Carrying Capacity of Mines in Bellary District EMPRI 2007 09 (2)

Study on Carrying Capacity to Develop Industrial Siting Guidelines in

Bellary, Hospet & Sandur Region, Bellary District, Karnataka

Final Report September. 2007

By

nviirOlnmental Management & Policy Research Institute, Urban Eco-Park, 100 ft Ring Road, Peenya Industrial Area, 3rd Phase,

Bangalore - 560058 Tel: 080-28377745, Fox: 080-28377744,

Emol1: [email protected] .. in, Website: httP//:empri,kor,niC.in,



Final Report September. 2007

By

cn\l'irll,nmental Management & Policy Research Institute, Urban Eco-Park, 100 ft Ring Road, Peenya Industrial Area, 3rd Phase,

Bangalore - 560058 rei: 080-28377745, Fax: 080-28377744,

Email: [email protected] . .ln. Website:httpl/: emprl.kor.n\c.ln.



Final Report September, 2007

By

Environmental Management & Policy Research Institute, Urban Eco-Park, 100 ft Ring Road, Peenya Industri al Area, 3rd Phase,

Bangalore - 560058 Tel: 080-28377745, Fax: 080-28377744,

Email: [email protected] .. ln. Webslte: Mp//: empri.kOr.n!c.in.



Final Report September, 2007

By

Environmental Management & Policy Research Institute, Urban Eco-Park, 100 ft Ring Road, Peenya Industrial Area, 3rd Phase,

Bangalore - 560058 Tel : 080-28377745, Fax: 080·28377744.

Email : [email protected] .. ln. Webslte : hMp//: empri.kOr.n!c.ln.

PREFACEPREFACE

Department of Ecology and Environment, Government of Karnataka has

entrusted the study on Carrying Capacity to develop Industrial Siting Guidelines in

Bellary, Hospet and Sandur region in Bellary district, Karnataka to EMPRI vide letter

No. GO No FEE 07-ENV 2005(1) Dated; 19.03.2005. The study aimed at

understanding the impact of industrial activities and mining activities on environment

in the study region and to assess the carrying capacity of the region to withstand the

impact of environmental pollution.

The study was initiated by EMPRI by setting up of field stations to collect the

data on air and water pollution caused by mining and transportation of iron and

manganese ores to various destinations. Listing of various kinds of industries existing

in the study region and their activities has been done apart from listing of various

kinds of vehicles registered in the district in order to understand the trend of industrial

growth and development. Pollution loads on air, water and the impact of pollution on

the health of people and on the cultivation of agriculture, horticulture and commercial

crops have been studied.

Preventive measures and mitigation measures to check the pollution of

environment in the study region have been suggested in the report. It is needless to

say that clean environment is a must for every individual for survival and sustenance

of life but it is becoming increasingly difficult to achieve the positive result due to

socio-economic reasons. However, effort has been made by EMPRI to prepare a

comprehensive report dealing with environmental issues. EMPRI would be glad to

welcome the suggestions and comments on the report.

B. BasappaB. Basappa Director General Director General –– EMPRI EMPRI

BangaloreBangalore

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a matter of pride and great satisfaction to acknowledge the service of

personnel involved in the preparation of study report on the “Carrying Capacity and

Development of Industrial siting Guidelines for Bellary, Hospet and Sandur Taluks

of Bellary District in Karnataka”. First of all EMPRI would like to thank the

Department of Ecology & Environment, Government of Karnataka for giving

encouragement and guidance to EMPRI to undertake the study and prepare the report.

EMPRI is grateful to the officials who have gone through the draft and given

guidance in the preparation of final report.

The report could not have been prepared successfully but for the basic

framework and guideline given by Dr. M.H. Swaminath IFS, presently working as

Project Co-ordinator, Bio Energy Rural India Project, sponsored by UNDP. EMPRI

is thankful to Smt. Dr. Bakul Rao and Dr. Murali S Kallur for their technical

contribution and writing of report containing analytical data on water resource,

landuse change, ecological footprint, etc.

We express our sincere gratitude to Government Departments and other

Organisations like Karnataka Forest Department, Department of Mines and Geology,

Karnataka State Remote Sensing Application Center, Department of Horticulture,

Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (Regional Office, Bellary), Department of

Fisheries, Department of Industry and Commerce, Soil and Water Conservation

Research and Training Institute, Bellary for providing secondary data and other

relevant information required for the preparation of report. The satellite pictures of

mining in forest and non-forest areas provided by KSRSAC give us vital information

on the expansion of mining activity in a small span of four years.

Mr. V. Sreenivas, working as a scientist on the project deserves to be thanked

and acknowledged for his involvement in the collection of data on transportation of

iron ore, dust pollution, etc. He has also taken photographs of mining areas, roads,

water bodies, farmlands, forests, bear sanctuary, etc, and he deserves to be

acknowledged. Ms. B.S. Chandrakala and Ms. Uzra Sultana have worked hard to

prepare the tables, graphs, annexures and to design the printing of report in an

appealing and attractive manner. EMPRI is glad to appreciate their services and thank

them for their dedicated work. EMPRI is thankful to all the well-wishers including

officials and non-officials who have helped directly or indirectly in completing the

study and preparation of the project.

Mahesh. TMahesh. T General Manager General Manager –– EEMPRIMPRI

BangaloreBangalore

i

T A B L E O F C O N T E N TT A B L E O F C O N T E N T

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1-4 1.1 Objectives & scope of study --- 2 1.2 The study area --- 3

CHAPTER-2 METHODOLOGY --- 5-11 2.1 Collection of data --- 5 2.2 Collection of secondary data --- 7 2.3 Collection of primary data --- 8 2.3.1 Ambient air --- 9 2.3.2 Water Quality --- 9 2.3.3 Soil Status --- 10 2.4 Evaluation of qualitative and quantitative impacts --- 10 2.5 Assessing changes in landuse / landcover --- 10 2.6 Identification Bio-diversity hotspots --- 10 2.7 Preparation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) --- 11 2.8 Arriving at carrying capacity and develop industrial siting

guidelines --- 11

2.9 Feasibility of pumping from Almatti Reservoir --- 11

CHAPTER-3 PROJECT AREA --- 12-28 3.1 Background --- 12 3.2 Demography --- 12 3.3 Climate --- 12 3.4 Geology and soil --- 13 3.5 Mineral resources of Bellary district --- 17 3.5.1 Iron ore reserves --- 18 3.5.2 Manganese reserves --- 19 3.5.3 Ochres [Yellow oxides/Red oxides] --- 19 3.6 Water resources and watershed --- 19 3.7 Agriculture --- 23 3.8 Livestock --- 23 3.9 Forests --- 23 3.10 Wildlife --- 26 3.11 Pisciculture --- 26 3.12 Tourism --- 27 3.13 Human population and health --- 28

CHAPTER-4 LAND USE & LAND USE CHANGE --- 29-54 4.1 Land use change --- 29 4.1.1 Methodology --- 29 4.1.2 Data processing --- 29 4.2 Change analysis for the combined Bellary, Hospet and

Sandur region --- 30

4.2.1 Built-up --- 31 4.2.2 Cropland --- 31 4.2.3 Forest --- 31

ii

4.2.4 Mining --- 32 4.2.5 Water bodies --- 32 4.3 Talukwise land use/land cover change analysis in the study

region --- 36

4.3.1 Bellary Taluk --- 36 4.3.2 Hospet Taluk. --- 39 4.3.3 Sandur Taluk --- 42 4.4 Problems due to land use change --- 45 4.4.1 Unsustainable agricultural practices --- 45 4.4.2 Mining activity --- 45

CHAPTER-5 LAND DEGRADATION --- 55-69 5.1 Natural causes --- 55 5.2 Anthropogenic causes --- 57 5.2.1 Soil erosion --- 57 5.2.2 Fragmentation of landscape --- 63 5.2.3 Unsustainable agriculture practices --- 63 5.2.4 Salinity, alkalinity and acidity --- 65 5.2.5 Deforestation --- 65 5.2.6 Mining and Quarrying --- 66 5.3 Key findings on land degradation --- 69

CHAPTER-6 WATER DEMAND AND SUPPLY 70-85 6.1 Water resources --- 70 6.1.1 Rainfall --- 70 6.1.2 Surface water --- 71 6.1.3 Ground water --- 73 6.1.4 Availability of water --- 76 6.2 Demand for water --- 78 6.2.1 Domestic water requirement (Towns & Villages) --- 78 6.1.1 Livestock water requirement --- 78 6.1.2 Water requirement industries --- 79 6.1.3 Water requirement of Mining/Quarrying activity --- 81 6.1.4 Water requirement of agriculture sector --- 82 6.1.5 Utilization of water in study area --- 82

6.3 Demand and Supply projection of water

83

CHAPTER-7 QUALITY OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENT 86-90

CHAPTER-8 AGRICULTURE 91-104 8.1 Status --- 91 8.2 Land holding pattern --- 91 8.3 Crop area --- 92 8.4 Area under irrigation --- 92 8.5 Rainfed agriculture --- 93 8.6 Impact of agriculture on environment --- 94 8.7 Impact of mining on agriculture --- 98 8.7.1 Change in land use pattern and land degradation --- 99 8.7.2 Soil quality --- 101

iii

8.8 Restoration strategy --- 103 8.9 Conclusion --- 103

CHAPTER-9 FOREST 105-128 9.1 Background --- 105 9.2 Forest types --- 106 9.2.1 Southern tropical dry deciduous forests --- 106 9.2.2 Southern thorn scrub --- 108 9.3 Bio-diversity profile --- 112 9.3.1 Flora --- 112 9.3.2 Fauna --- 118 9.3.3 Bellary Working Plan 2004-Analysis of Forests --- 120 9.4 Change in Forest cover & forest use --- 121 9.4.1 Mining in forest area --- 123 9.5 Forest degradation --- 123 9.5.1 Degradation of habitat --- 124 9.5.2 Insufficient compensatory plantation --- 127 9.5.3 Loss of Bio-resources --- 127 9.5.4 Grazing --- 128 9.6 Conclusion --- 128

CHAPTER-10 INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND

IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT 129-143

10.1 Industrial area development --- 129 10.2 Distribution of industries in the district --- 130 10.2.1 Large scale industries --- 130 10.2.2 Tiny and SSI units --- 130 10.3 Distribution of industries in the study area --- 131 10.4 Industrial employment opportunity in Bellary district --- 133 10.5 Growth pattern --- 133 10.6 Industrial pollution sources --- 134 10.6.1 Air pollution --- 134 10.6.2 Water pollution --- 138 10.6.3 Waste Management --- 141

CHAPTER-11 STATUS OF ROADS 144-149 11.1 Background --- 144 11.2 Impact on roads --- 146 11.2.1 Dust Level on the road sides --- 147 11.2.2 Density of vehicles --- 148 11.2.3 Impacts of heavy vehicle movement on the roads --- 148

CHAPTER-12 HEALTH 150-155 12.1 Health scenario --- 150 12.2 Preventive safety and health measures --- 154 12.3 Bio-medical waste --- 155 CHAPTER-13 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS

AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

156-165

iv

CHAPTER-14 CARRYING CAPACITY AND ECOLOGICAL

FOOT PRINTS 166-180

14.1 Defining “Carrying Capacity” --- 166 14.2 Methodology adopted --- 166 14.3 Status in study area --- 167 14.3.1 Quality of life --- 167 14.3.2 Population --- 167 14.3.3 Income levels --- 167 14.3.4 Health status and pollution problems --- 167 14.3.5 Carrying capacityof human population --- 167 14.3.6 Primary productivity --- 168 14.3.7 Secondary productivity --- 173 14.4 Carrying capacity matrix --- 178

CHAPTER-15 FEASIBILITY OF PUMPING WATER FROM

ALAMATTI RESERVOIR 181-190

15.1 Background of Almatti Dam --- 181 15.2 NWDA report on the feasibility of diverting Almatti waters --- 183 15.3 Surface Water Balance Studies --- 187 15.4 The KWDT Award --- 187 15.5 Analysis of the NWDA Report --- 188 15.6 Further Studies --- 190 ANNEXURE (I-XXXV) --- I-LXXXIV ABBREVIATION --- LXXXV LIST OF REFERENCE LXXXVII

v

LL IST OF IST OF FF IGURESIGURES

FIGURE NO

TITLE PAGE NO

1.1 Iron ore deposit in Belagallu forest area, Bellary taluk 1 1.2 Open cast iron ore mining area in Vibhuthigudda, Bellary

taluk 1

1.3 Map of the study area 3 2.1 Satellite Image mining area in Sandur-2000 10 2.2 Mining in agriculture land –Bhujanganagar, Sandur 11 2.3 Almatti Dam 11 3.1 Lithological map of the study area 15 3.2 Soil map of the study area 16 3.3 Iron ore reef in Belagallu,Bellary 17 3.4 Quartz outcrop in Belagallu, Bellary 17 3.5 Yellow Ochre at Janikunte,Bellary 17 3.6 Watershed map of Bellary district 20 3.7 Hydrogeomorphology Map of the study area 21 3.8 Hydrogeomorphological map showing Dykes & Drainage

pattern of the study area 22

3.9 Sandur Forest 23 3.10 Forest Map of the study area 25 3.11 Daroji Bear Sanctuary 26 3.12 Pisciculture 27 3.13 Hertiage site in Hampi, Hospet 27 4.1 Land use pattern in the study area by KSRSAC-2004 33

4.2(A) Land cover map of the study area - 2000 34 4.2(B) Land cover map of the study area - 2004 35 4.3(A) Land use and land cover map of Bellary taluk - 2000 37 4.3(B) Land use and land cover map of Bellary Taluk - 2004 38

4.4 Land use change in Hospet Taluk - 2000-2004 39 4.5(A) Land use and land cover map of Hospet Taluk - 2000 40 4.5(B) Land use and land cover map of Hospet Taluka - 2004 41

4.6 Land use change in Sandur taluk - 2000-2004 42 4.7(A) Land use and land cover map of Sandur Taluk - 2000 43 4.7(B) Land use and land cover map of Sandur Taluk - 2004 44 4.8(A) Satellite imagery -2000 47 4.8(B) Satellite imagery -2004 47

