpmBnt

Listen to Betty and Frank talking and tickwhat Frank suggests she shoulddo.Then, using the expressionsin the box below, give advice toBetty.

23

8

p

/"nfttlJL

tss

?)

5

('l

?

your bike

diet pillsa gym

101

tff]tltf

l 've put on weight.

5 stop eating fatty foods E6 cut out milk and E

bread7 g o o n a d i e t E

ADV I CE I M AKI N G RE CO M M E N D AT I O N S

tyou ...?;You (eally) ought tolshould ...; You;How aboutlWhat about + nounl-ing form?; lf I

I'd ...;The best thing you can do is to ...; I

rl i :::*: ' i : '"'"''Grammar in Usg

ldentify the tenses in bold, then match them withthe correct tense description.

It's cold. I'll take a coatwithme. \

a Plans/intentions

Ithink it ' l l rain tomorrow. \ D llxeo TUIUTe

I'm going to start at my \ 1u?:9*-":"new school next week. c onthe-spot decisions

I'm playing golf with d predictions

Paul tomorrow.

lH 1.nny is moving from her vil lage to a bigcity. Listen to the dialogue and take notes.Thensay what she thinks, hopes, expects, etc. shewilllwon't do.

e.g. She hopes she'll $nd a flat to shore ...

E Listen to the dialogue. First keep notes, thensay what this man is going to do when he goes onholiday.Then make similar sentences for thesecond situation using be going to.

When I go on holiday, I'mgoing to lie on the beach

al l day long . . .

When my children go tosummer camp, l'm not

going to . . .

Filf in "will" or "em going to".

A: Sheila is thirty minutes late.B : I th ink | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o ive her a ca l l .A: Your shirt is dirty.B : I know. | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wash i t ,A: Would you like tea or coffee?B: Oh, I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . have a cup of tea, please.A: The grass needs cutting.B: I know. | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cu t i t tomor row.A: Have you decided which dress to buy?B: Yes , | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . buy the red one.advise you to ...

37

UNII B

We don't use future forms after: when (timeconjunction), while, before, until, after, as soon as,by the time, if (conditional), etc.BUT: when (as a question word) + will is correct.

e.g. When tl/l(reach Hawail, t'tt cattyou. (wiil is wrong here)When will he be back? (will is correct here)

11 Cross out the unnecessary words where necessary.

1 After we}{l sit our exams, we'll go on holiday.2 | will ring you when I get to the airport.3 By the time I will retire, l ' l l be very rich.4 lf your parents will come, give them this letter, please.5 When will you know your holiday dates?6 Turn off the lights before you will go to bed.7 Buy me a newspaper when you will go out, please.

12 E Reaa the dialogue then listen to the tapeand fil l in the missing words. Now read thetheory box and the diary. In pairs, act out similardialogues using the expressions from the theorybox and the notes from the diary.

1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go ou t ton igh t?l'd love to, but l 'm attending a meeting at work tonight.2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go ou t tomor row n igh t , then?l 'm afraid 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 'm babysit t ing for my sister.4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to meet on Fr iday , then?l'm sorry. l 'm working late that day.5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturday? Do you have any free t ime?Yes, that sounds brill iant! Where shall we go?

M ak i n g suggeslio n s I offe rs I i nvitati o n s :Let's ..., Shall we...?, Why don't we ...?, HowlWhatabout ... + -ing?, Would you tike to ...?

- Refusing:I'd love to, but ..., l'm afraid t can't ..., t,m sorry Ican' t . . .

- Accepting:I'd love to!, That sounds brittiant!, What a great ideal

MondaY: 4o Lo dentiel;

TuesdaY: revise for rnat;he teet

WednesdaY: PIaY tennio with Fhil

ThursdaY: 4o ehoPPin4

FridaY: have dinner wif;h Parenl;e

Saturday: 4o Lo Tom'e PartY

SundaY: free

1st type Conditionallf + present simple -r will/may/can + bare(used to talk about things that may happen ine.g. lt it rains, we won't go to the beach.We can go to the beach if the weather is fine.We can use unless (=if not) with this type ofconditional. e.g. Unless it rains, we will go to(=i f i t doesn't rain, . . . )

13 What is Lucy thinking? Make sentencesnotes.

l f l g e t a p r o m o t i o n ,

buy a carg o o n amove I0nousebuyclotheshave a

14 Join the sentences using if or unless.

l W e m a y g o o n an i n n i n

a l

23

4. 5' 6

15 Chain story; Look at the examples inthen continue these people's thoughts.

l ' l l bui ld more schoolsThe dog won't bi teyouI won't go shoppingl'l l buy a new jacketI won't get apromotion

lf I drive through the city,l'll run into traffic. lf I runinto traffic, l ' l l be late ...

i i f

unless

lworkI haveyouit rains.I can

, bi

l cd

, g

f

2 lf I don'tpass my,

pass my

"l*

tkj

b{e

t-tr What will you do a) if the weather is fine

tomorrow?, b) if you finish your homeworkthis evening?

3B

16

First listen and tick.Then, listen and repeat.

/sV lzdl

:easedseizedchasedbased

Read the table then listen to a teacheradvice about the best way to prepare

an exam and fill in the missing words.looking at the notes, say what Youor shouldn't do.

You shouldrevise themost impartantpolnfs.

(a letter giving advice)

te a letter giving advice, first yousympathy to the person who has got

, then you give him/her your advice.

UNII B

You are Auntie Claire.This is part of a letter thata lS-yeanold student has sent you. Read it,thenwrite him/ her a letter giving your advice. Usethe following useful expressions and plan.

Dear Auntie claire'

l've just found.t* tlll^,1'Y ,Io"#,, i'-rH\,';# ; J' ;l',1.il01' " i' r', u' n' t':' ! ̂ :Y, ^:,"#i':,:;:T!,Tj,,,",i^'il.;';.;.li11':^,!,0^'f,,?^Y,],12,'i2T',?;'::;i,#,i:'#i''r"o* ';ii f ait asaint whot con I

dci? Please helP met

Start with: I just got your letter and I think I can help you./I was sorry to hear about your problem.

Giving advice: l f lwere you, l 'd. . . , You should.. . , You oughtto..., Why don't you..., lt would be a good idea to..., The bestthing you can do is..., I strongly advise you to ..., Youshouldn' t . . .

Finish with: I hope this helps you. / Let me know whathappens. / Hope this advice is of some help to you. / Thingswill get better soon.

Plan

INTRODUCTION

o e ar .(!L?..P. 9.19.0. .?.:q. lf 1. 19 1.?) : . ..,

Para 1: express sympathy il

MAIN BODY

Para2: give your advice (tell parents/start revising/stopworrying/etc.)

CONCLUSION

Para 3: end the letter, offering some encouragement

Good luck,Auntie Claire

Wnrds nf Wisdnm

19

rutseb i

rd it.

I

rd.le.>r it.

A trouble shared is a trouble halved.It's no use crying over spilt milk.

your letter by wishing the person good

Read these sentences.What do they mean?

[,|l.{IT g

i L i L ti :i

.g:

M,

w.$

::;Pir.j]

1 " ,

%., "'%,

p,,.$tu,-s.

i '*

Who are the people in the picture?Where are they? What is this place famous for?

EEn Lool< at the sentences below and try to putthern in the correct chronologicat order.Then listento the tape and check your answers.

a The professor told Antony about travellingthrough t ime.

b The professor saw Antony and Cleopatrar iding in chariots.

c The guards took the professor to the royalpalace.

d The professor was thrown to thecrocodi les.

e A crowd of people gathered around theprofessor.

f The pteranodon let the professor go.

[]

rlrlrlEr

40

the text and,for questions | - 5,the best answe4 A, B, C or D.

pteranodon let go of James, but instead of falling through the air, he began

slowly, then quickly, as if he were being controlled by some supernatural

was black, but he didn't remember closing his eyes. Suddenly,

horns blowing and people cheering. He was sitting in the middle of a

an army of men riding horses were coming towards him, so he quickly

the way. As he was brushing the dust off his clothes, he saw that all the

him were wearing strange robes, with sandals on their feet.

around at the buildings and realised he was in Ancient Egypt. The

and Antony and Cleopatra, riding in chariots, were led up to the steps

When the professor heard Antony call Cleopatra the "Queen of Kings",

that the year must be 34 BC.

of people had gathered around James. They started touching the

he was wearing, pointing at his shoes and looking at him in wonder

who was short and fat with dark curly hair, asked him if he was a Roman.

said no, the man asked him what he thought of Antony and Cleopatra's

"Well, I happen to know that their relationship will end in disaster.

willattack, Egypt will be defeated, and Antony and Cleopatra will commit

Traitor!" the man shouted.who had been standing nearby came and grabbed him. He tried to

he was only telling them what he knew about history, but no one was

They rushed him off to the royal palace to explain before the Roman

the queen why he had spoken out against them

was sitting on her throne wearing a long golden dress, while Antony

by her. He was wearing a silver and red Roman military uniform. James,

held bytwo guards, couldn't believe he was actually standing before

Cleopatra. The fat, curly-haired man was there explaining what the

said, and Antony was listening patiently.

do you think such a disaster will come to Egypt?" Antony asked.

to exolain that he had travelled back in time from the future so he knew

happen, but that only worked against him. Antony was sure the professor

mind, and he asked Cleopatra what they should do with him.

him to the crocodiles," she said casually.

it was done. The professor was marched out to a place by the River

crocodiles waited for enemies of the throne to be thrown into the water.

of people were standing behind him screaming, "Traitor! Traitor! Trai-

and Cleopatra stood to the side of the crowd in a golden chariot. Two

the professor by his arms. He begged them to spare his life, but as

1 What happened to James when thepteranodon let him go?A He travelled through time.B He fell through the air.C He started cheering.D He landed on a horse.

2 Why did the Egyptians look at James inwonder?A His clothes were oldjashioned.B He looked like a Roman.C He was sitting in the middle of the

road.D He was wearing strange clothes.

3 Why did the guards take James to theroyal palace?A He knew a lot about Egyptian

history.B Antony and Cleopatra wanted to

meet him.C He said bad things would haPPen to

Antony and Cleopatra.D He had told lies about Cleopatra.

4 How did Antony react when the guardsbrought James in?A He was oatient.B He was angry.C He was oleased.D He was anxious

5 Why was the professor taken to theRiver Nile?A to see the crowdB to be sent awayC to see the crocodilesD to be killed

gave the signal, James was thrown into the water.

u

tI;III

UNII g

4 Look at the words in bold in Ex.3 and try toexplain them, then, choose any three and makesentences.

5 Fitf in the correct word from the fist below. Usethe words only once.

supernaturol, to ride, to end, to commit, to rush, militory, royol,to give, /ost, to spore

Uncabulary Practice

1 . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t h e s i g n a l2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . su ic ide3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i n d i s a s t e r4 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u n i f o r m5 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f o r c e

fnllnw-uI. Read the story again and answer the

What were the people in the story wearing?What did the short fat man ask the professor?What did the professor tell Antony and CleopatrallWho decided to feed the professor to the crocodilWhen did the story take place?

Use the list of events in Ex. 2 to retell the

Grammar in Use

Read the sentences in the speech bubbles.one is a statement and which a question?

2 And whydothink such awill come to

'

Octavian will attack,Egypt will be defeated,and Antony and Cleopatrawill commit suicide.

Now read the following sentences. How aredifferent from the ones in the speech

Professor Kearns said that Octavian wouldwould be defeated and Antony and Cleopatracommit suicide.

b Antony asked the professor why he thoughtdisaster would come to Egypt.

Direct speech is the exact words someoneThese words are put into quotation marks.Reported speech is the exact meaning of whatsomeone said, but not the exact words.

Study the examples and explain when say and tell

Say; "l like tea," he said. (direct"l like tea," he said to me. (directHe said (that) he tiked tea. (reportedHe told me (that) he liked tea. (reported

12345

I

7

Wurils lflgll G[nftl$Gil

6 Underline the correct word.

1 She couldn't realise/understand why Jessie was angrywith her.

2 "Be careful not to fall/drop this vase!,,3 "l can't hear/listen you. Speak up!', he saio.4 He dropped/fell from the tree and broke his leg.5 "Stop talking and listen/hear to me,,, she said.6 | didn't understand/realise how late it was.

E Reaa the passage below and try to fill eachgap with one word.Then listen to the tape andcheck your answers.

Although Cleopatra Vl l was 1) . . . . . . . . . , . . . . eueen of Egypt, shewas actual ly Macedonian. She became wel l 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . forher charm, intelligence and incredible ambition. Cleopatra firstbecame queen 3) her father died in 51 BC, Ieavingher and her brother, Ptolemy, in charge of the kingdom. Soonafter this, she was accused 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . t ry ing to ki l l her brother.

She then started a civil war. At the same time,Julius Caesar, the emperor of Rome, fell in love

with her and helped her to take control ofEgypt. Cleopatra stayed 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h imin Rome unt i l he 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . murdered in44 BC. Seven years 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , theRoman general, Marcus Antonius, fell in lovewith her. Soon they married and had threesons. Together, they wanted to take over the

Roman Empi re . B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a resu l t ,in 31 BC, there was a huge battlebetween their armies and those ofOctavian, Caesar's son, at Actium.After losing the batile, they bothreturned to Alexandria, where thev

killed themselves.

47Tell:

UNII g

the gaps with soid or told.

at 5 o'c lock," he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to me.the class about her trip to Kenva.

that the film was horrible.take my glass!", she . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . angri ly.

CHANGES IN REPORTED SPEECH

playingplay

-t had playedplayed/played

examples, then answer the questions."l'm leaving tomorrow," he said to me.He told me (that) he was leaving thenext day.

the pronoun "/" change in reported speech?to the Present Continuous in reported

you notice about the quotation marks? tthe time word tomorrow change in reported

these sentences in rePorted speech.

have been playing + hadbeen playingwas playing -r had beenplaying/was playing

seeing patients all morning," the doctor said.to walk the dog," the boy said to his mother.

't go out tonight," Craig said to his wife.for a new job," the man said.

finished my homework," he said to me.secretary," the boss said.

examples, then answer the questions.

a Roman?" the fat man asked the professor.asked the professor if he was a Roman.

you think of Antony and Cleopatra's friendship?"asked the prafessor urhat he thought of Antony

's friendship.

verb is used in a reported question?we use '17" in reported questions?

differences are there between direct andquestlons?

that his friend was waiting for him.said that he had paid the bill.Janet that she hadn't bought a new dress yet.me if I would helo her with her homework.

13 lmagine you met an Ancient Egyptian.Think ofthree questions you would ask him/her.Then tellyour partner which questions you asked.

e.g.I asked hirn what his job was. / a/so wanted to know if heplayed any sporfs and if he cauld read hieroglyphics.

'lluiz

1 The Pyramids were buillA in 34 BC B between 2575 - 24658C C in 34 AD

2 The largest pyramid is the Great Pyramid ofA Cleopatra B King Khafre G King Khufu

^Q

{\

ffftt

4

a5

6

7

It took the Egyptians years to build the Great 1Pyramid. *A 1 0 0 8 2 0 c l 2 0

#How many men worked to build the Great Pyramid? TA 100,000 B 1,000,000 c 1,000

#How many blocks of stone were used to build the Great tPyramid? *A 2,300,000 B 300,000 c 23,000,000 *Each block of stone weighed about &A 2Stons B 1Otons C 2 .Stons

#The Pyramids were buildings where EA dead kings and queens were placed. *B kings and queens lived. IC kings and queens got manied. tThe Pyramids are among the Seven Wonders of the fiAncieni World because they are FA huge. ?B geometrically perfect. kC made of stone. 1

ts

these sentences in direct speech. llUfitinU (project)

me what I wanted to eat. Use the information from the questionnaire, andany other information you can find, to write aproject about the history of the Pyrornids. Cutpictures from the Photo File Section at the back ofthe book to use with your project.

A2- tu

f,eadinIYou are going to read a newspaper articre about tlFor questions l-5, choose the best answerA, B, C

the follow- f-ing do you 4-think will happen in your lifetime?We'll make contact with aliens.Robots will be doing the nousework.We'll be travelling to other planets.We'll be living in cities under the sea.

S Read the sentences,listen to thetape and underline the correct word.People will make friends through theTV/lnternet.Children will be using computers/rulersrn schools.Man will regularly visit Venus/Mars,There will be no buses/cars in the citvcentres.We will have a much healthier/unhealthier societv.

Can you imagine what our lives willbe like in the year 2050? perhaps youwill be ftying off for a hotiday on ihemoon, or maybe you will be takinoyour dog for a walk in virtual realitv, Wirecently carried out a survey of i,OOOpeople from different countries to findout what they think life will be tike in thefuture. The results clearlydemonstrate both our hopes and fears.

The survey suggests that friendshio- one of the most important humanrelationships - will have changeddramatically. people will make friendsthrough the Internet. What rs more, atarge number of people will even comeacross their future husbands or wivesin this wayl Computers will haveoecome absolutely essential by 2050.rven now, some people describernem as their best friendl 0thers,nowever, say that we will becomemuch more isolated from eacn otheroecause we will have litile real humancontact.

Education will have changed a lottoo. As more and more children will beusrng computers in schools, certainabilities, such as mental arithmetic.won't be necessary since there will becomputer programs lor mostcalculations. Even writing by hand willnave oecome a thing of the past.

According to the survey, home lifewill be better. Most people believe that

by 2050 robots wilt be doingnousework and we will be eating remade food. A lot of people thinkmight only cook for fun in the fr

Space exploration willincreasingly popular. Fifty per crme people we talked to believeman will regularly visit Mars. Thevbelieve that travel on ou, o*n owill probably change. Almostthinks that there will be no cars incity centres. Some even thinkenvironmentally-friendly electricsorar-powered cars will havethe cars we use nowadays.

Pollution is something thatio worry many people. Some fearit will continue to get worse, ano

0n the other hand, people seembe quite optimistic about the

l ike cancer and AIDS. lf

our ptanet will become impossiblelive on. Others even foresee that roay we'll have to pay for clean air irlike we do now for clean water.

Look atthe pic-tures anddescribethem.Which of

!) * < "

abcd

2of genetic engineering, as thev thirscientists will use it to cure diieas

34

manage to find a cure for these,nave a much healthier society,. Some people worry abouttuture, while others are full of honeenthusiasm. No matter trow Oirkbright it may seem, it is up to us to loailer our planet and try to make it

44better place to live

UNII IO

people believe that in 2050 C they will be even more harmful tothe environment.

D people won't be able to affordthem.

Some people believe that pollution willnave

A disappeared.B killed everyone on the planet.C become an even bigger problem.D made our planet a better place

to live.

Many people think that by 2050

A there will be a cure for cancerand AIDS.

B people will have stopped dying.G scientists will have replaced doctors.D people won't get diseases.

we will not pay for computers.we will never leave our homes.we will not have any friends.we willfind partners throughcompulers.

article suggests that in 2050

students will write with typewriters.fifty per cent of people will havetravelled to Mars.lessons will be very different.

will learn to cook.

as cars are concerned, somebelieve that

will not have any.won't run on petrol.

Frarticeat the words in bold in Ex. 3 and try to

them, then choose any three and make

the numbers to the letters.

advantagesshowpredictexcitementoftenillnesses

in the correct word(s) from the list below.the words only once.

humon,virtuol, computer, cleon, to corry ou\m entol, gen etic, sol o r-p ow e re d

, , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . real i ty 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f o o d7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . exp lo ra t ion8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . carsI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a i r

10 engineering

torils [RBn Gonfuseil

the blanks with the correct word.

isolated- lonely - alone

managed to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h im of asthma.

2 The doctor asked the nurse to the woundwith some soecial cream.

3 She feels very in her new school as shedoesn't know anyone.

4 | like going on holiday . because I can dowhatever I like.

5 The people on the is land remained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . unt i l thegovernment built a bridge to the mainland.

8 Fill in the correct particle.

Plrasal Uerls

come across: to meet sb/sth by chancecome back: to returncome round: to visitcome into: to inherit sth

1 My brother came home from university last week.2 | came an old schoolfr iend whi le lwas doing my

shopping today.3 Jenny came . . . . . . . . . . . . a lot of money when her aunt died.4 You should come . . . . . . . . . . . . for dinner one evenino.

Prelrsitinns

I Fill in the correct prepositions, then choose anythree items and make sentences.

1 to take your dog ...... a walk; 2 to be full ...... hope; 3 to makefriends ....... the Internet; 4 to become isolated ....... sb/sth; 5 tocook . . . . . . fun; 6 . . . . . . . the ci ty centres; 7 to pay . . . . . . . sth; 8 . . . . . theother hand; 9 to be opt imist ic . . . . . sth; 10 a cure . . . . . sth

abcdef

45

UNII 1O

tollnw-upRead the article again and decide

which changes wil l be for the betterand which for the worse."We might only cook for fun in thefuture." What other everydayactivit ies might only be done for funin the future?

Grammar ir Use

l0 ldentify the tenses in bold, thenmatch them to the correct tensedescription.

1 Computers will have become absolutelyessential by 2050.

2 Thirty years from now I will be flying offfor a holiday on the moon.

3 More and more children will be usingcomputers in schools in thirty years' time.

a action which will be in progress at acertain time in the future

b action which will be routine in the futurec action which will have finished before a

certain time in the future

11 B Readthesentences,thenlisten to an author talking abouthow his life will be different in tenyears'time and mark these state-ments as true (T) or false (F).

1 l' l l stil l be writing novels.2 l' l l have written two books.3 l' l l be travelling all round the world.4 | won't have started a fami|y.5 l ' l l be l iv ing in the same house.6 i'tt rrave bought a yacht.

.

Now think of yourself in a) fiveyeors'time, b) ten yeors'tirne, c)twenty yeors'tirne.What will yoube doinglwill you hove done? Thinkabout education, home, work,travel and family.

e.g. l'll have fnished university in five yeors'time. J? be looking for a jab in ...

Languaue lleuelrpmsnl

12 E nead the table then listen to the tapeand fi l l in the missing information. Usingthe notes, talk about the past, presentand future as in the example.

IOO years ago

people travel led by . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . and we use . . ." . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and aeroplanescarr iage or by . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

most people died before they were. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . years o ld

many ch i ld ren had to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

cities were ....... andmore people lived in the countryside

the average lifespan is about ........years

all children go to

cit ies are much ... . . . . . . . . . jand ful l of huge ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of f latsr.:

people communicated by we communicate by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,to each other and e-mail

P O A hundred ye6rs ogo people trave/led by horse and carriage or byNow, we use c6rs cnd cieroplcnes. ln 2 | AA, we will be usingond electric cars.

\-6To link similar ideas, we can use: also, furthermore, in addition.etc. e.g. By the year 2050 we will have started using cleaner forms ofln addition, we will have discovered a way to get rid of rubbishdamaging the environment.

To link opposing ideas, we can use:afthough, etc. e.g. By the year 2050forms of energy. On the other hand,become too difi to swim in.

however, but, on the otherwe will have started usinq

46

the rivers, /akes and seas

Read the following predictions and reasons forlife in the future and decide which are optimisticand which pessirnistic.Then, expand these ideas

into complete sentences by joiningthem with becouse, os or since. Finally,using the ideas and appropriate l ink-ing words, give a short speech on howlife will be different by the year 2050,

By the year 2050 pollution levels in cities will havedecreosed becouse scientists will have inventedenvironmentally-friendly cars. However, there will be namore rainforests os ... Furthermore,people "..

at the spidergram and the expressions inbox (top right).Then say how you think lifehave changed by the year 2050.You can addown ideas.

healthe.g. longer lives

UNII 1O

Ithink, I believe, In my opinion, In my view, lt seems tome that ...

15 Your school magazine has asked itsreaders to submit articles entitled'Whot kind of life con a childborn in the yeor 2050 expect?'Write your article usingideas from the previousexercises and the planbelow. Do not forget touse appropriate languageto express your opinions(l thinlgl believe,ln myoPinion, Furthermore,Moreover, etc.) Thebeginning and endinghave been written

Plan

INTRODUCTION

Para 1: How will a child feel when he opens his eyes in theyeat 2050? | think life*will be very different then.

MAIN BODY

Para 2: state optimistic prediclions and reasons

Para 3: state pessimistic predictions and reasonsit

CONCLUSION

Para 4: In conclusion, whatever the future brings, I believethat children's lives will certainly be very different inthe year 2050.

q

points to consider e.g. flyingcars

foode.g. mealpills

,.''' jobse.g. better paid

holidayse.g. to Marsteachers

::::iiir'

lilurds nf WisilnmRead these sentences.What do they mean?

"The real problem is not whether machinesthink, but whether men do." (8.F. Skinner)Necessity is the mother of invention.

the environmente.g. fewer wild animals

I think thot in the yeor 2050 we will be livinglonger lives. etc.

pollution levels in cities decrease - scientists inventenvironmentally-friendly carsthere be no more rainforests - we cut them all downpeople live in cities under the sea - normal cities becometoo crowdedpeople live longer - scientists find cures for manydiseases

r w0 go on holiday to other planets - space travelimprovewe do more creative jobs - computersdo the most boring jobsmore poor people - there be fewerjobscrime increase - more peoplewithout work

4t

ro .orn.r the back $ rt?anlc crashed into a huge iceh

ryre skidded. rhat's the ii.iir'i'g r' E. l:'-::n"::::,::lj:1f,:J'*remember," says David. oavii' io]t'contror ot 6F

started rushing into the ship'

the bike and when h. *"-n;'r;,1; ;;r ;;. q" "All around me' people were* screaming and running to the

David Franklin was ridinO his motorbike {n and her family boarded the famous

through the Canadian mo"untains. lt was a ",, tlip, the Titanic.lt was the first voy

cool evening. He loved the quiet, lonely $.this amazing ship, and alsothelat

road and really enjoyed the ieeling of \the shiP never reached its destini

speeding atons in the rresh air -

1?l"tTlTiljl."^tl'"::_f911

bottom of a hitt He was bteedins and his '.ft dr,;ff;:i:]t ffi|#i',!.il'#:,leg was broken. ;f ot them. ,Hold your mother's ha

He knew he had to get back to the road f, oon't be afraid,, he said to me. rrfor help. Slowly, he began the painful j. shaxtng with fear.,,crawl up the hill. He was in aqony, but F trkept soins

'." duu"v' uu'L fl .,^?l;J$:L:3:fl:;Hil:?,:fl

Eventually he reached the road. A \ enougrr rifeboats for everyone. Evapassing car stopped to help him, David felt $ saw her father again. ,,He shoulo na

bcd

lead-inLook at the pictures.What accidentsmight happen? What other types ofaccidents can you think of? Look atthe tit le.What does it mean?

E Read the sentences,thenlisten to the tape and say whosaid what: Dovid, Evo, PatriclgPotrick's mother or Evo's father.

"Hold your mother 's hand and don' tbe afraid.""Don' t p lay on the rocks.""He should have come wi th us.""As lwas turn ing a sharp corner , theback tyre sk idded."" l screamed for helo."

'' ffffrFffeading

You are going to read about three people who survivedFor questions I to 8, choose from the survivors (A - C).Thesurvivors may be chosen more than once.There is an examplethe beginning (0).

Et oavioEl eu"Eva Hart felt excited when, in 1g

extremely relieved. He was exhausted, buthe knew he was lucky to be alive.

I p",ri"t

"Don't play on the rocks, Patrickl" my mother said as I left the house. lt wasrather cloudy day, just a week before our holidav was over. The beach wasbut the tides were dangerous; twice a day the sea came up and covered theI was playing on the rocks when suddenly, to my horror, I realised I was

surrounded by water. I climbed up higher, but the water was rising fast. Thewere wet and I kept slipping. I thought I was going to drown.The water had reached my waist when I saw a fishing boat. I screamed for

The boat came towards me and the fisherman was able to rescue me just inFrom that day on, I never played on the rocks again.

Which survivor(s)

in a famous tragic accident?

about something dangerousl

great physical painl

in a road accident?

by boat?

by strangers? rnry practiue

at the words in bold in Ex. 3 and try tothem, then choose any three and make

correct word from the list below:

destinotio4 exhausted, ogony, rescued, d rowned

.. the man who was trapped inbuilding. (saved)

when he was injured during the(great pain)

when she heard that her son hadcrash. (comforted)

, the plane was able to reach its

nearly . . . . . . . . . . . when his boat sank.

after working in the garden all day.

correct word from the list. Use theonce.

to ride, fishing to feel, shorp, to keep, reoched

a motorbike 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . re l ieved6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a s h i p7 he . . . . . . . . . h is dest inat ion8 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b o a t

Gunlusnd

cornerof sth

,. gorng

Wurils nflnn

the correct word.

in the east.answer, rise/raise your hand.

on a banana skin and broke his arm.

HnnEnEn

gEgg

lilHa

UNII 1 I

Prepusitiuns

I Fill in the correct preposition, then choose anythree and make sentences.

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . the fresh air ; 2 to be . . . . . . . . . . . . the bottom of a hi l l ; 3 tobe . . . . . . . . . . . . agony; 4 to crash sth; 5 to shake . . . . . . . . . . . . fear;6 to play the rocks; 7 ............ my horror; 8 to besurrounded sth; 9 to scream help; 10 to do sthjust . . . . . . . . . . . . t ime; 11 that day on

lil[ inllnw-up. Read the three stories again and find one sentence

in each story which best describes how the mainevent happened.Then answer the questions below:a) Who are the people involved in each accident?b) Where and when did the events take place?c) How did each person feel?d) How did they survive?