4.9 Mining areas in Sandur Reserve Forest 48 4.10 Satellite images showing the concentration of mining in

forest area of Sandur taluk 48

4.11(A) Satellite image - 2000 49 4.11(B) Satellite image - 2004 49

vi

4.12(A) Part of Sandur, as viewed by IRS 1C/1D, LISS III Satellite on Dec 2000

51

4.12(B) Part of Sandur, as viewed by IRS 1C/1D, LISS III Satellite on Dec 2000

51

4.13 Mining waste dump along the hill slope 52 4.14 Dumping of mining waste along the hill slope 52 4.15 Mining dumpsites in the study area 53 4.16 Part of Sandur, as viewed by IRS 1C/1D, LISS III Satellite

on Dec 2004 54`

5.1 Mining and land degradation in Subbrayanahalli in Sandur 55 5.2 Infrastructure development for mining and land

degradation in Sandur 55

5.3 Potential Evatranspiration (PET) and water deficit pattern in Bellary district

56

5.4 Deposit of silt in streams and water bodies of mining area, Vysanakere, Hospet

57

5.5 Dust generation in Sandur mining areas 59 5.6 Sediment built up along the Tungabhadra River 60 5.7 Deposits of iron ore and mining waste in the valleys 61 5.8 Soil erosion potential map based on slope and soil type in

Bellary, Hospet and Sandur taluks 62

5.9 Drilling and dust generation 66 5.10 Drilling machine used for making blasting holes 66 5.11 Extraction of float iron ore in agriculture land, Sandur 67

5.12(A) Mining and mining waste dumps in agriculture land of Devagirihalli, Sandur taluk-2004

68

5.12(B) Agriculture land before commencement of mining activity in Devagirihalli, Sandur-2000

69

6.1 Precipitation and Evapotranspiration in Bellary district. 71 6.2 Vittalapura Tank in Bellary taluk 71 6.3 Tungabhadra Reservoir, Hospet 72 6.4 Hullikunta Tank, Sandur 72 6.5 Narihalla Reservoir, Sandur 72 6.6 Daroji Tank, Hospet 72 6.7 Water distribution diagram as per Average Annual Water

Resource of India 77

7.1 Inadequate drinking water facility in study area 86 7.2 Contamination of stream water by fine iron ore particles 86 7.3 Dried up borewell in the study area 89 8.1 Sunflower crop in Hospet 91 8.2 Maize crop in Sandur 94 8.3 Area under Fruit crops in Bellary, Hospet and Sandur

taluks 99

8.4 Area under Fruit crops in Sandur, Toranagalu & Chornur hoblies of Sandur taluk

99

8.5 Float iron ore extraction in agriculture land, Sandur 100

vii

8.6 Left over pits after extraction of iron ore in agaricultre land, Sandur

100

8.7 Mining in agricultural land, Bhujanganagar, Sandur 100 8.8 Mango crop affected by mining dust 101 8.9 Onion crop affected by mining dust 101

8.10 Decrease of mango production and value in Dharmpur Horticulture Farm, 1999-2005

101

8.11 Onion & Sunflower crops in Sandur 103 9.1 Mixed deciduous forest 106 9.2 Map showing forest cover in Bellary, Hospet and Sandur

Taluks 109

9.3 a Forest Density map of Sandur Taluk 110 9.3 b Forest density map of Hospet 111 9.3 c Forest density map of Bellary taluk 111 9.4 Mixed Forest in Sandur 112 9.5 Forest fire in Thimmappanaguddi, Sandur range 123 9.6 Degradation of forest due to mining activity 124 9.7 Fauna diversity in the study area 126 9.8 Santalum album (Sandalwood) 127

10.1 Jindal Steel factory in Toranagalu, Sandur 129 10.2 Benaka sponge iron company in Belgallu, Bellary taluk 130 10.3 Growth of industries in Bellary. 133 11.1 NH 63 Hospet-Bellary road damaged by ore transportation 145 11.2 Hospet-Sandur road damaged by ore transportation 146 11.3 Concrete road damaged by ore transportation, Sandur town 146 11.4 Open transportation of iron ore fines 147 11.5 Dust pollution caused by ore transportation 147 11.6 Wettingof road in Subbarayanahalli, Sandur 147 11.7 Chain of vehicles queued up for loading iron ore 148

viii

LL IST OF IST OF TT ABLESABLES

TABLE NO

TITLE PAGE NO

2.1 Source of secondary data 6 2.2 Parameters considered for analysis 9 3.1 Demographic information of Bellary, Sandur and Hospet taluks 12 3.2 Location of minerals deposits in Bellary district 18 3.3 Range wise Reserves of Iron Ore in million tons.t 18 3.4 Reserves of manganese ore in Karnataka (as on 1.4.1990) 19 3.5 Area covered by Agricultural and horticultural crops in the study area -

2005 23

3.6 Livestock population in the study area- 2002 23 3.7 Legal status of forest in the study area (in hectares) 24 3.8 Fish production (Metric Tons) 27 3.9 Particulars of Health facilities available in Bellary district 28 4.1 Particulars of satellite pictures 29 4.2 Land use/land cover change in the study area between 2000 & 2004 31 4.3 Land-use change analysis of Bellary taluk 36 4.4 Land-use change analysis in Hospet taluk 39 4.5 Land -use change analysis in Sandur taluk 42 4.6 Mining leases in the study area 46 4.7 Expansion of mining areas in forest during 2000 and 2004 46 5.1 Soil loss due to erosion, rain intensity and runoff in Bellary district 57 5.2 Estimated erosion potential of mining areas in different hill ranges 58 5.3 Estimated soil erosion potential in Bellary-Sandur-Hospet taluks 59 5.4 Rate of siltation of Tungabhadra dam from 1953-2004 60 5.5 Soil erosion potential in different soil types and different slopes in

Bellary-Hospet-Sandur region 62

5.6 Extent of land use types during the study period-as per satellite image 63 5.7 Area affected by salinity and alkalinity in Tungabhadra command area 65 5.8 Area under crops in Bellary, Hospet and Sandur Taluks 67 5.9 Diversion of agriculture land to mining and dumping of mining waste

in Devagirihalli 68

6.1 Rainfall (in mm) during 2004 in Bellary, Hospet and Sandur 70 6.2 List of tank in the study area 71 6.3 List of major irrigation tanks and reservoirs in the study area 73 6.4 List of watersheds in the study area 74 6.5 Taluka-wise details of groundwater recharge and exploitation 75 6.6 Groundwater level in various sampling spots in the study - 2004 75 6.7 Availability of water from various sources in the study area 76 6.8 Availability of water from various sources in the study area after

deducting evapo-transpiration and evaporation 77

ix

6.9 Requirement of water for the existing population 2001 at the rate of 55 LPCD and future projection

78

6.10 Requirement of water for livestock population - 2002 78 6.11 Requirement of water by Small scale & Tiny Industries existing in the

study area 79

6.12 Requirement of water by Medium & Large Industries existing in the study area

80

6.13 Requirement of water by the mining industry at the rate of 86845 m3/million tone-2004-05

81

6.14 Requirement of water for crops under different irrigation systems - 2004-05 in the study area

82

6.15 Demand of water by various sectors in the study area- 2004-05 82 6.16 Demand, Supply of water considering 2% increase in population and

1% increase in agriculture in Bellary taluk 83

6.17 Demand, Supply of water considering 2% increase in population and 1% increase in agriculture in Sandur taluk

83

6.18 Demand, Supply of water considering 2% increase in population and 1% increase in agriculture in Hospet taluk

84

7.1 Contamination of water by excess salts in 74 villages of the study area 87 7.2 Quality of water in Bellary taluk -2004-05 87 7.3 Quality of water in Bellary taluk -2005-06 88 7.4 Quality of water in Sandur taluk -2004-05 88 7.5 Quality of water in Sandur taluk -2005-06 88 7.6 Quality of water selected villages in Sandur Taluk -2005-06 89 8.1 Land holding pattern in Bellary district 92 8.2 Irrigation of land by different sources (ha) 93 8.3 Area under rain fed crops and irrigated crops in Bellary district - 2004-

05. 93

8.4 Comparison of yield in Bellary district and Karnataka state (in quintals /acre)

94

8.5 Consumption of chemical fertilizer in Bellary district 96 8.6 Livestock population in Bellary-Hospet-Sandur region 98 8.7 Area affected by salinity and alkalinity 98 8.8 Status of soil fertility in Bellary district -2005-06 102 8.9 Analysis of soil quality in Bellary district. 102 9.1 Rangewise distribution of forests in the study area 106 9.2 The detailed list of flora in Bellary region 113 9.3 Medicinal plant and other species available in Bellary region 116 9.4 Medicinal plant species identified in Sandur MPCA 116 9.5 Rare Endangered and Threatened Species recorded in Sandur MPCA 117 9.6 The list of fauna existing in Bellary region 118 9.7 Forest products collected in Bellary division. 121 9.8 Mining in forest area 123 9.9 Summary of Compensatory Plantation raised in Bellary Forest

Division from 1994 to 2006 127

x

10.1 Development of Industrial area by KIADB and KSSIDC in the study area

129

10.2 Category of industries in the study region 132 10.3 List of active mines in study area 132 10.4 Production of minerals in the study area- 2004-05 132 10.5 Classification of industries based on their air/water pollution potential 134 10.6 The Ambient air quality data of four different types of industries 134 10.7 Seasonal ambient air quality in JSVL from October 2002 to December

2002 136

10.8 Ambient Air Quality status of the surrounding area of JVSL Plant and JSW Steels Ltd

136

10.9 Ambient air quality analysis 137 10.10 Water Consumption of large red industries in the study area 138 10.11 Water pollution potentiality of Jeans Industry in the study area 139 10.12 List of industries which adopted air and water pollution control

measures 139

10.13: Results of the Industrial effluent of some major industries in the study area

140

10.14 Quantity of Hazardous waste generated annually in Bellary 142 10.15 Quantity of Hazardous Waste generated -2004 and 2005 142 10.16 Quantity of hazardous waste generated in Jindal Vijayanagara Steel

industry 143

10.17 Type and quantity of Industrial waste generated in the study area 143 11.1 Details of Roads in the study area - 2003-04 144 11.2 Motor vehicles registered in Bellary District (As on 31st December

2005) 145

11.3 Implications of bad roads on environment 149 12.1 Area and population in the study area as per 2001 census 150 12.2 Details of health care centers in the study area 151 12.3 Leprosy control programme 2003-04 151 12.4 TB control programme 2003-04 152 12.5 Number of patients identified and cured for malaria and cancer in the

study area 152

12.6 People with disability in rural and urban regions of Bellary District 153 12.7 Incidence of leprosy and tuberculosis in the study region and in

Bellary district 153

12.8 Some proposed safety and health issues 154 12.9 Status of bio-medical waste in Bellary, Hospet & Sandur taluks 155 13.1 Environmental Impact and Mitigation Options 157 14.1 Land use pattern in the study area 169 14.2 Satellite imagery showing land use pattern in Bellary, Hospet and

Sandur taluks- 2004. 169

14.3 Productivity of forest in the study region 170 14.4 Calculation of ecological footprint 172 14.5 Summary of Ecological Footprint in Bellary-Hospet-Sandur Region 172 14.6 Ecological footprint of different countries 173

xi

14.7 Productivity of land and optimum requirements of resources 174 14.8 Allocation and utilization of water in different river basins of

Karnataka 176

14.9 Requirement of water by different sectors 177 15.1 Principal levels and corresponding storages of Almatti reservoir 181 15.2 Sailent features of the upper krishna project stage I and stage II 182 15.3 Surface water balance 187 15.4 State-wise water allocation as per KWDT Award 187

Study on Carrying Capacity to develop Industrial Siting Guidelines in Bellary, Hospet and Sandur region

Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute 1

Figure 1.1: Iron ore deposit in Belagallu forest area, Bellary Taluk

Figure 1.2: Open cast iron ore mining area in Vibhuthigudda, Bellary Taluk

CCHHAAPPTTEERR 11 IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN

Karnataka forms an important

part of the mineral-rich Archaean

Indian Shield. The state is richly

endowed with a wide variety of

minerals and ornamental rocks along

with ores of valuable metals like iron,

manganese, gold, copper and

chromium. There is a good sprinkling

of minerals of industrial use such as

asbestos, bauxite, corundum,

dolomite, limestone, lime, fire clay,

kaolin, magnesite, ochre, pyrite,

quartz, soapstone and mineral sand.

The prosperity and well being of Karnataka depends to a large extent on how its

natural resources are utilized in an environmentally safe and sustainable manner. The State

of Environment Report & Action Plan -2003 published by Government of Karnataka has

identified a number of environmental

problems in and around Sandur and

Bellary region. The region has been

identified as one of the major

environmental hotspots of the state

due to problems arising out of mining.

The movement of vehicles carrying

iron ore is contributing to very high

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)

in the region apart from damaging the

roads. The soil erosion due to mining

is a serious problem causing land

degradation. Availability of water is a



serious problem in Bellary district as the area falls under semi-arid to arid zone. The rainfall

is scanty, the droughts are frequent and the over exploitation of groundwater as resulted in the

depletion of ground water table in the region.

In this background, the study of carrying capacity of Bellary-Sandur-Hospet taluks to

understand the sensitivity of ecosystem and to determine the type of various land use

activities that can be undertaken without damaging the environment and sustainability of

natural resources was initiated by Environmental Management & Policy Research Institute

(EMPRI) .The study is funded by the Department of Ecology and Environment, Government

of Karnataka vide letter dated. 13.03.2005 GO No FEE 07.ENV 2005(1).

1.1 Objectives and scope of study

In the background of environmental sensitivity prevailing in Bellary-Sandur-Hospet

region the study of carrying capacity is essential to understand the ecosystem of the region

and to determine the type of various land use activities that can be undertaken without

damaging the environment and sustainability of natural resources. Further, the feasibility

study on the industrial establishment in the region would be useful to regulate the industrial

growth without affecting the environment. The specific objectives of the present study are as

follows:

1. To develop the baseline data of environmental parameters (including dust pollution)

and to assess the current environmental status duly considering the industrial and

other land use activities.

2. To identify the critical ecosystems and bio-diversity hotspots in the region.

3. To develop the Industrial Siting Guidelines to the region from the point of

environmental safety and sustainability of natural resources.

4. To arrive at a feasibility report of pumping of water from Alamatti reservoir to the

study region for industrial needs.

5. To survey the impact of industries and mining activities on the health of nearby

villagers and workers in the mining area.

6. To determine the carrying capacity of Sandur, Hospet and Bellary taluks for

regulating industrial growth and development.

7. To study the damage caused to roads, culverts etc, by transportation of iron and

manganese ore.



Figure 1.3: Map of the study area

8. To study the facilities available to safeguard the health of workers in the mining area,

their well being including health insurance coverage.

The scope of study is to arrive at the Carrying Capacity and to develop the industrial

siting guidelines for Sandur, Hospet and Bellary regions in Bellary district of Karnataka

State. It also includes assessment of the impact of mining and other interlinked industrial

activities on various environmental components like air, noise, water, land and social life of

people.

1.2 The study area

The study area located in the eastern part of Karnataka is well known for its rich iron

and manganese ore reserves. The minerals are being exploited on a large scale since 1907.

The entire region is hilly with varying elevation from 700 to 1100 m. Topographically the

study area is having rugged terrain covered with scanty vegetation.

The total area

of Bellary district is

8419 sq km of which

16.28% is forest.

The study area

involving 3 taluks is

approximately 3700

sq km with an area of

960 sq km as mineral

deposits. The iron

and manganese ores

are confined to 8

mountain ranges,

namely, Copper Mountain (Vibhuthigudda), Donimalai, Ettinahatti, Kumaraswamy,

Thimmappanagudi, Ramandurg (Ramgad), North Eastern Block (NEB) and Devagiri ranges.

Sandur basin is rich in iron ore followed by manganese ore. It is also known as

Sandur Schist Belt, which falls in Bellary-Sandur-Hospet sectors. Sandur Schist Belt is one

of the 5 Schist belts of Dharwar type formation. The Dharwar type Schist belt marks the

transition from Archaean to Proterozoic era belonging to the age group of 2900-2600 million



years. In Sandur Schist Belt the iron and manganese deposits are concentrated along the

hilltop and ridges ranging between 600-1100m in altitude.



CCHHAAPPTTEERR 22 MMEETTHHOODDOOLLOOGGYY

In order to achieve the objectives envisaged in the Govt. order an integrated approach

involving meteorological, remote sensing, hydro-geochemical, geological, ecological,

agricultural, biological and related scientific approaches have been adopted. The

methodology adopted for achieving the objectives is briefly discussed here.

1. Review of literature published by various government departments and other

authentic sources was carried out.

2. Collection of secondary data from various government departments and

organizations was carried out.

3. Collection of primary data on environmental parameters like air, water and

soil was carried out.

4. Assessment of landuse and landcover status and changes noticed between

2000 and 2004 in the study area by using satellite imageries was carried out.

5. Enumeration & evaluation of qualitative and quantitative impacts due to

mining, industrial activity, agriculture and municipalities on various

environmental components i.e., physical, chemical, biological, ecological,

geological, socio-economic, human health, etc., was carried out.

6. Identification of various ecosystems and bio-diversity hotspots was carried

out.

7. Estimation of Carrying Capacity to develop the industrial siting guidelines in

the study area was carried out.

8. Preparation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining the

measures for minimizing the environmental pollution and to improve the

environmental quality was formulated.

9. Feasibility of pumping water from Almatti reservoir to Bellary district was

assessed.

2.1 Collection of data

The list of data obtained from various Departments of Government and Institutions related to

the study area is give in Table 2.1 below



Table 2.1: Source of secondary data

Sl. No. Source Type of data obtained Period

1 Indian Meteorological Department, GoI

Rainfall, Wind direction & Speed, Temperature, Relative humidity, Cloudy coverage

as on 2005-2006

2 Indian Bureau of Mines, GoI

List of Mines in Bellary, Hospet & Sandur with address and extent as on 2005-2006

List of Mines and Quarries with production and extent of lease land

as on 2005

Water quality of Bellary and Sandur taluk

2004 and 2005 3 Department of Mines and Geology, Gok

Abstract of Production of minerals for major minerals as on 2005

List of working mines with address, extent of land in Bellary division as on 7-10-2005

as on 7-10-2005

Working Plan for Bellary Forest Division 2003-2013

Details of Compensatory plantation raised against each mining lease holders

1994-95 to 2005-06

4 Department of Forest, GoK

Production of Iron ore lease wise 2003-05 List of Industrial estate in Bellary as on 2005 List of SSI registration product wise as on 2005 5 Department of Industries &

Commerce, GoK Details of Medium and Large scale industries in Bellary district as on 2005

6 Karnataka Udyoga Mitra, GoK

List of industries. as on 2005-06

Number of minor irrigation tanks in 3 taluks

as on 2005 7 Department of Minor

Irrigation, Bellary, GoK List of minor irrigation tanks with Atchkat as on 2005 Capacity losses for Tungabhadra reservoir for various periods 1963-2004 Capacities of the reservoir from 1963 to 1993

--

Siltation data of some reservoirs in India 1953-1993

8 Tungabhadra dam Board

Fish production of Tungabhadra reservoir 2000-2006 List of industries covered under Hazardous waste

as on 2005 9 Karnataka State Pollution Control Board

Air monitoring data in Bellary town 2004 & 2005



Details of Landfill sites identified under MSW rules

as on 2005

Number of Healthcare establishments and quantity of waste generation under Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 1998 in study area.

as on 2005

List of working mines with production capacity

as on 2005

10 VIMS, Bellary Medical College

No. of patients suffering from various diseases

1995 to 2004

List of Tanks coming under Gram Panchayat as on 2005 List of tanks coming under Zilla Panchayat & Fisheries Dept as on 2005

11 Department of Fisheries, Bellary, GoK

Estimated Fish Production report (in MT) 1988 to 2005 Area of Agricultural land cropwise for 3 taluks

2002-2005

Area of major agricultural crops in Sandur taluk

2003-2006

Taluka wise rainfall data 2001-2005 12 Department of Agriculture,

Bellary, Gok

Bellary district major landuse information as on 2005-06 Statement of Area and Production of Horticulture crops in 3 taluks

2002-2005

Year wise Production of Mango crop in Dharmapur Horticultural farm, Sandur

1999 - 2005 13 Department of Horticulture, Bellary, Sandur. Gok

Statement of Area and Production of Horticulture crops- Hobliwise in 3 taluks

2002-2005

14 Department of Transport, Gok

Number of motor vehicles registered in Bellary and Hospet region

as on 31-12-2005

Soil fertility status in Bellary 2005-2006 15 Krishi Vigana Kendra, Hagari Physico-Chemical properties of soil 2002-2006

16 Karnataka State Remote Sensing Application Centre Spatial extent of land use/land cover

and changes during 2000 and 2004 2000 and 2004

17 Department of Statistics and Commerce Bellary District at a Glance 2003-2004

2.2 Collection of secondary data

Secondary data was collected from various departments/organizations like Karnataka

Forest Dept., Dept. of Mines & Geology, Karnataka State Pollution Control Board, Dept of



Agriculture, Dept. of Horticulture, Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and

Training Institute, Dept. of Industries and Commerce, Dept. of Fisheries, District Health

Center, Dept. of Minor Irrigation, Regional Transport Department, Bellary Zilla Panchayat,

etc., The following data was procured from the concerned departments/centers/institutes:

1. Data on Ambient air quality of the study area was obtained from various sources

including the study carried out by NEERI, KSPCB.

2. Meteorological data such as maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity,

wind direction, wind velocity and rainfall was collected from secondary sources.

3. Data on noise level in respect of mining and residential area was obtained from

NEERI report 2004.

4. Data and information from various departments / organizations of Government such

as Forest, Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal husbandry, Fisheries was collected to

know the biological environment condition. The status of existing fauna and flora of

different species in the study area was identified by conducting survey.

5. Data on demographic pattern, population density, literacy level, sex ratio, education

facilities, health & medical facilities, existing amenities & socio-economic status was

collected. The census data of 1991 & 2001 were referred to get a comprehensive

report.

6. The spatial information on landuse /landcover and their changes in various classes

like built-up area, forest, mining, cropping area, waste land, water bodies, etc., has

been prepared by KSRSAC by studying the satellite imageries of 2000 & 2004 for

EMPRI.

2.3 Collection of primary data

For the purpose of assessing the present environmental status of the study area, a

monitoring schedule was prepared to generate the primary baseline data on ambient air

quality, dust fall, quality of ground and surface water, soil quality, noise level and

meteorological parameters. The primary data on flora and fauna, socio-economic status, land

use pattern, agricultural and horticultural crops, geology, etc., was carried out through field

survey.



2.3.1 Ambient air

The number of sampling stations for monitoring ambient air quality was identified

from the study area (i.e., mining areas, roads, drilling & screening areas, site of loading &

unloading of ore, industrial location and residential area) considering the prevailing

meteorological condition. The following air quality monitoring stations were selected.

1. Donimalai mining area in the forest

2. Sandur-Hospet road 3. Venkatagiri village road covering adjacent agriculture fields

4. Jogga village away from mining area as a control. The parameters were monitored on 24-hour average basis for determining the

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM),

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx). Monitoring of ambient air quality was

done by Richardson & Cruddas (1972) Ltd for one season (winter/summer) using Envirotech

High Volume sampler and Envirotech Respirable dust sampler, for EMPRI. The standard

methods followed are as listed below.

Table 2.2: Parameters considered for analysis

Parameter Method of Analysis

SPM High Volume Air Samples (average flow rate not less than 1.1m3

/minute)

Sulphur (SO2) 1. Improved West and Gaeke Dioxide method 2. Ultraviolet fluorescence

Oxides of Nitrogen NOx

Jacob & Hochheiser Modified (Na-Arsenite) method. Gas Phase Chemiluminescence.

2.3.2 Water quality

Information on water resources of the study area was collected and sampling stations

were identified and fixed. The parameters of prime importance namely physico-chemical and

biological parameters for water quality were analyzed as per ISO 10500 standards for

drinking water.

The villages selected for water sampling were Bhujanganagar, Dharmapura, Sandur &

Jogga for ground water and Narihalla for surface water as these villages are located in the

vicinity of the study area. Water samples collected were analysed at the Central Laboratory

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board and results are discussed under chapter 7.



Figure 2.1: Satellite Image of mining area in Sandur-2000

2.3.3 Soil status

Soil samples were collected from the locations representing agricultural, forest and

wastelands ecosystems. Analysis of samples was carried out to determine the fertility of soil

and cropping pattern, changes and production.

2.4 Evaluation of qualitative and quantitative impacts

With the collection of secondary and primary data, the sources, nature and magnitude

of pollution was identified and environmental impact was predicted to develop the

environmental management plan to maintain and enhance the quality of environment in the

study area. While determining the qualitative and quantitative impacts on environment the

use of standard methods like matrices and weightage approaches were taken into

consideration to rank, rate or scale the impacts.

2.5 Assessing changes in landuse / landcover

Since the area selected for study is

large in extent it was decided to use the

remote sensing technique for understanding

the environmental problems and also to

assess the landuse and landcover status and

changes occurring over a period of time.

The work was entrusted to Karnataka State

Remote Sensing Application Center. By

using the satellite images IRS-1C of LISS

III 2000 and 2004 procured from National

Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA),

Hyderabad, the landuse/landcover

classification was done based on the image

interpretation. The classes include built-up

area, forest land, area under mining and quarrying, agriculture, cropping pattern, waste land,

transportation network, water bodies and estimation of changes that have taken place between

2000 and 2004.

2.6 Identification of bio-diversity hotspots

Survey was carried out keeping in view the forest cover with scrub vegetation

overburden dumps, medicinal plants, wildlife species, species of birds, insects pests,



Figure 2.2: Mining in agriculture land –Bhujanganagar, Sandur

Figure 2.3: Almatti Dam

encroachment of forest land by mining and other activities, population and rocky barren land,

biotic pressure due to deforestation, mining activity, grazing and other anthropogenic

activities.

2.7 Preparation of environmental management plan (EMP)

EMP was developed in order to integrate the

measures for development and

environmental conservation of the study

area. The EMP is based on existing

environmental condition, environment

impact appraisal and environment

evaluation. Mitigation measures for gradual

improvement in the quality of environment

subsequent to mining, industries and other

activities have been considered.

2.8 Arriving at carrying capacity and developing industrial siting guidelines

The Carrying Capacity assessment of the region and its ability to accommodate the

pollution inputs without degrading the quality of environmental parameters was done with

respect to land, water, air, noise and socio-economic standards. The methodology to assess

the Carrying Capacity of the study area involved the inventory of available natural resources

and market demand of these resources.

2.9 Feasibility of pumping water from almatti reservoir

The feasibility analysis was carried

out based on the report prepared

by the National Water

Development Authority (NWDA).

The report suggests transfer of

excess water from Almatti

reservoir via a duct to Bellary and

States of Andhra Pradesh and

Tamil Nadu. The analysis is

discussed under Chapter 15.



CCHHAAPPTTEERR 33 PPRROOJJEECCTT AARREEAA

3.1 Background

Bellary district is located in the eastern part of Karnataka State and has a geographical

area of 8,419 sq. kms. It is bounded by Raichur, Koppal and Gadag districts on the northern

side, Haveri district on the western side, Davanagere district on the southwestern side,

Chitradurga district on the southern side. It is bordered by Anantapur and Kurnool districts

of Andhra Pradesh on the eastern side. It lies between 750 42 to 770 10 E Longitude and 140

33 to 150 50 N Latitude. The total area of Bellary district is 8419 km2 of which 16.28% is

forest. The total study area is 3745.18 km2 with Hospet taluk having 904.17 km2, Bellary

taluk with 1688.59 km2 and Sandur taluk with 1152.42 km2.