' : : r : : , r : :1, '

'::.:',i.hnI l|A[B llEUelURm gnt

Giying liluicn/lx[rsssin[ Griticism

should(n'l) + bare infinitive is used to give advicee.g. You should give up smoking.should(n't) + perfect infinitive is used to expresscriticism about a past event.e.g. He should have checked the battery. @ut he didnl)

He shouldn't have gone alone. (but he did)

9 Read the following descriptions of events, thenmake sentences using should(n't) + perfectinfinitive as in the example.

1 Robert went skiing in the mountains last Monday, but his dayended in disaster as he got lost in a snowstorm. He didn'tcheck the weather forecast. He didn't take a compass withhim. He went alone.e^9. Roberl should have chee&ed fhe weaiher forecasf.

4gacross the road and hit a tree.

UNIT I1

Steve went for a drive in the desert but his jeep broke downand he nearly died. He went without telling anyone. He didn,ttake enough petrol with him. He didn't take a hat.Gloria sunbathed in her garden last weekend and she gotburnt. She didn't put any sun cream on. She didn,t use asunshade. She fell asleep. She stayed in the sun for six hours.Samantha nearly drowned yesterday. She went to an emprybeach. She didn't tell her parents she was going swimming.She went swimming after lunch. She didn,t stav near thebeach.

10 ;g Read the dialogue between a policeman anda witness o,f a car accident and fill in the wordsfrom the l ist.Then listen and check your answers.

brckes, traffic lights, collided, speeding skjdde{ coshing

Policeman: Now sir, I 'd l ike to ask you a few questions. Whatis your name?My name is Brad Richards.Where do you live, Mr Richards?I live just round the corner, on Maple Street.What were you doing at the time of the crash, sir?I was on my way home from work.What did you see, Mr Richards?Well , I saw a red car 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . down thestreet just as a blue car was turning the corner.The blue car 's dr iver put on the 2) . . . . . . . . . .and then the car 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The two cars4) . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . w i th a hor r ib te 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .notse.

Pol iceman: Just one more quest ion, s ir . Were the 6). on the corner red or green?

Witness: Oh, l 'm sorry. I can't remember.Policeman: Thank you, Mr Richards. you've been most helpful.

Now, using the following words, write the dialoguein reported speech.

. First of all ...,Then ...,After that ..., Finolly ..., etc.

. osked, replied, told, soid, odded, etc.

Grammar in llse

11 Look at the sentences and say how we reportordersl requestsl commo nds. Which introductoryverbs are used?

12 What might/could happen to the childrenpictures? set f ire, get burnt, be poisoned,drMatch the pictures with the orders, then nthem. Start with: I told himlher

l. Don't ploy neor the pool! 3. Keep owoy from chemi2. DonI touch the iron! 4. Don't ploy with motche

t3 Complete the sentences using the wordsUse two to five words.

"Don't touch the switch with wet hands," sheto She told the switch with"What did you see in the distance?,, she askedseen She asked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in the"Have you got a pen?" he asked her.if He"Don't touch the exhibits," the museum guidewarned The museum guide . . . . . . . . . ."Be quiet!" the teacher said to us.told The teacher ..."Have you spoken to Ann yet?" he asked me.had He asked me"Why didn't you call the police?" he asked me,called He asked me ." lwi l l need your help," he said to Jane,would He told Jane

14 Look at the pictures and the reportedthen fi l l in the bubbles with thewords.

Witness:Policeman:Witness:Policeman:Witness:Policeman:Witness:

Direct speech:Reported speech:Direct speech:

Reported speech:

"Hold your mother's hand," he said to me.He told me to hold my mother's hand."Don't play on the rocks, Patrick!" hismother said.Patrick's mother warned him not to playon the rocks.

50

ret .

t

I

said it wouldn't hurt. the front gate.

who it was.

UNII I I

l6 E Loot at the picture and, with the hetp of thelist of words, try to guess what has happened.Then listen to the tape and make notes toanswer the questions.

burning, smoke, coll fire brigode, kitchen in flomes,lying unconscious,wropped him in o blonket" firefighters, sove, shaking with feor, putout the fire, mother couldn't keep bock her teors, ombulonce

1 When did the event happen? 6 What did he do afterwards?2 Where was the narrator? 7 Who saved Tommy/John?3 What did he see? 8 Where were the boys taken?4 \l/here did the event happen? 9 What was Mrs Blake's5 Who did he call? comment?

17 Using the information from Ex. 15, as well as theplan below, write a composition narrating theevent of the fire.

INTRODUCTION PLAN

Para 1: set the scene (who/where/wheniwhat happened)

MAIN BODY &

Para2,3: describe the events which happened before themain event and the main event itself

sCONCLUSION

Para 4: consequences, people's feelings, comments

rds nf WlsdnmRead these sentences.What do they mean?

o EverV cloud has a silver lining.o lt never rains but it pours.o Look before you leap.

he had a

It||l

and tick, then listen and repeat.

(narrating past events)

a past event we say when and where itwas involved in it, what exactly happened, what

2 He asked her if shegoing with him.

4 She said the orisonerwas moving towards

6 The judge said to take himto orison.

t{t t$ljest

chain

Jane

were, what the people said and how they felt.

51

i l : , \ I l = i -

ir li\l ii il N2

.h

\ , ^:#..", .'

,d

iffi ReaO t3^le senitenc.-::; eilrrer: ii:-.ri.;r.:ir . ireleri:ieie ivhet['ler thclr ar''e ri'i;e ;, i \ '''

1 l-he year was gSLl ALI

2 [rik r,ilas a si^nali ilail.

I " i -he prOfeSSOt. 1, , ,39 g j , r ; , : . : , , i .

4 : i :e professor i r * lp-^( i i r :v , : .

5 LJia s parenis v!'er* ijea,i-).

{5 rJia gave 'ihe prni*ssri' ;i r,ri.:ilr,iiii ji.r;!.

7 The professcr was sir| ' i ,

,,.

.; 1f:{

" o

- f

4{

# i " t .$ . .

t,:."'] : +

l'l' '*

't

*.,.i ',r,

Who aerd wlta'f ean'r )r,'l'lilr ::e,r: ilii i:i'i r: ,:rir,.,ri:t.t-:'eJ

Where did theVikimgs i l i rre: i ,r l l r \ l l r r"r l , , i i ' , : r , . , : , i :urthernor

lHasrlers^,r Eur"ope?

E,t"t yclua knour ari"lyrll'llrny; i::loorit"lli inlq l;:'1 111 ;,q5i

'ril i:i;11)e ano_ ,i ll: ll

. i

* l

, l

' - l

. :

r l

t (

q?t) 1..

;

InI

the text then, for questions l-4,choose the best answeqB,C or D.

never felt the crocodiles' teeth, The guards let go offalling through the air, then everything went black. When hewas on a Viking ship in the icy waters off the coast ol

realised that he travelled through time only when heBut how had this time travelling started? Only his colleague, and he was far away.

was 986 AD, and Erik the Red, the famous Vikinqdiscovered Greenland, was leading his men on

No one noticed James. He was at the back of the,. The other men were rowing and looking straight

a big man. He had red hair, a red beard and a redHe wore a helmet on his head, like the others, with hornsof the sides. When he saw James sitting doing nothing,him to take an oar and help out. Neither he nor the otherany notice of the fact that he looked completely different from theriil

reached land, he too was given a sword and a shield. Someone evenon his head. Theywere going into battle against men who had occupiedcoast. Professor Kearns tried to avoid the fighting, but he had no choice.waniors ran at him with a sword, but he blocked it with his shield then

man to the ground. He stood over him with his sword raised, but he didn'tman. Suddenly, he heard a woman scream.

wall, a Viking was chasing a woman with long blonde hair. The Vikingbythe hair and threw her to the ground. James ran towards her, picked uptheViking overthe head. He helped the woman to herfeet and looked into

eyes," he said. "l 'm not going to hurt you."

seen James knock the Viking down, and sent his men to grab him and thethem back to the boat. He had their hands and legs tied, and he said

to throw them into the icy waters as soon as they set sail.dead before you even realise you're in the water."

name was Ula. Her people had been fighting the Vikings for years, andher brothers and her parents killed. She thought it was better to die than to

that," the professor said. "You have to want to live. To give up hope is likenever worth living, and that simply isn't true."

of Ula's eyesfascinated him. They looked sad, innocent and beautiful

to free one of her hands. She reached into the pocket of her dress andround piece of wood. Carved in the centre was the face of an animal.it was the white fox, and her people gave it to travellers before they left

bring them good luck. "You're a kind man and I want you to have it," sheinto the pocket of his jacket, and as she did so, Erik and some o{ the othertake them to the boat's edge.

so cold they would probably die not long after they were thrown into

UNII I2

The professor suddenly understood thalhe travelled through time only whenA he was dreaming.B he wasn't feeling well.C his life was in danger.D his friend wasn't with him.

What was the Viking doing near thecastle wall?A He was running after a woman.B He was helping a woman.C He was fighting with Erik.D He was shouting at Erik.

Why did Ula prefer to lose her life ratherthan to live?A She was tired of fighting the Vikings.B She didn't want to live without her

family.C She was very old.D She didn't want to live without the

professor.

What was so important about the pieceof wood?A Ula had made it.B lt could destroy the Vikings.C lt was lucky for travellers.D lt protected white foxes.

53

looked once more at Ula, then he was thrown into the warer.

UNII ]2

Uuna[ulary Praclire

4 Look at the words in bold in Ex.3and try to explain them, thenchoose any three and makesentences.

5 Fill in the correct word(s) from thelist below. Use the words only once.

to hove,icy,to reoch, c/ose to, to occupy,to bring, to set, to go into,to give up, to toke

Read the text and choose the best answer for each gap.

The Vikings were Scandinavian (0) ...8... from Denmark, Norway andThese tall, fair-haired people colonised many 1) ....... of Europe betweenand 11th centuries. They were excellent sailors who 2) ....... in long...... with many oars and large rectangular sails. Erik the Red was one ol. . . . . . . famous Vikings. He 5) . . . . . . . Greenland and set up a colony there inLeif Erikson, his son, was the 6) ....... European to set foot on the North7 l . . . . . . . .

1 . . . . . no not ice of 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w a t e r s 73 to be.. . . . . . death 84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l a n d 95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ba t t le 10

. . . . . . . . no cho ice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s a i l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n o p e

a castle. . . . . . . . good luck

Wnrds oftcn Gonfu$Bd

Underline the correct word.

My mother didn't leave/let me go to thepany."Leave/Let me alone!" she shouted.Darwin invented/discovered manystrange animals during his travels.Thomas Edison invented/discoveredthe l ight bulb.Tom avoided/prevented the traffic inthe city centre by going through theback streets.Bad weather avoided/prevented theship from leaving.ls it realltrue that you've met the Queen?The diamonds in this necklace are notreal/true.

fulluw-uI

. Describe Erik the Red and Ulo.

. Read the storyagain and answerthefollowing questions.Then, using youranswers, retell the story.

1 Where did James find himself at thebeginning of the story?

2 What did he see?3 What did Erik the Red tell James to do?4 What was James given? Why?5 What happened near the castle wall?6 Who was Ula?7 What happened at the end of the story?

Erammar in Use

Read the two sentences and identify the subject (S), theand the object (O) in sentence A.What changes do yousentence B? How do we form the passive? In whichthe action more important than the person who doeswhich sentence is the person more important than theitselfl

Active Voice: The Vikings threw James into the water.Passive Voice: James was thrown into the water bv the

We form the passive by using the appropriate tense of the verb toparticipfe. e.g. The professor was given a sword.

9 Look at the table below. How do the verbs change in

0 A soldiers1 A parts2 A travelled3 A canoes4 A most5 A l e f t6 A first7 A island

B warriorsB piecesB touredB raftsB muchB discoveredB oneB continent

C princesC placesC wentC boatsC manyC inventedC onlyC ocean

6

1

23

78

I

AB

Active Passivemake + is madeis making -r is being madewas making + was being mademade + was made

Activehave made -)

had made -)

wi l lmake -)

can maKe -)

Passivehavehadwi l lbecan 0e

o The agent (by ...) is omitted when it is not importantunderstood. e.g. The house was broken into (by

54easily understood ll was offered a cup of tea. - agent

UNIT I2

Put the verbsin bracketsinto thepassive.

of a Viking ship 1)by divers last week. The wreck 2)

(now/examine) by experts to see3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( l i f t ) to the surface. l f i t

...... (find) to be in good condition,to raise i t 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (make) next

Afterwards, i t 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c lean) socan 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (put) in the localMuseum. Other Viking remains 8)

the sentences and say howpassive questions withwe omit "by" in this

passive question?

Voice: Who gave you this

Voice: Who were you given

....... (discover) in this area recently.

from active into passive

of the active verb becomes thein the passive sentence. The

changes into a passive form Writing (project)subject of the active verbthe agent, which is eitherwith "by" or is omitted.

the subject and the objectsentences. Then rewrite

in the possive.

Mills is preparing an expedition toPole.

TV networks will fi lm the

are going to show the expeditiontelevision.

Mills has already bought all theequipment.

going to set up an observationthere.people have raised objections to

14 Fill in the gaps with as or like.

1 He works a waiter at arestaurant.

2 Joan bought a dress . . . . . . . . . . . mine.3 Sometimes Mike behaves , . . . . . . . . . . . .

a child.

4 Helen wants to find a ioba secretary.

5 He swims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a f ish.6 Craig was offered a job ............. a

chef.

4 Who discovered radium?5 Who painted the Mona Lisa?6 Who invented the telephone?

made ................ voyagessai led . . . . . . . . . . . .hoping to reachreached the Bahamaslanded on Cuba and Haiti

the Carribean Sea and.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . America

1506

13 Rewrite the following questions into the passive.Then, choosingnames from the list below, answer them.

Shokespeore, Bell, Edison, Columbus, daVinci, Curie

1 Who discovered America?2 Who invented the light bulb?3 Who wrote Romeo and Juliet?

Like is used for similarities. e.g. He works like a slave. (He isn,t a slave.lAs is used to say what sb or sth really is. e.g. He works as a teacher. (Heis a teacher.)

t5 E Look at the table, then listen to the tape and fi l l in themissing words. Finally, use the information in the table to writea project about one of the explorers. Cut pictures from thePhoto File Sectionat the back ofthe bookto usewith yourproject.

Place of birth:

Date of birth: 1254

Family: son of a merchant son of a weaver

Travels/ .1271stafteda.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - oAchievements: year journey to Asia .

. spent seventeen vears in

o arrived in Venice in ..........

called Ihe Travels ofMarco,Polo

1324

a

a

55helmet by? Died in:

$t,li ti'l,,,jiiirl:;::lri:::i:r:$lX?{i}f?g X (UnilS 7 I 2)

Choose the correct item.

The door ....... open and I saw a man standing in the doonruay.A creaked B howled C cracked D whispered

They managed to ....... the lost climbers.A rescue B drown C occupy D gather

Henry found it ....... to solve the physics problem.A active B miserable C useless D impossible

In the old days, people punished ....... by kill ing them.A traitors B guards C generals D employees

The soldiers ....... down the street during the parade.A led B marched C entered D attacked

....... people believe that life in the future will be better.A lsolated B Pessimistic C Optimistic D Friendly

He was fil led with ....... when he saw the terrible monster.A hope B wonder C relief D fear

After the long walk, they were ....... to see the cabin.A painful B exhausted C sharp D relieved

They ....... their boat up the river.

benefits, defeot, dropped,feed, bleeding releosed, diseosg weep

1 He . . . . . . . . . . the vase and i t broke.2 The woman began to ........... when she heard the bad news.3 One of the many . of travel is that one learns

about other cultures.4 You mustn't . the animals at the zoo.5 A myster ious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . k i l led hundreds of v i l lagers.6 Tina cut her f inger and i t was . . . . . . . . . . .7 l f we can . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the French team, we wi l l win the cup.8 John . the bird from its caoe.

3 Fil l in the correct word.

spoce, boarded, bring, supernoturol, pouring lost, went into,occupi ed, m ilito r y, geneti c

The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rain made dr iv ing di f f icul t .The officers looked very handsome in theiruniforms.A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . force l i f ted the boy off the ground.Our government spends a lot of money on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .exploration.

Many peop le be l ieve tha t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .should be banned.

6 The dr iver . . . . . . . . . . . control of the car and hi t7 The passengers . the ship and it

harbour.The so|diers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . batt le against their enemiesThe army . the whole city.When I took the exam, I had a rabbit's foot

. me good luck.

Fill in the correct particle from the list.

into, bocN down, ouoss, out, up, round

Last night a couple of friends came .......... for aWhen do schools break . . . . . . . . . . . for the summerThe burglar broke . . . . . . . . . . . our neighbours'When you come . . . . . . . . . . . f rom work, l ' l l te l l younew neighbours.His motorcycle broke.. . . . . . . in the middle of theHe came a fortune when his uncle died.My sister came . . . . . . . . . . . a valuable old book whi lecleaning the attic.

Yesterday, I went to the Westminster Bank.......... the city centre. I was getting somecashpoint when a car pulled up and parkedman got 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the car andface looked familiar and he reminded mesomebody. Suddenly, 4) .......... my horror, hetri

(8 marks) my wallet from me. I screamed 5) ........... . . . . . . . . . my rel ief , a group of boys heard me.1just 7) . . . . . . . . . . t ime to grab the man and holdoolice arrived.

Some people believe that one of the bestloneliness is to use the Internet. They say thatmake fr iends 2) . . . . . . . . . . the Internet. 3) . . . . . . . . . .hand, some people argue that peopleInternet to make friends become isolated 4) ,,world. I believe that people should get out

4

8I

1 0

1234

567

8 A fire broke ........... and destroved the entireA rose B chased C led D rowed

10 The Vikings wore ....... on their heads for protection. 5 Fil l in the gaps with the correctA clubs B shields C helmets D oars

A said B told C spoke D expressed

12 She looks ....... a model but she is actuallv an architect.A such B a s C as if D like

(12 marks)

Fill in the gaps with words from the list.

12

34

56rather than sit in front of a comouter screen for

'eful or you'll drop / fall your glasses'gave him medication but couldn't treat/cure the

the correct word.

refused to leave / let me stay out later than 11

rain avoided / prevented us from having a picnic in

was a(n) alone / lonely man who lived all by himself

small cottage.kept staring / glancing over her shoulder to see

James was behind her,

l0 Give advice to the people in the following situations,

using the expressions from the list below'

The best thing, tf I were you,Why don't you,You ought to'

HowlWhot obout...

Mary wants to get fit.join a gym?

2 Mark has failed his PhYsics test,study harder.

3 Nick has been feeling exhausted.taking a long holidaY?

' '::l::::::::li "::Y you can do is to rind a 'atmate

5 Erika has Problems at work.l'd find a new job.

(5 marks)

l1 Fill in the correct tense.

A Everyone 1) . . . . . . ' . . ' . . . . . . . . . ( look)forward to the school Picnic forweeks before it took Place. Thestudents 2)(organise) the games a weekbefore and Parents 3)

(PrePare) thefood on the morning of thep icn ic . We 4) . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . ' . . ' . . . . . . '(have) a wonderful time whensuddenlY i t 5)(start) to rain. We all 6)

. (get) completelysoaked, and it 7)(turn) out to bepicnic we 8)(ever/have).

the worst

(6 marks)

the sentences in the passive voice'

discovered Australia?

is designing Mary's new house.

will install air-conditioning in their office'

are planning an expedition up Mount Everest'

fed allthe animals?

(5 marks)

in "wil lt ' or "am going to"

(5 marks)

the following sentences using the

in bold. Use two to five words.

come soon," he said to me.Hetold me.. . . . . . . . soon'

go near the dog," Mother said to me.d Mother . near the dog.

you speak to the manager?" she asked us.

She asked us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' to the manager

grass needs cutting.know. | ..,....... call the gardener and ask

im to cut it.you like juice or soda?

..... have soda, Please.is sitting her exams this week.

hope she . . . . . . . do wel l '

rt are you doing tonight?not sure. I think I stay in and watch TV'

ryou made anY Plans for the summer?I have. I .. '.... do a course at Oxford'

B Helen 1) ' (live) inEngland {or the past two years, but she 2)(still/have) some problems with the language' Every time

she 3) . (try) to speak, she is afraid she 4)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (make) a mistake. Most people who 5)... (learn) a foreign language may feel this

way. The best thing to do is to keep talking' (13 marks)

12 Say how your life will be different in five years'

time. Make sentences using future continuousand future Perfect. 6 marks)

'',,r,wriliIlu' Answer the following questions.

1 What tenses do we normally use in stories?2 Suggest various ways of ending a story.3 How do you finish a letter of advice to a friend?

4 What is included in the main body of a story?

5 List various ways of expressing opinion'(10 marks) [ 7

\OTAL:100 marks i I

you finished your homework?" she asked me'

She asked mY homework.

carefully!" the teacher said to me.The teacher ' carefullY'

round the corner," he said to her'He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . just round the corner '

(6 marks)

- - i , - - ' i

r i ' i

, - ---, - ,' '-t- '- t',

a-,

* Beforeyottslrrlo Whnl do y0u like teodinul Whyl o Whrt do you lhink life will be like in lhirty yettrs

t Reud" lislen. lnlk und wtile nhnul...

o jobso making wishes

o natural disasters

types of sports/hobbiessports equipmentski l ls & quali t ies

*lt

l ife in the futuremaking predict ionsexpressing opinions

I

$rcla

a

a

wild animalsendangered speciesanimal sounds

O

a

a

a

o

a

o

a

%

Y;F- *."

Pf$&ar,:,

o ecologyo expressing cause & effecte l iving condit ions

o

o

a news reportan essay describing the advantages/disadvantages of stha short article comparing &contrasting sportsa description of a sighta description of an animalan essay providing solutions toproblems

!;iu{-, q t *

t leurn how 10...describe/comment on naturaldisasterscomment on jobsmake wishesdescribe sportsask for confirmation/agreementdescribe sightsdescribe animalsexpress cause and effectprovide solutions

* Pruclise...o

a

a

o

a

o

a

a

o

a

I Wrile...

o

a

a

the passive voiceCondi t ionalsType2&3making wishesinfinitives/the -ing formquestion tagsreflexive pronounspluralsexpressing reasonclauses of result/purposetoo/enough

'-e*t;${, .Yf.'

UNlT 13Lead-in

What disasters are shown in thepictures? What other naturaldisasters can you think ofl

g Match the following wordswith the natural disastersshown in the pictures.Can you think of

ll

I

any more words?

ash, mud, explotde,smoke, burn,shoke,debris, croter, lavo,volcano,flames,cosuo/tles

& E You are going to listen to anews report. Read the sentencesbelow and put them in the correctchronological order. Now listen tothe tape and check your answers.

Mount St Helens, the volcano in Clark County, Washingtonerupted 0n Monday morning. The disaster has caused at leastdeaths as well as massive deslruclion in that region of the state,

The mountain was hit by two earthquakes just before half pastThen, at eight thirty{wo, the top of the mountain was blown ofl byexplosion that was heard two hundred miles away. Huge blocks ofand rock {ell onto the surrounding area and the mountain tltas1,300 feet shorter. Then the tremendous heat inside was

Hot ash and gas came out of the mountain, causing a lightningas it rose into the air. White ash, along with sleam and thick mud, continuepour from the giant crater left by the explosion.At each stage of this dramatic eruption people have been killed. The

caused the first casualties; several people were inlured or died due to theand heat of it. Then the hot ash started fires which have burned vasl areasforest, causing more deaths. Fortunately, fire-fighters have managed tomost of them out. The volcanic cloud was so large and dark that it washave turned day into night, lorcing airports to close lemporarily. One morewas lost as a pilot flew his aeroplane into the cloud and hit electricityMud from the volcano is running down the mountainside and fil l ingcausing flooding, People living nearby have been forced to Ieave theiras the water continues to rise.

Rescue workers have picked up casualties and survivors by helicopter,are moving them away from the dangerous areas. More victims areto be found during the next few days. 0ne witness said that it had been likeend of the world. "l really thought we were all going to die," Jeny lrvine"l've never been so terrified in mv life.'

Scientists say that the top of the mountain had been 'growing' by five leetday for several weeks before the explosion. They say that ash and mudcontinue to pout out of St. Helens for up to fifteen years. Meanwhile, theof Clark County are learning to cope with nature's fury.

The tremendous heat insidewas released.Mud from the volcano is fil l ingr ivers, causing f looding.The top of the mountain wasblown off.Huge blocks of ice and rock fellonto the surrounding area.

The mountain was hit by twoearthquakes.The hoi ash started fires.

Hot ash and gas came out ofthe mountain causing alightning storm.

fg

5Bnt#d&trlmEc,e

UNII I3

the volcano erupted, the top ofmountain

grew taller.landed two hundred miles away.turned into mud.was broken into pieces.

lirst people to die were killed by

the forest fires.the explosion.the thick mud.the lightning storm.

made evefihing very darkdamaged many aeroplanes.wasn't very big.damaged the forest.

4 People had to leave their homes as

their houses were burnt.the mountain fell on their homes.they had no electricity.there was flooding in the area.

Before the eruntion

A scientists had been makino themountain bigger.

B the people of Clark County hadlearnt how to cooe with a volcano.

C the mountain had been gettingtaller.

D ash and mud had been pouring outof St. Helens for fifteen vears.

ABcD

ABcD

9

Phrasal ugrbs

Fill in the correct particle.

put out:put up:put on:put off:

to stop a fire burningto let sb stay in your houseto place clothes on one's bodyto postpone

1

23

, . . . . . . . . . . . o f i ceheattormmud

6r l rn+ inn. , . - ' - y . ' - ' I

. . . . . . cab les.. . . . . by two earthquakes

.. . . worKers

. . . . . . . . . . f i res

67I9

1 0

ry practiue

at the words in bold in Ex.4 and try to explainthen choose any three and make sentences.

the numbers to the letters.

a flowb hugec because oid freee point

I areag large hole

in the correct word(s) from the list below. Usewords only once.

hrt, thick, tremendous, mossive, volca nic, blocks,eleAricity, rescue, to stort

Wrrds rftgil Gonfuseil

the correct word.

erupted/exploded at the station yesterday.died in the olane crash: there were no survivors/

hurricane hit/knocked Miami this morninq.of the fire have been taken to hospital.

He put . . . . . . . . h is coat and lef t the house.He put . . . . . . . . the meeting unt i l the fol lowing week.Bi l l put me . . . . . . . . . for the night as I could f ind nowhere elseto stay.Don't forget to put ........ the candles before you go to bed.

10 Match the letters with the words.

Iovo, cloud of ash,lightning storm, steom, forest fire, flooding,victim, survivors, folling rocks

was struck/beaten by lightning

UNII I3

Pnepnsitinns

11 Fill in the correct prepositions, then choose anythree and make sentences.

1 . . . . . . . . . . least; 2 to r ise . . . . . . . . . . the air ; 3 . . . . . . . . . . each stage;4 due . . . . . . . . sth; 5 to turn day night; 6 the top . . . . . . . . . themountain; 7 to break . . . . . . . . p ieces; 8 to be growing . . . . . . . . f ivefeet a day; 9 to cope sth; 10 to fal l . . . . . . . . . . . an area

fnlllw-up

. Read the article again and answer the questions.a) What happened just before the explosion?b) What caused the l ightning storm?c) What caused the forest fires?d) How did the pilot die?e) What did the rescue workers do to help the

victims?

. Using the events in Ex. 3, talk about the eruptionof Mount St Helens.

language lleuelo[mgnt

12 Match the people's comments with the naturaldisasters, then rewrite their words in the passive.

hurricone, eorthquake, volconic eruption, drought" flood,fomine

It is blowing down trees

peopre.

4 Television stationsgave warnings beforeit exploded.

6 The government hasasked people notto waste water.

hurricane: Trees and houses are beino blawndown.

Look at the picture and the notes. First tryexplain the words in bold, then expand theinto full sentences.

Several villages incompletely cut otf -davs snowstorm. - itSaturday at 4 pm.one person - foundthree - stil l missing.motorists - trapped -cars - five hours -rescued. Many roads-completely blocked -food supplies -quickly. Food -villages - helicopter-today. People -police - avoid the area

weather conditions - expected - continue - three more

e.g. Seyera/ villages in Scatland have beenfor three days ...

Grammar in Use

14 Complete the sentences using the wordsUse two to five words.

1 They will send a reporter to the scene of thesent A reporter . . . . . . . . . . to the scene of theThey are taking the survivors to the hospital.taken The survivorsThey didn't inform the police about the theft.informed The pol ice . . . . . . . . . . aboutFire planes dropped water on the burning foresl.was Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . burning forest byThey have found twenty people in the building.been Twenty people .... in the

6 The lifeboat team have rescued five crewbeen Five crew members . . . . . . . . . . . . thePolice are carrying out an investigation.be ing An inves t iga t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rewrite the following in the passive.

Factory waste polluted a local river. Thefined the owners t20,000. e.g. A local river wasfactory waste. Ihe owners have been finedLast month James Smith burnt down the Townjudge sent him to prison for five years.Last week a careless driver caused a serious acciiare going to send him to prison for four years.Craig McDrew was attacking an old ladyarrested him last week. The judge has sent himfifteen vears.

13

\

and houses!2 They have sent food

to help the starving

't5

1exoect even more rarnin the next few davs.

60

a n 1v . v ' '

UNII I3

rnd -eLrted

) -

iatiun

E List"n and tick, then listen and repeat.

fU (. news report)

the text and rewrite the highlighted sen-in the passive.Then answer the questions.

information is given in the first paragraph?which paragraph is the main event described in detail?which paragraph are the consequences of the event

which paragraph are people's comments mentioned?which paragraph is the action to be taken mentioned?

An earthquake struckthe town of $anta Mariain Peru early yesterdaymorning. The quakemeasured 7.5 on theRichter scale and is one of

to have struck the area in over fifty years.have reported lilty people missing.

struck at 5 am local time, and lasted for about half abuildings collapsed, ten people have died andstill buried under debris. 0lher countries are now

medical supplies to the town. Volunteers areand Red Cross doctors are lreating lhe injured

have taken others to a hospital in a nearby citywill give money lo the town to help pay for

ofthe houses which the earlhquake hasLocal people are still trying t0 get over the shock. "lt' one resident said. "l ' l l never foroet it."

ditfers from a story. lt gives only lactsstory has a personal and chatty style. A news

has a headline and is written in a formal,style. The writer's feelings and emotions are

Passive voice is frequently used. Direct

18 E Loot at the picture and the list of words.What kind of news report do you expect to hear?First listen to the tape, then make sentencesusing the wordsfrom the list.

Bonglodesh, hit byheovy rains, serious

flooding, peopledied, others madehomeless, onimolsdrown, rescueworkers, tropped,

food, medicines,tents.

E Listen again and answer the questions.Finally give a summary of the event.

1 What has happened?2 When and where has it happened?3 How many people have been made homeless?4 How many people have died?5 What has happened to the animals?6 What are rescue workers doing?7 Who said, "l 've lost everything. My house and all my

cattle."?8 What is being sent to the area?

19 You work as a journalist. Using the plan belowand the information from Ex. 18, write a newsreport about the recent flood in Bonglodesh.

Plan

INTRODUCTION

Para 1: summary of the event (what, when, where, who)

MAIN BODY

Para 2: detailed description of the event, consequences

CONCLUSION i::

Para 3: action to be taken, people's comments

,r i r

;ti llrd

Itl

t|s hilrilnriu

lilords nf Wisdnm

Read these sentences.What do they mean?

r After a storm comes a calm.o Bad news travels fast.o A drowning man will clutch at a straw.

lol leulJohngoat

got

also used to mention oeoole's comments.

UNIT14

teadinUr

.*

.:!

,l'::iar::r !

There are only two hundred combat s9f{ie1 in the British Art

can parachute into the #' ;il;;;'Y:f:f:i;3;,';li5:lffli. fti"rv territory successfullv' 11ff::t:?: l.,t" n"ot secret. "tt'sinenemyterntory-suuuel._.'iOliiia, nai to Oe kept secret. "lt's

:'-i*fiil;.Hiil:'.'ili{ffi ij':{:llg**i","ru:i:','Jffi1exciting iob' bu. lI s arsu 'iJ'Y.'r.*r

"t iraining before such a soldier

:?: $ff; 'll,':I.,:ll H:fi i;il;#''I;l':fl ::;lJflffiiff :n'ilft ;i'"e bgen on31?1.:l^T':'l:T1ft:fi:,, 145,000 per yei

lead-in

. Match the pic-tures with thejobs in the l ist:combot soldier.tropeze ortist,vetWhat do you thinkthe tit le means?

. For which of thejobs shown do youneed to be:to u gh, tol ented, cou ra-geous, caring,dedicoted? ..i.s:,11,

. What ,liF\are the 'irt,.

risks involved '

in these jobs?

E First read the fol-lowing sentences, thenlisten to the tape andfind out who said what:the trapeze artist, thecombat soldier or the vet.

" l would never ignore a sick animal,even if it was dangerous enough tok i l l me. "" l just wish they didn' t take so longto mend."" l f I d idn' t know how to handlesome animals, I would probablyhave permanent scars by now.""Many times in the past, if I hadn'thad a partner I could trust, I wouldhave fal len and probably hurtmyself ser iously.""lf the enemy had caught us, theywould have ki l led us."

*E

Read these texts and say what the positive andpoints of each job are.

How many of us used to dream of joining the circus when wechildren? Well, Chris Sayers, a trapeze artist at Zippo's

that. lt took him ten years of training before he felt confidentperform six metres above the ground. Since then he has becomepeople in the world who can do four somersaults one after the other.many risks involved in this job. Trapeze artists need to work with acan depend on. When flying through the air at 60 mph, they have to bepartner will catch them. "Many times in the past, if I hadn't had atrust, I would have fallen and probably hurt myself seriously,,,People who work in the circus love the risks and the thrill of theirBroken bones are part of the job."l just wish they didn't take so longChris explains. He earns t500 per week, but it is certainlv not easv

E2

:#^Iifl".i:ilfii.iJ ffi;"il hu'e kirred us"t45'000 persound like a lot, but tew pJopft would risk their lives for less'

patients are thankful for the care they get from their5, but when it comes to anows rhar animara ", -,.^lT!

it,s,a different story. Everyrnows that animals are much ,or" rL.r1, io ,r, ,",i.o.llJli:r*1j[Athem. Steve oiu.o i. in.*per,.",i..o u.,lT bee1 bitten by couniless cats and Oogr. W,ih rnor.ilil11,#:T:11 jll'"sll.!9nlesspeciar.,,.lFoi.*,,p,.,

l^oj35 rl*.:, he keeps them in ".roir., org, ;il;;"J'ilffT?#,':,.fi1,:|3.

1':9.go,*n q! t .i'.in *.,,is hands. "lf I didn,t know how to handle some ari#t:Ilitl*l:"t::'",f,':T:! :T': ql, no*, " st.u.,,y,it takes many years of .tuov ioi..ort . ,i.i,it

"jtii:::g ylf_p?id cal.eer.. i'Al unirrr.ln nli';;r,lyor,,O never ignore r ri.t rnir],"#i;i';"J

enough to kill me,,,says steve.

at the words in bold in Ex. 3 and try to

them, then choose any five and make

the numbers to the letters.

UNII I4

they meet many famous people and get lots of publicattent ion. A singer 's job can be very 3) . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . ,especially if a song becomes a hit, but it can also be very4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . because they have to cont inue to performwell, otherwise they will no longer be successful'

7 First describe the iobs below, then answer thequestions:a) Which of these people wear uniforms when

they work?b) Which of these people work indoors and

which outdoors?c)What are the pros and cons of each iob? Give

reasons.

traffic warden, waiteq doctor, policeman, Postman, flightattendant, porter, dustman, typist, gardener; teacher, farmeribuilder, secretary, pilog fire-fighter, optician, butcheri surgeon

I Look at the words in bold and say how each wordis used.

Joining similar ideasIt's a tiring job as you have to stand on your feet all day long.Also/ln addition to this/What is more/Furthermore/Moreover/Besides this, you have to work on Saturdays.

Joining contrasting ideaso lt's a dangerous job because you might get burnt'

Howeverion the other hand/Nevertheless, you doget long holidays.

. Although/ln spite of the fact (that)/Despite the fact(that) it is a difficult job, it is very poorly paid.

o In spite of/Despite being a difficult job, it is very poorlypaid.

. lt 's a difficult job, yet/but it is poorly paid.

Replace the words in bold with other words fromthe boxes above.

Working on a fishing boat is exciting. However, mendingthe nets is tiring.It's exhausting because lwork long hours. Moreover, it isnot a well-paid job.Although I like performing in front of audiences, I can'tstand travelling all the time.It's a very dangerous job, yet it is rewarding to know thatyou have saved people.It's a very sociable job as you meet many new people'Moreover, it 's well paid.You need to be qualified for this job. Furthermore, youhave to be older.Despite the fact that his job involves many rtsks, hedecided to renew his contract.

ary Practire

countlessthrillvetprofession

dangerdoctor foranimalsexcitement

5678

ef

91 0

handlecourageous

h jobi toolj brave

9B

had to do one of the three iobs mentioned

texts, which would you choose and why?

would you definitely not choose?WhY?

lB llsuclo[ment

the adjectives from the list, then say what

and cons of being a singer are.

exciting,stressful rewo rdi n g

have a very 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . job because they havea great deal and often have to perform late at

Their lives are often 2l .........,......, however, since I lt is a tiring job. Also, it takes a lot of physical strength.

63

UNII I4

13t0 foin the following sentences in all possible ways.

It's a risky job. lt is poorly paid.It's an interesting job. I earn a lot of money.It's very tiring because you spend all day in front of a com-puter. lt 's boring as you do the same thing all the time.It's an exciting job. You travel a lot which is exhausting.It's not a steady job. lt 's not well paid.

'srammar in Uss

I I Read the sentences and identifythe types ofconditionols.Which refers to the present/post?

a "lf I didn't know how to handle some animats, twouldprobably have permanenf scars by now."

b "lt the enemy had caught us, they woutd have kiiled us."

Now fi l l in the missing information in the tablebelow, then say how each type is formed and howit is used.

{it-"tarse FLYain.9'H_l{ use

Make sentences as in the example:e.g.l wish I had qllmy reerh. lf I hc'd all my teeth,leot the opple.

nave a friendlonely

not have awork faster

Make sentences as in the example:e.g. I wish we hodn't storen the money. lf westolen the money,the police wouldn't have

123

45

Type 2unreal lf +present

Type 3unreal lf +past

would/could/might +

would/coutd/'l::l I _

imaginary situationin the present orfuture (unlikely tohappen);alsoused to give advice

imaginary situationin the past; it is usedto express criticismand regrets

14

ffixH12 Read the sentences.Which expresses an unreol

situotion in the present? Which expresses regretabout o post eyent?

I wish I hadn't left school. (but I did)I wish I earned more money. (but I don't)

Now make wishes for the following situations.

You lied to your best friend.You can't afford to go on holiday.Your broken leg hurts.You failed your exams.Your mum is angry with you.You missed an important meeting.You aren't old enough to get a driving licence.

not steal money -

police not arrest uscheck Petrolhave run out

be careful :

ab

1234567 3 wake uP earlY

miss bus64

notmy knee

UNIT I4

in the correct tense.' t l ied to my boss, he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not/ f i re) me.

Now, I can't pay the phone bill.(have) his car, he would give us

to the station.were qual i f ied, she . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( f ind) a good job.

(find) a job, he'll move to a bigger house.1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not/have to) work such longThen, I could spend more time with my son.

keep coming to work late, you .. (lose)job.had lef t on t ime, he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not/be) late

meeting.stopped smoking, you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (be) in better

you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( fol low) her advice. l f you hadwhat she had told vou to do, vou . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

all your money.

First listen and tick.Then, listen and repeat.

luJ 1iu:l

suittruenewproof

Read the table, then listen to the tape andthe missing information.

::i:i:a

lWfiting (advantages and disadvantages)

Before writing a composition about the advantages anddisadvantages of a certain topic you should make a list ofthe good and bad points, giving reasons for each one. Startyour composition by briefly stating the topic, then presentthe points for and against in two separate paragraphs, givingreasons. End your composition by restating the fact that thetopic has both advantages and disadvantages. Rememberto use appropriate linking words (e.9. furthermore, to startwith, also, what is more, on the other hand, in conclusion,etc). Also begin each paragraph with a topic sentence (asentence which summarises what the paragraph is about).

18 You have been asked to write an article for yourschool magazine about the odvontoges anddisodvontoges of being either o nepofter or asurgeon. Use the notes from Ex. | 7 and the planbelow to write your article.The beginning andending as well as the linking words/phrases havebeen written for you. Underline the topic sentencesafter you have written your composition.

Plan

INTRODUCTIONPara 1: state tooic

i:MAIN BODYPara 2: list the advantages and give reasonsPara 3: list the disadvantagesrand give reasons

CONCLUSIONPara 4: restate the fact that there are both advantages and

disadvantages

Have you ever considered becoming a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?There are many advantages and disadvantages to doing thiskind of job.

One of the main advantages of being a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is thatbecause . Furthermore,

However there are disadvantages to becoming a ...........,.. .First ly, . . . . . . . . . becauseIn addi t ion to th is , as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Al l th ings cons idered, becoming a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i sa good idea, as long as you are aware of the drawbacks.

ll:::'r I

Wnrils nf WisdnmRead the sentence.What does it mean?

, o A bad workman always blames his tools. )n rNJ

reasonshave to do everything in a veryoften work in places where there are wars

reasonsthe job needs a lot of skillit's great being able to ......... people's lives

reasonswork long, unsteady hoursresponsible for people's lives

[ead-in

2

12345

6

66

. Match the pictures with the sports: roftingslcydiving" scubo-divi ng rock-climbing, porogtidi ngHow is the title related to these pictures?What other extreme sports can you think of?

. What do you enjoy doing in your free time?

E neaa the sentences then listen to the tapeand find outwho said whatGillWilliams,BobCard or Sandra Quiggen."l love scary animals.""l believe there is an adventurer inside every one of us.,'"lt doesn't matter how old or strong you are.',"Your life willtake on new meaning.""Those hippos have big teeth. But a litfle fear makesthe brain work faster.""lf you don't do things right, you are asking for trouble.,,

UNII 15

rng

this magazine article about extreme sPorts. Choose the

sui table heading f rom the l is tA ' D, for each par t ( l '4) '

adventurersfear

C Thrill ing freetime activitiesD Riskv rewards

who takes sport to its most dangerous limits.

scary animals," says Gill. "l love being near them and touching them' Great

come and attack the bars of the cage. I touch them, but I don't let them

There are more people like Gill than you might think. They leave their

and businesses to spend their free time doing extremely dangerous things.

them fly jets across deserts or go diving in unexplored caves, while others

African rivers. All of them want to experience something more than their

,lives can offer. They want adventure.

is a skydiving trainer. He teaches people to leap out of aeroplanes and

fallthrough the air without opening their parachutes until the very

there is an adventurer inside every one of us," he says. "lt doesn't

old or strong you are. The adventurer is there - it's just hidden away

. lf you find that spirit, your li{e will take on new meaning."

of doing extreme sports to satisfy your need for adventure is that

completely forget about your everyday problems' As Bob says: "You can't

about business phone calls or examination results when you're

out of a plane."

danger can a person take? According to Sandra Quiggen, panic is

when you come face to face with a badtempered hippopotamus on the

River, "You get scared," she says. "Those hippos have big teeth. But a

makes the brain work faster, as long as you don't let it turn into panic'"

an element of risk in all extreme sports. "lf you don't do things right, you

for trouble," says Card. But training and proper equipment help to

soorts safer. The difference between extreme sport and "normal"

that, although there are organised competitions for these sports, most

,sports people are more interested in testing their own abilities than in

prizes. In fact, most of them would agree with mountaineer Sir Edmund

when asked why he wanted to climb Everest: "Because it's there'"

Phrasal Uerhs

7 Fill in the correct particiPle.

turn into: to change intoturn down: to refuse to acceptturn on: to switch onturn up: to arrive

1 We waited for hours, but she neverturnedJenny, cou ld you tu rn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thelight please?The magician made the bird turn

a rabbit.They tu rned h im . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fo r the job

because he didn' t have the r ightqualifications.

1

2

3456

Fill in the correct word(s) from the

list below. Use the words only once.

scary,to os( to sotisfr, foce, business, to

test, to go, to do,toke on,everYdoY,exominotion,to win

fo r 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d iv ing

a worriedb very excitingc teacherd jumpe skills

I . . . . . . phone cal ls9 your l i fe wi l l . . . . . .

new meanlng1 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t h e i r

own abilities11 . . . . . . . . your need12 results

troubleextreme

sponsanimals

. . . . . . . . . p rob lemsto faceapr|ze

&t\ u 4

g

f

I

Uumbulary Prartire

Look at the words in bold in Ex.3

and try to explain them, then

choose any three and make

sentences.

Match the numbers to the letters.

1 thrill ing2 trainer3 leap4 concerned5 abilities

67

UNII I5

Prelnsilions

I Fill in the correct prepositions,then choose any three and makesentences.

1 to leap . . . . . . . . of an aeroplane; 2 to fal l . . . . . . . .the air ; 3 a need . . . . . . . . sth; 4 to forget . . . . . . . . . .sth; 5 to be concerned . . . . . . . . . . sth; 6 to beinterested . . . . . . . sth; 7 to agree . . . . . . . . . sb

lnllow-uI. Read the text again,then talk

about the reasons why people getinvolved in extreme sports.

lanuua0n lleuelnnment

Look at the list of sports/hobbiesand their equipment,and underlinethe odd words out.

wind-surfing board, camera, wetsuit, sailknrtting needles, ropes, wool, patternsrofting paddles, life-jacket, raft, binoculars

fshingtrainers, boat, fishing rod, hooksstamp-collecting: album, stamps, helmet,magnifying glassscubo4iing mask, oxygen tank, life-jacket, flippersrock<limbing ropes, boots, light clothes, batpainting: palette, canvas, brushes, clubskydiving skis, parachute, gloves, goggles

footboll: shorts, stick, trainers, balljet-skiing life jacket, jet ski, flippers, swimmingsuit

Now read the list of skills/guolitiesand say which are needed for theabove sports and hobbies.

Skr/h/Quolities needed fiL potien4 imaginotive,courogeous, good sense of bolonce, cooperotive,strong, determined, good training, odventu rous

e.g" You need to be fi ond strong and you rnrrstslso hoye o good sense of lrolonce to g0 wnd-surfng. etc.

10 Read the following informationand decide what hobby/sport wouldbe best/worst for each person,giving reasons as in the example.Then say which hobbylsport youwould like to do and why.

Jim likes adventure a lot and is in excellent physicalcondition. He works wellwith others but he is imoatient.e.g. I think that the irest hobby for Jim woutd berafting because you have to be fit andcooperative. I think thatfishlng would be lheworst hobby far himbecause he l'sn'tpailent.Antony is a very activeperson and quite fit, but he can't afford to buy expensivePeter is a very energetic person who enjoys taking risks.anything to do with the sea.David is very adventurous. He loves being close to nature,the mountains.

11 E Read the table, then listen to the tape and fil! in theinformation. Finally, looking at the table, talk about each

Iwindsurfing

skateboarding

e q u i p m e n t $ p r o s g c o n s$;*,$_

board,wet-suit

skateboard,knee pads,helmet

keep fit, expensive

fun, hurt yourself

expensrveparachuting parachute thrill ing

basketball ball,trainers,shorts

cneap

123

13

6B

Erammar in Usn

12 Look at the sentences, identify the to-infnitive, thewithout to and the -ing form and say how they are used.read the text on p.67 and underline the same forms.

You should wear a life-jacket when you're sailing.He doesn't mind waiting for hours for fish to bite.I would like to play football.

Say whether the following go with the to-infinitive, thewithout to or the -ing form?

must, rlrcy, con, will learn, teoch, ogree, hope, like, nrind, con't ston4expect, iti worth, keep f= continuej, would like, look forward to, it's nowont, wouid prelba ovoid, suggest, inrngine, wsuld ruther, nroke, let

sense of

sense offit

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:

(to) infinitive or -ing form.

always enjoyed 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( take part) in teamso when my P.E. teacher asked me if I wanted 2)...... (learn) how 3) (play) rugby, I decided

Ul'lII I5

WritinU

18 Read the text and fill in the correct word derivedfrom the words in brackets.Then cover the textand compare and contrast the two sports.

Golf is a very 1) (relax) and 2) ........,......... (enjoy)sport because you can spend time in natural surroundings, but itis also one that requires great skill. Learning how to play golf takesa long time, so you need a lot of 3) (patient). lt's alsoa rather 4) .................. (expense) sport because the equipmentcosts a lot of money, and prices at golf courses can be very high.On the other hand, roller-blading is an 5) (excite) spottand is easy to learn. lt's fast and fun and keeps you fit because youhave to use all your muscles. lt's also cheap because you only

ProjectUsing the information from Ex. | |write two paragraphs comparingand contrasting a) windsurfingond porachuting, and b) skote- l.boarding and bosketbolL Say

........ (try) it. lt sounded ideal for me as I don't mind(be) outside in cold weather, and I like 6)

. . . . (exercise). I expected 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( f ind) i t easy,but it wasn't. I kept 8)

(practise),though, and now I 'mquite good. My coachthinks I may 9)

(become) aprofessional rugbyplayer one day.

out the unnecessary words where necessary.

fancy }(trying a sport which doesn'tusing too much energy or money,

should to visit the Brymouth Billiards club.pr ice per hour is t1.50 and we wi l l to helpimprove your game. So, if you

to playing bill iards, snooker or pool in asetting, we suggest to trying our club.

in the correct form of the infinitive or -ing form.

(play) tennis. need a helmet and a pair of roller-blades. However, roller-blading can be a 6) ................ (danger) spoft as you

it well.have to (be) courageous ifwant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( t ry) rock cl imbing.agreed . . . . . . . . . . (meet) us at the pool.forward to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (see) you soon.

doesn't mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (get up) early.which you would l ike to domost and why. Cut pictures *

from the Photo File Sectionat the back of the book touse with your project.

play cards.made me (tidy) my room.

nEiatinn Useful words: ond, also, too, but, however, on the other hand

First listen and tick.Then, listen and repeat.::4,::::i.'

"ttnril$ nf Wisdnm

Read these sentences.What do they mean?

. There is an exception to every rule.

. Practice makes perfect.o Variety is the spice of life.

must . . . . . . . . . . . . . (pract ise) more might lose your balance and hutt yourself.want to win the race.

job is worth (do), it's worth r9

le,,l larl

tay

l ie

hate

height

*

t

' j !:{ty

r]. l

,. t. l

l . : . : ) i : : "" ,

I , l ; t . l t , , , : , t . . . ,

: t l i , ; l : r , r l .

. t

Ing

the text. Six sentences have been removed from it. Choosethe sentences A-F the one which fits each gap ( l-S).There is

example at the beginning (0).

had tied a weight around the professor's legs, and he sank

the water. He didn't feel the cold; he didn't feel anything. The water

and he could feel himself being pulled down. Then the weight broke

ropes around his arms and legs came free. iffi i ,-n-:!was 1666. A horrible plague had killed 75,000 people in London,

city was burning. Everyone thought that they were cursed.was out of the river, James saw some people passing buckets of

one person to the next trying to put out the fire. He decided to help

[_::, j He also told them that the city would be rebuilt in a

better way.you know all this?" one man asked suspiciously.he's a Dutch spy," another said.

he's the one who started the fire," the first man added.

was at war with the Dutch, and many people thought that they had

fire. The people dropped their buckets and began chasing the

il*::the streets of London with the angry crowd chasing after him

burning all around. He ran into a dead-end street. There was a

him. All he could do was wait for the crowd to close in on him.

James to the palace. ffiiffi i".."" -._'."i The professor alsoWren, the famous architect who would rebuild most of the

, and he was amazed at the historical significance of the

made him forget the trouble he was in,

against James were read out to the King, accusing him of

the possible cause of the fire. ffiffi l-.-:"- ., ltold you the truth," he said, "you wouldn't believe me."

him he would be sent to the Tower if he did not answer the

didn't think they would believe him, but he told them it was the

had started the fire by accident and that it had spread

wind and because all the buildings were made of wood.

with interest. The King asked him how he knew this.

21st centurv. l've been sent here bv mistake,"

began to laugh. The King was furious. He thoughtk

wastreating him like afool. ffi,ffii--.---"jplaced his head on the block, James hoped that he

., ,.t+

again from death, but he didn't feel sure.

wildlv and his mind raced.to get back to the 21st century," he said.

UNII I6

The King asked him if he had anything tosay.James swam to the surface, and when heout his head above the water he saw thathe was in the River Thames during theGreat Fire of London, and everything wasburning.They were screaming and shouting,calling him a spy, and soon more peoplejoined the crowd.He silenced everyone and ordered theguards to chop otf the professor's head.As he was doing so, he tried to tell themthat the fire would end the plague.There, he was brought before Charles ll,the King of England at that time.

a thud as the axe hit the block.

11

UNII I6

4

$Ocanulary Frantine

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the f i re2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a t war3 . . . . . . . . . . . s th on f i re4 a(n) . . . . . . . . . . . street5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sb o f s th

Look at the words in bold in Ex. 3 and try to explain them, thenchoose any three and make sentences.

Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below. Use the wordsonly once.

beot, deod-end,to answer,to be,to stortlput out, to set, to chop off,to teil,to treot"come,to accuse

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s blike a fool. . . . . . . . . .sb the truth.. . . . . . . . the charges. . . . . . . . . . . . sb 's head

Wnrds [REn G[nfu$EdThe Kinq ordered the ouardshis head. l-l

cd

efg

1 0

117I9

his heartwildlythe ropesfree

6

1

Underline the correct word.

The fire-fighters couldn't find thecause/reason of the fire.There are several causes/reasonswhy lwas late.He walked past/passed the bankand turned left.

He was (fury) whenhis car broke down.Ju l ie was read ing a . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .(history) novel.

He felt very happy when hepassed/past his exams.Some people believe/think inghosts, but I don't.What do you think/believe of mynew shoes?

Although I was telling the truth,he looked at me .... (suspicion).She didn't understand the

(signify) of his words.

...'ffiammar in lf$B

9 Read these sentences.guestion togs formed?

1 They are twins, aren't thefl2 Helen wasn't there, was3 You study French, don't4 He left early, didn't he?

Study these question tags.

1 I am taller thanyou, aren't l?

2 She used to livehere, didn't she?

3 Please post thisletter for me, willyou?

4 Let's go to thecinema, shallwe?

5 Let her come withus, willyou/won'tyou?

6 Don't talk to anystrangers, willyou?

I Jitl

she?

l0 Fitt in the question

It doesn't rain much in theThe wedding was lovely,They locked the frontThis is where you live,Don't tell anybody, ...........Let's go dancing, .........He has a bicycle, .........

7 Fill in the gaps with words derived from the words in brackets.

she?

last

cakeisn't

10 Thisisn't

12345678

;:: ui,0*-uoWhat did the professor seehe swam to the surface ofPut the events in thehappened, then retell theHe told them that the fire wouldplague. [-lThe city was burning and pertrying to put out the fire. [-lThe people thought he was aJames found himself inyear 1666. l-lHe was taken to King CharlesHe decided to helo the

Cross out the unnecessary words.

1 On September 2, 1666 a small fire b(started2 in the house of the King's baker in pudding3 Lane near the London Bridge. A strong wind4 made the fire to spread quickly and it burned5 for three days. The fire it destroyed6 about 13,000 homes. Thousands of people7 gathered their belongings and were escaped to the8 river. Other people ran out to the hills and9 open fields. The Great Fire of London was

10 the most worst fire the city had ever experienced11 as it was destroyed more than half of its buildings.

t2You don't like spicy food,

in the question tags.

' t forget to r ing me, ' . . . . ' . " ?haven't typed those let ters yet, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . " ." . . . ?

sure and we expect an answer, we use a rlslng({ in the tag. lf we are sure and don't reallyanswer, we use a falling intonation (r)in the tag.

Listen and tick, then listen and rePeat.

SURE NOT SURE

an awfulfilm, wasn't it?

train leaves at 2 pm, doesn't it?

at the sentences and the box below. How

reflexive pronouns formed? When do we use

could feel himself being pulled down.herself while chopping the vegetables.

UNII 16

Tom ............. (pass) his exams if he had studied harder.lf Sarah ... (be) here, she would help us.Unless you . . . . . . . . . . . . . (stop) making so muchnoise, you'll wake the babY.

"{ilritin[ (Project)

16 E toot at the table,then listen to the tape and

fill in the missing words. Finally, use the information

to make o Poster for o tourist informotion centre in

London. Cut pictures from the Photo File Section

at the back ofthe book to use with your proiect.

456

be able to go home, won't we?

film is on tonight, isn't it?

see very well, can he?TOWER BRIDGE

bui l t between . . . . . . . . . . . -1894

by Sir Horace Jones. steam .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . were

used to raise the bridgeso that . . . . . . . . . . . . . couldoass underneath

. imoressive twin Gothic

THE TOWER OF

bui l t dur ing the . . . . . . . . . centuryby William the Conqueror. was the Royal Residence

unt i l the . . . . . . . . . . century. has 19 towers. see the Crown Jewels in

the , . . . . . . . . . . . . .

the sentences using a word from

and a reflexive pronoun.

killed, dry, help, burnt, hurt

soaking wet. Here, .... with this towel.quite badly on the hot iron.when he fell off the ladder.

to some coffee while it's hot.real ly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dur ing the ski ing tr ip.and Juliet

verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

get up soon, you . . . . . . . . . . . . . (be) late for work.you do i f you . . . . . . . . . . . ( lose) your job?

o the largest clock in Britaino the bel l weighs . . . . . . . . . tonso the name "Big Ben" refers

to the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , not theclock itself

bu i l t in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by theDuke of Buckinghamo Victoria was the first

to live thereo Royal Standard is flying

when the Queen is inresidence

o everv morning a changingo{ the guard ceremony

the

we + ourselveslou I yourseNesthey r themselves

myselfyoursellhimself

BIG BEN

remembered to feed theml(not/die) if

73

JJ-t$i#ffry

j*;s#

ab

lead-in

1 . Can you name the animals in thesepictures? What do they have incommon?

. What other endangered animalscan you name?

. Which of the animals in thepictures:

live in swamps? c live in the jungle?attack farm d eat plants andanimals? orass?

EH neaa the statements andguess whether they are true orfalse.Then listen to the tape tosee if your guesses were right.

People kill crocodiles for their beauti-ful skin.Crocodiles are protected by law.Some crocodiles live safelv on farms.Wolves are very good hunters.Wolves attack and kill people.The government will pay farmersif wolves kill their animars.

2

1

23456

t4

teadinURead the following texts andanswer the questions:

Crocodiles

For centuries, people lived with and respectedthe all-powerful crocodile. Those snapping iaws and Ilethal teeth frightened all attackers away, whether human oranimal. People were also fascinated by their characteristiccalls, their beauty and their intelligence. Unfortunatelv, it wasbeautiful skin which put them under threat. When exolorers rvaluable crocodile skin was, everything changed. Hunters riskedand sometimes lost them - in order to satisfy the world,scrocodile skin.Worse was to come. The crocodiles, homes began to

towns and industries were developed on the lano near sLuckily for the crocodiles, people realised that a world withoutnot be the same, and now they have been officiallv declared anspecies. In some parts of the world, there are now parksmay live safely, with laws to protect them.