3.2 Demography

Bellary district has seven taluks viz. Bellary, Hagaribommanahalli, Hospet,

Huvinahadagali, Kudligi, Sandur and Siraguppa. The demographic details of the study area

in comparison with Bellary district according to 2001 census are summarized below:

Table 3.1: Demographic information of Bellary, Sandur and Hospet taluks

Literacy Rate % Area Name

Geo

grap

hica

l A

rea

(Km

2 )

Tot

al n

umbe

r of

hou

seho

lds

Popu

latio

n

Sex

Rat

io (

per

1000

mal

e)

Male Female Total Gra

m

Panc

haya

ts*

Cen

sus V

illag

e

Den

sity

(/km

2 ) U

rban

po

pula

tion

%

Bellary Dist. 3745.18 368,360 2027140 970 69.20 45.30 57.40 189 524 238 34.9 Hospet 904.17 69,319 374949 977 71.60 50.00 60.91 40 68 401 59.1 Bellary 1688.59 113,747 625494 961 70.80 48.20 59.70 23 99 370 50.6 Sandur 1152.42 35,114 191166 945 65.50 40.40 53.30 21 76 152 17.9

*Note: The project area consists of 84 Gram Panchayats in the 3 talukas, source: District at a Glance, 2003-2004

Among the three talukas, Sandur taluk is having rural setup with low population

density and has lower literacy rate than the district average.

3.3 Climate

Bellary district is part of the northern maidan region with an extensive undulating

plateau receiving an annual rainfall ranging from 350mm to 650 mm with an average rainfall

of 574.9mm. Bellary district is having temperatures varying between 220 and 430C. It is

grouped under the northern dry zone as per agro-climatic classification of Karnataka. Bellary



is further classified as agro-eco-sub-region-l having hot arid climate and length of growing

period of less than 90 days in a year. Major portion of the district is covered by red and black

soils. Hagari and Tungabhadra rivers drain the district. Of the major reservoirs, Tungabhadra

reservoir is located along the district border in Hospet and Hagaribommanahalli taluks.

Bellary region experiences hot and dry climate with the December mean maximum

temperature being 29.70C and the mean minimum temperature being 160C. The lowest

minimum temperature of 10.6 0C was recorded in the year 1891 and 1926.

Bellary, Hospet and Sandur talukas of Bellary district get an annual average rainfall of

439.8mm, 699 mm and 715.6 mm respectively. However, during the past 16 years all the

talukas have received deficit rainfall in seven out of ten years. The average rainfall in the

study area is 574 mm, which occurs from June to September during the Southwest monsoon.

October and November are the months of retreating monsoon. Sixty percent of the rainfall

occurs from June to September, about 24 % of rainfall occurs from October to November and

the remaining 16 % of rainfall occurs as sporadic rainfall.

3.4 Geology and Soil

Rock formations of Bellary district mainly consist of gneiss and granite. The

fracture/fissure system developed along with joints and faults traversing the rocks facilitate

groundwater circulation and hold moderate quantity of water. The schistose rocks belonging

to Sandur Schist belt even with well-developed schistosity are relatively impermeable, poor

aquifers and yield very less quantity of water of poorer quality. Groundwater occurs in the

weathered and decomposed mantle and also under semi-confined conditions in the deeper

fractures.

In the study area of 3745.18 km2, around 960 km2 area is covered with various

mineral deposits distributed over 8 mountain ranges of Sandur Schist Belt, namely 1). Copper

Mountain Range, 2). Yettinahatti Range, 3). Thimmappanagudi Range, 4). NEB Range, 5).

Ramanadurga Range, 6). Donimalai Range, 7). Devadari Range, and 8). Kumaraswamy

Range. The “Sandur Schist Belt”, also called as ‘Sandur Basin’ is well known for its rich

accumulation of both Iron and Manganese ores.

Of the three basins in the state namely, Shimoga, Chitradurga and Sandur basins,

Sandur basin is the smallest. The age of Sandur schist belt is estimated to be between 3000

and 2600 million years. In Sandur Basin four formations have been distinguished namely,

Yeshwantapur, Deogiri, Donimalai and Nandihalli formations. The Yeshwantapur formation



is largely composed of volcanic flows, the Deogiri formation by manganiferous greywacke-

argillite, and Donimalai formation by extensive development of banded haematite and

magnetite chert and jasper. The top most formation, the Nandihalli formation is made up of

meta basalts with interculated bands of greywacke and argillites. Lateralization has played an

important role in the concentration of iron and manganese in the profile, giving rise to rich

accumulation of iron and manganese ores for which this schist belt is famous. Recent studies

show that Vibhuti Gudda formation is the youngest followed by Taluru, Donimalai, Raman

Malai, Deogiri formation, while Yeshwantnagar formation is the oldest.

The soils in the study region are red sandy loam to black cotton soils. The black

cotton soil occurs over wide stretches of land in Bellary and Hoovinahadgali taluks. Red

sandy loam occurs in Hospet, Hoovinahadgali, Kudligi and Sandur taluks along the banks of

Tungabhadra and Hagari rivers. The reddish brown soil occurs due to decomposition of

rocks. Generally there is very little organic matter in the soil. Soils are shallow supporting

poor vegetation. The black soils of Tungabhadra project area are two to four feet deep, heavy

in texture with 45-55% clay and contain free calcium carbonate throughout the profile. There

is generally a zone of salt concentration in the soil profile at a depth of 45 to 90 cm, the

principal salt being gypsum. Below the gypsum occurs murram, which is practically

impermeable to water.



Figure 3.1: Lithological map of the study area

Hospet

Sandur

Bellary



Figure 3.2: Soil map of the study area

Bellary

Sandur

Hospet



Figure 3.3: Iron ore reef in Belagallu, Bellary

Figure 3.4: Quartz outcrop in Belagallu, Bellary

Figure 3.5: Yellow Ochre in Janikunte, Bellary

3.5 Mineral resources of Bellary district

Bellary district is known for its mining activity since 50 years mainly due to the

availability mineral resources distribution in the region.



Table 3.2: Location of minerals deposits in Bellary district.

Sl. No. Minerals Locations 1 Iron ore deposits Copper Mountain (Vibhutigudda) range, Ettinhatti range, Thimmappanagudi

range, NEB range, Ramandurg range, Donimalai range, Devadari range & Kumaraswamy range.

2 Manganese ore deposits

Devadari gudda, Thimmappanagudi, Ramandurg, Yeshwantanagar, Subbarayanahalli and Kammatharavu.

3 Yellow & Red oxides (Ochre’s)

Swamihalli, Haraginadoni, Janikunte, Belagal hill, Kammatharuvu, Ubbalgandi & Kanivehalli and Ramandurg range.

4 Quartz Kanchgar-Belgal in Siruguppa taluk; Haravanahalli, Hospet taluk; Sandur taluk. In the valley between Donimalai and Belgal range of hills. Occurrence also the villages limits of Lingadhalli, Ayyanahalli, Marutla and Ananthapur. Appalapura, Harapanahalli, D.Mallapura, Kolugallu, Yereyanahalli

5 Ornamental & Building stones

Dammur, Veniveerapuram, Kurgod, Sirwar, Halkundi Tekkalakota, Badanahatti, Yettina Budihal, Bandri, Anthapur, H.P. Halli, Belagal, Havinamadagu, Holalu, Honnahalli, Chicka anthapur, H.K.Halli, Kurgadu, Sanganakal, Kolagal, Vaddahatti, Munadurgi, Sidiginamola, Gollanaganahalli, Bellary, Somalapuram.

6 Moulding Sand G.Halli, M. Halli and along Tungabhadra river. 7 Magnesite Bellary - Hospet section. 8 Limestone Toranagallu, Ubbalgandi, Rajpur Metri, Devalapuram, Channapuram &

Malappanagudda. 9 Lead & Zinc Metri & Devalapura

10 Clays Kumaraswamy Range. 11 Copper Hala Kundi, Harappanahalli, Holalgundi (Copper Mountain)

The various mineral reserves available in the project area are summarized below.

3.5.1 Iron ore reserves

The range wise reserves of iron ore are given in the table below.

Table 3.3: Range wise reserves of iron ore in million tons

Sl. No. Range Total Reserves

(MT) Grade %

Fe 1 North Eastern Block 72.80 58-67 2 Ramgad 89.40 63-66 3 Thimmappanagudi 26.77 60-66 4 Donimalai 256.39 63-67 5 Ettinahatti 35.60 63-64 6 Devadari 25.60 64-67 7 Kumaraswamy 63.60 64-65 8 Copper Mountain 19.95 60-67 Total 590.11

Source: Report on Scientific Mining of High Grade Iron Ores for exports in Bellary Hospet Sectors, Karnataka,

NEERI (2005)



3.5.2 Manganese reserves

The Indian Bureau of Mines has indicated the recoverable reserves of manganese ore

of all grades for the whole of India at 176.5 million tons with Karnataka having the largest

reserve of manganese ore at 64.5 million tons. The different categories of reserves for

Karnataka as per the Mineral Year Book, 1993 are indicated in Table 3.4. The Geological

Survey of India places the reserves in the district at 12.25 million tons.

Table 3.4: Reserves of manganese ore in karnataka (as on 1.4.1990)

Sl. No. Category Tones 1. Proved 2,262,000 2. Probable 10,427,000 3. Possible 51,858,000

Total 64,547,000 Source: Mineral Year Book, 1993

3.5.3 Ochres [Yellow oxides/Red oxides]

Large quantities of earthy red haematite are reported from the western slopes of

Ramanadurga range of Sandur taluk. Argillites of rich red colour occurs at Adargani, close to

Kumaraswamy temple, in Sandur taluk. Sandur taluk is considered as the only important

ochre producing center in Karnataka.

3.6 Water resources and watershed

Bellary district has scarce and scanty water resources due to semiarid climate and

rainfall deficit. Focus on the assessment of quality and quantity of water resources in

Bellary, Sandur and Hospet taluks has been made in this study. Data collected from various

departments like Dept. of Mine and Geology (DMG), Minor irrigation, Agriculture and

Fishery have been compiled to understand the water resources of the study area. The water

resources in the study area comprise of rivers, streams, canals, tanks and springs. The tanks

and reservoirs are rain fed and most of them are dry due to scanty of rainfall in these areas.

The major reservoirs in the study area are Tungabhadra reservoir in Hospet and

Narihalla reservoir in Sandur. Tungabhadra River flows in 5 taluks of Bellary district. Apart

from these two major reservoirs around 80 ponds and lakes are existing in the study area.

The study area consists of 10 watersheds. The watershed area with code number is shown in

the map.



Figure 3.6: Watershed map of Bellary district

.--.-.----.--.-.-----.----.-.-.----.-.-.-.--.-.--.--.---·-·--·-----·-·-----l

N

A

LEGEND D IVtJ4!r-$hlul JIOI/."Jary

,'\ / Taluk bOI/."tkl". , " 1\1' Dmi"age " elH'ork

Wate,.booms

i _J

N

A

LEGEND D W4Unh.u/ JI(U"u/fH)'

,/\,./ TaJuk boundd",

IV Dl'tlinagi1 n elM'Orlt.

Wnurbodiss



Figure 3.7: Hydrogeomorphology Map of the study area

Bellary

Sandur

Hospet



Figure 3.8: Hydrogeomorphological Map showing Dykes & Drainage Pattern of the

Bellary

Sandur

Hospet



Figure 3.9: Sandur Forest

3.7 Agriculture

Agriculture is the main activity of the district with 62% of total geographical area of

which 19% is irrigated by Tungabhadra reservoir. Major crops are jowar, maize, cotton,

sunflower, groundnut and sugarcane. The table given below shows the details of agricultural

and horticultural crops grown in the study area.

Table 3.5: Area covered by Agriculture and Horticulture crops in the study area -2005

Sl. No. Particulars Bellary Hospet Sandur Dist. Total

1 Total Geographical Area (ha) 1,69,027 93,374 94,359 8,13,196 2 Rain fed Area (ha) 72,729 17,885 34,423 3,39,455 3 Irrigated Area (ha) 61,076 19,961 4,168 1,56,466 4 Agricultural Crop area (ha) 1,33,805 37,846 38,591 4,95,921 5 Horticulture Crop Area (ha) 14,237 4,752 1,662 33,282

3.8 Livestock

Livestock farming is found to be one of the main occupations in the study area. The

details of livestock population are furnished in the following table.

Table 3.6: Livestock population in the study area - 2002

SL. Livestock Bellary Taluk

Hospet Taluk

Sandur Taluk

Total Dist.

1 Cattle 70510 37566 51380 368816 2 Buffaloes 49493 24737 15987 187419 3 Sheep 67954 45605 46470 396475 4 Goats 29311 26199 41295 222661 5 Dogs 16768 13530 8735 69614 6 Pigs 9652 3193 590 15368 Total livestock 244068 150926 164676 1261413 7 Poultry 1026725 254438 185254 2078055

3.9 Forests

Geographically, the landscape of

the regions comprising of Sandur, Hospet

and Bellary, which are part of Bellary

Forest division is varied and consists of

two distinct regions namely the Eastern

region and the Western region separated

by Sandur Hills, which cuts Bellary

district from northwest to southeast. The



district has 16.28% of forest, which is classified as notified forest and unclassed forest.

Reserve forests are declared under the provisions of section 16, Madras Forest Act 1882 or

under section 17 of Karnataka Forest Act, 1963 and Forest Blocks are notified under section-

4 of the Madras Forest Act, 1882 or under Section 4 of the Karnataka Forest Act 1963 and

are categorized as notified Forests. The remaining forest blocks that are not legally notified

at present under any prevailing law are categorized as unclassed forests. There are no Village

Forests. An abstract of the forest with its distribution of each class is given in Table 3.7.

Table 3.7: Legal status of forest in the study area (in hectares)

Sl. No

Range Notified Reserve forests

Under Section 4*

Unclassed Forests

Total

1 Bellary 10, 598,89 255.25 3,743.26 14, 507.40 2 Hospet 19,568.63 552.27 1,601.52 21,722.42 3 Sandur - 30,561.95 924.15 31,486.10

*Notified forests under Section 4 of Karnataka Forest Act.



Figure 3.10: Forest Map of the Study Area

Sandur

Bellary Hospet



Figure 3.11: Daroji Bear Sanctuary

3.10 Wildlife

Though the forests are sparse and low in productivity, the Sandur and neighboring

forest areas are having substantial variety of wildlife. The mammalian wild life found in the

study region is typical of the thorn and scrub forests fauna. Spotted deer, sambhars, wild

boars, and jackals are found in the maidan parts of the district. Blackbucks occur in the open

forests and farmlands. Occasionally herds of wild sheep are seen in Sandur Forests. Sloth

Bears (Melursus) were once in plenty in the hill forests around Jarmali, Gudekota, and

Kampli hills. Hyenas and wolves are

seen in the western taluks. The

commonly occurring reptiles are the

monitor lizard and the Indian mugger,

rarely found in Tungabhadra River.