"lt is il legalto kill crocodiles," says conservationist Charlesspent the last thirty years protecting the Jamaican crocodiles.that when farm animals are killed by crocodiles, farmers ignorethem. This is what Charles is fighting against. ,,Crocodiles arescared of us than we are of them. They are scary but lovely to walf Charles, and others like him, can convince the world to sharecrocodiles will be with us forever.

wolf eats the poor little pig or chases Little Red'il.-;t;

Young hunter comes t'19-:1?-;

fi:'[[ ; fi;.] i' JIn' "u"lY', I ::::,ffi '.'^ :l':"e are no more wolves rrvini in tl:^:"^l i:tiii'ff t,;'i # I4*::il. *:: Uru',,ftl#"rfact, this misunderstooo-, --^r^, hr rniinn wildlCI, IIlls rrrrDuilvv'v'---jl,"v

prefe, hunting wildare suPerb hunters' t r

;;t;;;;t"s' Thev do not over'populate"but

-,-u.tt Jir; levelihev cat,ltt^Lf, t::lll?:

#;;*r; insist that this is simplv not true':&;;i;:il"nau9 to.t9u91the world that worves

nurnun'O.ing. in fairy tales'" l

ffi il;ii y" *'. !i:I':J? H:1#:::,#Je plalrb I'v u"r'v lubts about the idea' "we

but local people have douols uu"lll"l.lll.,.""

#;il."il;Y lived ror thousand: -tf""nl::i;fi:i' ;; - il *" rear ror our animals'' one

*.'' ii.' got;tn ment nas an n o unced tnl''l"Yll,l?t

fi'*:f;:f ii"o'iv''"J"'s' Peopre in ravour'orlir'*"ii'J".n sav tnis: "Let our l'!:"-l,ng:.*tl;ff#.l;1ii;1i' "iir'"

'noon on a st*r' scottish;;iil;; Proud that we made it Possible"'

Wolves

are there fewer crocodiles now than before?has been done to protect crocodiles?

ica, why do conservationists have a problem with

are wolves presented in fairv tales?are local people in Scotland worried about?

how will the government try to stop farmerskilling wolves?

UNIT I7

,.$['ealdnU

. Answer the following questions:a) Do you think it is right for people to wear animal

skins? Why/Why not?b) Do farmers have the right to shoot wild animals?

WhylWhy not?c) Would you ever kill an animal?Why/Why not?

,:'.'[tnnutgs llcueln[ment

Look at the pictures and the list of words below.Can you label the parts of the animals?

feet, mane, wing clows, beok whiskers, uil, wsk trunN ears, pows

Study the sentences below. How many animals dowe compare in each case?When do we use bothand neither? When do we use oll and none? Whendo we use a singular/plural verb?

Look at pictures B and D.o Both ofthem have got paws.r Neither of them has got a trunk.

Look at pictures B, C and D.o All of them are mammds.o None of them have/has got a beak.

Now look at pictures B and C and makesentences using both and neither,then look atpictures B, C and D and make sentences usingall and none.

7

I

94 dogs5 hens6 bees

7 cows8 sheep9 ducks

[ulary Practiceat the words in bold in Ex.3 and try to

them, then choose any three and make

the numbers to the letters.

a good pointsb excellentc stated formallye quiet nightI very badg persuade

the animals with the sounds.

bleot, roor, cluck, mioow, buzz, bork, quock, neigh

75

UNIT I7

10 Read the sentences and guess what the animalscon or con't do.

A leopard can/can't see much better than a human in thedark.The chimpanzee can/can't recognise itself in a mirror.The jaguar and leopard are the only big cats that can/can't roar.An adult tiger can/can't eat 31 kgs of meat in a night.A grey fox can/can't be tamed easily.

Think of other things that certain animals con orcon't do.e.g" Birds can fly.

Fill in the correct word from the list below. Usethe words only once.

sworm, pride, pock, flocN herd, school

a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o f sheepa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o f wo lvesa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o f cows

14 E Listen to the tape and tick thewhy these animals are in danger.Then,sentences using os, becouse of,due to, etc.the example;e.g. Ihe harp seal is in donger of extinction

are hunting it for its skin.

HarpSeal

hunting (food)

destruction of habltat

sea pollution

increased fishing

hunting (skin)

such a(n) + adjective + singular countablesuch + adjective + uncountable noun/pluralso + adjective/adverb

15 Study the sentences. How are clouses ofintroduced? What is the result in each

An elephant is such a big animal that it can225 kgs of grass in one day.A kangaroo has such strong legs thatit can jump over a car.Dolphins are so intelligentthat they can communi-cate with people.

16 Fiff in: so, such or such a(n).

Whales have . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . good hearinghear the calls of other whales over 800 kmRats are . dirty that they canThe black widow spider iscan kill humans.

4 The python has . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b ig mouthswallow a whole sheep.

17 Make sentences using so, such and suche.g. He/en ls so inte/lrgent thot she con so/ve

moths broblems.

23

i SeaI Turtle

12

45

1t

123

123

Most nouns take -s or -es in the plural e.g. dog - dogs, box- boxes but there are some irregular nouns e.g. sheep -sheep (See Grammar Reference Section on p. 111 forspelling rules.)

13 Now form the plurals of these words.

fox - 4 wolf

Gnammar in Use

monkey - 56

goose - . . . . . . . . .louse - . . . . . . . . . .fish -

flv- mouse - oeer -

Look at the ways you can join the sentences in order toexpress reason.because/as + nounbecause ofldue to + noundue to the fact thatibecause of the fact that + clauseo Large numbers of fish have died becauselas sea water

has been polluted.o Because of lDue to polluted sea water, large numbers

of fish have died.. Because of the fact thaUDue to the fact that sea

water has been polluted, large numbers of fish havedied.

789

23

76

UNII I7

+ enough

these pairs of sentences. Do they differ in

The ring was too expensive for her to buy.The ring was not cheap enough for her to buy.The calf was too weak to stand up.The calf was not sfrong enough to stand up.

te the sentences with too or enough.

not warm to play outside.lions are not strong to hunt.

instructions were ......... difficult for him to understand.are , . . . . . . . . . . dangerous to keep as pets.

rock was ........... heavy for the elephant to pick up.penguin wasn't quick to catch the fish.small bear was ........... short to reach the bees' nest intree.

look at the examples, then rewrite thein as many ways as possible.

river wos too deep for the men to cross.river wosn't shallow enough for the men to cross.river wos so deep that the men couldn't cross it

such o deep river thot the men couldn't cross it.

bridge was too low for the lorry to pass under. (high)ocean is not warm enough for tropical fish to survive

rabbit was so fast that the dog couldn't catch it. (slow)such a small sign that Mary couldn't see it. (big)

Listen and tick.Then listen and repeat.

lqsl laal

tonenosenouse

the sentences.What do the words in bold

as a mule. Jim is as strong as an ox.Ray is like a fish out of water.Fred drinks like a fish.

like cat and dog.

23 E Reaa the table, then listen to the tape andfill in the missing information. Finally talk aboutthese animals.

'---'iaianl q-11$-ai;Southwesternwhere it

l ives

food

what hasbeen doneto protect it

ElePhant P o Rhino

Africa

flowers,bamboo

Africa

grass, rwrgs, grass,some

huntedfor their

how it has r destruction huntedbecome of habitat for theirendangered o variety of

bamboo isdecreasing

o hunted for

o i l legal to. . . . . . . . . . . . t hem

. special wild-l i f e . . . . . . . . . . . . . .have beenset up

the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .and tradingof ivory hasbeen banned

. areas areguarded

r the sell ing olrhino hornshas beenbanned

WritinU(Project)

Use the information in thetable above to write aboutthese animals. Ment ionwhere they live,whot they eot,how they became endongeredond what hos been done toprotect them. Cut picturesfrom the Photo File Sectionat the back ofthe book touse with your project.

like a horse.

UNIT 1B#J'uuJgt*

,#&u",

JlJf#ffiffi

lead-in

EH Lirt.n to the poem.What is itabout?

Choose three pictures which bestmatch the poem. Now look at thelist of problems and match themwith the pictures.What do youthink has caused these problems?

woter pollution, Iitter, destruction of theroi nfo rests, oir pollution, d rou ght

V

7B

UNII 1B

the sentences, thento the tape and underline

word.

and human i animal species

rS-

teadinIrl: lr '

4 Read this article about the problems of our planet. Choose themost suitable heading from the listA - F for each part (l - 4).There is one heading you do not need to use.There is anexample at the beginning (0).

are being cut /paper or to make

choppedroom for

animals lose / miss their

are polluting our rivers andh dangerous oils / chemicals.is threatened with extinction /

factories are giving oflwaste / fumes.

plant trees and adopt / adapt

A A watery grave.B Running out of time.C Choking to death.

D Nature can heal itself.E No trees - no life.F We can do it!

We have spent thousands of years fighting for our suruival. Yet now we have dis-couered that our planet is underthreat and, to make matters worse, it's all ourtauft.

frr_rThe rainforests are dying, rare plant and animal species are disappearing,

rivers and seas are being contaminated, crops are failing to grow, people aredying of hunger and the air is being polluted. lt's time we woke up to theseproblems and started repairing the damage.

E-One of the major pr,oblems is the destruction of the rainforests in South America.

They are home to half the world's species and to millions of people. Moreover, therainforesfs clean the air by absorbing carbon dioxide and giving out oxygen. Thetrees are being cut down for paper or to make room for cattle farmd. As a result,birds and animals lose their homes and die. This destruction is also bringing aboutchanges in the climate, air pollution, flpoding, drought and famine. lf we continueto burn and cut down the ainforests as we are doing now, the earth will never bethe same again.

z-Another big problem is water pollution. Do you like swimming in the sea or

drinking a cool glass of water on a hot day? These simple pleasures may soonbecome a thing of the past. Factories are polluting our rivers and lakes withdangerous chemicals. Oil tankers are releasing thick, black oil into our oceans.Tons and tons of industrial and domestic waste are poured into our seas.Consequently, sea life is threatened with extinction.

E-Air pollution is"another important issue. The cars and factories in and alound

our cities are giving off dangerous fumes. In the past few years, rhore and morep'eople than ever before have developed allqrgies and breathing problems. lf wedon't do something now, our cities will become impossible to llve in.r-

Fortunately, it is not too late to solve these problems. We have the time, themoney and even the technology to prepare the way for a better, cleaner and saferfuture. We can plant trees and adopt animals. We can create parks for endangeredspecies. We can put pressure on those in power to take action. Together we can

79

save our planet. Allwe need to do is open our eyes and act immediately.

UNIT 1B

5

5

Unnahulary Prantics

Look at the words in bold in Ex.4and try to explain them, thenchoose any three and makesentences.

Match the numbers to the letters.

destruction of therainforests

trees are burntcut down

factories dump waste intosea is polluted

with . . . . . . . . . . . f rom tankers

people cut down orforests

birds and animalstheir homes and

people suffer fromproblems, fish arerivers are con

animals and plantsanimals

7

1234

123

Fill in the correct word(s) fromthe list below. Use the words onlyonce.

to be threotened, corbon, to become,endangered, to give off, breathing, to toke,i ndustriol I d om estic, oil, to d evelop

droughtcontaminatefamineabsorb

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . was tedioxidea thing

of the pasttankers

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . fumes

a lack of foodb take inc lack of raind pollute

extinction7 . . . . . . . . . . a l le rg iesI . . . . . . . . . p rob lems9 . . . . . . . . . . . spec ies

10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ac t ion

t0

12

1l

345

with

45

PrnInsilinns

I Fill in the correct prepositions,then choose any three and makesentences.

1 to f ight . . . . . . . . . sth; 2 to be . . . . . . . . . threat; 3 tod ie . . . . . . . . . hunger ; 4 to l i ve . . . . . . . . . a c i ty ; 5 toput pressure . . . . . . . . sb; 6 those . . . . . . . . power

lnlluw-uI

Read the text again and makenotes under the following headings:Problem - Couse - Effect as shown inthe table.Then look at your notesand talk about the problems ourplonet is facing. Use conseguently, oso result, therefore, os o conseguenceor so, to l ink the causes with theeffects.

become extinct,l e s s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t o

Erammar in llse

r (in order) to - infinitive (affirmative purpose). so that + can/will-infinitive (affirmative purpose). so that + can't/won't -infinitive (negative purpose)

alrpol lut ion

waterpol lut ion

destructionof forests

lanuuage lleuehpmsnt

I Look at the text on p.79 again. Find the following wordsunderline them: yet, moreover, fortunately. Now match thewords with the following: furthermore,however, luckily.

lx[rnssinu Gausn ilnil lffEct

Link the following sentences with: as o result, therefore,conseguentry or os o conseguence.

Trees are being cut down. Many species will become extinct,People in cities breathe exhaust fumes every day. Many of thembreathing problems.Industrial waste is dumoed into the sea. Fish die.People drop litter in the streets. People get diseases.Most factories do not use filters. The air oets dirtv.

E Read the table, then listen to the tape and fil l in theinformation. Finally, talk about the problems, causes andmentioned.

l i + + ^ -| | L l 9 l

factories andpol lute the air

BO

UNII IB

Read the following sentences. How are the clousesofpurpose introduced?

should stop using cars to reduce air pollution.should stop using cars so that we can reduce air

should stop using cars so that we won't have polluted

join the sentences using to or so thot.

should stop cutting down trees. Animals won't lose theirhabitats.

should build wildlife parks. We can protect animals from

should plant more trees. We will have more oxygen.should clean up the litter in cities. We won't catch

from it.should find clean forms of energy. We can save the

at the boxes and match the suggestions withresults.Then, link the sentences with so that

to and talk about how we can improve theconditions in our cit ies.

town is facing serious problems.The streetsof rubbish, there are too many cars, people

cutting down the trees to make space forbuildings, the nearby river ispolluted with chemicalsthe factories and people

from breathingand stomach illnesses.

wa)rs to imProve theexploining the results of

You can usefrom the whole

.'''II[rds nf WisdumRead the sentences.What do they mean?

. ln the eyes of nature we are just another speciesin trouble.

o "The world began without man, and it will completeitself without him." (Claude Leyr-Strauss,)

should improve public transport.should get involved in recycling schemes.

should ban cars from city centres.should force factories to put filters on

should stop using the products of companies

will be less rubbish to pollute the environment.force them to use environmentally friendly

make the streets cleaner, safer and quieter.won't have to use cars to oet around.

gases won't be able to pollute the atmosphere.

i l fn i l i - -l lt-lUlIU (Providing solutions to problems)

Before you write a composition providing solutions toproblems, you should make a list of the suggestions and theresults. Start your composition by stating the problem(s) andcause(s), then present each of your suggestions and resultsin separate paragraphs. Join your suggestions and resultsusing so, consequently, therefore, by doing this, rn thisway, eIc. End your composition by summarising your opinion.

15 Use the plan below to write an article for yourschool magazine entitled "How can we moke ourtown o better ploce to live in?'Draw ideas fromExs. l3 and l4.The introduction and conclusionhave been written for you.

PLAN

INTRODUCTION

Para 1: state the oroblem:The living conditions in our city are gettingworse and worse. Exhaust fumes and smokefrom the factories are pllluting the air andtrees are being cut down. Furthermore, the riveris being polluted by chemicals fron the factoriesand people are suffering from breathingdifficulties and stomach problems. we should dosomething before it is too late.

MAIN BODY :]i

Para2z suggestion 1 & result,.

Para 3: suggestion 2 & result"

Para 4: suggestionili

CONCLUSION

Para 5: summarise your opinion:nll things considered, there are many solutionsto all the problems. The sooner we put them intopractice, the better our lives will become.

well as your

B1

%w$$.&ffiswssw,ry**x& i$ (Unils l3 lB)Choose the correct item.

The ................... erupted, destroying the nearby villages.A earthquake B volcano C explosion D flooding

The chi ldren were looking at , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in the mirror.A itself B himself C themselves D vourselves

3 ...........,.. came out of the kettle when the water boiled.A Steam B Ash C Gas D Force

He ........ on his family for help whenever he had problems.A joined B involved C depended D explained

We could hear the wolves in the distance.A neighing B mooing C clucking D howling

No one knew the spy's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . as he was carrying afalse passport.A identity B mission C experience D element

The fire quickly to the nearby buildings.A pulled B sank C dragged D spread

Quick ...............,. had to be taken to avoid further damage.A charge B action C significance D intelligence

The snake'sA lethal B scary C illegal D dangerous

A lot of is dumped into the world's rivers and seas.A damage B destruction C pollution D waste

(10 marks)

Fill in the correct word from the list.

pou ring, furious, u nexplored, troining declored, roo red,occused, oxe

He was when he found out they had lied to him.He used a(n) ............... to chop wood for the fire.The tiger as it attacked the zebra.Lava kept out of the volcano for days after theeruption.Mrs Jones Jim of breaking her window.There are no maps of this ................. area of the country.It takes years of to become a vet.The mediterranean seal has beenspecres.

a protected

(B marks)

6

123456

Underline the correct word.

The witnesses/victims of the earthquake havehomes and are now livino in tents.The tree was struck/beaten by lightning.Tom walked past/passed me without evenWhat was the cause/reason of the accident?Do you think/believe in ghosts?

Fill in the correct prepositions from the

for, obout, out of, with, in, through, to, of

Due . . . . . . . . . . . . h is need adventure, hethe risks of parachuting. So, after months ofhe f inal ly leapt . . . . . . . . . . the aeroplane and fel l . .

People who live cities have to copepollution and heavy traffic. Those concernedenvironmental issues and those ......... ooweraction in order to solve these problems.

Fill in the correct particle from the list.

into, up, off, down, on

She offered to put us for the night.They turned just in time for dinner.They turned her application for theTim always puts ........... his dentist's appoiTurn ........... the radio. I want to listen to theWater turns ice when it freezes.

4

2345

10

2

1234

567I

7 Look atpictures Aand B andanswer thequestionsusing bothor neither.

3 Fill in the gaps with words from the list.

endongered, test, put, deod-end, do, win, exominotion, develop,beoL set

12

34

to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . out the f i reto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thecompetition

.. . . . . resultsthey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . their ownabilities

to . . . . . . . . . a house on f i rea(n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . streetHis heart . . . . . . . . . . . . wi ldlyto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a l le rg iesa(n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spec iesto . . . . . . . . . . extreme sports

Which of them can talk?fily?lroar?e.g. Neither af thern can talk.

Which of them has a beak?/ears?/claws?

56789

1 0

B

B2

. d

(10 marks)

at the pictures A, B and C and answer thequestions using all or none.

of them can run tast?lily?ltalk?ofthem con run fast.

them has ears?/feet?/a beak? I a lail?(5 marks)

correct tense.

....... (be) a bird, I would be able to fly.(leave) on time. lf I had, | (not/be)

(not/spend) so much moneY whenino with Julie.

i (have) my car; now I have to take a taxi

they .............. (service) their car. lf they(not/break) down.(have) more time, I

(know) about the meeting, she would come.(not/leave) so late for the airport.

she . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (catch) her f l ight home.

(8 marks)) infinitive or -ing.

(ask) him for money.(pay) for the damage.

(leave) now if you wish.(buy) a bigger motorcYcle.

M*dxx&e Ss&$.&ss*s$sx*rt& & (Unils 13- 1B)

I I Fill in the question tags.

1 Switch on the l ight, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?2 That f i lm was awful , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . ,?3 I 'm tal ler than Jim, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?4 Let 's go out, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?5 Ann hasn ' t come ye t , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?

(5 marks)

12 Complete the sentences using the words in bold.Use two to five words.

1 He wasn't old enough to drive a car.young He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a car .

2 The dinner was so delicious that they really enjoyed it.such lt was .......... dinner that

they really enjoyed it.3 lt was such an expensive dress that she couldn't buy it.

too The dress for her to buY.4 They are reporting the accident on channel 10.

reported The accident ....... on channel 10.5 The zoo will adopt a baby gorilla next year.

be A baby gorilla .......... the zoo next year.6 The film wasn't interesting enough for them to watch.

so The film couldn't watch it.7 Rescue workers have found six survivors in the ruins.

been Six survivors in the ruinsby rescue workers.

8 The fire destroyed half the forest.was Half the forest ........... .. by the fire.

9 The match was cancelled because of the heavy rain.due The match the hqavy rain.

10 The photographers have taken hundred of photos of thescene of the accident.been Hundreds of photos ofthe scene ofthe

accident .. by the PhotograPhers.11 Although he was short, he played basketball well.

sp i te Hep layedbasketba l lwe l l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . shor t .12 Despite being tired, he continued walking.

although He continued walking ......... tired.

(12 marks)

Answer the following questions.

How do we start a composition about the advantages anddisadvantages of a certain topic?How many paragraphs do we use to present the points forand against?How do we end a for and against composition?What linking words do we use to link similar/contrastingideas?What linking words do we use to express cause?/effect?/purpose?When we compare and contrast sports, what informationshould we talk about?

(2 marks)TOTAL:100 marks

Ir t i i :

13a)

b)

c)d)

e)

0

B3(5 marks)

o \'/httl is your lnvourile spotll \fhylo VlItrrl ctlreet, i,voullI you likel \lhyl

i'1pr,:s li r":ar1n:a l i i ir; i i : lnrpiain ts

l i ie r i r the pastcaf"c In the future

;^ifu'

,,lllil

. t t , , t t

. r 1 , " , , r ', t r ' , r I i . 1 -, l t l r l '

r -t ' 1 t 1 l I

lirllll'li, ,

\ , t , ,

illlI t t

" l rl ' ' . ' litfrr ll llr l l t f

t t t t l

Ilr

t ' ' t , ', t

t , , \, ,

, , r ,

ill't r t u l

I ",'11 ",,rl lt lri l \ r

t l l |

t t t t

Il

, t ' . t u '

t , . t ' , '

,li'i, r , ,1

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: lli,lll ) .. l l 1l t l tl t t l

Il r l

;l i i l ' l l i,,i l1;i ' ;

;i;: l l iti i ' , " 'li;:llt t ' ] , i t lr t l r , , 1 l

; i t; l :: l: l ' . t l

1 1 , 5 r '

1 l

t l ' r t l ' . {l l r r i , g l n l ls t r l r l l t 6 r 'r t 1 t r , 1 1 6 l ll t 1 t r . 1 t . I .l t 1 t r , 1 t

6 I tt l r l l;;ll;' t 1:l" i i i r t l

rrrt t ' l , t l l

I t l t , r t lr r i , r r { r r rr t r j , l t l

I l ' ' , , l lr l i , r r t l t r rr t ' , , g t l

I i ' . , l lll;;lllt l ' . , r 1r l l t '

l l " - r l

I t i i r r t l 1 l rr t l lll;;::lll l i 'u"

t|||l

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a

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t laurn hnw 1n...a

a

a

a

o

a

o

a

a

a

types of filmsTV programmesexpressi ng preferences

make comparisonsmake complaintsdescribe life in the pastmake deductionsdescribe cars in the futuremake recommendationsexpress preferencesdescribe films/TV programmesmake preparationstalk about inventions

t Pruclise.".

a

o

a

a

o

o

countable - uncountablenounshow much/how manycom parative/su perlativeoegreemaking deductions (must -can't - may/might/could)present & past participlesexpressing preferencesso/neithercausative form

* wrih.".

great mindsinventors & inventions

o

o

a

a

a letter of complainta description of cars in the futurea film reviewabout inventions & inventors

lead-incture on page 85.This ismonsten Have you ever

Frankenstein? Whathappened in the story?Whatllti you thinkscientists are doing with the types of foodshown on p.84?What do you think themembers of Greenpeace are protestingagainst?

E neaa the sentenc€+dren listen tothe tape and fill in thg missing words.1 Every2 Genetic engineers put duck genes into

chickens to make the chickens3 The effects of genetic engineering on

UNII I9

ruYou are going to read a text about genetically engineered food. Five sentences have been removed from it.Choose from the sentences A-E the one which fits each gap.There is an example at the beginning (0).

didn't ask for it, and you might not know about it. But you've The effects of genetic engineering on the natural world may bedisastrous. The engineers may create life forms - monsters -that we cannot control. The new life forms have no natural habitator home. They will have to find one, fight for one - or killfor one.

ffi i:*:j Moreover, the effects of these experimentscan often be cruel. In America, pigs were given human genes tomake them bigger and less fatty. ilmlTl ftre pigsbecame very ill and began to lose their eyesight.Greenpeace is trying to prevent all such food experiments. Some

- but not all - food companies are refusing to use geneticallyengineeredtooos.ffiffil -Jw. must att be aware ofwhat is happening.

Some people believe, though, that genetic engineering could bethe solution to the problem of famine. Plants which grow faster, orcows which produce more milk, can save the lives of starvingpeopre.

We would all like a better, healthier and longer life, and geneticengineering might give us this. On the other hand, it may be adangerous experiment with nature. ln the story, Frankensteincreated such a terrible and dangerous monster that he had todestroy it. We must make sure that it remains a story - and no

already eaten some of it. lt's genetically engineered

round tomatoes all exactly the same size, long straightand big fat chickens are now a normal part of our

They are made that way by genetic engineering - not byTheir genes have been changed.

horse. Genetic engineers take genes from one species - fora scorpion, and lransfer them to another - for example,

more milk. They put genes from flowers into soya beansfrom scorpions into corn. This does not make them cheaoer.

more than that.

allergies to food which has been genetically engineered.

The experiment Jailed.Genes carry information.Some - but not all - supermarkets are telling their customers which fooosare genetically engineered.It may be your land they fight for - or you that they kill.These new life forms have been described as a "real-life Frankenstein".

Look at the words in bold in Ex. 3 and try to explain them, thenchoose any three and make sentences.What are the arguments for and against genetically engineeredfood?What do you think about it?

living thing has genes. ffiffi i*- m---lfney are passedgeneration to generation. They make sure that humans

birth to humans and cows give birth to cows. They alsosure that a dog cannot give birth to a frog, or an elephant

In this way a new life form is created. ffi i":,:::lengineers put duck genes into chickens to make thebigger. They put hormones into cows to make them

or healthier. lt makes them easier and faster for the farmer

etfects of genetic engineering on our health are not known.of the genes which are used - such as those of scorpions,mice and moths - are not part of our diet so we do nothow dangerous they may be. For example, people can

p

'\'*

r13

UNIT Ig

4

lanuua[e llevelupmsnt

Look at the l ist of words below and underline thetypes of food/drinks you can see in the picture,then list the words under these headings:fruit - seafood - dairy products - meat - poultry -

vegetables - sweets - drinksFinally say which of these you often, rarely ornever eat or drink.

ice-creom, cobboge, pepper, lettuce, aubergine, strawberries,lobster, corrots, prawns, mushrooms, uob, coke, pumpkin,

chicken, turkey, sousoges, gropefruit juice, lomb chops, steo(hom, milK cheese, grapes, solmon, beons, yoghurt, trougpineopple, p eo r, p e a ch, o rtich oke, go rlic, o nio n, mussels

Look at the menu.Which of these foods are:spicy, sweet, salty, healthy, fattening, creamy, juicy?

Erammar in Use

Countable nouns are those which can behave singular and plural forms, e.g. astrawberries.Uncountable nouns are those which cannot beThey have no plural forms, e.g. bread, sugar.use a/an before them.We use a/an with countable nouns in thesome with uncountable nouns or countableplural, e.g. an apple, some apples, some flour.some in affirmative sentences (e.9. I need someany in negative sentences and questions (e.9. Doany apples? No, we don't need any apples.).instead of not any (e.9. There isn't any milk. There is

Fill in a/an or some.

. . . . . . o range

. . . . . . . . b read

.. . . . biscuits. . . . . . . temon

many + countable nouns much +

Fill in How many or How much.

orange juice?watermelons?

. . . . . . . eggs?

. . . . . . sugar?

I E rll l in any, some, much or many.to the tape and check your answers.

Mary: l ' l l make an omelette. Do we have 1) ...Bill: No, there aren't 2) . We need toMary: ls there 4) ...... cheese in the fridge? l' l lBill: Yes, there's plenty.Mary: Good. ls there 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . ham?Bi l l : Not 7 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On ly two s l i ces .Mary: That 's OK. I need 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tomatoesBill: How 9) do you need?Mary: Just two.

Now, using the words below, act outdialogues in pairs.

coke: flour, sugor, eggs, butterapple pie: opples, flour, sugor, butter

567I

567I

6

1234

71234

5

B6

Srnnrens:Chickrr soup Fish nrd chipsGneen snl.qd Srenk nlrd kidney pit

[\,tnin Counses: DEssERrs:Srrnk nrd chips lce-cnenntBee[ cunny Fnrsh lnuir snlndSpnqhrrri Cnnbonnnn Chocolnrr cnkERonsr brrl nnd pornrors

nouns can be made countable using partitives.water, a glass of milk, a pot of yoghurt

the blanks with words from the list:

loof, cup, slice, bor, can

ham/cheese/cake a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o f soup/Coke/sodaa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of tea/coffee

.. . . . . . . . of bread,........ of chocolateof crisos/biscuits

the following sentences.Which include com-forms and which superlative forrns? Howformed? How are as ... as, less... than used?

pie is tastier than the one I baked yesterday.restaurant more expensive than the other one?

is less fattening than lamb.are as juicy as those ones.the lightest souffl6 in Paris.

the most delicious cake l've ever eaten.

lhe comparatiye and superlative forms ofadjectives: spicn strong, fattening,

delicious, rich, juicy, disgusting, tasty,bad,little

and contrast the two places usingand superlotive forms, as ...as, or less ...

restaurant

ot Ed! restouront is not as good os ot Paul!. Ihe

UNIT 1g

(letter of complaint)

Letters of complaint are normally formal. They start witha) Dear SirlMadam and end with Yours faithfutty + yourfull name or b) Dear MrlMrs + surname and end withYours sincerely + your full name. Start your letter bystating the reason why you are complaining, then, inseparate paragraphs, explain your complaints in detailwith reasons. Finish by suggesting what action youexpect to be taken. Link your complaints with: fi?sfly, tomake matters worse, what is more, etc.

13 E Reaa the table, then listen to the tape and fillin the missing words. Finally, using the plan and theinformation in the table, write a letter ofcomplaint to the restaurant manager. Thebeginning and ending have been written for you.

o service was . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I we had to . . . . . . . . . hal f an hour. music was very.. . . . . . . . . . . I we couldn' t . . . . . . . . .each othero food was .......... cooked I steak was tough and chips

were greasyo waiter was.. . . . . . . . . . . . . I d idn' t apologise for spi l l ing

PLANOPENfNG REMARKS Dear SirlMadam.

INTRODUCTIONPara 1: Reason for writing:

I am writing to complain aboutyour restaurant, whichlvisited on May 6th.

MAIN BODY $

Para2:. Complaint 1 (details and reason)

Para 3: Complaint 2 (details and reason)

CONCLUSIONPara 4z action expected to be taken:

I trust that you will give the mafter seriousconsideration and that this won't be repeated.

CLOSING REMARKS Yours faithfully,(signature)

.:i::iril:"',":Slord$ of WisdnmRead these sentences.What do they mean?

o f)on'i nt lt all rrnr rr onnc in nna hoolzai

Paul's restaurant

good ***

tastv ***expensive ****

,.Jriendly **

luxurious ***

Don't put all your eggs in one basket.Too many cooks spoilthe broth.

Pault is better than the service at Ed's.

B7

UNII 2O, \

- ' : - - - - _ ' ' - - ' \

l

: l

fi,il-t j*i -i -'-t -f -t

&

&*:X f

tJ

iffx

, . . h

tttttr tttrrrlrnfmffi$b itr.ftt* . . . . . . . * :

Lmat|-lnWhat do you know about globol worming?Where is the city in the picture located?Why is there a glass shield around it?What do you think has happened?In what ways is this city differentto the place where you live?

E First read the sentencesbelow, then listen tothe tape and fi l l in themissing information.

He saw that all the buildings around him weremade of mir rors and , . . . . . " . . . . . .She thought perhaps he hadhimself, and asked him to come to her officefor an examination.He not iced that her . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . anohair were completely different to his.Glynis drove him to a place where he couldv iew the o ld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The sun had melted most of thein the earth's oolar areas.The world government had helped

... glass shields around thehighest areas of the earth.There was a large circularfull of water.The water was sucked out, and the force ofthe air around it pulled him

BB

Y*!t

text and for questions l- 4, chooseanswerrA, B, C or D.

s head felt heavy and his neck huft.and saw he was sitting on something like a white rubber

floating on air several inches above the carpet pulled upsawthat allthe buildings around him were made of mirrors and

be the future," he thought.a white plastic suit and strange shoes got out of the car

if he was all right. Her name was Glynis, and she was a doctor.what year it was, and when he heard it was the year 3,000,

believe it. He told Glynis he was from the 21st century. Shehe had hurt himself, and asked him to come to her office foran

nothing wrong with him. As she was examining James he noticedhair were completely different to his. Hers was so shiny and

look real.what had happened to him, and he asked if any sort of timedeveloped so that he could get home. Glynis said theresuggested they look up his name on the computer to see

it might have on him. They found that the computer only hadup to the day he had begun travelling through time. Next to

dead".it. Did that mean he never made it back to the present?

be travelling through time? He asked Glynis if she could taketown, Perhaps he could find where Dr Applebaum used to live.a secret passage under his house, Glynis looked at him sadly,

" she said. "The world as you knew it has been destroyed."him to a place where he could view the old world. During the

what had happened. The sun had melted most ol the ice inareas, causing worldwide flooding. The earth's temperature

thousands of people had died. Finally, in 2,300, the worldhelped build glass shields around the highest areas of the earthfrom the sun and the water.

why our hair and skin are so different," Glynis said.natural sunlight or air."

to the edge of the glass shield where he could see miles andwere video screens set up along a walkway which showed

, the EiffelTower, Big Ben and the Acropolis, all underwater.circular hole full of water nearby. There were pipes taking

nearby factory. Every few minutes, the water was sucked out,below. Glynis explained that this was how they got water from

it into clean, usable water. James went close to the edgeit.

" Glynis screamed.The water was sucked out, and the force of the air around

. When the bottom opened, he was pulled from the future, to the old world where he used to live.

1

23

4

5

UNII 2O

James heard it was the year3,000, he wasA thrilled.B amazed.C honified.D sad.The information on the computer statedthat JamesA was alive.B had lefi the country.C had been found dead.D was thought to have died.The old world was undenrvater becauseA there had been an earthquake.B the sea level had risen.C there had been a rainstorm.D the earth's temperature had

dropped.A large hole in the surface of the new worldwas used toA take water to a nearby factory,B send water to the old world.C refillthe pipes with water.D communicate with the old world.

Read the text again and answerthe questions.

What did the professor see when helooked around?What was Glynis wearing?How had the old world beendestroyed?Why were Glynis' hair and skin differentto the professor's?How did the professor return to the oldworld?

Bg

UNII 2O

.,,,r,Y[ra[ulary Prautice

5 Look at the words in bold in Ex.3 and try to explainthem, then choose any five and make sentences.

6 Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below.Use the words only once.

video, home, g/oss, presume d, to look up, time, noturol, thete mp e ratu re, ci rcu lo r, secret

1 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mach ine 6 . . . . sun l i gh t2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t own 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sc reens3 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passage 8 sb 's name4 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ho le 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . had r i sen5 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sh ie ld 10 . . . . . . . . . dead

.ri:::|..;r::,:i,,,,::,.:,i.[iln[ua gE llEuelupment

7 E Listen to the tape and mark the statementsabout the past true (T) or false (F). Finally, usethe statements to talk about life in the past.

| ,T-l People were busier and more stressed.

kT_l People were wealthierthen.

| 4T_l Life was much safer.

l-T_l Peopte never used to tock their doors.

l-T_l There were fewer cars.

| 8T_l There was a tot of traffic.

FT_l People used to grow their own fruit and vegetabtes.

hoT_l People used to go to the theatre.

People used to spend their time doing more interestingtnrngs.

h'zT-l People watched a lot of W then.

Wnrds [ftsll Eonf[$sil

Underline the correct word.

Besides/Beside being intelligent she is also good looking.The man standing besides/beside my father is a famouswriter.The cost of living is very talUhigh these days.John is really highitallfor his age.

I First, look at the two pictures andThen, using adjectives from the list below,compare life today with life in the past.

d o n ge ro u s, n oisy, rel oxed,co mplicoted, qu iet, sofe,stressed simple

Erammar in Use,r l: l , l i"

Read sentences | '5 and match themsentences a - e.Then say which modoluse when we are sure aboutwe are not sure about something.sentences refer to the

10

1 l'm sure he's lying to you. a2 lt is possible that they b

changed their minds. c3 l'm sure he didn't know it. d4 I'm sure they aren't twins. e5 Perhaos she'll come later.

She

812

They can'tHe must beHe can'tThey couldchanged

11 Complete the following sentencescon't or moyl mightl could.

34

1 She2 She3 She4 She5 She

90. . . . . . . . . . . be

the sentences and make deductions usingcan't or may/might/could, as in the example:

must hcye been sunbsthing because she's got oton.

UNII 2O

I'm certain he won't fail his exams.fai l He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h is exams.It's possible that she forgot the appointment.could She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . appointment.l 'm sure she didn't commit the crime.committed She .............. the crime.l'm sure he stole the money.stolen He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the monev.Perhaps he lied to you.rnight He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. to you.l'm sure she is still working in her office.be She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in her off ice.Perhaps they were sleeping when you called them.been They ............ when you called them.l'm sure he didn't pay the rent.paid He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the rent.

infinitive forms

- (to)try-r (to) be trying-l (to) have tried- (to) have been trying- (to) have tried- (to) have tried+ go)try

Note: !In the Passve !voice we have tonlY two infinitive iforms: Present: ito be tried oril,il.,il;;i' 1to be tried or iPerfect:to have Ibeen tried' I

3

4

5

6

7

I

9

1 0

t5

{;r

at the pictures and make deductions usingcan't or may/might/could and the notes

picture A:burglors tied himup, he is feelinguncomfortable, hewas rabbed, hehos been calling{ar help, she feltsurprised

picture B:he stole maney,t:hey willput himrn priso4 he isunernployed,shapkeeper calledthe palice, he isfrightened

each sentence using the words in bold.to five words.

he has lost his way.He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h is wav.

E First explain the words in the list below,then listen to the tape and circle the correctanswerrA, B, or C.

hydrogen, rood map, steer, ulto violet, visibility, sensors

1 The car will run onA petrol or water.B batteries or hydrogen power.C hydrogen batteries.

2 The computer screen will show the driverA where he is on a road map.B how to drive the car.C howfast he can go.

3 The computer will also be able to show himA how to reach his destination.B how much time his journey will take.C what the weather is like at his destination.

4 The driver will be able to avoidA serious accidents.B traffic jams.C being late for work.

5 Parking will be easier because the computer willA show the driver how much space there is.B let the car park itself.C steer the car for the driver.

6 The ultra violet headlights willA improve visibility by 75/o.B be better than daylight.C improve visibility by 50%.

- L r - . -

WflIlng (Project)

Write about the cars of the future. Cutpictures from the Photo File Section at the backof the book to use with your project.

sunbathing?the play?

lhe pizzd?to work?

a She's not at home.b He failed his exams.c She's wearing a ring.d She's got a great tan.e There isn't any left.f They left before the end.g He's very ill.

*t

t

t'tft

/

#$$a

D

x

tt

* i

,t

G

n

9l

?1UNII

ffi$tpi$ rt* 'F ,'$'F, * ' \

What is the storyWho are the heroes?

456

123

abcdef

teading

3 Read the text and answer the following questions.

To celebrate twenty years of Star Wars, director George Lucas hasreleased the Jilm as he originally intended it to be. He has always saidtrilogy - which includes StarWars,The Empire Strikes Back andTheof the Jedi - was never as good as he had wanted. After years ofthese films on video, you can experience this thrilling space adventurein the cinema and with fantastic sound.The trilogy is a classic tale of the fight between good and evil.

instead of happening on earth, the action takes place "...a long time agoa galaxy far, far away." lt involves not only humans but all sorts of frighteniand sometimes amusing, robots and alien creatures. The heroes oftrilogy are Luke Skywalker, Han Solo and Princess Leia, who workfight Darth Vader, the evil leader who wants to take over the universe.Excellent performances are given by slars Hanison Ford, Canie Fisher,

Guinness and Mark Hamill, but the special effects play a bigger role thanof the actors. There are amazing space battles and gigantic, fightingwith laser weapons. You'll ceftainly enjoy the incredible chases onmotorbikes. You will also be fascinated by some of the strangestyou've ever seen in completely convincing alien landscapes.

George Lucas says: "When I made the original Sfar kVars, I wasinterested in creating a modern myth. Greek mythology, or mythologyany country, often takes place in an unknown area ... and the only areahave now which is like that is outer space." With this fantastic trilogy,has certainly succeeded in creating a myth that will never be forgotten.if you have seen the oilginal films, you should definitely not miss theto experience the Star Wars trilogy as Lucas really wanted it to be.

lead-in

I . Look at the pictures. Do youknow which lilm they come from?What kind of film is it?

. Do you recognise any ofthecharacters?Which are the heroesand which are the villains? Thinkof some typical film heroes orheroines.What are the goodthings they do?

2 E nead the words belowwhich describe the StorWorstrilogy. Listen to the tape andmatch the words from column Awith the words from column B.

i:i.:.:", :r:::,:

1 thrill ing2 fantastic3 classic4 amazing5 gigantic5 convincing

talealien landscapesspace adventurefighting robotssoundspace battles

Where and when is the storv set?Who is the director?Who stars in the films?

92

Is the trilogy

UNII 2I

bulary Practice

Try to explain the words in bold inEx.3,then use any three andmake sentences.

Match the numbers with the letters.

1 Home Alone2 Raiders of the Lost Ark3 Love Story4 The Young Sherlock Holmes5 Star Trek6 Friday the 13th7 The Lion King

Soap Operas

Quiz Shows '

The News

Honor,Films ::

Documentaries

Dating Shqws, ,',

Sports Programmes

a science fiction filmb cartoonc adventure filmd detective filme romancef horror filmg comedy

abcd

efg

h

includesamazingcertainlyput into cinemasfor the first timepartvery goodthree linkedstoriesbelievable

nll ikethem.

E I love them.

tI,t think ills brilliant.

E absolutely fascinatingfl I'm really interested

in them.

n They're great.

fl my idee oTfun ,

E I don't like them.

E I can't stand them.

E I don't think much of it.

n absolutely disgusting

E I'm not really interestedin them.

E They're terrible.

E not my idea of fun

8 lE Lirten to the tape and tick the expressions the womanuses to talk about the programmes she likes and doesn't Iike.Then use the expressions in the table to tell your partner aboutthe types ofTV programmes you like or dislike, giving reasons.

Phrasal uer[s

Fill in the correct particle.

to take control of sthafter: to look likeup: to begin sth new (a hobby, spoft, etc.)off: (of aeroplanes) to leave the ground

John has decided to take

Look at the pictures below and say what types of films they aretaken from. In pairs, talk about them as in the example. Use theadjectives in the list.

omusing shocking, exciting boring humorous, moving scory, disgusting

e.g. A; Do you like westerns?B: Yes, / do. I think they're exciting./No, /

don't. I find them boring.

plane willminutes.

be tak ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in

t a k e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h e rreally

large f i rm has taken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . our

the text on p.92 again andnotes under the following

titte - tYPe of ftlm -

film is set - plot -Then, using your notes,

your class about the trilogy.

llnuelnImBnt

the film titles to the typesfilms.What is your favourite

of film?Why?

UNIT 2I

tlakinq Becnmmenilatinns

10 fE Listen to this conversation about a film andunderline the correct word.

1 lt was amusing/thrill ing.2 The acting was excellent/horrible.3 The plot was believable/unbelievable.4 The characters were realistic/dull.5 The dialogue was boring/clever.6 The script was well-writteniuninteresting.

I I Which of the following expressions would you useto recommend or disapprove of a film? Think ofreasons to go with each expression.e.g.Ihe acting was excellent.You should definitely not miss it.

15

abcd

12

161

I would recommend it , Don't miss it. lt will change

%ry* lt was disappointing. , , I wouldn't recommend it. -*+

ffi# t'|h

It's the worst filmI've ever seen.

Read the dialogue below. Does the speakerrecommend the film or not? In pairs, act outsimilar dialogues in order to recommend ordisapprove of a film. Use suitable expressions fromEx. I I and the list of words given below:

excellent, o woste of time, well-mode, si/y, disgustinginteresting terrifying, thrilling

A: Have you seen White Fang?B: Yes, I have.A: What did you think of it?B: lt was excellent. The story was very exciting. Don't

miss it!

1234567I

,,::lffifXppAf in USe

13 Look at the words in bold in the followingWhich word describes how the personword describes what someone/somethingRead the text on p.92 and underline thepast participles which are used as

You really are very tiring. You really are very

14 Fil l in the correct form of the word in

I t was such a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f i |m that I fel lI was . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .by the clowns' performance.The new ride at the theme park isMary was.. . . . . . . . . . . . .when she heard the news,We were by the magician's tricks.I t was the most . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f i lm l 've everIt was an ...... play.He was ... when hethe stairs in front of all his friends.

Read the sentences below. In which doesspeaker express a specific preference? Indoes the speaker express general

I would rather go to the cinema than watchI would prefer to go to the cinema rather thanI prefer dancing to singing./l prefer fish toI prefer to watch plays rather than watch

Fill in the correct form of the verbs in

lwould rather

I would rather . . . . . . . . .

rather than . . . . . . . . . ( read)I preferto

17 Look at the highlighted sentences.expresses positive agreement/negativea) A: I like comedies. B: So do f.b) A: I dont like horror films. B:

so + auxiliary verb + subject

You should definitelynot miss it.

g4neitherinor + auxiliary verb + subject

to these statements as in the example.

lhaven't seen Mars Attacks. e.g' lVelfherlNor have I'

l real ly enjoyed last night 's f i lm. . . . . . . . . . . .l'm going to watch Blind Date tonight.lwill never watch a horror film again.llove quiz shows.

(a film review)

Read the following film review and fill in the gaps

with verbs from the list. What tenses do we

normally use when we write a film review? Finally'

answer questions I to 9.

decides, become, ploys, is filled, finds out, teoch, is set,

, directed by Simon Wincer, is a fascinating and movingIt 1) ....... ....,..... on the wesl coast of Notth America'aboutthe relationship between a boy and a whale, called

James Richter 2)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jesse, a youngwho 3) .......,...,....... the meaning of love and friendship'

4) ...... .. ... Willy in the sea park where theThey 5) ........... good friends as they have

se0arated from their families. As the story 6)Jesse becomes so fond of Willy that he 7)

..... to try and free him.especially Lori Petty and Michael Madsen, are

f i lm 8) . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wi th suspense and emotion.involving Jesse and WillY 9) us howand human beings can be to each other.

film forthe whole family. Don't miss it as it willtrrlay you see life and relationships forever.

19 E ReaA the table,then listen to the tape andrick(/) the correct boxes.

I Name of film

Spiderman fl

2 StarsMichael Douglas l-1

3 Typeadventure l-l

4 DirectorTim Burton fl

5 Set inrealcitY fl

6 Themehero fights villainsE

7 Actingbad t-l

8 Plot

comPlicated f-l

UNII 21

Batman Returns El

Michael Keaton l-l

comedy l-l

Richard Burton l-l

imaginary city l--l

hero escapes death l-l

brilliant l-l

boring l-l

out of this world l-l

not to be missed l-l

9 Gostumes/SPecial Effects

nothing special [I

lO Recommendationwaste of time l-_l

is the title of the

is the director of

type of film is it?is the film set?are the main

What is the plot?Who stars in the film?What comments aremade about the film?ls the f i lmrecommended or not?

678

20 Using the plan below, write a review either for

Botmon Returns or any other film you have seen.

Plan

INTRODUCTION

Para 1: title of the lilm, director, type of film, place it is set, maincharacter(s), what the story is about

i:.

MAIN BODY

Para 2= main points of the Plolal:.

Para 3: comments about the acting, plot, sound effects' etc.

CONCLUSION

Para 4: recommendation

Wnrrils uf Wisdnm

o You can't judge a book by its cover'o Silence is golden.o All's well that ends well.

Read the sentences.What do they mean?

' ii ''ii')l i.] L.'L

II

i l irt

\Vhaii cam \your s,.ce in"r the

i:r,il:eut["ess (;rn pio, 9(l-9:/? Whea,e

,s the l ,rrolLessori 'YVhao elo','r,.r"r 1r:hill[< tLhe n-'lariir on the

:;',:rrel:e i:uei' isl ri.a;'l l,/oui :gil^less'w:la1: :i::.1:: ilalp,oertteici?

L i i i,ea,-cj 1:ir e iro I il rer;yi r: g si ur r ri.r^ii eti'-v-i,'

irr e,'e i r:; s:t) iI l'i,.e lilil s;e i n : ar nrn art I o :r

i,ru i'i:, rrril";ich ii:s o,vriilt,er'l ill ]lolel"

i,\,ror.,r.:; iliistert to .id'ie: :iatiaic anid

c o rr-e ret le,h e f ail sce i,n ii<:; :'rvr at i ro n "

::ti1I

'{i3,'

Tne professor woke :ri rn the street near Dr Applebaurn's house. l-iie;fire brigacle was ouiside rt and there was a fire burning inside. Lli l,,cclet-:aunrwas being taken out on a siretcher. He was barely conscioL;s, bui ai:rtr: ic i,sk tiJarnes had brought anything back virith him from the t'ullure. ,iaires sirllved 1le charm to

ihe dector. The ambulance took hirn away, leaving James standinci ainne , j;i 'nes wrfe Allclcanre i'unning down the street. She savrl the charm in her husbaril'a, ii:u'rr;. ,-k: had forg"i:thert it was the day of their tenth wedding anniversarir. "l\"{aryr narl r1i-ri r.i-riJ r:::iiiii-n n his poi.,

hoping that he would find it during lhe day. Dr Appie!:aiirr ':j icr. ls irr.ruse anc"cflassroom had been destroyed in the fire, so iamss ner.i*' i'lr-liri or-ii hour he':

'lravelled through time. lle thought t:rat it had a.!l been a Llie:,ilir" ,"ir.r ii-rlirocl ior h s wa lin his coai pocket, tlui it was gone.

#i,

q t

' ' ! ,

I

ffi

Read the text, then choose from the list,A-G, the sentence qhich,best summarises each part ( l-6).There is an example,gfthebeginning (0).

A Gift for JamesUnanswered QuestionsWaking up in LondonA Fantastic Dream?Happy AnniversaryA Reunion withDr ApplebaumMary Finds James

The professor woke up in the park near DrApplebaum's house.

still didn't know where he was or what vear it was. He heard aalarm and saw a fire engine drive past him. The streets and

cars looked familiar. He was back in London. "Could lfinallv

home?" he asked himself.

ur__:He walked towards Dr Applebaum's house, but his excitement

turned to fear. The fire brigade was outside the house, andwas a huge blazing fire burning inside. Dr Applebaum wastaken out on a stretcher. The doctor was barely conscious

he was able to ask if James had brought anything back withfrom the past. James suddenly remembered the charm given

him by Ula. He took it out of his pocket and showed it to the

, who smiled weakly and then lost consciousness. Thetook him away, leaving James standing alone, holding

cnarm

As he stood watching the doctor's house burn, James' wife,came running down the street. She threw her arms around

and told him how worried she had been about him when he

come home after his lecture. Then she had thought he mightat Dr Applebaum's house, which was on fire. She was afraid

ing had happened to him.

UNII 22

and smiled. James glanced at it and said that a lot had happenedto him that day. He thought of telling her the whole story but then

decided that it would be better to wait until they got home. Maryput her arms round his shoulders, kissed him and said, "Happy

anniversary, darling." James'face reddened; he had forgotten thatit was the day of their twentieth wedding anniversary.'tii:rir;,ra:,1:l1l .......,..-.....,.........-...-..:

As they walked home, Mary told him that she had found thecharm in an antique shop. The saleswoman there had told her itwas an authentic Viking artifact, and, as she knew how much herhusband loved the history of the Vikings, she had bought it. Sheexplained that she had put it in his pocket hoping that he wouldfind it during the day. James smiled and told her it was the perfect

anniversary present, but quietly he wondered, "What about Ula?"

X:iillii r l*.-oinppi.Orur Oi.O. His house and his laboratory had been

destroyed in the fire, so James never found out exactly how he hadtravelled through time, or if, in fact, he had. He began to think thatit had all been just a dream. The places, he thought he had visited,were all places whose history he had studied. Perhaps it was all inhis mind.

But how had he got to the park? Why had the doctor asked himif he'd brought anything back? Suddenly, he remembered hisnotebook. He looked for it in his coat oocket, but it was qone.

iling

ABcDEF

As Mary stood back, she saw the charm in her husband's hand

UNII 22

4 Look at the words in bold in Ex.3 and try toexplain them, then choose any three and makesentences.

5 Fill in the correct words from the list below. Usethe words only once.

to IooN antique, to /ose, blazing, wedding, to be, fire, threw,outhentic

Wrrds oflsn Gonfu$Gd

Underline the correct word.

"Hold/Catch my hand and don't be afraid,,' he saidThe police held/caught the thieves late last night.I quickly stared/glanced at my watch while waitingBob was speaking very loudly in the library, makiteveryone stare/glance at him.I can't believe Jake ate the alllwhole oizzalAll/whole of the students went to the museumEveryone laughed/smiled loudly when ltold a"Laugh/Smile, please!" the photographer said.

Unna[ulary Practire7

1234

56781

234

5 a(n) . . . . . . . . . . anniversary6 a(n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . shop7 a(n) artifactI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in one 's mind9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fami l ia r

Albert Einstein 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . born inGermany in 1879. As a boy, hethought school was boring. At theage of fifteen, he left schoolwithout any qualifications.However, a2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . years later

1

2

languale lfeuelo[ment

6 Fill in each gap with only one word.

i lffi he continued with his studies inryK.1#*, Swrtzerland and graduated inF" 1900. Over the next few years, he: did a 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . of research in: mathematics and physics. He wrote

articles for scientific magazines 4)his discoveries, which changed

man's view of the universe. In 1921, hewon the Nobel Prize for Physics and became

one of 5) ............. most respected physicists in the world. In1939, he left Germany and setiled in America, 6) ............. hedid research at the Institute for Advanced Studies. His research7) ............. theories were later used to develop the atomic andhydrogen bombs. Einstein died 8) 1955 in the UnitedStates.

$[ealdn0

Close your books and tell the class the summaryof this episode.Did you enjoy the story about professor Kearns'time travels? Would you have given it a differentending? lf so, what would your ending be?Which episode was your favourite/least favourite?Whv?

Grammar in Use

Mary Kearns flames' wife) is organising afor their wedding anniversary. Look at herpreparations.Which sentences suggest thatherself is going to do something? Whichsentences suggest that someone else isdo something for Mary?

Mary is going to have thefloors polished.Mary is going tomake a specialcake.Mary is going tohave James' suitcleaned.Mary is going to sendout the invitations.

Study these sentences and say how theis formed.

Someone will repair my car. + twitthave my carSomeone cut my hair. + I had my hair cut.Someone has typed my report. + ! have had my rSomeone is making a cake for me.. I'm having a

9 Mrs Johnson is a rich woman. She has athings done for her. Look at the notessentences as in the example.e.g. She has her clathes made bv Luciano.

1 clothes/make (by Luciano)2 house/clean (by the maids)3 carlwash (by the chauffeur)4 shopping/deliver (by the supermarket)5 letters/type (by the secretary)6 meals/cook (by the chef)gB

Read the list of preparationsthe surprise anniversary party

Kearns is going to have.to the tape and tick whichare done by Mary andby somebody else.Then talkthe things Mary asked

else to do as in the

Morv had the house cleoned.

look at these examples, thenthe sentences in the

form.

cutting. -my hair cut.were cleaned. *

thewindows cleaned.someone to mend the roof. r

havethe roof mended.

asked someone to Paint the living

willask someone to take a Photoof him.Marcy's eyes need testing.Helen's car is being serviced at the

moment.Tom's jeans need shortening.Fiona's flat has been decorated.

Look at the list below and saY who

does these things: a member ofyour family or somebody else?

e.g.We have the car serviced by amechonic.

the car cut the grasswash the carwater the plantsexamine the dog

Ul'|IT 22

ll[ (Project)

13 E Listen to the tape and fi l l in the missing information. Firsttalk then write your project about these inventors and theirinventions. Use pictures from the Photo File Section at the backof the book to use with your project.

tapsthe house

"##, . r,&_-.,

; , . ,

telescope Italy his largest telescopewas 120cm longhe used it to studythe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . andMars

USA telephones first usedin US citiesby 1887, more than

pn0nesin USA

r- -!_.,--ffis l ight bulb USA Edison also invented

thp

ffiautomobile Germany f i rst car had only . . . . . . . .wheels, a steel frameand went . . . . . . . . . . . kphby 1 B8B Benz had 50workers building the3-wheeled cars

aeroplane 1 903 USA f irst plane f lew ... . . . . . . .feet in .. . . . . . . . . . seconds0rville was the firstperson to fly anaer0prane

g9the walls

ffiwffi#.&ffiffiffiffi%mwm& @ (Unils l9 22)Choose the correct item.

The ................... of smoking can be very harmful.A genes B effects C moths D views

He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the money into my bank account.A transferred B created C prevented D destroyed

The recent bombing caused concern.A convincing B worldwide C presumed D usable

Some people claim that he has been kidnapped by a(n)spaceship.

A nearby B alien C outer D circular

He walked to the ................... of the cliff and looked down.A passage B walkway C edge D space

The hot sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the snow.A refilled B sucked C rose D melted

ET is a(n) from outer space.A empire B galaxy C universe D creature

Thousands of soldiers died in the ..........,.. of World War ll.A battles B weapons C tales D actions

His face looks ...................; l 'm sure l've seen him before.A conscious B authentic C familiar D blazing

The class' yearly ................ is going to take place in July.A lecture B anniversary C reunion D artifact

(10 marks)Fill in the correct word from the list:

borely, suggeste d, reddened, floated, laborotory

The scientist carried out the experiment in hisHer face as the stranger kept looking at her.The hot-air balloon across the sky,| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . had enough t ime to catch the bus.She ............... going out for dinner instead of watching TV.

3 Fill in the correct word from the list' @ marks)

home, secret, video, force, fire, blozing, antique, authentic

5 Fill in the correct word from the list:

slice, loof, can, jor, tube, bor,glass, boftle, pog packet

1 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o f cake 6 a2 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . of water T a3 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o f soda 8 a4 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of chocolate 9 a5 a ............ of toothpaste 10 a

6 Fiff in how much or how mony.

apples do you need to make ansugar do you like in your tea?