Among the poisonous snakes cobra and

viper are commonly seen all over the

district.

In Bilekallu reserve forest of

Hospet taluk the sloth bears are very

common due to rugged hilly terrain. Government of Karnataka has declared Bilekallu reserve

forest comprising of 5587.5 hectares as Daroji Bear sanctuary. The estimated bear

population as per forest officials is 45 as of February 2007. The sanctuary is also a home of

jackals, leopards, striped hyenas, peafowls, hares partridges, etc.

The most common birds found in the area are pigeons, partridges and green parrots.

The common pigeons seen are the blue rock pigeon and the green pigeon. Vultures, kites and

crows are the typical birds of prey. Peafowl are plentiful in the western taluks. The other

commonly sighted birds are bulbul, stork and cuckoo.

3.11 Pisciculture

Inland fisheries i.e., tanks, lakes, pond fishery and river fishery in the study area also

play a vital role in the economic status of the district having nearly 150 tanks including both

major and minor tanks with water spread area of 7951 hectares; 3 reservoirs with a water

spread area of 3990 hectares; 2 rivers with a length of 210 km and 340 km length of irrigation

canals. The important species of fish include Catla, Rohu, Mrigal, and common carp. Fish



Figure 3.12: Pisciculture

Figure 3.13: Hertiage site in Hampi, Hospettaluk

rearing is mostly carried out in tanks and reservoirs coming under Gram Panchayat, Zilla

Panchayat and the Department of Fisheries.

Table 3.8: Fish production (Metric Tons).

Taluk 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-04 2004-2005 Bellary 1020 970 715 650 631.80 Hospet 3750 2849 2922 2500 1691.82 Sandur 1062 940.14 1050 1300 2871.54 Tungabhadra 1152 801 379 325 300

(Source: Fisheries Department Bellary District)

Fish production over the years has declined in the study area due to siltation, decline

in water storage capacity of tanks and degradation of water quality. The Tungabhadra

reservoir is the largest water body and

supports diverse aquatic fauna and flora

including:

Carps: Barbus carnaticus, Barbus tor, Catla catla, Lebeo fimgriaties and Lebeo calbasu.

Cat fish: Wallago attu and Mystus seegala Murrels: Ophicephalus marulis,

Ophicephalus straitus and Ophicephlus punctatus.

Others: Masta cembalus armatus, Glasso gobius giuris, Notopterus notopterus, and Rasbora species

3.12 Tourism

Bellary district

is well known for

tourism with Hampi

(Vijayanagar) being

declared as a world

heritage site.

Tungabhadra dam in

Hospet, Sri Kumar

Swamy Temple and Donimalai in Sandur are the important tourist places in the district. It is

estimated that annually around 5 lakh tourists visit Hampi and Tungabhadra dam in which

around three lakh visitors are foreigners. Tourism department has established the tourist

facility centre in Hospet, Kamalapur and Hampi.



3.13 Human population and health

Population of Bellary district was over 20 lakhs and in the study area it was 11 lakhs,

according to 2001 census. Both Bellary and Hospet taluks are having the population density

higher than the district average. Sex ratio of Bellary district was found to be 969 females per

1000 males as per census of 2001. Medical centers and paramedical centers in the study

region revealed that hospitals, health centers and health units are inadequate. Estimate on the

number of hospitals per 10,000 persons there are 21 health care centers for every lakh persons

in Bellary Taluk, 12.3 centres in Hospet taluk and 22.5 centres in Sandur taluk. Over the

years, numbers of health centers have increased but the primary health units have decreased

(Table 3.9). Concomitant to increase in the number of hospitals, the number of persons per

bed has in fact increased instead of decreasing, indicating that steps are not taken to enhance

the health facilities that reach people in remote areas. Surprisingly, the number of health

workers including doctors, midwives and other attendants has also decreased over the years.

The number of doctors per lakh people in Bellary is 3.58, while in Sandur it is 0.92 and 1.5 in

Hospet. The number of doctors in Bellary district as a whole is 1.7/lakh of people indicating

the inadequacy of doctors in all the taluks.

Table 3.9: Particulars of Health facilities available in Bellary district.

Year

Family Welfare

Sub Centres

Primary Health Centres

Primary Health Units

Government Hospitals

Population/ bed

Health workers

1990-91 203 38 21 13 1077 - 1998-99 264 54 17 15 - 516 2003-04 264 55 17 15 1126 513



CHAPTER CHAPTER 44 LAND USE & LAND USE LAND USE & LAND USE CHANGECHANGE

4.1 Land use change

The analysis of land use change of a particular region over the years reflects the

problems, causes and trends of the environmental status of land depending upon the intensity

and type of land use practices. In the present study land use change and land cover analysis

of Bellary, Hospet & Sandur was done in order to estimate the land use change in the region

between 2000 and 2004. The land use change study was done by using IRS-IC satellite

imageries with PAN data.

4.1.1 Methodology

The required set of satellite images (IRS -1C/1D LISS III and PAN) were procured

from National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad. Their path/row, source and spatial

resolution are listed below.

Table 4.1: Particulars of satellite pictures

Satellite Sensor Product Path/Row Source Spatial Resolution (m)

Date of Pass

IRS-IC LISS III

Soft copy

98/62 NRSA 23.5 14th Dec 2000

IRS-IC LISS III

Soft copy

99/63 NRSA 23.5 17th Feb 2004

4.1.2 Data processing

4.1.2.1 Ancillary data

Survey of India toposheets on 1:50,000 scale were used for ancillary information. In

addition the geospatial database generated for Karnataka Forest Department was also used as

reference data.

4.1.2.2 Satellite data

The satellite images were transferred into the system and the images were subjected to

georeferencing on to a standard map projection system (polyconic). The registration was

performed using Ground Control Points (GCP’S) through geometric correction procedures

with the aid of ERDAS Imagine 8.5 software. These geometrically corrected images were

radiometrically corrected and images were arranged into a mosaic.



4.1.2.3 Area of interest (AOI)

The study area was extracted from the mosaic image using the taluka coverage

existing with the KSRSAC (1:50,000 scale)

4.1.2.4 Ground truthing:

The composed map was taken to the field to collect the sample ground information on

major land use/ land cover units. The spatial attribute for each class such as cropland, forest

types, scrub forest, mining and water body were collected with the aid of Global Positioning

System Receivers (GPS).

4.1.2.5 Land use/land cover classification using on screen visual interpretation:

Land use/land cover classification is based on the image interpretation keys like tone,

texture, pattern, association, pattern, shape, size and shadow to classify the features like built-

up area, agriculture land, forest land, wasteland and water bodies using onscreen

interpretation with ERDAS 8.5 Software for the years 2000 and 2004 and the data pertaining

to Bellary, Sandur and Hospet areas.

4.1.2.6 Statistics generation:

In the final stage land use/land cover output map was generated after processing the

data in GIS domain (Arc GIS). Final statistics regarding the status of Land use/ land cover as

per 2004 imagery and the changes in the land use/land cover for the period 2000-2004 were

arrived at in respect of Bellary, Hospet & Sandur taluks of Bellary district.

4.2 Change analysis for the combined Bellary, Hospet and Sandur region:

Land use change analysis of different landuse pattern based on the satellite imageries

of 2000 and 2004 was done by KSRSAC. The landuse changes during 2000 and 2004 in the

area and the percentage of change are shown in Table 4.2. The key landuse segments of the

study area are discussed here.



Table 4.2: Landuse/landcover change in the study area between 2000 & 2004

LAND USE / LAND COVER 2000 2004

Class Area in Hectare

% of Total Geographical

Area

Area in Hectare


Area

Change in Area (ha)

Built-Up 9386.64 2.41 9391.82 2.42 5.18 Crop Land 242444.94 62.36 242412.24 62.35 -32.71 Forest 33251.9 8.55 33071.89 8.51 -180.01 Scrub Forest 68241.77 17.55 68042.24 17.5 -199.53 Barren Rocky 9882.46 2.54 9882.46 2.54 0 Mining Area 1201.12 0.31 1508.03 0.39 306.91 Mining Waste 64.8 0.02 156.28 0.04 91.48 Quarrying 223.11 0.06 223.11 0.06 0 Waste Land 7308.39 1.88 7308.4 1.88 0 Reservoirs & Tanks 8971.05 2.31 8979.74 2.31

8.69

Rivers & Streams 5107.24 1.31 5107.23 1.31

-0.01

Canals 2614.89 0.67 2614.89 0.67 0 River Island 103.48 0.03 103.48 0.03 0 TOTAL 388801.8 100.00 388801.8 100.00 0.00

4.2.1 Built-up area

From the analysis it can be seen that there is marginal increase of 5.18 ha in the built-

up area of Sandur-Bellary region in the last 4 years indicating stabilization of the built-up

area.

4.2.2 Cropland

Cropland has decreased by 32.71 ha which is marginal indicating stabilisation of crop

production area in the study region. However, the reduction is mainly due to diversion of

cropland to mining activity. The satellite imagery analysis however could not capture the

mining spots in agricultural land as the ore collection is through picking and sweeping of the

land.

4.2.3 Forest

The percentage of forest cover in the study region as per the satellite data from

KSRSAC is around 8%, which is low from state and national average. However, Sandur

taluk has around 31% of TGA which is fairly large as compared to state average. The

landuse change analysis through satellite imageries between 2000 & 2004 has indicated

significant change in forest cover in the last 5 years due to mining and other activities. As



per landuse analysis in the last 4 years nearly 306.91 ha of forest land has been diverted to

mining activities in Sandur, Hospet and Bellary taluks with at least 1500 ha. of forest land

opened for mining activities. Further analysis of the diversion of forest area in the 3 taluks

(study area) has shown that the forest area is reduced from 8.55 to 8.51% of Total

Geographical Area with highest reduction in Sandur taluk (from 38.31 to 38.06%) where

mining lease is maximum. The loss of forest is maximum in Donimalai and Swamimalai

forests which are considered as biodiversity rich forest areas.

4.2.4 Mining

As per the landuse change analysis between 2000 and 2004, the mining operation has

increased tremendously during the last five years due to increase in demand for iron ore in the

international market. At present the total land area used for mining and quarrying is around

0.5% of Total Geographical Area in Bellary district. But in Sandur the bulk of mining is

done in nearly 15.5% of TGA indicating unsustainable land use change taking place in a very

sensitive ecosystem as Sandur is known to have very rich forests. The mining areas as seen

in 2004 satellite imageries of the study region show that around 1500 ha of land has been

opened for mining, 156 ha for dumping mining waste and 223 ha for quarrying. The total

land area which has been leased for mining is around 15000 ha which includes 3677 ha

reserve forest land and about 12000 ha of non forest area.

As per the Working Plan Records of 2004, Bellary division there is around 5500 ha of

forestland leased for mining activity. Nearly 1675 ha of old mines located in reserve forests

have been abandoned without rehabilitation. At present there are 50 mines located in the

forest area. These mining areas have been captured on the map using satellite imageries of

2000 and 2004.

4.2.5 Water bodies

The land use analysis from the satellite imageries has indicated that water bodies and

streams cover only 4.3% of Total Geographical Area, which is very low as compared to an

ideal landscape ecosystem. There is a very minute increase in the area occupied by water

bodies between 2000 and 2004 (with an additional 9.00 ha) which is a positive trend. The

increase in the area of water bodies may be due to increase of watershed activities.



Figure 4.1: Land use pattern in the study area by KSRSAC 2004.

Bellary

Hospet

Sandur



Figure 4.2 (A): Land cover map of the study area - 2000

Bellary

Hospet

Sandur



Figure 4.2 (B): Land cover map of the study area - 2004

Bellary

Hospet

Sandur



4.3 Talukwise land use/land cover change analysis in the study region

Similar land use change analysis was carried out for individual taluks of the study

area using satellite imageries for the period between 2000 and 2004 to capture the change in

various land use types. Analysis for important natural resources like forest, land, agriculture

and water bodies are discussed below.

4.3.1 Bellary Taluk

Bellary taluk is one of the most backward taluks affected by famines and droughts.

Agriculture is the main occupation in the taluk. The land use change in Bellary taluk is given

in Table 4.3. As per the analysis done based on satellite imageries the cropland has reduced by

13 ha. However, the most disturbing feature is the loss of scrub forest by 6 ha. The mining

area has increased by 1 ha, which is marginal. The satellite map showing mining sites and

other land use changes for both the years (2000 and 2004) is presented in the map 4.3(A) &

4.3(B).

Table 4.3: Land-use change analysis of Bellary taluk

2000 2004 Sl. No. Type Area in

Ha


Area Area in

Ha


Area Difference in Hectares

1 Crop Land 147648.87 87.42 147635.76 87.42 -13

2 Mining areas 76.52 0.045 77.64 0.046 1

3 Forest 90.99 0.054 90.99 0.054 0

4 Scrub forest 3926.71 2.33 3920.41 2.32 -6



Figure 4.3 (A): Land use and land cover map of Bellary Taluk - 2000

N

A

LEGEND c:::J "R A RR1<N RO r.KV

c::::J BUIL T -UP c=::J CANAL c::::::J C R OP LAND _ FOREST

:MINING [=:::J PLANTATIONS

RE SERVIO R & TANKS ~RIVER CJ SCRUB FOREST c:=J STREAM _ WASTELAND

•

..

.~ /J -..,

N

A

LE G END C.I "R A"RRl< N R O(;KY

c::=J BUll. T - U P

c:::=J CANAL c:::::::J C R OP LAND _ FORE ST

MINING [=:J PLANTATIONS

RE SERVIO R & TANKS = RIVER r=:J SCRUB F O RE ST c::::=I S TREAM _ WASTEL AND



Figure 4.3 (B): Land use and land cover map of Bellary Taluk - 2004

----------------_._ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. - ._ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ ...

N

A

LE G E ND

c=J BARRE N R OC k'Y

D B UILT-U P

D C R O PLAND

_ CANAL

~FOREST _ II.<IINING

D P L ANT A TIONS

RIVER

SC R U B F O RE S T _ S TREAM / WATERBODY

WA STEL AND

---------------_._ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _._ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. - ._ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _._ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _._ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. -.. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ ...