Can you tell me milk I need toHe asked steaks he should out on

7 Underline the correct item.

I234

12345

Sheila sat besides / beside me at thePrices in this supermarket are very tall/high,The police have already caught / held theThey stayed in and watched W for the all/She laughed / smiled at us and said hello.

2

12345

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f i re2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sc reen3 . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . , shop4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . town

5 the of the air6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passages7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . br igade8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . art i facts

8 Fifl in: some,ony,no,much,mony.

Jenny: Well, Paul, the fridge and theempty.We need to go shopping.

Paul: Right. lt's my turn this week, isn't it?do we need?

Jenny: First of all there's i) ................ coffee2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of that. Oh, and weflour if we want to make that cake.

Paul: Are there 4) ................ eggs left,Jenny: I'm afraid not. Let's get 5) .,......,

. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . m i lk .Paul: How 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eggs?Jenny: Four.Paul: And how 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f tour do youJenny: About two pounds.

(8 marks)4 Fill in the correct particle:

ofter, over, up, off

1 The plane took after a one-hour delay.2 He willtake ......,......... the company after his father retires.3 She decided to take knitting in her free time.4 He takes his father; they look very much alikel

r00(4 marks)

Look at the pictures and the list of adiectives and

compare the three means of transport as in the

example:

fost, expensive, comfortoble, exciting economicol, sofe

Travelling by express train is faster than travelling by car, but

travelling by plane is the fostest (af all)' r.i

w;.i,i#

(5 marks)

Complete the sentences using the words in bold'

Use two to five words.

Perhaps she was ill.been She . . . . . . . . . . . .I'm sure they are leaving tomorrow.must They . . . . . . . . . . . tomorrow'

Perhaps John took the book.might John the book'

4 I'm sure she hasn't typed the letters yet'

have She ........,,... the letters yet'

5 I'm sure she is at the office now.be She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . at the off ice now'

(5 marks)

Fill in the correct participle ofthe verbs in brackets'

1 The clown's performance was (fascinate)'

2 We felt (exhaust) after swimming for so many

hours.3 The play was (amuse). Everybody enjoyed it'

4 The film was so .... '.".......... (bore) that I fell asleep

halfwaY through it.5 Sharon was very (depress) when her pet cat

ran away. (5 marks)

12 Rewrite the sentences in the causative form'

1 Susan's house needs cleaning.2 Tim asked the mechanic to repair his bike'

3 My flat is being painted at the moment'4 Sharon has asked Mrs Brown to make a cake'

5 Henry will ask someone to weed the garden'(5 marks)

ii*i ui x i* s;* *f ,, g x*d'r,*;,i lil:ir: i'i'A'* ( Uni lS 1 I - ?2)

13 Respond to these statements using so, neitherl

nor.

1 l've never seen Star Wars'2 | don't like dating shows on TV.3 | am going to redecorate my kitchen.4 | went to the football game last night'5 I won't go shoPPing tomorrow.

(5 marks)

14 Complete the following sentences using:

must, con't, may I mightl could

1 They be on holidaY'

2 They '. be waiting for hours for fish to bite'

3 They be in a citY'

4 They ... be in the cquntryside'

5 They ...' be feeling miserable'

6 They have caught lots of fish'(6 marks)

15 Fill in the con€ct tense of the verbs in brackets'

1 Tom is in the living room. He ........ '.... '......."' (stil l/paint)

it but he '. (already/finish) with the kitchen'

2 She .. (travel) bY bus for Yearsbefore she . . . . . . . ' . . ' . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . (decide) to buy her own car '

3 A lot of changes (be) made to

our dailY lives, bY the Year 2050.4 After Julie .................... (feed) the dog, she went to bed'

5 How long ago .... '.... (you/meet) Jonathan?(5 marks)

i i l .

b)c)d)e)

lfUritinU16a)

Answer the questions:

What information do we write in the first and last

paragraphs in a letter of complaint?How do we link our comPlaints?In a film review, what do we write in the first paragraph?

In which paragraph do we (not) recommend the film?

What do we include in the main body of a film review?(10 narks)

rorAL:100.-k" 1[J1

Hr*mm*Ftffil:,r,,'lr,1111" ":

ini$inf siriii - inrsiif rnnirruou$- -

. SMELL _ It smells aMul in here. (=it hasWhy are you smelling the cheese?

We use the Present Simple for:

o facts and permanent states. e.g. Georgia lives in Boston.o truths or laws of nature. e.g. The temperature here fatts

below zero in the winter.o habits and routines (with always, usually, etc). e.g. He

usually gets up at 10 o'clock.o timetables/programmes (with a future meaning). e.g. The

train for Manchester leayes at 11 .45 on Sunday.o feelings and emotions. e.g. / Iove vanilla ice-cream.

Time expressions used with Present Simple: every day/week/month/year, usually, sometimes, always, never,often, on Monday, in the evening/morning, etc

We use the Present Continuous (to be + verb -ing) for:

. temporary situations. e.g. I am painting the house this week.o actions happening now but not necessarily at the moment

of speaking. e.g. Sue is reading a book about animats.o fixed arrangements in the near future. e.g. I am going to

my doctor this afternoon.

Time expressions used with Present Continuous: now, at themoment, at present, nowadays, today, this month, thisweek, tonight, always, still, etc

Verbs that are normally not used in the continuous tenses.

verbs of the senses: hear, see, smell, taste, sound, feel,seem, appear, look (= seem), etc. e.g. The soup tastes sa/rlz.verbs expressing feelings and emotions: love, like,desire, prefer, dislike, detest, hate, enjoy, want, etc.e.g. I want to go to the cinema tonight.other verbs such as: agree, believe, suppose, understand,forget, know, remember, think, belong, own, possess, have,want, need, etc. e.g. I always forget your phone number.

Some of the above verbs can be used in the continuoustenses. Note, however, the difference in meaninq:

throw it away? (=6ps yerlo TASTE - The spaghetti sauce tastes

a wonderful taste)- | am tasting the rice to see if it's

testing its flavour)

UNIT 2

RItAI|UI PR0lt0uil$

o We use the relative pronouns who/that for per We use the relative pronouns which/that for

animals.o We use the relative pronoun whose for

possession.

Adverbs of frequency:

Adverbs of frequency are normally placedverb. e.g. I usually travel by bus. He hardlyHowever, adverbs of frequency are placedto be and after auxiliary verbs. e.g. She rsfor work. Have you ever visited Disneytand?

d"f tj,,,fl ,11 "it"" ;;;

PASI $IilIPlT - PA$I GO]IilIIUOUS

We use Past Simple (verb + ed or irregular

an action which started and finished in thetime. e.g. I watched a science fiction filmI met my friends for lunch last Monday.past actions which happened oneother. e.g. He got up, had breakfast andoffice.

Time expressions used with Past Simple:

THINK _

. SEE

o HAVE

I think you work too hard. (=believe)What are you thinking about? | am thinkingabout whether I should go to university.(=am considering)I see his point but I don't agree with him.(=understand)The president is seeing the company's directorstomorrow morning. (=is meeting)He has two cars. (=owns, possesses)l'm having breakfast. (=am eating)l'm having a shower. (=am taking)

Tom is a doctorAn encyclopaediais a bookA dolphin is amammalThat's the boy

whowhich/that

which/that

whose

r02week/month, (how long) ago, then,

. e.g. He was cleaning the windows and he wasto the radio. -t He was cleaning the windows,to the radio.

used with Past Continuous: while, when,that, etc.

the Present Pedect (have + past participle) for:

actions when the time is not mentioned or is note.g. I've washed the clothes. We have

the sifting-room.experiences or changes. e.9. Sue has dyed her

completedactions. e.g. Tom has lusf finishedthe letters.

PTRTTGI - PRTStIfi PTRITGIltuIu$

use the Present Perfect Continuous (have + been +-ing) for:

actions which began in the past and are still continuing upto the present. e.g. I have been writing lefters for fourhours. She has been working for this company since 1987-past actions of certain duration that have visible results oreffects in the present. e.g. lt has been raining for hours,that's why the ground ls wef. The children have beenplaying all afternoon, that's why they are tired.

expressions used with Present Per{ect and PresentContinuous: just, ever, never, already, yet (negative

sentences), always, how long, so far,since, today, this week/monthn etc.

how the following words are used:

Ago 1=5361 in time from now) is used with Past Simple'e.g. Sue arrived an hour ago.Since 1=1166 a starting point in the past) is used withPresent Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous. e.g. l'vebeen waiting for you srnce 8 o'clock'

Srrnmlrtnm

o For (=over a period of time) is used with Present Perfectand Present Perfect Continuous. e.g. l've been waiting foryou for three hours.

o Already is used with Present Perfect in statements andquestions (to show surprise). e.g. I've already done thehousework. Have you already paid the bill? Thatwas quick!

o Yet is used with Present Perfect in questions andnegations. e.g. Have you seen the new James Bond filmyet? He hasn't finished with his exams yet.

UNIT 4

The is used before:

. nouns which are unique (the moon, the Tower of London)

. names of cinemas (The Odeon), hotels (The Hilton),theatres (The Theatre Royal), museums (The Museum ofModern Ad), newspapers/magazines (The European)(but: Time), ships (Ihe QE2), institulions (The RoyalAcademy of Art), galleries (The National Gallery)

. names of rivers (the Thames), seas (the North Sea),groups of islands/states (fhe Orkney /s/ands, the USA),mountain ranges (the Alps), deserts (the Sahara Desert),oceans (the Atlantic), canals (the Suez Canal) and namesor nouns with "of" (the Chamber of Horrors, the Valley ofDeath) Note: the equator, the Arctic/Antarctic, the South ofFrance, the SouthMest/North/Eastmusical instruments, dances (the flute, the samba)names of families (the Browns), nationalities ending in-sh, -ch or -ese (the Welsh, the Dutch, the Chinese, etc)'Other plural nationalities are used with or without "the"

l(the) South Africans, (the) Americans, etcltitles (fhe President, the Prince of Wales, the Queen)."The" is omitted before titles with proper names (QueenElizabeth II)adjectives used as plural nouns (the blind, the elderly, therich, the poor, etc.) and the superlative degree of adiec'tivesiadverbs. e.g. He's the most intelligent one here.Note: "most" used as a determiner followed by a noun'does not take "the". e.g. Most students failed the exams.but: The most interesting lecture was the one onendangered species.the words: beach, cinema, city, coast, country(side)'earth, ground, jungle, radio, pub, sea(side), sky'station, shop, theatre, village, weather, world, etc. butnot before "man" (= people) e.g. We went to the cinemalast night. Note: "the" is optional with seasons.morning, afternoon, evening, night e.g. l'll come roundin the morning. (but: at night, at noon, at midnight, byday/night, at 5 o'clock, etc).historical reference/events (the French Revolution, theSecond World War) (but: World War ll)only, last, first (used as adjectives). e.g- Alex is the firstto come and the last to leave.

Continuous (was/were + verb -ing) for:

action in progress interrupted by another past

. The longer action is in the Past Continuous, theaction is in the Past Simple. e.g. I was cooking

when the phone rang.or more simultaneous past actions of certain duration'Iwas riding my bicycle while my sister was playing insandbox.

description to events in a story. e.g. As sherunning in the marathon, the crowds were cheering

To avoid repetition, when there are two past ilIT IITTIIIIIT ARIIG1Tforms in the same sentence, use just the -ing

a

a

103

Bmmmrr fiffirrn*r

The is omitted before:

o proper nouns (paolo, ltaly)o names of sports, games, activities, days, months, holi_

days, colours, drinks, meals and languages (not fol-lowed by the word "language") e.g. t love polo. Can youspeak Spanish? but: The Chinese tanguage is fascinaing.

. names of countries (France), (but: the Nethertands. theSudan, the Hague, the Vatican). cities (Vancouverl, streets(Bond Street), @ut: the High Street, the Strand, the Malt,the A11, the M4 motoMay) squares (George Square)1,bridges (Tower Bridge) (but: the Bridge of Sr.ghs, the FoihBridge, the Severn Bridge, the Golden Gate Bridge) pa*s(Central Park), stations (Kng,s Cross Sfafion), individualmountains (Mount Everest), islands (Matta), lakes (LakeO ntari o), continents (Asra/

o possessive adjectives e.g. That is my car.o two-word names whose first word is the name of a

person or a place (Glasgow Airport, Edinburgh Castte)(but: The White House, because the first word "White,' is notthe name of a person or a place)

o pubs, restaurants, shops, banks and hotels which havethe name of their founder and end in -s or -s,s lom,sCaf6, Harrods, Baring,s Bank) (but: the White Horse (pub)because "White Horse,, is not the name of the foundei)

o bed, church, college, court, hospital, prison, scirool,university when we refer to the purpose for which theyexist e.g. He goes to church every Sunday. (but: We have iobe at the church at two o,ctock fo see the Vicar. Work (=place of work) never takes ',the',. e.gr. I have to go to work niw.

o the words home, father/mother when we talk about ourown home/parents e.g. Mum is home now.

. means of transport: by bus/by carlby train/by plane, etc.(but in the carn on the bus/train, etc. e.g. She came by bus.but: She was on the bus when the accident happenel.)

o We say: flu/the flu, measles/the measles, mumps/themumps (but: He's got pneumonia.)

such a/an are used before countable nouns in the singular.e.g. lt was such a nice dress that t decided to buy it.such is used before uncountable nouns or countablenouns in the plural. e.g. lt was such bad weather that westayed in. They were such triendly people that we att feltsorry to see them go.so is used before an adjective which is not followed by anoun. e.g. Ihe dress was so beautitul that t decided to buy it.

IIIRTGI AIIII RtPOffiTII $PTTGIIWe use direct speech to give the exactsaid, and we use quotation marks [

,, " ] at theand end of the actual words. e.g. ,'t am tired,, hWe use reported speech to give the exactsomeone said, but not the exact words. Wequotation marks in reported speech. e.g. Hewas tired.

UNIT 6

PA$I PIR]TGI - PASI PTRTTGIWe use the Past perfect (had + past participle)

. a past action which happened beforebefore a stated past time. e.g. By the end ofhad painted the whote house. After thev hadhomework, Tom took the children to the plav

Time expressions used with pastalready, after, just, never, yet, before, by, !y

We use the Past Perfect Continuous (had been +

. actions continuing over a period up to apast. e.g. He had been watching TV forfriends arrived.

o past actions of certain duration which had vithe past. e.g. Their shoes urere futt of mudhad been ptaying footbatt.

Time expressions used with past perfectsince, how long

I B lr G[illt il /pR 0 lil B til 0 ]t /ABSrilGi0f ilIGl$$til

We use needn't (=don't have to, it,s notabsence of necessity. e.g. you needn't wake upIt's Sunday.* See pp. 113, 114 Unit 1g for formation of

wru$Y ,?PASI GOIIil]IUIIU$ . PASI PTRTTGT -PtRttGI G||]finutu$See Unit 3 (Past Continuous) and Unit 6 (pastPerfect Continuous).

We use must (=have to) to express obligation.study hard or you'll fail your test.We use mustn't (=aren't allowed to) to expresse.g. You mustn't tell ties.

suGlt - $0 ... iltnr

UNIT 5

PR$I $tiltPlt - PRSI G01til1tu0u$

r04

see Unit 3 p. 102

fixed arrangements in the near future. e.g. I am seeing mydentisttomorrow evening' Tenses change in Reported speech as follows:

After conjunctions of time such as after, as, as soon as,

8- [I GultE I0 - Pnt$tilr Gltililltuou$

use Future Simple (will + bare infinitive) for:

decisions taken at the moment of speaking (onthe-spotdecisions). e.g. I'm starving. tthink t'tt make a sandwich.hopes, fears, threats, offers, promises, warnings,predictions, requests, comments, etc. especially with thefollowing verbs: expect, hope, believe, l'm sure, I'mafraid, etc. e.g. I'm sure he will win the first prize.actions or predictions which may or may not happen in thefuture. e.g. We will probably buy a new car.

use be going to for:

planned actions or intentions. e.g. l'm going to repaintthekitchen next month.

use Present Continuous for:

til l/until, when, whenevern while, by the time, etc., weuse a future form or a conditional tense. e.g. When sheshe will tell us all about the concert. However, we can

when + will if when is used as a question word. e.g. Whenhe be back?

slilrlltcl$ - ilPI rpresent simple, will/may/can + bare infinitive

use 1st type conditional sentences, for actions that areto happen in the present or the future. e.g. If we wake upwe will catch the I o'clock train. You may borrow the carpromise to be careful.

With 1st type conditional sentences, we can use unlessverb (= if + negative). e.g. You will miss the bus

you wake up early (= if you don't wake up).

$PTTGH

- Tell

is used in direct and reported speech. In reported speech,followed by a that - clause. e.g. "l won't go to Japan," sheShe said that she wouldn't go to Japan.

is used in reported speech and has to be followed by adirect object (me, you, him, her, etc.) e.g. "l won't go to

Bm:;*IrftrK

Expressions with SAY, TELL

SAY say good morning/evening, etc, say something, sayone's prayers, say a few words, say so, say no more,say for certain, say for sure, etc.

TELL tell the truth, tell a lie, tell (sb) the time, tell sb one'sname, tell a story, tell sb a secret, tell sb the way, tellone from another, tell sb's fortune, tell sb so, tell thedifference, etc.

Reported Statements

Reported statements are usually introduced with say(that) or tell (that). e.g. "l am learning Spanish," she sald.+ She said (that) she was learning Spanish.Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives changeaccording to context. e.g. "l met a lot of people at theparly," he said. -t He said that he had met a lot of peopleat the party.

Present Simple + Past Simple e.g. "She makes c/ofhes,"he said. -t He said (that) she made clothes.Present Continuous + Past Continuous e.g. "She ismaking a cake," he said. + He said (that) she was makinga cake.Past Simple/Present Perfect + Past Perfect e.g. "Shemadelhas made a cake," he sald. + He said (that) shehad made a cake.Future Simple + would + bare infinitive e.g. "She'll makea cake," he said. -t He said (that) she would make a cake.

Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous do not changein Reported Speech. Past Simple changes to Past Perfector remains the same. When the reoorted sentencecontains a time clause, the tenses of the time clause donot change. e.g. "l left when it was getting dark," he said.+ He said (that) he leftlhad left when it was getting dark.

Tenses do not change in Reported Speech when:

the reporting verb (said, told, etc.) is in the Present, Futureor Present Perfect. e.g. "l've always enjoyed going forlong walks on the beach," she says. + She says that she'salways enjoyed going for long walks on the beach.--the speaker expresses general truths, permanent states orconditions e.g."February the 14th is Valentine's Day," hesaid. -t He said that February the 14th is Valentine's Day.the reported sentence deals with type 2llype 3conditionals, wishes or unreal past e.g. "OK boys, it's timeyou went to bed," Mother said fo us. -t Mother told us thatit was time we went to bed." she sard to me. She told me (that) she wouldn't go to

r05

Direct Speech

tonight, today, thisweek/month/year,now

yesterday, last night/week/month/year,tomorrow, next week/month/year

two days/monthsiyears, etc. ago

Reported Speech

1 that night, that day, thatweekimonth/year

+ then, at the time, at once,immediately

) the day before, the previousni ght/week/month/year

I the following day/the dayafter, the following/nextweek/month/year

+ two days/monthsiyears, etc.before

. the speaker is reporting something immediately after itwas said (up to date). e.g. "The water is very cold," hesaid. + He said that the water is very cold.

Note: lf the speaker expresses something believed to be true,the tenses may change or remain the same. e.g."Cycling is good exercise," he said. -t He said cycting isgood exercise.

o Time words can change or remain the same dependingon the time reference:

uNlT 10

TUIURT GOlIillIUOUS - IUIUHT PIT$TIII

We use Future Continuous (will be + verb.ing)

. actions in progress at a stated future time. e.g.sailing off the south coast next week.

o actions which will be a routine in the future.working at the office on Saturday as usual.

We use Future Perfect (will have + past

. actions that will have finished before a certainfuture. e.g. She will have completed her

Note: by or not ... unti/ti l l are used withuntiUtill are normallv used with Futurenegative sentences. e.g. He will haveby nert Monday. Jane won't have learntFrench until August.

l|ilKil{G WIRI|S

We can use also, furthermore, in addition,well, what is more, etc. to link similar ideasmore information. e.g. Computers aretools. Moreover, they save time and money.We can use however, butn on the otherbut, etc. to link opposing ideas. e.g.extremely usefultools. On the other hand,replace humans.

f.}rtiil' ':t ::

RrP[RIr[ G0ilMffi [$/Rroutsffi/

o To report commands, requests andspecial introductory verb (e.9. warn, order,suggest, etc.) followed by a to -infinitive, ana that - clause dependinq on thee.g. "Brush your teeth before you go to bed,'

-tThe dentist advised meto brushto bed."Keep medicine out of children's reach,"+ The doctor warned us to keepchildren's reach.

To report direct commands weimperative. e.g. "Stop talking," theteacher told us to stop talking. "Don'tstepsaid the gardener. The gardener askedusfhe grass.

e.g. "He is leaving next week," she sald -t She said (that)he was leaving the following week. (out-of-datereporting) 'l visited Pam last week," she sald. --+ Shesaid (that) she vislted Pam last week (up-to-datereporting)

Reported Questions

Reported Questions are introduced with ask, wonder,want to know, etc. We use affirmative word order and thequestion mark becomes a full stop. Inverted commas areomitted.To report a question we use: a) ask + question word(who, where, which, when, how, etc.) when the directquestion begins with a question word. e.g. "How can I everthank you?" she asked. She asked how she could everthank me. and b) ask + iflwhether when the directquestion begins with an auxiliary verb (can, do, have, etc).e.g. "Could you tell me how to open the cupboard?" heasked. He asked if I could tell him how to open thecupboard.Tenses, personal pronouns, possessive adjectives, timewords, etc. change as in statements. e.g. "When are youhaving your parly?" + She wondered when I was havingmy party."Can you go to the supermarket for me?', + Sheasked me if I could go to the supermarket for her.

r06

Note:

o report negative commands and requests, we usuallynot +to-infinitive."Don't go near the cliff, it's dangerous!" the guidesaid. The guide told us not to go near the cliffbecause it was dangerous.

Introductory Verbs

. , liil

1 "Yes, I'lltype the I He agreed to type {:,lat'tarq " tha lal.tarc

': ----------'---------a-----'--*-----,------'' -l.', "Shail I make 1, He offered to if

coffee?" , make coffee. I

: "Of course I'll write : He promisdto I: home every day." I write home every ;i: , )^,, ,,:

shoot if I didn'tgive him allmymoney.

o complain to sb of : "l have a terrible': headache."

He complained tome of having aterrible headache.

i o suggest I 'tef's go to the : He suggestedI i beach." I going to the beach,

I . a"ny 1 I alan'1 cattthe ':,:, He denied

I 1 police." i cailingl havingI : , called the police.

. . .^rA6 r,r! ' .t l "Vac i+'c o raotht | ,^ ^^.^^n ru^r,, ,a,a: . agree + ',lli:{ I "Yes, it's a really ; He agreed that it ,,,::,i ..;l:,;;,rr 1, beautiful painting." : was a beautiful ....i I ,, painting. li1:l

I . compfain i "You always arrive 'i

He comptained1 ; Iate." that t atways a,I I I arrived late. lil

o deny "l didn't steal the : He denied that hemoney." : had stoten the

I money.

o promise "Of course I'llcome back."

l

. apologise for

. suggest

"l'm sorry Iforgotto call you."

He apologised forforgettinglhavingforgotten to call

+ 5b -t ii:' ', "You shou/d see a: doctor."

, He advised me to: see a doctor.infinit ivc

"Cease fire!" He commanded

He warned us not i1to touch the r:lexhibits. il

; "You'd better quit I He suggested, smoking." , that I (should) quit

::u:

iii

,ta:.

rl,

iu:

il::

rla:lt:til

:.{lililiitU:ii:*:::

"Don't touch theexhibits." . In conversations we use a mixture of statements,

commands and questions. When we turn them intoReported speech, we use and, as, adding that, andshe/he added that, because, but, since, etc.

Words or expressions such as Oh!, Oh dear!, Well!, etc.are omitted in Reoorted soeech.e.g. "Oh! Ihls is a nice watch," he said.

"How much does I cost?" + He said (that) it was anice watch and he asked how much it cost. ("Oh" isomitted,'and" is added.)

107

Erm:rrf;ffi

Introductory Verbs

: breakinglhaving ill, . broken the vase. ,iilt

i::ll:iir

i t :uti

::t:1

:::il,r:

i:t::ai /:i,

ita'-i..l

::aia:.:::t:a,l:,::itil

rir*t:]1i:liuutilalli:llai,aut ::1il'ra:i::iL!:!::rt3'!*i:xl:rti,&;tsi*;,na."l:a

ftrnmmnr *nfsFGnEH#iLllilaii;,1:u*i*it:li:leii;.inai::tt:t:*,ii!l-di*;tati.;tri:li:itlt.i:ii:ti::i:.:::titrll:::ail:u:iiiii:t:::::

uNtT 12PASSIW UOIGT

o The passive voice is formed with the verb ,,to be,, in theappropriate tense + the past participle of the main verb.Only transitive verbs (verbs which take an object) can beused in the passive. For example, arrive and die do nothave a passive form.

We use the oassive:

. when the person who performs/does the action (theagent) is unknown, unimportant or obvious from thecontext. e.g. My purse was stolen yesterday. (unknownagent)The shopping centre is cleaned every day. (unimportantagent) The robber was arested (by the potice). (obviousagent)

. when we want to emphasise the agent. e.g. Our hotidayhouse was built by my great grandfather in 19g7.

. to make statements more formal or more polite. e.g. Ihewedding reception will be held at g o,clock at the TownHall.

o when the action is more important than the agent (as, forexample, in news reports, formal notices, instructions,headlines, advertisements etc) e.g. More than twenty_fivepeople were injured because of the earthquake. This bookis a best seller; more than 1,000,000 copies have beensold.

Note: Present Perfect Continuous, Future Continuousand Past PerJect Continuous are not normally usedin the passive. ln colloquial English, get is oftenused instead of be to express somethinghappening by accident. e.g. He got promoted andis now the department manager.

Changing from Active to passive

r The object of the active verb becomes the subiect in thepassrve sentence.

o The active verb changes into a passive form.o The subject of the active verb becomes the agent and is-. either introduced with "bv" or is omitted.

(Subject) (Verb)e.g. They make

(Object)cals in this factory.

With + instrument/material is used to say whatused, or after past participles such as coloured,fifled, packed etc. e.g. The cake was madeeggs and flour. The door was opened (by thea knife.By + agent is omitted when the agent isunlmportant, obvious from the context, orwords such as someone, peopte, t, you etc,washing machines have been imported from theVerbs which take two objects (give, offer, etc.)two passive forms. e.g. Someone gave her aroses. + a) She was given a bouquet of roses,bouquet of roses was given to her.

o ln passive voice, the preposition that follows(accuse of, speak to etc.) or a phrasal verbturn on etc.) is placed immediatelv after the verbhave pulled the old bridge down. -t The otdbeen pulled down.

. Let changes to be allowed to in theGrandma let us go to the beach. -t We wereto the beach.

Questions in the passive voice

For questions in the passive, we follow thefor statements, keeping in mind that the verb is inrogative form. e.g. Have they pulted down the otd+ Has the old cinema been pulled down (by

When the question is a "who question,' we"by", because the agent is not known and wethe question in order to find out who thisWho posted the letters? -tWho were the lettersWho repaired my bicycle? +Who was my bicycleby?

AS - lil(t

We use likewith nouns/pronouns/ -ing form to expresse.g. He works like a slave. (He isn't a slave.)

Cars are made (by them) in this factory.(Subject) (Verb) (by + agent)

. By + agent is used to say who or what did the action,e.g. The little boy was sayed by the lifeguard.

108

Simple PresentPresent ContinuousSimple PastPast ContinuousPresent Per.fectPast PerfectFutureConditionalModals

make/makesam/is/are makingmadewas/were makinghave/has madehad madewill makewould makemust make

with feel, look, smell, taste e.g. tt tooks like a

We use asto say what somebody or something really is e.g. Sheworks as a production manager for a film company. (She rsa production manager.)

{3

passive form of modal verbs (e.9. can, could, may, might,etc.) is formed with the verb to be which takes the tense of

main verb in the active voice, and the past participle of theverb. e.g. He must send the parcels. The parcels rnust beThey couldn't repair the car. The car couldnl be repaired.

also Unit 12

lT 14

$tltftltGt$ - ilpt 2

2 conditional sentences refer to the present or future. Thetense in the if -clause expresses unreal things or things

to happen. Type 2 conditional sentences can also beto give advice.

If we had a car, we would drive to Paris. (But we don'thave a car. Here, we refer to the present.)lf someone tried to kidnap me, I would inform the police.(But I don't expect that anyone will try to kidnap me. Here,we refer to the future.)If lwere you, I would call the doctor immediately.(Here, we are giving advice.)

We can use were instead of was in all persons.

til01tA1 $IltftltGl$ - IYPI 3

3 conditional sentences refer to the past and describethat never happened. They are used to talk aboutsituation contrary to the facts, in the past.

It I had known that you were coming, I would have metyou at the station. (But I didn't know that you were coming,so I didn't meet you at the station).

3 conditional sentences are also used to express regretscriticism.

lf we had woken up earlier, we wouldn't have nrissed fheplane.lf you had followed my directions, you would have foundthe house.

Enrnrlrfuw

wt$HI$

Wish + subject + past tense is used to express wish/regret about a present situation.e.g. lwish I knew his phone number. (l'm sorry I don't

know his phone number.)I wish I lived near fhe seaslde. (l'm sorry I don't livenear the seasrde.)lwish lwere a millionaire. (But lam not.)

Note: We can use were instead of was in all persons.

Wish + subject + past perfect is used to express regretabout a past situation (something that happened or didn'thappen in the past.)e.g. lwish I had called him sooner. (l'm sorry I didn't call

him sooner.)I wish I hadn't behaved so rudely. (l'm sorry Ibehaved so rudely.)

Note: lf only can be used in exactly the same way. lt hasthe same meaning as wish but is more dramatic ormore emohatic.e.g. If only I knew his phone number!

If only Ihad called him sooner!

UNIT 15

iltt lltfNtilu[ Alilt rHI -tltc fltRM

We use the to - infinitive:

. to express purpose e.g. She went to the bakery to buysome bread.

o after would love, would like, would prefer e.g. I'd love togo to Paris.

o after certain adjectives: glad, difficult, happy, sorry etc.e.g. We were glad to meet them again after so many years.

o after certain verbs: advise, agree, appear, decide,expect, hope, learn, manage, otfer, promise, refuse,seem, teach, want, etc. e.g. She managed to catch thetrain on time. We promised to write home every day.

o in the expressions: to tell you the truth, to begin with, tobe honest, to start with, to sum up, etc. e.g. To tell youthe truth, I don't like vanilla ice-cream.

We use the infinitive without to:

o after modal verbs: can, couldn mayn might, will, would,must etc. e.g. I must see the doctor immediately. Can Iopen the window?

o after feel, hear, make, let etc. e.g. "l will let you go to theparty if you promise to be back by 10.30" Mother said.

r0g

Errn:rr f,;hrmcr

We use the -ing form:

o as a noun e.g. Playing chess is very exciting.o after fove, like, dislike, hate, enjoy, prefer, eIc. e.g. I hate

cooking dinner. I enjoy working in the garden.r after prepositions e.g. He teft without taking his umbretta.o after certain verbs: avoid, admit, fancy, finish, forgive,

imagine, keep 1=sentinue), mind (=e!lsct to), regret,suggest, etc. e.g. He suggesfed visiting the modern artmuseum. They kept dancing untit the ctock struck twelve.

o after the expressions: I'm busy, it,s no use, it's (not)worth, what's the use of, can't help, can,t stand, there,sno point (in), look forward to, what about ...? how about...?, etc. e.g. lt's no use trying to repair that bicycte. Wehad a great time and we're tooking foruvard to seeing youagain soon.

Note: certain verbs may be followed by either the to-infinitiveor the -ing form. In this case, however, there is a change inmeaning.

o FORGET

forget + to-infinitive = not remember e.g. rm sorry tforgotto turn the lights off.forget + -ing form = forget a past event e.g. I will neverforget winning the first prize.

. REMEMBER

remember + to-infinitive = remember to do somethinge.g. He remembered to turn oft the gas.remember + -ing form = recall a past event e.g. I don'tremember visiting the zoo.

. TRY

try + to-infinitive = do one,s best, attempt e.g. The climberstried to reach the mountain peak but they coutdn,t.try + -ing form = do something as an experim ent e.g. Whydon't you try adding some tomato sauce? lt might tastebetter.

. STOP

stop + to-infinitive = stop for a while in order to do some_thing else. e.g. The sfudents stopped to have a break.stop + -ing form = finish, end e.g. When the presidentcame in everybody stopped talking.

o REGRET

regret + to-infinitive = be sorry e.g. I regret to inform youthat we cannot accept your apptication.regret + -ing form = have second thoughts aboutsomething that one has already done. e.g. I regret tatkingto her so rudely.

ffi#ffh#ffiW $ #,'$

OUTSIIII]I TAG$

r Question tags are short questions added to anor negative statement. They are usedconfirmation or agreement.

Intonation

When the speaker is quite sure that what he/she isis asking for confirmation, the question tag isintonation. e.g. He comes from portugal, doesn'tspeaker doesn't need information and just waffiwhat he/she is saying, the questions tag is saidintonation. e.g. You didn't see nim, !j9!wu'l

e Question tags are formed with an auxiliarvappropnate personal pronoun. Thev takeauxiliary as in the statement, if there is one, ordo/does (Present Simpte) or did (past Simple).e.g.You couldn't understand her, could vou?

He lives in Oxford, doesn't he?She went to the baltet, didn,t she?

o After affirmative statements we use ainterrogative tag. e.g. They are clever, arentbought a new car, didn't she?

o After negative statements we use an ordinarytag. e.g. You haven't been to New york,isn't coming with us, is he?

Note: Let's has the tag shall we? e.g. Let's watch aLet me/him etc has the tag willyou/won'te.g. Let him hetp you, wiil you?I have (=possess) has the tag haven't l?e.g. She has a pet, hasn't she?I have (used idiomaticaily) has the tage.g. He had dinne4 didn't he?This/That is has the tag isn't it?e.g. That's your car, isn,t it?I am has the tag aren't l?e.g. I am smart, aren't l?Negative imperative has the tag will you?e.g. Don't disturb him, will you?

ll0

Rlfltxtu P[0lt0u]t$

pronouns are used as obiects of the verb when theof the verb returns to the person who does it.

lburned myself while I was ironing. "You're too young tostart shaving yourself," said Dad to Tommy.

t7

the plural of a noun, we usually add -s to the singular:-rcats, day + days, chair -r chairs

Nouns ending in -o, -ch, -sh, -ss, or -x added -es:tomato -, tomatoes, church + churches, brush +brushes, kiss + kisses, box + boxesBUT: kilo - kilos

kimono -+ kimonosphoto -+ photospiano -+ pianos

nouns ending in consonant + -y drop the -y and add -ies:baby + babies, country -r countries, lady + 166;sg

ending in vowel + -y add -s:-r boys, donkey -r donkeys

ending in -f or -fe drop the f or fe

Err:nrtrfi*m

Some nouns of Greek or Latin origin form their pluralsaccording to the rules of Greek or Latin:crisis + crises datum -+ databasis + bases terminus + terminiphenomenon + phenomena medium -+ media

. Compound nouns normally add -s to the last word:boyfriend + boyfriends (noun + noun)travel agent --+ travel agents (noun + noun)frying pan -r frying pans (adjective + noun)

BUT they add -s to the first word, when the compoundnoun is composed of noun + preposition (+ noun):mother-in-law + mothers-in-lawpasser-by + passers-by

GIAU$T$ IIf RTA$IITI A]III RTSU1I

Clauses of reason are introduced by: ?s, since(=because), because, for 1=5aa"rra,.e.g. They travelled by train because it was cheaper.

We camped near the lake as it was safer.

When the clause of reason precedes the main clause, weseparate the two clauses with a comma.e.g. Srnce she isnt coming, we'll go to the party without

her.

Reason can also be expressed with:Because oflDue to + noun/-ing form

e.g. Due to the fog, all plane departures have been cancetted.or with: Due to the fact/Because of the fact + that -clause

e.g. Due to the fact that there was fog, alt ptane departureswere cancelled.

o Clauses of result are introduced by: such + adjective +noun

e.g. lt was such a boring lecture that we almost fett asteep.I've never met such interesting peopte before.

OR so + adjective/adverbe.g. The lecture was so boring that we almost fett asteep.

She uras running so quickly that she tripped and fett.

+ calves+ halves-r knives-r leaves

life --+ livesloaf -r loavesself + selvessheaf + sheaves

and add -ves:shelf + shelvesthief + thieveswife + wiveswolf -r wolves

: hoof, scarf, wharf, add either -s or -ves in the olural:- hoofs/hooves, scarf + scarfs/scarves

nouns ending in -f or -fe add -s:+ clitfs, handkerchief + handkerchiefs,belief -r

roof + roofs

plurals:-f men+ women+ children+ feet-, geese-r lice

mouse --+ micetooth +teethox +oxendeer + deersheep + sheep

nouns are always plural and take a plural verb:police, trousers, pyjamas, binoculars, scales,spectacles, arms (weapons), damages (com-earnings, greens (vegetables), grounds, out-

too + adjective/adverb(negative meaning)

He's too tired to go out.(He's so tired that he can't goou0

adjectiveladverb + enough(positive meaning)

Hers tall enough to reach theshelf.(He's so tall that he can reachthe shelf.)

savings, stairs, surroundings, valuables, etc.

I00 - fiiltuGtl

l l l

Br*mxrr f,rlirrnffi

NOTE: enough can be followed by nouns. e.g. He's gotenough money to buy a car.

Alt - WHlllI - Blllll - IIIITHIR - lllllll

All refers to more than two people or things. lt has a positivemeaning and takes a verb in the plural. e.g. Allthe studentstook part in the school performance. All of them worked veryhard. They were all very satisfied.

Whole (=complete) is used with singular countables. Wealways use a, the, this, my etc. + whole + countables fhewhole day : all the daylall day (But: a// the money nolthe wholemoney)

Both refers to two people or things. lt has a positive meaningand takes a verb in the plural. lt is the opposite of neither/noteither. e.g. Sally and Laura are twelve. Both Sally and Laura aretvvelve. They are both twelve. Both of them are twelve.

None refers to more than two people or things. lt has a negativemeaning and isn't followed by a noun. None of can be usedwith nouns, his, them etc. followed by a verb either in the sin-gular or plural. lt is the opposite of all. e.g. Sally, Laura and Annhaven't been to Rome. None of them havelhas been in Rome.

Neither (= not one and not the other) is used before singularcountables. They refer to two people or things. Neither of takesa verb either in the singular or plural. e.g. Paul hasn't got anymoney. Tom hasn't got any money either. Neither of themhavelhas got any money.

&#&$&Y $ ffi

PURPO$T - GIAUSIS Of PURPO$T

Purpose can be expressed by:

the infinitive alone e.g. l'll call Mary to invite her to dinner.He went to italy to study architecture. They built areservation park to protect the animals.

so that + will/can/would/couldWill and Can are used when the main verb is in thePresent Simole. Present Perfect or Future tense and havea oresent or future reference.Would and Could are used when the main verb is in apast tense and have a past reference.e.g. I will go to ltaly so that I can study architecture.

I have lit a candle so that we'll find our way out.I went to ltaly so fhat I could study architecture.I lit a candle so that we would find our wav out.

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

fi.$rufrT 1i]]

G[UltrABlt -UltG0UltrABl[ 1t0u1t$

o Countable nouns are those that can bepen, two pens, etc).Uncountable nouns are those that cannot be(paper, bread, etc). Uncountable nouns take averb and are not used with a/an. These are:mass nouns (e.9. beer, blood, bread, butter, flour,subjects of study (e.9. physics, economics,literature. etc.\languages (e.9. Chinese, French, Spanrsh, etc,)sports (e.9. basketball, hockey, darts, football,diseases (e.9. chickenpox, measles, mumps, elc.)naturaf phenomena (e.9. sunlight, fog, gravrty, hail,certain nouns (e.9. accommodation, advice,assistance, behaviour, buslness, chaos,courage, dirt, education, evidence,information, intelligence, luck, music, news,progress, seasrde, shopping, traffic, trouble, truth,etc.)coflective nouns (e.9. baggage, crockery,niture, jewellery, luggage, machinery, money,

Many uncountable nouns can be madeof advice/cake/information/paper/news; abeer/wine/water; a jar of jam; a rasher of bacon;beer; a box/sheet of paper; a packet of tea; aof bread; a kilo of meat; a tube of toothpaste;soap/chocolate; a lump of sugar; a pair ofgame of soccer; a can of beans/soda, a tinbag/cup of flour etc.

S o m e . A n y - N o

AflirmatlveAdjectives Pronouns

people things

someone/ I somethingsomebody

i,l-gf:lY::Ii

I any

l

i . -.. --, *, -.. -.,-..--, -". . .- ,.. "." .

Pronouns

people I things

anyone/ r anythinganybody

112

Negative

Some is used before countable or uncountable nouns.e.g. I boughf sorne apples. He asked for some advice.Some and its compounds (someone, something, etc) arenormally used in positive sentences. They can also beused in questions to make an offer, a request or wnen weexpect a positive answer. e.g. There's someone at thedoor. (positive) Would you like something to eat? (offer)Can I have something to drink? (equest) ls theresomeone in the kitchen? (l expect there is.) but: ls thereanyone in the kitchen? (l'm asking in general.)

No/not any can be used before countable anduncountable nouns. e.g. There are no cars on the street.There's no oxygen in space. No/not any and theircompounds (no one/not anyone, nothing/not anything,etc) are used in negations. e.g. There's no one in thebuilding. (= There isn't anyone in the building.) Any andits compounds are used with negative words (hardly,never, without, seldom, rarely, etc.) e.g. She seldom tatksto anyone. (not: She seldom talks to no one.)

- IrtfftYmuch is an adjective and is used before uncountablenouns. e.g. We haven't much milk in the fridge.many is an adjective and is used before countable nouns.e-9. There aren't many oranges in the fridge.

and MANY are usually used with negative verbs. Withverbs, many is preceded by a good/a great and

or many by so/as/too.Ihave won a great many prizes. She eafs too much bread.There were so many cars that we couldn't move.

*tmHffim

GOTIPAIAIIUT . $UPTRIIIIU IIIEITI

We use the comparative to compare one person or thing withanother. e.g. She is taller than me. We use the superlative tocompare one person or thing with more than one of the samegroup. e.g. She is fhe tallest in the team. We often use thanafter a comparative. e.g. He's faster than Jim. We normally usethe before a superlative. After superlatives, we use in. We canuse of before plurals. e.g. He rs fhe fastest runner in the team.He is the fastest of his friends.

NOTE: that clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle, narrow,pleasant, polite, shallow, simple, stupid, quiet form theircomparative and superlative forms with -erl-est or more/most.e.g. clever - cleverer - cleverest ALSO c/ever - more clever -most clever.

Spelling

o One-syllable adjectives ending in a vowel + aconsonant double the consonant. e.g. big - bigger _brggest

o Two-syllable adjectives ending in -ly, -y, -w also add-er / -est e.g. tiny - tinier (than) - the tiniest (of lin)

o Adjectives of two or more syllables take more/most e.g.creative - more creative (than) - the most creative (of lin)

r Adverbs having the same form as their adjectives add -erl-est e.g. hard - harder - the hardest

r two-syllable or compound adverbs take more/most e.g.efficiently - more efficiently - the most efficienily

good - better - best manylalot of - more - mostbad - worse - worst little - less - leastmuch - more - most far - farther/further - farthest/furthest

lrregular FormsTypes of Comparisons

o as... (positive degree) ... ase.g. He is as fal/ as his brother.not so/as ... (positive degree) ... ase.g. She rsnt as fasf as Sa//y.

o prefer + -ing form / noun + to + -ing form/noune.g. He prefers winter to summer.

Any is used before countable or uncountable nouns. e.g. o Two-syllable adjectives ending in a consonant + _y,Are there any pears left? Is there any juice in the fridge? replace -y with -ie. e.g. tidy _ tidier _ tidiest (but: grey _Any and its compounds (anyone, anything, etc) are greyer - greyest)normally used in questions. e.g. ls there anything t cando? They can also be used in positive sentences meaning Formation"lt doesn't matter how/what/when/where/which/who,'. e. o.you can take anybody with you. Any and its

"orpouio"s

o one-syllable adjectives add -(e)r / '(e)st to form theircan be used after if in a positive sentence.

" g tiyoi i"t :.Tparative

and superlative forms. e-g' tall - taller (than) -

anyone, t,tt be angry. -' -'e' " r -- '-"

the tallest (of lin), close - closer (than) - the closest (of lin)

lr3

*rnmxrr Hffirrxnr

o would prefer + to -inf + rather than + inf. without toe.g. l'd prefer to watch TV rather than go out.

o would rather + inf. without to + than + inf. without toe.g. I'd rather go swimming than play tennis.

r less ... (positive degree) ... thane.g. I have less free time now than I had last week.the least... (positive degree) ... of/ine.g. He is the least hard working of all.

fi,rsfiHT gffi

MAKilG [flrUSIl0ll$

We use may/might/could + present infinitive to expresspossibility about something that is true at the moment ofspeaking, or will happen in the future. e.g. Tom may passhis driving tesf this time. (ltis possib/e thatlPerhaps he willpass hls driving test.)We use may/might/could + present infinitive to expresspossibility about something that happened in the past.e.g. She looks miserable. She may have lost her job.(Perhaps she has lost her iob.) Where was Janetyesterday?I don't know. She might have gone shopping. (Perhapsshe went shopping.)We use could + perfect infinitive to talk about somethingwhich was possible but didn't actually happen.e.g. lt's a miracle you are alive! You could have beenkilled. (Luckily, you weren't.)We use can't/couldn't + present infinitive to talk aboutsomething that is logically impossible to be true.e.g. She can't be a lifeguard. She hafes swimming! (l'msure she rs not a lifeguard.)We use must + present infinitive to talk about somethingthat is logically possible to be true. e.g. He must be veryangry. He hasn't stopped shouting since he arrived. (l'msure he is angry.)NOTE: can't, in this case, is the opposite of must. e.g. /fcan't be true! lt must be a lie. (l'm sure ft's not true! l'msure it's a lie.)We use can't/couldn't + perfect infinitive to make anegative deduction about something that happened in thepast. e.g. She can't have lost her way! After all, she grew

up in this area! (l'm sure she hasn't lost her way.)r We use must + perfect infinitive to make a

to talk about something very possible that happenedpast. e.g. She musf have rnissed the train as she'son time. (l'm sure she has mlssed the train.)

wru&Y ffisP[[IIGIPlTS

o Present participles (the infinitive of the verb +describe what somebody or something is.e.g. He is a very amusing person. The pertormancefascinating.

o Past participles (the infinitive of the verb +ed/d orirregular past participle form) describe howfeels. e.g. We were amused by his jokes. Wefascinated by the pertormance.

T'IPRT$$ITIG PRTITRTT{GTS

would rather = I'd prefer

o when the subject of would rather is also the subjectfollowino verb:

+ Present bare infinitive(present/future reference)e.g. She'd rather stay in than go outfor

dinner.I'd rather

+ Perfect bare infinitive (past reference)e.g. He'd rather have gone to Boston

to Seattle.

o when the subject of would rather is different from theof the following verb:

+ Past Simple (present/future reference)e.g. I'd ratheryou did the washing-up

I'd rather+ Past Perfect (past reference)

e.g. l'd rather we had visited them

prefer + gerund/noun + to + gerund/nounpreference) e.g. I prefer listening to the radio toTV. I prefer fish to meat.

o prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare(general preference) e.g. She prefers to stay homethan go out.

o would prefer + full infinitive +infinitive (specific preference) e.g.sailing rather than go skiing.

I would prefer to

o would rather + bare infinitive + than + bare

rather than +

Forms of the infinitive

Present infinitivePresent continuousinfinitivePerfect infinitivePerfect continuousinfinitive

Active Passive

to doto be doing

to have doneto have beendoing

to be done

to have been done

ll4

e.g. I would rather visit the museum than go to the

SrumHilrm

lIG PII$IIIUT OR IITGAIIUTIIiltilr

We use so with a similar meaning to "also" to agree with apositive statement:so + auxiliary + verb + subjecte.g. - I love Chinese food.

- S o d o l .- I had a great time at the party last night.- So dld l.

We use neither and nor with a similar meaning to "alsonot" to agree with a negative statement:neither/nor + auxiliary + subjecte.g. - I don't like vanilla ice-cream.

- Neither do l.- I won't go to the pafi because I'm tired.- Nor will L

tT 22

T[RilI

We use have + object + past participle to say that wearrange for someone to do something for us.e.g. Tom hired a builder to build a shed. + Tom had ashed built. (He didn't do it himself - the builder did it.)The order of words (i.e. have + object + past participle)must not be changed because if it does, the meaning ofthe sentence will be changed. e.g. He had his carrepaired. = He employed someone to repair his car. but:He had repaired his car = He (himself) repaired his car.The negative and intenogative of the present and pasttenses are formed with do. e.g. I have my house cleanedevery week. -t Do you have your house cleaned every

+ I don't have my house cleaned every week.had my chimney swept. -t Did you have your chimney

swept? + I didn't have my chimney swept.

Simplehis room. + He has his room cleaned.

+ He is having his room cleaned.

-t He had his room cleaned.

Continuouscleaning his room.

his room.

cleaning his room. -t

Simpleclean his room.

Perfectcleaned his room. +

He was having his roomcleaned.

He will have his roomcleaned.

He has had his roomcleaned.

He must have his roomcteaned.

I lb

clean his room.

lrregulur Verbsl'ta

oearbeatbecomebeginbiteblowbreakbringbui ldburnburstbuycancatchchoosecomecostCUI

deald igdo

- dreamdrinkdriveeatfallfeedfeelfightfindfleeflyforbidforgetforgivelreezegetgtvegogrownangnavehearhidehitholdhurtKeepKNOW

layleadlearnleaVelendlet

1 1 ni l0

WAS

borebeatoecamebeganbitblewbrokebroughtbui l tburnt (burned)burstboughtcouldcaughtchosecameCOSI

cutdealt

oeenborn(e)beatenDecomeoegunbittenblownbroken

COSI

cutdealt

l iel ighttosemaKemeanmeelpay

Past

sewn

lainlitlostmaoemeantmetpaidputread /red/riddenrungrisenrunsaidseensoughtsoldsentset

brought Putbuilt read lri:.dl

burnt (burnedl ride

burst rlng

bought rlse

(been able to) run

caught say

chosen see

come seek

hidden swlm

hitheldhurtkeptKNOWN

laid

taytitlostmaoemeantmetpaidputread lredlrooerangroseransaidSAW

soughtsoldsentsetsewedshookshoneshotshowedshutsangsatsleptsmelt (smelled)spokespelt (spelled)spentsplitspreadsprangstoodstolestuckstungstank (stunk)struckSWOTE

sweptswamtooktaughttoretoldthoughtthrewunderstoodwokeworewonWTOIE

sellsenoset

oug dug ":*did oone shake

dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) snrne

drank drunk shoot

orove driven snow

ate eaten shut

fell fallen slng

fed fed sit

felt felt sleep

fought fought smell

found found sPeak

fled fled sPell

flew {lown sPend

forbade forbidden sPlit

forgot forgotten sPread

forgave forgiven sPrlng

froze troien stand

got got steal

gave tiuen stick

went gone sting

grew tro*n stink

hung (hanged) fiung (hanged) strike

had had swear

heard heard sweeP

shakenshoneshotsnownshutsungsatslept

hidhitheldhurtkeptKnewlaid

taketeachteartell

spentsplitspreadsprungstoodstolenstucksrungstunkstruckSWOTN

sweprswumtakentaughttorntoldthoughtthrown

smeltspokenspelt

wokenwornwonwritten

led ledlearnt (learned) learnt (learned)left leftlent lentlet let

th inkthrowunderstandwakewearwtnwrite

go withgoldengymhelpfulhigh-heeled shoeshookedhoroscopehorror filmhoweverI hope soimaginativeimmatureincludeintelligentjacketjoinkindlazyleading roleleggingslips with down-turning

cornersloyalmalematchmeanmiddle-agedneatlyon the other handopinionoutgoingovaloverallsparticipate (in)perfectpermanent statepersonalityphysical appearanceplumppolo-neckpopularitypositivequicktemperedraiderratherreceptionreservedresponsiblerudescarfscene

scheduled actionscience fiction storysecretiveself-centredself-confidentselfishsensitiveshapeshareshinyshoot a sceneshoulder-lengthshysilkysimilar qualitiessl imstubbornsubjectsuccessfulsuit (n)suit (v)T-shirttake a look at sb/sthtemporary situationtend (to)thoughttidytietimetabletracksuittrainerstreasuretriptrusttry onunreliableupperupturnedV-neck jumperwaistcoatwavyweddingwell-builtwidewords of wisdom

Unit 2abroadactactually

tnril til*taddadverbs of frequencyAlsatianappearancearchitecturearticleas well asauxiliary verbbark \

battlebe wil l ing tobeliefborebright starcarpetcarrycharacteristicclose tocollectioncommentcompanycomplexioncomplicatedconclusioncountrysidecreatecreativecurrentlydailydangerdestroydown-to-earthenvironmentally{riendlyeverydayexciteexpectextremelyfall in love with sbfamous forfashion showfatteningfeaturefigurefind outformfree timegardeningget sb into troubleglamourhandsomehardly any

111

tmt *f*Ihardly everharmheadingnugeimportantin the public eyeinformationinterestinterviewintroductionjustificationlawyerlead a (happy, busy, etc)lifelifestylelook afterlook forlook forward to sth/doing sthlook uplooksmachinemain bodymain verbmedalmermaidnatural beautynatureoccasionallyoutstandingovercomepatientpay attention topleasurepopular (with)porterpossessionpotteryprivaterarelyrelative pronounsrelaxedremainreporterrestreveal

' romanticroutinesensibleshow offsnynesssidesinsinceres ink

118

sit in the shadowsslendersortspeak one's mindstar (in)start a familystraightstrong viewstunningsucceed inSUCCESS

suitcasetalenttannedterrorthe crowdsthe environmenttypicaluncomfortableunderneathvacuum cleanervampirewait forwonoerwrinkle

Unit 3a bitaccommodationamazingancientArchaeological MuseumblowDreezebul l f ightcakecalmcamp-siteCathedralcavechasecheerfulconcertcoolcovered withcrowdeddefinite timedel ic iousdelighteddepresseddessertdirectionsdisgusting

enjoyableespeciallyexcellentexcitedexoticexperienceexploreextractfabulousfascinatingferryfilthyfish curryfoldfreezinggo ongorgeousgreetingsguest-househave funholiday resorthorribleimpressionincredibleinterruptjoyfull ightlight up (lit - lit)l ightninglocal peoplelousylucki lymagnificentmangomapmarvellousmentionmiserablemoodyNational Parkopen-airorganisepaellapalacepersonal experiencepersuadepineapplepour with rainput on weightrecentrefreshedrhinosandy beachscared (of sb/sth

scuba-diveserviceshowersightssightseeingsl ipslopesnailsnowmanstadiumstatementsticky weatherstormysunbathesunshinetake picturestake placetantastetempleterribleThat soundg greatthe early hourstown centretraditionaltwist one's ankleunderl ineunderwateruneasyunfortunatelyunfriendlyunpackvisible resultwallzwild animal

Unit 4a short drive awayappointmentatmosphereattractionbe surrounded bybridgeby chancecable carcar exhaust fumescar parkcarry oncenturycertainlychaletchemist'schirping

holiday of alifetime

time of one's life

advise you toparlourof sb/sth

Pacific Oceanpalm treeparadisepeacepeacefulperformpetrolpick uppicturesquepost officerecentlyrecommendrefer to sb/sthrelaxingrollRoman bathsrouterun afterrun into sbrun out ofrun overrustlingsaltyscenerySENSE

shadeshake hands with sbsightskyscrapersmellsnorkell ingsoilsouthwesternsouvenirstalestationstatuesteepstrawstreamsuitable forsunsetsuntan oiltaletastelesstheme parktinyturningwatersportswavewetwindsurfingyou can't miss it

Unit 5admireaim at (sb/sth)al ienalong withambulanceannoyedanxiouslyappearapproachas black as nightavoidbackground descriptionbased onbaybe involved inbehaviourbitterly coldboomboredbotherbranchbubblecagecliffcloudlesscovercrycutdentistdesperatelydigdiscdoorbelldurationedgeembarrassedeventexam roomfaintfirefistflash of lightningflashing lightsfootstepsfurfuriousgaspgentlegladgrabgrow widehave a bath

ilm* tl$his face went redhisshold on to sb/sthholehorroricyin progressjungle floorjustifykneelandlivelylose one's balancelowermidnightmonstermoonlessnarrowneryousnoticepalepathpebblypine treepleasedpoolpour downprofessorpythonrain heavilyraincoatraindropraiserealiserelated toreliefrepetitionrockyroughrowsafesailsails

screamset the sceneshakeshapeshineshivershockedsigh

ltg

scarscent

silen

ilt*r$ tlmtsilversimilarsirensnowysoaked to the skinspaceshipstare (at)stiffstrangelystrangerstreet lampsuppersurprisedsweatytapteartear (tore - torn)terrifiedthri l ledthundertitletree-coveredtrembleturn (a)roundvanousversionviewweaklywhisperwide openwind (wound - wound)

Unit 6absence of necessityalligatorangry-lookingas a resultattackbackbe about to do sthbe fast asleepbeakbend (bent - bent)blockboringbraceletbreak throughbushcameracertaincirclecircusclaw

120

climatecompansonconfusedcontinentoangerousoegreedinosaurdisappeardisturbdivedo something wrongdressed indust cloudearthechoenormousentertainingentrance ticketentryeverything went blackexceptexhibitexperimentfade awayfeaturefeedfeel (felt - felt)f ingerfootfor (quite) a long timefreeze (froze - frozen)funfunfairgiantgiraffegraduallygroundgrowlinggruntingguestguidebookhabitatharmlesshave a headacheheighthidehi t lhippohit (hit - hioidentifyin fearIn groupsjaw

landlightlighterlizardmean (meant - meant)meat-eatingmediummemorymeteoritemi l l ionmissingmove aroundmuseum guidenecknotebookobligationopen areaout of the waypickpick sb/sth uppilepocketpoisonouspractiseprehistoricprohibitionpterodactylpushreach our destinationrise up (rose - risen)roarsave upsealshadowsharpsignsizeSNAKE

spacespearspiderstart a firestarvestripesummarysurroundswoop downswordsynonymtailtake a bite out of sthteamtheory

time periodtouchtypeunclearuniversityvalleyvaluablesvehicleviciousnessvisiblevoiceweakwork onyell