N

A

LEGEND

BARREN ROC},.'Y

BUILT-UF

CROPLAND

CANAL

FORE S T

MINING

PLANTATIONS

RIVER

SCRUB FOREST

STREAM I WATERBODY

WASTELAND



4.3.2 Hospet taluk.

Hospet is another backward taluk with very little development except for increase in the area

under irrigation due to construction of Tungabhadra dam. The taluk has very negligible forest land

with poor vegetation. The land use change for Hospet in a matter of 4 years has indicated reduction in

cropland by 4 ha. Similarly the mining area has increased by 25% and most of the mining is

occurring in the forest areas. The extension of mining waste dumps has also gone up by 29 ha,

accounting for 95% increase in the last 5 years. The other land use changes have almost remained

same in Hospet taluk.

Table 4.4: Analysis of land-use change in Hospet taluk

2000 2004 Sl. No. Type Area in

Ha


Area Area in

Ha



1 Crop Land 49769.90 89.970 49765.97 89.917 -4 2 Mining areas 153.46 0.277 192.49 0.348 39 3 Forest 3175.62 5.741 3168.90 5.726 -7 4 Scrub forest 25325.29 26.517 25267.94 26.46 -57 5 Mining Waste 2.04 0.002 31.01 0.033 29

The satellite map showing

mining sites and other land use

changes for the years 2000 and

2004 is shown in the maps 4.5(A)

& 4.4(B).

Figure 4.4: Land use change in Hospet taluk - 2000 - 2004



Figure 4.5 (A): Land use and land cover map of Hospet Taluk - 2000

N

A

LE GEND

= BARRE N R OCK Y

= BUILT -U P

= CANAL

= CR O P LAND - F O RE S T MINING AREA

= SCR UB F ORE ST WASTE L AND

INDUSTRIAL WASTE _ P LANTATIONS

c::J] QUARRYING _ RE SERVIOR& TA NKS

~ RIVER I SL AND _ STREAM

N

A

LE GEND

BARRE N R OCI...'"Y BUI LT-U P CANAL CR O P L AND F ORE S T :MINING AREA SCR UB F OREST WASTELAND

INDUSTRIAL WASTE PLANTATIONS QUARRYIN G RE SERVIOR & TA NKS RIVER I SL AND STREAM



Figure 4.5 (B): Land use and land cover map of Hospet Taluk - 2004

--_. __ . __ . __ . __ •..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•...

N

A

LEGEND BARREN ROCKY BUILT-UP CANAL CROP LAND FOREST INDUSTRIAL WASTE MINING AREA PLANTATIONS SCRUB FORE ST STREAMIWATERBOD WASlE LAND

QUARRYING RIVER ISLAND

--_. __ . __ . __ . __ •..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•...

N

A

LEGEND BARREN ROCKY BUILT-UP CANAL CROP LAND FOREST INDUSTRIAL WASTE MINING AREA PLANTATIONS SCRUB FOREST STREAMJWATERBOD WASlE LAND

QUARRYING RIVER ISLAND



4.3.3 Sandur taluk

Sandur is a bio-diversity hot spot which accounts for more than 35% of the forest area

out of the total geographical area. Unfortunately, the land use change has undergone

tremendous change between 2000 and 2004 due to increase in mining activity in the forest

area. Details of land use change in Sandur taluk are given in Table 4.5. As per land use

analysis the cropland has reduced by 29 ha and the mining area has increased by 330 ha

including mining waste dump area which is the scrub forest. The forest area is reduced by

136 ha and 173 ha respectively due to increase in mining activities.

Table 4.5: Analysis of land-use change in Sandur taluk

2000 2004 Sl. No. Type Area in Ha


Area Area in Ha



1 Crop Land 43793.18 55.96 43764.41 55.88 -29 2 Mining areas 971.13 1.24 1235.91 1.58 265 3 Forest 29985.34 38.32 29811.99 38.07 -173 4 Scrub forest 38989.77 31.34 38853.88 31.23 -136

5 Mining Waste 62.76 0.05 127.30 0.10 65

The analysis as shown in

Figure 4.6 shows that Sandur

forest cover has undergone

change significantly in the last 5

years due to mining activity

alone. Similarly, the

fragmentation of forest

ecosystem, loss of tree cover and

accelerated soil erosion has

damaged the fragile

ecosystem of Sandur forests. The satellite imageries of 2000 and 2004 showing the intensity

and distribution of mining area in Sandur taluk is shown in Fig. 4.7 (A & B).

Figure 4.6: Land use change in Sandur Taluk -2000-2004



Figure 4.7 (A): Land use and land cover map of Sandur Taluk - 2000

N

A

LE GEND

BARRE N R OCKY BUILT-UP CR O PLAND

FORE ST INDUSTRIAL WASTE MINING AREA PLANT A TI ONS QUARRYING RE SERVIOR& TANKS SCRUB F ORES T WASTELAND

N

A

LEGEND

BARRE N RO CKY BUILT-UP CROP LAND

FOREST INDUSTRIAL WASTE .MINING AREA PLANT A TI ONS QUARRYING RESERVIOR& TANKS SCRUB FOREST WASTELAND



Figure 4.7 (B): Land use and land cover map of Sandur Taluk - 2004

---_ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. - ._ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ ...

N

A

LE GEND

BARREN R OC KY BUILT-UP t; J{U1" LAND

MINING AREA SCRUB F ORE ST

F ORE S T INDUSTRIAL WASTE P LANT ATIONS SCRUB F ORE ST WASTE L AND WATER B ODY QUARRYI NG SCR UB F ORES T

---_ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. - ._ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ ...

N

A

LE GE ND

BARREN R OC KY BUILT-UP {;1{OP L AND

lVlINING AREA SCRUB F ORE ST

F ORE S T INDUSTRIAL WASTE P L ANT ATIONS SCRUB F ORE ST WASTE L AND WATER B ODY QUARRYING SCR UB F ORES T



4.4 Problems due to land use change:

The rapid land use change in the study area is causing numerous environmental

problems such as loss of forest cover, land degradation, soil erosion, siltation and

sedimentation of water bodies, etc., in the study area. The factors contributing to these

environmental problems in the last five years in Sandur and Bellary region are mainly due to

land use change as a result of mining activity, unsustainable agricultural practices and other

developmental works. Some of the environmental problems, causes and trends due to land

use change and their impact on land, water, air, and vegetation are discussed below.

4.4.1 Unsustainable agricultural practices:

The land use changes in the last twenty-years have taken place rapidly in the study

region. The activities in the study region were predominantly agriculture and livestock

farming with the supplementary cottage industry as a subsidiary occupation during lean

seasons. The hostile climate and poor rainfall had forced the local community to adopt

subsistence farming with very little inputs. However, after the construction of Tungabhadra

dam the availability of water and the area under irrigated crop production opportunities in

Bellary and Hospet taluk have improved. Currently, the gross area under agriculture crop is

around 61% of total geographical area except for Sandur taluk where the area under

agriculture is less than 50% TGA.

4.4.2 Mining Activity

The mining activity in Sandur and Bellary region is perhaps the biggest mining

operation in the State. Due to higher percentage of iron content (65%) in the ore the demand

for iron ore from Bellary region is very high. In the last 15 to 20 years there has been

relentless mining and quarrying work going on in the study area causing tremendous

environmental problems like loss of vegetation, soil erosion, land degradation, deterioration

of air quality, etc.

As the mining deposits are found in all the land use types, mining activity is

undertaken in all the land use types such as forest, agricultural land and wastelands. The

maximum area is leased for mining in reserved forest. As per the list furnished by the

Department of Mines and Geology and Karnataka Forest Department, the number of active

mines operating in the forest area coming under the study area is 71. The details of mining

leases and extent of mining area in forest and non-forest land is given in Table 4.6.



Table 4.6: Mining leases in the study area

Forest and Non Forest Combined Forest Land

Taluk Number of mining lease

Area in hectares

Number of mining lease

Area in hectares

Quantity extracted in M tons

Bellary 5 475.78 4 97.10 733242 Sandur 51 13961.77 41 2933.07 26244723 Hospet 15 1389.19 5 647.58 4373754 Total 71 15826.74 50 3677.75 31351719

The land use change/cover analysis was done to spatially locate the active mines in

Bellary-Hospet- Sandur region (Map-II). From the map, it can be seen that 80% of mines are

located in the forest areas of Sandur and Hospet regions.

4.4.2.1 Opening of Forest Land

It is evident that in the last five years there is tremendous growth of mining activity in

Bellary-Hospet-Sandur region. From the land use change analysis it is clear that mining is

currently done in nearly 1200 ha. Figure 4.8 (A) shows the mining area in 2000 while figure

4.8 (B) shows increase of mining in the same area. The change in forest area (extent) and the

loss of forest in the study region is given in Table 4.7 below.

Table 4.7: Expansion of mining in forest area during 2000 and 2004

Taluks Mining in Forest (2000)

Mining in Forest (2004)

Difference in area (ha)

Bellary 90.9932 90.9932 0 Sandur 29985.3395 29811.9938 -173.346 Hospet 3175.6231 3168.9041 -6.719 Total 33251.96 33071.89 -180.065

From the satellite imageries of 2004, it is evident that mining in forest area especially

in the reserve forest is rampant (Figure 4.10). The satellite maps showing concentration of

mining areas in the middle of Swamimalai, Donimalai area are clear indication of heavy

mining activity. Swamimalai forests are known for many medicinal plants and endemic

species like Salvadora parsica, are affected by mining activity. In addition to these, the loss

of habitat of Sandal wood species is a real concern. According to Working plan report of

Bellary Forest Division, the Donimalai forest area which is rich in bio-diversity of many rare

and endangered species including sandal wood is getting damaged due to heavy mining

activity (Figure 4.9 & 4.10).



Increase in the area covered by water body due to siltation

Increase in mining area

Figure 4.8 (B): Satellite imagery 2004

Mining area

Water body

Figure 4.8 (A): Satellite imagery 2000

EXP ANSION OF MINING AREA IN SANDUR



Figure 4.9: Mining areas in Sandur Reserve Forest

Figure 4.10: Satellite image showing concentration of mining in forest area of Sandur taluk

Mining in Donimalai State Forest



EXP ANSION OF MINING ACTIVITY AND P OLLUTION OF WATER BODIES IN SANDUR

Comparatively low mining activity

Figure4.11 (A): Satellite image - 2000 Clear water Figure4.11 (B): Satellite image- 2004

Mining activity increased

Turbid water



4.4.2.2 Land-use change from agriculture to mining

Mining is also occurring in the wastelands, private lands and agriculture lands in

varying proportions. Figure 4.9 (A & B) indicates the extent of mining in agriculture land.



Figure 4.12 (A): Part of Sandur, as viewed by IRS 1C/1D, LISS III Satellite on Dec 2000

Figure 4.12 (B): Part of Sandur, as viewed by IRS 1C/1D, LISS III Satellite on Feb 2004

Crop land changed to mining

activity.

EXP ANSION OF MINING ACTIVITY IN AGRICULTURE LAND



4.4.2.3 Mining dump and dust along roads

Figure 4.13 : Mining waste dump along the hill slope

Figure 4.14 : Dumping of mining waste along the hill slope

According to land use change analysis, the area under mining dump has increased

tremendously in the last 5 years. The dump sites can be seen in Figure 4.15 and the roads

covered by mining dust can be seen in Figure 4.16.

4.4.2.4 Area abandoned after mining:

There is a large extent of abandoned mines in the forest area which needs immediate

attention for rehabilitation. The extent of abandoned mines and unrehabilitated mines is

increasing over the years.



Figure 4.15: Mining dumpsites in the study area

( ------------------ -- --- -- -- -- ---------------------------- -- ----- -- -- ----- ---------------------- -- ----- -- -- --------------------------- -- -- -, ,

N

A

~~HOSPE~ BELLARY

Le;e .. "

c:::::::J Taluk boundary

Miningsi~s

_ Mining ..... st.e sites c:::::::::J Reser= fu..,st boundary

(-~-~~----~-~~--~~~~--- ---.~-~------~-----~----~----~-~-- -- --~

I I

BELLARY

c::::::::J Taluk boundary

Miningsi~s

N

A

_ Mining"""ste siles ' c::::::::J Reserve fu..,st boundary !

~_~ __ ~~ ________ ~_~ ___ ~_~.~ ______ ~ ___ ______ ~.~_~ _____ ~ ________ ~~~ ______ -.J



Mining dust all along the road

Mining dust deposited along and near the Road

Figure 4.16: Part of Sandur, As Viewed by IRS 1C/1D, LISS III Satellite on Dec 2004



C H A P T E RC H A P T E R 55 L A N DL A N D D E G R A D A T I O ND E G R A D A T I O N

During the process and implementation of developmental programmes in the district

land degradation is one of the serious problems encountered. Infrastructure facilities such as

roads, bridges, culverts, dams and reservoirs are susceptible to damage and permanent loss of

intended benefits and productivity. In Bellary district where mining is a major industry, land

degradation is a serious problem due to both natural and anthropogenic activities.

Unsustainable land use practices and mining activities have contributed towards land

degradation to a very large extent. Land use analyses of Bellary, Hospet and Sandur taluks

have revealed that land degradation due to mining activity is more serious than any other

cause. Some of the major causes of land degradation and their impact on environment have

been discussed here.

Figure 5.1: Mining and land degradation in Subbrayanahalli, in Sandur

Figure 5.2: Infrastructure development for mining and land degradation in Sandur.

5.1 Natural causes

Natural causes such as drought, high temperature, soil erosion and loss of vegetation

are playing a key role in land degradation. The environmental setting of Bellary district itself

is semi-arid in nature and prone to drought as major part of the district lies in the rainfall

deficit region. Though Bellary district is endowed with rich mineral deposits and fairly good

forests in some parts it is a highly drought prone region with prevalence of severe hostile

climatic conditions. The geological formation consists of shallow soils with rocks and

boulders resulting in poor soil water holding capacity, low fertility and poor recharge

potential. These conditions are manifested in poor crop productivity. High mean annual

temperature associated with low rainfall is a major constraint for the overall productivity of



Figure 5.3: Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) and Water deficit pattern in Bellary district. Source: Adhikari et al 2003

crops and regional development failing to achieve optimal productivity in agriculture,

forestry and livestock sectors.

Low rainfall

associated with shallow soil,

unweathered rocks and

parent materials of the soil

makes the soil less

productive. Soils have a

tendency to break leaving

large cracks owing to the

baking sun during summer.

In this type of soil trees

show stunted growth and even grasses do not grow profusely, therefore the livestock

population face severe shortage of fodder in summer seasons. Water and soil conservation

practices associated with crop management may reduce the severe effects of drought and

famine. High rate of evapo-transpiration is unfavourable for soil formation. Soil tests show

that the potential evapo-transpiration is very high throughout the season and therefore the

district experiences water deficit in most part of the year.

Bellary district is known for its blistering summer and dry weather for major part of

the year with December, January, and February being cooler months recording mean

maximum temperature of 29.7º C. The period from March to May experiences higher

temperature going up to 44º C with a mean maximum temperature of 39º C. Very high

temperature during summer makes the land more arid and creates salt crust formation. At the

same time clay particles in the soil disintegrate to form smaller particles that could be easily

carried by wind resulting in wind erosion. The dry weather also favors gusty wind leading to

wind erosion. Gusty wind can take away even the larger soil particles.

Wind is another agent causing land degradation. Winds are light and moderate during

summer and high during rainy season. Thus, the edaphic or abiotic factors contribute

significantly to a host of interconnected chain reactions from soil formation to soil erosion

making the land unfit for cultivation and adversely affecting the growth of vegetation.

However, the rate of land degradation has been accelerated due to anthropogenic factors that

are directed at unsustainable resource use patterns.



Figure 5.4: Deposit of silt in streams and water bodies of mining area, Vysanakere, Hospet

5.2 Anthropogenic causes

Anthropogenic causes such as unsustainable land use practices, excessive grazing,

mining and quarrying, unscientific tillage have contributed to degradation of land and soil.

5.2.1 Soil erosion

Soil erosion is increasing in the

study region over the last few years.

Soil erosion problem has assumed

greater significance and seriousness

recently in the study region. One of the

major reasons attributed to high rate of

soil loss is topography, soil structure and

current land use pattern in the region.

As already explained, geologically the

soil is very poor due to arid condition.

In addition, increase in the area under

cultivation and unsustainable cultivation practices have contributed to accelerated rate of

soil erosion. Furthermore, extensive mining activity has enhanced the rate of soil erosion.

According to Perspective Landuse Plan for Karnataka 2025 Bellary region falls in the

soil erosion category of 5-15 tons/ha/year. Studies conducted by the Central Soil and Water

Conservation Institute in Bellary has reported high rate of soil erosion in the region. As per

studies the rate of soil erosion over different return periods in Bellary district is given in

Table 5.1. Decrease in water storage capacity of Tungabhadra reservoir is a proof that soil

erosion has accelerated the rate of sedimentation in the dam over the years.

Table 5.1: Soil loss due to erosion, rain intensity and runoff in Bellary district.

Ret

urn

peri

od Y

ears

Ann

ual

rain

fall

Ann

ual

runo

ff (m

m)

Peak

rat

e ru

noff

Ann

ual s

oil

loss

(t/h

a/yr

)

Dai

ly

Rai

nfal

l

Dai

ly r

unof

f

Hou

rly

rain

fall

Max

imum

15

min

in

tens

ity

Max

imum

30

min

in

tens

ity

2 474 34 0.034 3 62 10.5 36 84 59 5 620 68 0.070 6 82 19.4 46 103 75 10 717 91 0.094 8 96 25.3 53 116 85 25 839 119 0.124 11 113 32.7 62 132 97 50 929 141 0.147 13 126 38.2 68 143 107

Source: Adhikari et al., 2003



Soil erosion has been estimated for the region by many researchers (NEERI, 2004;

Adhikari and Rao 2003; Rao et al., 2000. Rao et al., 2003). A detailed analysis from hill

ranges of Bellary-Hospet-Sandur region (NEERI 2004) indicates that the erosion of soil is

very high. The area, soil erosion potential in each range and overall weighted average soil

loss is given in Table 5.2. The estimated soil erosion potential is 70.38 t/ha/year in these hill

ranges.

Table 5.2: Estimated soil erosion potential of mining areas in different hill ranges.

Sl. No.

Hill Range Erosion (t/ha/year)

Area (ha) Total Erosion (t/year)

1 Copper Mountain Range 123.18 2373.11 29,2319.7 2 Ramanadurg Range 93.29 1011.74 94,385.2 3 Ettinahalli 81.40 -- -- 4 Kumaraswamy range 75.56 6993.12 5,28,400.15 5 NEB and Timmapagudi Range 73.03 9065.0 6,62,016.95 6 Donimalai Range 39.42 67,33.98 2,65,453.5 7 Devadari range 45.65 -- -- Weighted Average 70.38 26,177.03 18,42,575.50

Source: REIA for Mining operations in Bellary-Hospet region, Karnataka-report, NEERI, 2004

In the present study, soil loss for the entire study area was estimated using universal

soil loss equation (USDA 1973) otherwise called as RKLSCP formula, for different taluks in

the region. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is:

A= R x K x LS x C x P

Where A = Estimate of the Soil Loss Rate in tons/ha/year K = Soil erodibility factor R = Rainfall factor LS = Length/Slope factor C = Crop management factor P = Support practice factor Rainfall factor was calculated based on total rainfall in the region and maximum rainfall

intensity for 30 min. The rainfall intensity was derived from the equation of Adhikari et al.,

(2003). Furthermore, using ready reckoned supplied by USDA, based on the slope of the

region and soil type the soil erosion potential in different regions were calculated. The soil

erosion estimates are given in Table 5.3.



Figure 5.5: Dust generation in Sandur mining areas

Table 5.3: Estimated soil erosion potential in Bellary, Sandur and Hospet taluks.

Taluk Bellary Hospet Sandur

R factor 109 294.42 389.9 K factor 0.37 0.42 0.27 LS factor 0.2 1.5 5 P factor 0.6 0.6 0.6 C factor 0.18 0.18 0.18 Erosion t/ha/year 0.48 22.89 56.84 Total Geographical area (ha) 169027 93374 115242 Total erosion (t/year) 8113296 2137331 6820800 Erosion t/ha/year 48.00 22.89 59.19 Erosion for the entire region 43.36 t/h/year

The estimates of soil erosion potential in different taluks of Bellary indicate that

Sandur taluk has high erosion potential while Bellary has low soil erosion potential (Table

5.3). This difference is primarily due to Land Slope factor and Rainfall factor. Sandur region

being hilly the rainfall received in this area is high as compared to other two taluks.

Therefore, the soil erosion potential is very high.

In all the above experiments, in

Bellary-Hospet-Sandur region the soil loss

varies between 22.89 to 59.19 t/ha/year. In

hill ranges the soil losses could be relatively

high and the mining activity has added to this

problem and the value of 70.38 t/ha/year

derived by the NEERI, 2004 report would be

appropriate especially in the hilly and mining

areas as loose soil accumulated as overburden

gets carried away by the rainwater easily

therefore siltation of water bodies.

According to the data collected from Tungabhadra Dam Board, the siltation of

Tungabhadra reservoir over the last fifty years is at the rate of approximately 5 t/ha/year

(Table 5.4). Further study of the siltation pattern in the last decade indicates the enhanced

rate of 0.27 t/ha/year of soil erosion in Tungabhadra dam catchment area due to various

factors such as mining, cultivation of steep slopes, aridity, etc. On examination of probable

causes for enhanced soil erosion it is found that mining activity is the main cause.



Figure 5.6: Sediment built up along the Tungabhadra River. (Source: www.geosat2/dry_monsoon)

Table 5.4: Rate of siltation of Tungabhadra dam from 1953 to 2004

Sl no Year of Survey

Capacity at Full Reservoir Level

(1633ft) Mm3 (TMCft)

Rate of Siltation from the base year (1953) in ha-

m/100 km2/year

1 1953 3751.17 (132.473) 0 2 1963 3246.79 (114.660) 17.9 3 1972 3428.60 (121.080) 6.02 4 1978 3332.68 (117.696) 5.94 5 1981 3275.68 (111.832) 6.03 6 1985 3166.74 (111.832) 6.48 7 1993 3157.53 (111.508) 5.27 8 2004 2954.58 (104.340) 5.54

(Source: TB Board, Hospet).

Soil erosion primarily gets enhanced due to removal of topsoil during mining and

subsequent dumping of mining waste in

steep slopes after the ore is extracted. In

Bellary, the proportion of ore extracted from

the soil is very high therefore, the

overburden is significantly less as compared

to other mining sites. However, in order to

understand the soil erosion problems of these

areas an indirect estimation of the quantity of

soil erosion was made in relation to

reduction of storage capacity in Tungabhadra

reservoir. The drainage pattern indicates that

most of the areas leased for mining drain into

Tungabhadra reservoir and therefore, the mining activity contributes for siltation of the

reservoir significantly.

Loss of storage capacity due to siltation was very high during the initial 10 years i.e.,

17.9 t/ha/year and was not considered for assessment due to various technical reasons. Loss

of storage capacity in Tungabhadra reservoir studied over the last 50 years (Table 5.5)

indicates that 5.54 ha-m /100 km2/year of storage capacity is being lost. A comparison of

siltation in the last 20 years i.e., from 1985 to 2004, indicates enhanced siltation during the

last 10 years i.e., between 1993-2004. This enhanced siltation may be because of increase in

mining activity between 2000 and 2004. The area of forest lost is approximately 387 ha

particularly in Sandur region, which is a major catchment area of Tungabhadra River. The



Figure 5.7: Deposits of iron-ore & mining waste in the valleys

siltation may have added to drastic reduction in the storage capacity. Between the years 1985

– 1993 the siltation rate in Tungabhadra reservoir was 5. 266 t/ha/year. Similarly siltation

was 5. 54 t/ha/year during the year 1993-2004. The net increase was 0.274 t/ha/year in the

last 11 years. This could be attributed to increase in mining activity and the resultant deposit

of overburden in the region. This additional siltation amounts to 7, 72, 049.8 tons of soil

accumulated from the mining areas. The additional soil deposit might have occurred from

the mining area of 1508 ha, thus the soil loss from the mining areas would amount to 511.96

t/ha. Table 5.5 indicating that from hilly regions of Bellary the erosion potential is 70

t/ha/year while considering mined areas alone would have higher potential as indicated here.

Considering the mining leases in forest area i.e., 5400 ha, the siltation in the dam is likely to

increase 3 times in the forthcoming years. Furthermore, the total area leased may further

enhance siltation of reservoir as the erosion potential from non-forest area may be much

higher than the forest area.

Looking at the productivity of iron and

manganese ore in Bellary-Hospet-Sandur

sector with an annual production of 30 million

tons of ore and a ratio of ore to overburden is

1:4.5 the amount of overburden is estimated

to be 135 million tons. Estimated siltation is

772049.8 tons and the proportion of

overburden found in the silt is 0.0057. With

the annual rainfall of 806 mm per annum in

Sandur region the soil loss potential is 56.84

t/ha/year under normal conditions. Under

mining conditions the erosion potential is 9

times more.



Figure 5.7: Deposits of iron-ore & waste

Map 5.8: Soil erosion potential map based on slope and soil type in Bellary, Hospet and Sandur taluks

Table 5.5: Soil erosion potential in different soil types and different slopes in Bellary-

Hospet-Sandur region.

Slope Clay Soil Loam Average over soil

types 0-1 % 8.83 13.10 10.66 1-3 % 8.83 13.10 10.15 3-5 % 14.72 21.83 16.14 5-10 % -- 131.01 131.01 10-15 % 88.33 349.35 167.77 15-35 % -- 491.27 491.27 35-50 % 331.22 491.27 459.26 Average over slopes 37.13 152.95 84.41

Source: Derived from soil and slope maps developed from KSRSAC and KSPCB

As per Table 5.5 loamy soils are highly vulnerable to erosion and most of the mining

activities are in Sandur taluk consisting of loamy soil and has an undulating topography with

steep slopes. Thus, the mining activity is enhancing already erosion prone land i.e., loamy

soil and steep lands to significant soil erosion losses (Figure 5.8).



5.2.2 Fragmentation of landscape

Mining of iron and manganese ore has immensely damaged the natural landscape of

the study area. There are 71 mines in the project area extracting annually 30 million tons of

ore by opening 1500 ha of forests (Table 5.6).

Table 5.6: Extent of land use types during the study period-as per satellite image.

Land use type Area (ha)

2000 Area (ha)

2004 Difference

(ha) Remarks

Forest 33251.96 33071.89 -180.06 Lost due to Mining Industrial Waste 64.80 158.32 93.52 Enhanced due to Mining Mining 1201.12 1506.03 304.91 Enhanced due to Mining Plantations 1232.99 1246.10 13.11 -- Scrub Forest 68241.77 68042.24 -199.53 Lost due to Mining Total 388801.86 388801.86 0.00 --

(Source: KSRSAC, 2006)

Fragmentation of landscape due to mining and subsequent overburden deposit on the

land is resulting in loss of contiguity of landscape. It is observed that agricultural lands are

also put to mining activity. Thus, the land suitable for agriculture when converted into

mining is going to hamper the productivity of land as the land becomes unfit for cultivation.

5.2.3 Unsustainable agricultural practices

Unsustainable land use practices have contributed immensely to land degradation.

Some of the causes and effects of unsustainable land use practices are discussed here:

Subsistence farming: Hospet and Sandur are hilly areas and are highly vulnerable for soil

erosion. Cultivation on the steep slopes and deep ploughing are some of the practices causing

land degradation. It has been prescribed that zero-tillage will substantially enhance soil

structure, organic matter accumulation and water holding capacity of agricultural land. In the

study area particularly in command area growing of commercial crops such as cotton, paddy,

groundnut and onion destroys soil structure thereby enhancing soil erosion. As per recent

observation the extent of area under commercial crops such as cotton, groundnut and onion is

increasing year by year. Groundnut and onion cultivation need breaking of soil structure

while harvesting. This activity enhances the potential of soil erosion as the fields are left

unused after harvest. Opened up soil after harvesting of crops and subsequent rainfall

enhances soil erosion.

Fertilizers and Pesticides: Extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are the main

causes of land degradation due to toxicity built-up in the soil. In Bellary region, high



incidence of pesticide usage to control pests and diseases has been reported. Cotton is grown

in over 5 lakh ha in the region and therefore the use of fertilizers and pesticides is high.