Unit 7afterwardsaloneangri lyasleepbe injuredbeggarblastboardbreak downbreak intobreak outbreak upbriefcaseburglarby forcecar enginecheekchil lchinachronological ordercockpit doorconsequencecoolcountry lanecrackcracklingcrash of thundercreakdevelopdifferent-coloureddownstairsdraw the curtainsdryenterentitledexclaimexplain

sandsequence of eventssettle (in)sharkSNOW

sreepyspacespeakerspeed awayspinesqueezestaircasestickstickystormsuggestsupposetake a breaktake a sipteapotto one's relieftowardsrrayturn onup ahead in the distancewaitresswarwarmweaponweepwelcome (adj)welcome (n)What's next?wrinkled

Unit 8abilityaccentacceptadviceaffordalternativelyapply foras soon asat leastattendattitudebabysitbe of (some) helpbitebr i l l iantbusycease

chancecharitychild-minding centrecross outcruisecut outdiarydiet pi l lemployeeencouragementexam centreexpeflencefactoryfattyfurtherget bettergive sb a callgo on a diethaircuthard timeshopein this wayintentioninvitationjoinlet me knowlie (lay - lain)make (new) friendsmake fun of sb/sthmeetingMISS

miss out onmoveofferoffice managerofficiallyon-the-spot decisionparttime jobpasspensionerphaseposepositionpositiveposrpredictionprepare forpresentpresidentpriceprtzepromotionreach a certain agerecommendation

trril tlrlrefuserequestretake an examretirereviseringrun intoschoolmateseekseizesetsituationsolutionsuggestsummer campsympathyteasetrafficturn offusefuluselesswhetherwish sb good luckworking motherworkplaceworried about

Unit 9accuse sb of sth/doingsthambit ionamongan army of menand so it was doneanxrousBCbe defeatedbil lblock of stoneblowbring sb inbrush the dust offcasuallychariotcharmcheerc iv i lwarcommit (murder, a crime,etc)controlcrowdcurly-haireddisaster

121

#nril tf*temperorend inenemyfriendshipgather around (sb/sth)generalgeometricallyguardhieroglyphicsnornI happen to knowin charge ofin wonderincredibleinstead ofintel l igenceintroductory verbkingdomland (n)land (v)let go of sb/sthl ielook like (sb/sth)lose one's mindmade ofmarchmilitary uniformmurderoldJashionedpatientpatientlyplacepoint at (sb/sth)pyramidquestionnairequotation marksreactrelationshipride in sth (rode - ridden)roberoyalrush (off)sandalscreamsignalspare sb's lifespeak out againstspin (spun - spun)stand before sbstepsupernatural forcetake control ofthe Seven Wonders of

the Ancient World

thronethrow (threw - thrown)tontraitortravelthrough t imewalk the dogweighwork against

Unit 10a thing of the pastabsolutelyaccording toappropriateas far as sb/sth is con-

cernedasthmaauthoraveragebe up to sbbenefitbrightcalculationcancercarriagecarry outcitizencity centreclearlycome acrosscome backcome intocome rounocommunicate (by/with)contactcreamcreativecurecut sth downdamagedecreasedemonstratediscoverdiseasedramaticallye-maileducationelectricenthusiasmessentialexpandfearfor the better

foreseeform of energyfurthermoregenetic engineeringget rid ofget worsegovernmentharmfulhealthyhouseworkhousinghumanimprovein additionin my opinionin my viewincreasinglyinventisolatedit seems to be thatlevellifespanlifetimel inklonelymagazinemainlandmake contact with sbmanageMarsmental arithmeticmoreoverno matter hownovelnowaoaysoptimisticpartnerper centplanetpollut ionpreviousprogramquiterainforestready-maderegularlyreplacerubbishrulerrun onscientistsocietysolar-powered

statesubmitsurveytransporttraveltreattypewriterundergroundVenusvirtual realityworrywoundyacht

Unit 11accidentbatterybe in agonybe overbe poisonedblanketbleed (bled - bled)boardbottombrakeschaincheckchemicalchestchokecollide withcompasscrashcrash intocrawlcriticismdesertdrowneventuallyfire brigadefirefighterfirst of allfishermanfishing boatgateget lostgive upgo for a driveicebergin flamesin the distancein t imeiron

122

my way home

adventureagentavoidback streetbe shotbeardbehavecanoecarvedclubcolleaguecolonisedate of birthdiamonddiverequipmentexamineexpeditionexpertexplorerfascinatefightingfoxfreegreennesshave no choicehelmethelp outhelp sb to their feethornin good condit ioninnocentislandknock sb to the groundlight bulbmake an attemptmerchantmoustachenationalnecklaceoarobservation campoccupyoceanomitpartpieceplace of birthprevent (from)princeprotectradiumraftraise obiections

reach into one's pocketrealrectangularremalnssailsai lsset foot on sthset sailset upshieldsimplyslavesoldierstraight aheadsurfacetake notice oft ietired of sth/doing sthtourtrueTV networkwarriorweaverwoooenwreck

Unit 13ashbe trappedbeat (beat - beaten)blockblow downblow offbreak sth into piecesburiedcandlecasualtiescattlechattycollapsecope withcratercrew membercut offdebrisdestructiondetaileddrop offdroughtearthquakeelectricity cablesemergencyemotlon

trrt tlrteruptexplodefaminefinefireplaneflamefloodingfood suppliesforce (n)force (v)formalfrequentlyfurygasget overgrowheadlineheathit (hit - hit)homelesshurricanein detailinforminvestigationit shook me awakejournalistknocklastlavalightning stormmassivemeanwhilemeasuremedical suppliesmedicinemotoristmountmountainsidemuonews reportownerplane crashpoorpourpour outprisonput offput upRed Crossregionreleaserescue workerresidentrun out

r23

tnril ilmtsceneshelterSMOKE

stagestarvingstatesteamstrike (struck - struck)stylesurroundingsurvrvortake actiontemporarilythe authoritiesthe Richter scaletheftthickTown Halltremendousturn intovastvictimviolentvolcanic cloudvolcanic eruptionvolcanovolunteerwaste (n)waste (v)weather conditionsweather reporter

Unit 14a different storya great dealal l things consideredas long asaudiencebe aware ofbe in better healthbecome a hitbesidesbonebrieflybutchercarecareercombat soldierconfidentconsidercontractcountlesscourageous

124

dedicateddefinitelydepend on sb/sthdivedrawbackdream (of)driving l icencedustmanearnenemy territoryexperiencedfireflight attendantfollow sb's advicefor and againstfumegive sb a lifthandleidentifyimaginary situationin conclusionin needindoorsinstrumentkeep sth secretlikely tomenometalmissionmphnetneverthelessnews reporterno rongeropticianotherwiseparachutepartnerpermanentpetroltankphone bi l lphysical strengthpresentprofessionproofpublic attentionqualified forrather thanregretrenewresponsible forrestaterewardingrisk

separateseriouslyshootski l lsociablesomersaultspysteadystressfulsummarisesurgeontake caretalentedthankful forthe pros and consthri l lt i r ingtopictoughtraffic wardentrainingtrapeze aftisttrickytwist my kneetypistuniformvetwell-paidwhen it comes tosth/doing sthwork long hours

Unit 15adventurerask for troublebad-temperedbarbatbe concerned aboutsb/sthbil l iardsbinocularsbootsbrainbrushcanvascardsclubcoachcomparecompetitioncontrastdarts

derivedelementenergyexperienceextreme sportface to face withfancyfishing rodfitfl ippersglovegogglesgolf coursehookideali n excellent/good/bad,etc physical conditionin factit doesn't matterit's worthjetjet-skiingknee padsknittinglay (laid - laid)leaplife jacketl ightmagicianmagnifying glassmaskmeaningmountaineermuscleneedleorganisedoxygen tankP.E. (physicalpaddlepalettepanicparaglidingpatternpoolprizeprofessionalproperqualityraceraftingrarereplyrequireresult

0npart in sthriskssth to its limits

of the guard

offsb/sth before sb

close in on sb/sthcome freeconquerorcurseddead-end streetoragDukeescapefoolgathergoldfishGothichave a coldhistoricalimpressiveinstallintonationladderlockoroerplagueposterraceread sth outrebuildresidenceRoyal Standardset sth on firesignificancesilencesoaking wetsprcyspreaosuspiciouslythe Crown jewelsthudtourist information centretoweltowertwinsvegetablesweightwildly

Unit 17adultall-powerfulannounceas for sb/sthas strong as an oxas stubborn as a muleattackeroan

bleatbravebuzzcalfcallcarry a diseasecatcharacteristicchimpanzeecluckcome alongconservationistCTOSS

deaddeclaredeepdemanddevelopdiffer (in sth)domesticdoubtdr ink l ike a f isheat like a horseemperor pengulnendangeredevilextinctionfairy talefarm animalfear for sb/sthfight againstfight like cat and dogflock of sheepfrighten awaygrassgrey foxguardharp sealhave sth in common (withsb/sth)have the right to dosomethingherd of cowshowlhuman beinghunteri l legalin favour of sb/sthin the wi ldincreasedindustryinsistinstructions

ilrril lfrtjaguarjungletawleopardlethallike a fish out of waterLittle Red Riding Hoodlorrylovelymammalmanemraowmirrormisunderstoodmoonameneighnestover-populatepack of wolvespawpetpride of l ionsproud (of sb/sth)quackratrecogniserespectriskroarsafelyschool of whalessea turtlesnares imi leskinsnapping jawsolvespecresspell ing rulesti l lsuperbswallowswampswarm of beestamethe black widow spidertonetradingtraditionallytropicaltrunktusk

r25

tar* lil*funder threatvaluablevirtuewhiskerswing

Unit 18absorbactadaptadoptaffirmativeallergybecome extinctbreathebreathing problemsbring aboutcarbon dioxidecattle farmcausechimneyclean upcompanyconsequentlycontaminatecropscut downoamagedevelopdomesticdumpeffectexhaust fumesfacefaultfight forfilterget aroundget involved ingive offgive outgravehealhungerimmediatelyin powerindustrialis home toissuelack of sthlitterliving conditionsIOSS

126

majormake spacenativeoilo i l tankeroxygenpoemprepare the way forproductproduction methodpublic transportpurposeput pressure on sb (to dosth)put sth into practicerecycling schemereducerepairrun drysealifestomachsuffer fromsurvivaltechnologythereforethreaten with extinctionto make matters worsewake up to sthwaterywildlife parkyet

Unit 19apologise forapple pieargumentartichokeauberginebakeoarbeansbeef currycabbagecanchipscomplaintconsiderationcorncrabcreamycrispscruelcucumber

customerdairy productsdecordietdisastrouseyesightfrogful l namegarlicgenegenerationgenetic engineergive birth tograpefruit juicegrapesgreasyhamnormonehotjamjuicylamb chopslettucelife formloaflobsterluxuriousmain coursemake suremanagermattermembermothmushroommusselnormallynutritiousomeletteonionpass onpeachpearpepperpotpoultryprawnproduceprotest againstpumpkinqualityquantityreal-liferichroast beef

salmonsaltysausagescorpionseafoodserioussignaturesl icesoupsoya beansspil lstartersteaksteak and kidney piestrawberrystrongsurnamesweettoughtransfertrouttrustturkeywaiterwatermelonwhat is moreyoghurtYours faithfullyYours sincerely

Unit 20aliveappointmentbesidebubble-carcertainchange one's mindcircularcost of livingdaylightdeductiondevelopdropexaminationfloatglassglobalwarminggrowhardlyheadlightshydrogeninchlose one's way

separated fromser

celebratecharacterchaseclassiccomedycomplicatedconvincingcostumedating showdetective (film)directdisappointingdisapprove ofdocumentaryembarrassescapeessayevilfall asleepfirmfond ofgalaxygiganticneronumorousI don't think much of i timaginaryintend toinvolveinvolvinglandscapelaser weaponleadermiss the chance to do sthmovingmythmythologyone's idea of sthoriginallyout of this worldouter spaceperformanceplay a bigger/major etc.rolepreferencequiz showrealisticreleaseresponoreviewrideromancescriptsea parK

shockingsil lysoap operasound effectspace adventurespecial effectsspecificsports programmestreet childsuspensetable tennistake aftertake offtake overtake upterrifyingthemethri l ltrilogyuniversevil lainwell-madewell-writtenwhale

Unit 22antique shopaftifactatomic bombauthenticautomobilebarelybe goneblazingchauffeurconsciousdarl ingdeliverdiscoveryfamiliarfire alarmfire brigadefire enginegiftgraduatehydrogen bombin factInstitute for AdvancecStudiesinventorit was all in his mindk.p.h.laboratory

trnl llnllecturelose consciousnessmaidmechanicmendphysicspolishpreparationsqualificationreddenreportresearchrespectedreturnreunionsaleswomanscientificserviceset the tableshoppingshortensteelframestretcherraptelescopethrow one's arms aroundsbturn tounansweredwalletwaterwedding anniversarywheelwholewonder

121

Fq"l

-${uf sffiruffiiffi

Pre-reading Artiuities

1 Look at the pictures and match the dishes (A-D) tothe countries where they are traditionally eaten( t -4).

Iocnl Dishes

fish and chipslrish stewburger and fr ies . . . . .pancakes andmaple syrup

pieces of deepJried potato,sprinkled with salt and vinegarsyrup made from the sap ofthe maple treemeat, potatoes, onions, carrotsand parsley

1234

AB

D

lrelandUSACanadaBritain

For which of the dishes aboveneed these ingredients?

1 100 grams of minced beef,grilled or fried

f,eadinl

3 a) Read the texts and answer thethen use your dictionary to look upin bold.

A ffilee sftd *&np* B ,Snm& $tchj

(A-D) would you

One of Britain's best-known meals is fish andchips. It is not only delicious, but also a part ofBritish culture.

The fish is covered in batter (made from eggs,milk and flour) then fried in hot oil. When cooked.the batter is crispy and the piece of fresh fish insideis soft, This is served with chips, pieces of deep-fried potato, which are then sprinlded with salt andvinegar.

Fish and chip shops have been around since thel9th cenfury. It was traditional in parts of Britain toeat fish and chips on Friday evening. Familieswould usually buy them from their nearest shopand senre them at home. It used to be quite acheap meal and was often senred wrapped in

fury Irish person willtell you that the bestIrish stew is theone their mothermakes. In fact, notwo Irish stewsare the same,because everyonewho cooks ilchanges the recipe intheir own way.

Originally, Irish stew was adish that poorer people made because itwas cheap and tilling. The mainwere lamb and potatoes, both of whichto find in Ireland. Other ingredients wereonions, carrots and parsley.

Today, Irish stew is still the same basica kind of thick soup or casserole madepotatoes and vegetables. However, therecipe varies to suit individual tastesavailability of ingredients. ForIrish immigrants in America found beefcheaper and more available than lamb,they used beef instead. Some recipes

.|30

changed this simple dish into a gourmet

*F*n*mhs* t*tt& #4qMs%

Canada's most famous dish is pancakes

with maple synrp. It is traditionally eaten for

brealdast, and can be found on the menu inpractically every diner in the country'

Pancakes are made from eggs, milk and flour,

and they are cooked on a griddle. They are round

and guite thick, and they are senred with maple

symp poured over the toP.Maple synrp is made from the sap of the

sugar maple tree. The sap is collected from the

trees in early spring, then boiled until it turns

into a golden synrp. The syrup is deliciouswhen poured on ice-cream, waffles -

and, of course, pancakes,

ffi*ng$e fisd W*te*s

A burger and fries is by far the most popular

type of meal bought in the US. In fact, Americans

buy almost 5 bitlion burgers a year! This

popularity has spread around the world with thegrowth of international "fast food" restaurant

chains,Many people say that the first burger was

served at the St Louis World's Fair in 1904' The frst

chain of burger restaurants started with the Wtite

Castle burger in 1921, and it was a $eat success.

The classic burger is made from about 100

grams of minced beef which is fried or grilled.

then served in a bun covered with sesarne seeds.

The growing popularity of vegetarianism has

also led to burgers made from soya bean "meat"

instead. Fries, also called French fries, are

Which text(s) - A, B, C or D - mention(s) a dish '.

1 that may be fried in oil?

2 that includes meat?

3 traditionally eaten in the morning?

4 some of whose ingredients maYvary?

trDtrn

ntrD

5 traditionally eaten on a particular

day of the week? Ll

b) Read the texts again and find words which are

similar to words in your own language.

c) Match the highlighted words to their

synonyms, then explain them in your own

language.

surely; changes; presented; tasty; simple; typical

w$[eaking

What are the most popular traditional dishes in

your country?What do you know about their

history, how they are made, etc?

What food would you recommend to somebody

visit ing your country for the first t ime?

13.|

3 SlrunoeCrenlures

b)

c)

Pre-readingActiuities

Look at the pictures.Whichshows ...o a Tasmanian devil. acassowary . akoa lao akakapo o apengu ino akangaroo o aplatypuso a kiwi . an emuo a wombat?

What animals or birds do youknow that are native toAustrafia or New Zealand?

f,eadinI

a) Read the texts, answerthe questions and explainthe words in bold.

Which animals/birds mentionedare native to a) Australia andb) New Zealand?Which animal/bird mentionedeats . . .a) dead sheep?b) eucalyptus leaves?c) frogs, worms and shellfish?d) farmers' crops?List all of the a) marsupials andb) flightless birds mentioned inthe texts.

Read the texts again andgive synonyms for thehighlighted words.

Find words which are similarto words in your ownlanguage.

AUSTRALIAthe land,Down Under,,

has manyffispecies of animalsand birds not found anywhere

else in the world

&Kmx.waap$m&wMarsupials are mammals that give birth to tiny

young, which spend the first part of their lives in theirmother's pouch - such as the kangaroo with her

ffi (called a Joey') in the picture on the right.The baby kangaroo measures only 2.5 cm at birth,and is carried in the mother's pouch for 6-8 months.

't

.. :* .. ._, Half of the world's species of marsupials

ffi are found only in Australia or Papua New, Guinea. Other Australian marsupials

include wombats and koalas.Koalas live, eat and sleep in the branches

of eucalyptus trees, only coming down tomove to another tree. Eucalyptus leaves

the koala's main source of both foodwater.

134

WKfrg$n&Keswffi$wffiw

Also native toAustralia are twoIarge, flightlessbirds - the emu,shown here, and thecassowary. Both birds have huge

bodies and long legs, and are fast

runners. The cassowary lives in the

tropical rain forest, and is dangerous

because it has very sharp claws. The

emu lives in deserts, plains and

forests, and farmers consider

it a ffibecause it eats their

4 Nnlurttl Wonrlersre-reading Actiuities

1 Look at the pictures (l to 4). Which shows ...o a waterfall?. a canyon? . . . . . . .o a mountain?o a huge rock?

2 Which of the globes (A to D) shows ...o The Northern Territory, Australia ...o The Zambezi River, between Zimbabwe/

Zambiao Arizona, USA.,, tn" Himalayas, between Nepal/Tibet ...

,[eading

3 a) Read the texts and answer the questions,then explain the words in bold. Finally giveopposites for the highlighted words.

Which place(s)

1 is the highest on Earth? tr2 were named after

a famous person? tr tr3 changes colour? tl4 were formed by a river? tl5 belongs to a mountain

range? f|

b) Make notes under the following headings todescribe each ofthe natural wonders.

o Name (Engtish/tocat)o Locationo Type of feature (e.g. mountain)o Size (height/width/etc)o Age (if mentioned). Date first climbed/discovered/etc by Europeans (if

mentioned)o Other details

c) Read the texts again and lind words which aresimilar to words in your own language.

Which of these natural wonders do you find mostimpressive, and why?

What impressive/well-known natural wonders are therein your country? Briefly describe one or two of them.

The S

VictoriaEngl ish

mighty waZambezi RiverZambia and

which is 1.7and 108 metres deep.

European to see the falls was ScottishDavid Livingstone, on 16th November

named the falls in honour of Britain,s eueenThe falls produce a huge cloud of spray, whi

seen more than 100 km away. The sprtremendous noise of the water give the failsname, Mosi - oa - tunya - ,The smoke that

.|36

The Roof of the World

Mount Everest is the highest point on thesurface of our planet, rising 8,848 metres

above sea level. lt is part of the Himalayas,the mountain range between Nepal and Tibet.

It was first climbed by New Zealander; Sir EdmundHillary, and his Nepalese guide, Tenzing Norgay, on29th May, 1953.

W Grand CanyonThe Grand Canyon in Arizona, USA, was

formed by the Colorado River cutting deeplythrough layers of rock.

This began about 6 mi l l ion years ago, and hasresulted in a canyon 446 kilometres long and asmuch as 1.6 ki lometres deep. Some parts of the

canyon are only 200 metres wide, while in placesit is 29 kilometres across.

UluruUluru, in Australia's Northern Territory,

is the largest rock in the world. lt is asingle piece of red limestone formedabout 550 million years ago. Uluru is335 metres high and has acircumference of 9 kilometres. Atsunset it turns a brilliant orange-red.

Uluru is important in the religion of

the Aborigines, and is a sacred place formany of them. There are caves in the rock,with carvings which tell ancient Aboriginalstories.Many people used to call Uluru Ayers Rockbecause in 1873 the first white man toclimb the rock named it in honour of SirHenry Ayers, a political leader of the time.

137

Iondonl5 IrunsporlPre-readlng ftnliuitlr

1 How many means of public transportcan you think ofl What are theadvantages andlor disadvantages ofeach one?

teadins

2 a) Read the texts and say what eachof the dates or figures ( | - I 0) refersto, then explain the words in bold.

The Tuberj ':;i j: The London Underground train service -

eSIIll {&

l$llffifrTxs

1 '1643

2 63 3 44 1 9 1 35 275

Like every big city,London has its traff icproblems, and get t ingaround can be diff icult. At

the same t ime, though, London'spublic transport system is not onlyone of the oldest in the world, but alsoone of the best.London is famous for i ts reddouble-decker buses, black cabsthe London Underground.

,i.tjt ' or the 'Tube', as Londoners call it - is the oldest

",o'" and largest in the world.

The f irst underground rai lway l ine opened inJanuary 1863. The l ine was only 6 km long, but otherswere soon started, and in 1890 a l ine was opened whichran under the River Thames.

Today the Tube has over 406 km of lines and 275stations. Passengers make a total of 3 mil l ion

journeys a day - in other words, an amazing 1bil l ion journeys a year.

@sF#aF{.U t

6 22,0007 18638 19879 25,000

10 1947

fla,i.,tl:!.:!i+!.5'j' ffi{'$fq!rydqtryw

tr

o About 18 million individual passengers a yearthe Tube - the same number as the populati

. The Tube has a total of 408 escalatorsand 112Waterloo Station has the most escalators, with

. During World War ll, when the city wasbombed in German air raids. LondonersTube station platforms as a place to

. The Underground logo (top,l, which is stilltoday, was designed in

As well as London's regular bus services, there arespecial double-decker buses, some with open tops, whichtake visitors on sightseeing tours of London's famouslandmarks and tourist attractions.

Another interesting way to see the sights of the city isto take a cruise along the Thames on a riverboat.

g,tack ca],{sl icensed public cabs have existed in

London since 1643. They were horse-drawn

then, of course. In fact, there were sti l l some

horse-drawn cabs in London as late as 1947.

By law, each cab had to have enough extra space to

carry a bale of hay for the horse. Although nowadays

London's black cabs are all motor cars, the old law about

extra space has sti l l not changed!

There are about 1 9,000 cabs in London and 22,000 drivers.

As well as a special driving test, l icensed cab drivers have to

pass a very diff icult test called the Knowledge of London.

To pass, a driver must know all about London and its hotels,

theatres, stations, hospitals, public buildings, restaurants, parks

and so on, as well as the shortest way to get to any of

them. As if that wasn't enough, the driver

has to know ALL oF rHE 25.000 srarss

within 10 km of the centre of the

city!

b) Read the texts again and givesynonyms for the highlighted words,then find words which are similar towords in your own language.

$peaking

Do you often use public transport?Why/Why not?

Does the town/city where you livehave a good public transport system?In what ways is it similar/different toLondon's public transport system?Does your town/city operate any eco-friendly means of transport? Whatare they?

The Docklands Light Railway wasopened in7987.It has 34 stations and

takes passengers between the citycentre and the Docklands area

in east London.

r39

Amerisan ln[lish British lnUlish Guide

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nmsriGan tnUlisll Britisn trglistl

antennacircle, rotarydefrosterdetourdivided highwayfenderflat (tire)gas, gasolinegas stationgear shifthigh beamshoodintersectioninterstate, highway,

freewaylow beamsminibusmotorcycleoverpassparking lotpass (vehicle, etc)pedestrian crossing

rental cartransmissiontruckturn signalswindshield

IrauellinU/Gnmmulinq

aerialroundaboutwindow heaterdiversiondual carriagewaywingflat tyre, puncturepetrolpetrol station, garagegear lever, stickful l l ightsbonnetcrossroadsmotorway

lights dippedvan/minibusmotorbike, motorcycleflyovercar parkovertake, passzebra crossing,

pedestrian crossinghire cargear ooxrorry, vanindicatorswind screen

aeroplanebaggage reclaimcoacntaxis ing lerailwayreturn (ticket)pavemenrunderground, tubesuoway

airplanebaggage claimouscabone-way (ticket)railroadround trip (ticket)sidewalksubwayunderpass

140

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(milk/cream in coffee)zucchini

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startersjacket potatogr i l lSWeetsconfectioner, sweett innedbiscuitsweetcorn, maizecandy flosspudding, sweet,auberginefish fingerschipsmrncejel lyjamporridgecnspsconservesblack or white

courgettes

llthers

accounlany place, anywhereapartmentarea cooeattorney, lawyerbackpackband aidbathrobebathtubbill (currency)bi l l ion : thousand

mi l l ionbl ind (n)botanical gardenoureaubusy (telephone)cal l , phonecheap (badly made/

done)check (restaurant)

bi l l , accountanywhereflatdialling code (phone)solicitorrucksacksticking plasterdressing gownbathbanknotebi l l ion = mi l l ion

hide (n)botanic gardenchest of drawersengagedring up, phone,cal lshoddy

b i t l

American tnglish - British tn[lish

Amcrican Ingli$h

clippingsclosetcloset (hanging clothes)connect (telephone)counter clockwisecrazycrib (for a baby)davenport, sofa, couchdesk clerkdish toweldown towndrapesoresserdruggistdrugstore, pharmacyoverallsduplexelevatorequip, f i t outeraserfallfaucetfire (v) (from

employment)first floor, second floor etcflashlightfreshman (at university)front deskgarbage, trashgarbage can, trash cangartersgradeintermissionjanitorJump ropelaundromatlay off (v)layoffl inelost and foundmailmailmanmake a reservationmathmoviemovie house/theaternews standnon-profit-organ ization,

not-for-profit

f,ritisn tnllisn

cuttingscupboardwardrobeput throughanticlockwisemadcotsofa,settee, couchreceptionisttea towelcentre (city/business)curtainschest of drawerschemistchemist's (shop)jeans, dungareessemi-detachedtiftfit (v)rubber, eraserautumntapsack

ground floor, first floor etctorch1st year undergraduatereceptionrubbishdustbin, binsuspendersclass, formintervalcaretaker, porterskipping ropelaundrettemake redundantredundancyqueuelost propertypostpostmanbookmathsfi lmctnemanewsagentcharity

lmgrigalt tnflisn 0riti$[ Inglish

nothing, zerooffice (doctor's/dentist's)on l ineopen houseoverallspacifierpants, trouserspantyhose, nylonsparkapocketbookpolo neckpool (pocket billiards)principalpublic schoolpurserent (a car)reservationsrest room

run (for election)sack lunchsales clerk, sales girlscheduleScotch tapeshopping cartshorts (underwear)sicksleep insneakerssoccersportsstand in linestore, shopsuspenderstelephone boothtrash bagtrickytuition (for schooling)two weeksundershirtvacationvacuum (n, v), vacuum

cleaner (n)VeStyaroz (pronounced "zee")zerozip code

ni lsurgeryon streamopen daydungareesdummytrouserstightsanorakpurse, walletroll neck, polo necksnookerheadmasterstate schoolhandbaghire (a car)bookingstoilet, cloakroom, public

conveniencestand (for election)packed lunchshop assistanttimetableSellotapeshopping trolleypantsi t ll ie intrainersfootballsportqueueshopbracestelephone boxbin l inerdodgyfeefortnight, two weeksVeStholidayhoover (n, v)

waistcoatgardenz (pronounced "zed")nought, ohpost code

141

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Gnammar

fimsnluan [||glish

lx[ressinns with pre[rsitions and

He just left. / He hasjust left.

We saw that film.

Did he hand in thereport yet?

Hello, is this David?

Do you have a ticket? /Have you got a ticket?

Britisn Ingli$n

He has just left.

We have seen that film.

Has he handed in thereport yet?

Hello, is that David?

Have you got a ticket?

lmeflsar Inulish

different from/than

live on X street

on a team

on the weekend

Monday through Friday

be in the hospital

in the future

Bfitl$h lngfisn

different fromito

live in X street

in a team

at the weekend

Monday to Friday

be in hospital

in future

aluminumanaryzecentercheck (n)colordefensehonorjewelrylaborpractice (n, v)programrealizetheatertiretrave(l)ler

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a lumin iumanalysecentrecheque (n)colourdefencenonourjewellerylabourpractice (n), practise (v)programmerealisetheatreryretraveller

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