Further, the proportion of high yielding crops to total cropped area is high (82%) and

therefore the usage of fertilizer is also high. The use of fertilizers in agricultural crops has

enhanced the nitrate concentration in the water and also in the soil.

Absence of trees in the farmland: Low density of trees in the farmland is also responsible

for land degradation. The trees acts as shelterbelts and reduce the evapo-transpiration besides

creating micro-climate favorable for soil structure. Absence of trees coupled with higher

evapo-transpiration causes breakdown of soil structure and reduces the organic content.

Bellary records the lowest tree density on farmland.

Cropping pattern: Crop rotation and mixture of crops in cultivation helps in the

maintenance of soil fertility in addition to enhancement of farm income. But, continuous

mono-cropping in command area has contributed to decline in fertility. Cultivation of paddy

and sugarcane throughout the year has rendered the soil less fertile. Organic carbon levels

have decreased to 0.3 or 0.4 % in agricultural lands in these areas due to lack of application

of organic manure and increased crop intensity. Further, enhancement of cultivation with

groundnut and onion crops has increased the potential of soil erosion. Lack of crop mixture

and crop rotation with cereals and legumes in command areas have made way for increase in

the application of fertilizers and therefore resulting in loss of organic matter and fertility of

soil.

Excessive grazing: The density of livestock, especially of goats and sheep, is one of the

major causes of land degradation. By and large, the population of livestock has increased

over the two census periods. Interestingly, the goat and sheep population has increased in

this period while the buffalo and cattle population has decreased perhaps due to paucity of

grazing land and farmers’ inability to feed the livestock. Successive xeric conditions have

made the farmers to go for sheep and goat rearing. Both sheep and goats are hardy species

that can live in xeric conditions.

Though the livestock population has increased considerably in the district the grazing

land available is only 5472 ha in the entire district. The per capita land available for grazing

is only 0.01 ha. Even assuming that cultivable wastelands, trees and groves are available for

grazing the per capita grazing area is only 0.06 ha. Therefore the cattle rely on forest land for

grazing. Enhanced goat and sheep population may not indicate good future for forests as the



goats and sheep can thrive on the bark of various species of shrubs and trees in the forests.

Therefore, forest trees are damaged due to debarking. Goats and sheep even graze on the

seedlings and coppice shoots of stumps in the forest.

5.2.4 Salinity, alkalinity and acidity:

The excessive use of water in the command area for irrigation of crops is causing water

logging of cultivated areas leading to salinity and alkalinity. According to perspective land

use plan for Karnataka 2025, the Tungabhadra command area (TGB) is facing serious salinity

and alkalinity problems (Table 5.8). Excessive use of water, poor cropping pattern and

inadequate drainage are some of the causes of salinity and alkalinity.

Table 5.7: Area affected by salinity and alkalinity in Tungabhadra command area

Area affected (ha) Area treated (ha) Project Salinity Alkalinity Salinity Alkalinity

Tunga Bhadra Project 26018 6193 2575 0

Buildup of salinity, alkalinity and acidity is due to innate parent material in the region

as the Bellary-Hospet-Sandur region is having alkaline soil parent material. Moreover, the

Tungabhadra dam has enhanced the problem of salinity due to inundation of water in the

command area.

5.2.5 Deforestation

Deforestation is another major cause of land degradation. In the study region the forest cover

is very low (11% of total geographical area) and the canopy density is also very low. Most of

the land under forests consists of only scrub forest which indicates that the land is xeric in

nature. Xeric land coupled with shallow soils is prone to soil erosion. With increasing

population and urbanization, people have to depend more on forests for energy needs. Over

the years it is also noted that the goat and sheep population has increased in the region

indicating that forests are more vulnerable as a source of fodder to livestock. Thus the

compounding effect on loss of tree cover and forest is inevitable. The forest area excavated

for mining is depriving the biomass resources to the people. In the study region the rate of

deforestation is very high. Out of 31,000 ha of forestland nearly 5550 ha of forestland is

degraded due to mining and another 7000 ha of forest land has been granted for mining out of

which 600 ha is on mining lease.



Figure 5.9: Drilling and dust generation

due to drilling

Figure 5.10: Drilling machine used for making blasting holes

5.2.6 Mining and Quarrying

The method of mining itself has an

impact on land degradation. In the study area,

mainly open cast mining method is adopted

where mechanized, semi-mechanized and

manual method of mining is done. In

mechanized mining heavy machineries are

used while in semi–mechanized mining light

machineries are used. In mechanized &

semi–mechanized mining methods, the bench

varies from 450 to 600 slope having heights of

6-7.5 meters and width ranging from 10-15

meters. Thus, the mechanized and semi-

mechanized mining is taken up in high slope

areas. In manual mining no systematic

benches are formed & more human resources

are employed. Mining involves various

processes such as drilling, blasting,

excavation, transportation, dumping and

stacking. Each of these activities have an

impact on land degradation.

As per the guidelines of Indian Bureau of Mines and Ministry of Environment and

Forests the mining operations and rehabilitation of the old mining areas has to be done in a

scientific manner to minimize the environmental problems. The mine owners are expected to

undertake soil and water conservation measures and re-vegetation of the mined land by

refilling the topsoil. However, the mine owners in most of the cases have not adhered to the

norms.

As per the information furnished by Karnataka Forest Department, afforestation has

been done so far in 1158 ha while 1508 ha out of 5550 ha has already been mined. But the

problem is more acute in case of abandoned mines by the small mine owners where the

rehabilitation work has not been done as per guidelines. Out of 1158 ha of area taken up for

afforestation 677.17 ha is non-forest area and 480 ha is forest area. Between 1995 and 1998



Figure 5.11: Extraction of float iron ore in agriculture land, Sandur

as against 1401 ha of forest land diverted to mining activity, only 274 ha of area is afforested

indicating shortfall in the compensatory afforestation programme.

These compensatory afforestation programmes are meant to maintain the required

forest cover in the region and compensate the loss of forest cover due to mining for

restoration of ecological balance. Though compensation through afforestation is not true

compensation in real sense the guidelines are helping to supplement the fuelwood need and

forest biomass needs of local people. The lapse in compensatory afforestation increases the

already existing huge gap of supply-demand in biomass requirement of the local people.

Many people are abandoning agriculture and leasing out the agricultural land for

mining. Mining lease apparently provides them huge amount of cash immediately as against

the uncertain and trickling income from agriculture. Mining lobby is luring the farmers with

assurance that the land will be filled with topsoil after mining. In this context the data at

taluk level indicates marginal reduction of agricultural land in the three taluks (Table 5.8). A

land area of 6592 ha (3.9%) is not cultivated while comparing 2000-01 and 2002-03

indicating diversion of agricultural land to mining activities.

Diversion of agriculture land to

mining is resulting in the loss of productive

land to non-productive uses. For the next

several years, the exploited area cannot be

used for cultivation. Though, there may be

assurances that the land will be filled with

topsoil but it may not happen. The loss is

permanent to the farmers who lease out their

lands for mining. Though, in terms of

economic benefits the farmers may have

realized some profit in a short time but the

renewable resource is lost forever.

Table 5.8: Area under crops in Bellary, Hospet and Sandur Taluks

Area under crops (ha) Year Bellary Hospet Sandur

Total area under crops

2000-01 106070 38806 33011 177877 2002-03 102722 36158 32055 170935 Difference (%) 3348 (3.15) 2648 (6.82) 956 (2.89) 6952 (3.91)



Figure 5.12 (A): Mining and mining waste dumps in agriculture land of Devagirihalli, Sandur Taluk. -2004

From the personal interviews and field visits to mining areas it was learnt that the

leasing of agriculture land was confined to villages where iron and manganese ore deposit is

rich. The villages where the cropland was diverted for mining are Bujanganagar, Laxmipura

and others. However, there are no records available from these villages either as primary

data from the village or from the remotely sensed maps. However, from the KSRSAC maps

(Table 5.9 and Figure 5.12 a & b) it was identified that around Devagirihalli village nearly 20

ha of cropland was diverted for mining and an additional 17 ha was used for dumping of

overburden.

Table 5.9: Diversion of agriculture land to mining and dumping of mining waste in

Devagirihalli

Land use type Year 2000 Year 2004 Difference Are under crop land (ha) 230.93 210.84 - 20.09 Area under mining (ha) -- 8.70 + 8.70 Area under mining/dumping (ha) -- 11.39 + 11.369 Total 230.93 230.93

Source: derived from KSRSAC 2005.



Figure 5.12 (B): Agriculture land before commencement of mining activity in Devagirihalli, Sandur Taluk - 2000

5.3 Key findings on land degradation

Conversion of forest land and non-forest land is taking place at a large scale in

Bellary district. Over 180 ha of forest area coming under the control of forest department is

lost in the last 4 years. Similarly 199 ha of scrub forest under non-forest area is lost. The

area enhanced under mining is 304 ha. Thus, the land degradation is rampant in the study

area due to mining and related industrial activities. Land degradation due to soil erosion is

another major cause of concern in the study area as estimates in the region indicate high

erosion rates. In the hilly region the soil loss is to the extent of 70 tons/ha/year, while in the

plain area average erosion is nearly 23 tons/ha/year. Siltation of TB reservoir is an indication

of enhanced mining activity and flow of silt from the hilly regions. Further soil degradation

is also occurring due to salinity build up near reservoir areas. Fragmentation of agriculture

and forestlands are also responsible for enhanced land degradation as cohesive landscape is

being degraded into mosaics of different uses.



CHAPTER CHAPTER 66 DEMAND AND SUPPLY OFDEMAND AND SUPPLY OF WATER WATER

6.1 Water resources

Bellary is one of the water scarcity districts in Karnataka due to scanty rainfall besides

having highly erosion prone soils and poor water conservation strategies. Ground water is

over exploited in the district. Tungabhadra reservoir caters only to 19% of the irrigation

requirements of the district leaving still large areas to be irrigated. In addition, water bodies

are getting silted due to mining activity; water pollution due to various industries is rampant

impoverishing the already water scarce district. Natural water quality is not good for potable

purposes with more than 60 villages experiencing excessive fluoride content. In addition,

increased use of chemical fertilizers and lack of sanitation facilities has brought about

pollution of water to a large extent. Though the district is endowed with many tanks and

reservoirs, the water scarcity is primarily due to depletion of water resources as a result of

improper planning of development programmes and lack of resources to conserve water and

soil.

6.1.1 Rainfall

Bellary, Hospet and Sandur talukas have an average rainfall of 525, 658 and 806 mm

respectively. However, during the year 2004, all the talukas received deficit rainfall with

Bellary, Hospet and Sandur receiving 31.6%, 20.56%, and 22.15% respectively which is less

than the mean annual rainfall. Table 6.1 shows month-wise rainfall data in Bellary, Hospet

and Sandur stations for the year 2004.

Table 6.1: Rainfall (mm) during 2004 in Bellary, Hospet and Sandur Taluka Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Total Average Bellary 0 70.8 62.7 70.9 24.1 13.9 96.2 50.3 0 358.9 525 Hospet 32.0 12.5 41.4 132.0 121.0 20.5 99.9 63.4 0 522.7 658 Sandur 0 23.0 30.8 129.9 135.8 69.2 168.0 68.2 2.6 627.5 806

(Source: Agriculture Department, Bellary). Note: January, February and December months did not receive rainfall therefore those months are not mentioned.

During the past 16 years Bellary Taluk has received less than normal rainfall in 9 out

of 16 years, Hospet has received less than normal rainfall in 4 years and Sandur has received

less than normal rainfall only once.



Figure 6.1: Precipitation and Evapotranspiration in Bellary district. Source: Paulman 2004

Figure 6.2: Vittalapura Tank in Bellary taluk

Higher mean annual temperature associated with low rainfall leads to high rate of

evapo-transpiration, which makes the environment highly unfavorable for living and for crop

cultivation. Potential evapo-transpiration is very high throughout the season and therefore

the district experiences water deficit in most part of the year. (Figure 6.1)

6.1.2 Surface water

The study area is endowed with many

tanks maintained by various agencies

including Gram Panchayats, Zilla Panchayat,

Fish Developers Association and Minor

Irrigation Department. In the study area

Bellary taluk has 1.14%, Hospet has 3.63%

while Sandur has 3.22% of total geographical

area under tanks. A summary of the total

extent of tank area under various agencies is

given in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2: List of tank in the study area

Region Total area (in ha) % Total Area Bellary

Gram Panchayat Tanks 46 Zilla Panchayat Tanks /Fish Developers Association 176 Minor Irrigation Tanks 1699 Subtotal 1921.00 1.14



Hospet Gram Panchayat Tanks 642.67 Zilla Panchayat Tanks /Fish Developers Association 842.82 Minor Irrigation Tanks 1801 Subtotal 3286.49 3.63

Sandur Gram Panchayat Tanks 3253.69 Zilla Panchayat Tanks /Fish Developers Association 455.18 Subtotal 3708.87 3.22

Total 8916.36 2.38

Figure 6.3: Tungabhadra Reservoir, Hospet

Figure 6.4 : Hullikunta Tank, Sandur

Figure 6.5: Narihalla Reservoir, Sandur

Figure 6.6: Daroji Tank, Hospet

Apart from tanks in the study area there are two major irrigation reservoirs under the

Water Resources Department, namely Tungabhadra and Narihalla reservoirs. Tungabhadra



reservoir is irrigation cum power generation project while Narihalla dam is only for

irrigation. The details of two reservoirs are given below in Table 6.3.

Table 6.3: List of major irrigation tanks and reservoirs in the study area.

1 Name of Reservoir Tungabhadra Narihalla 2 River Basin Krishna Krishna 3 Name of Stream/ sub-basin Tungabhadra Narihalla/Tungabhadra 5 Catchment area (Km2) 28180 427 6 Yield (TMCft ) 423 57.73 7 Storage TMCft Mcum

a. Gross 132.00 22.94 b. Live 116.84 20.87 c. Dead 2.30 2.07 8 Planned Utilization TMCft Mcum

a. Withdrawals by canals 119.50 20.46 b. Reservoir losses 12.50 5.00 c. Gross utilisation 132.00 25.46 9 Irrigable Area (Ha) 362795 1512

Tungabhadra reservoir with a drainage area of 28,180 km2 was designed for storing

133 TMC of water and was impounded for the first time in the year 1953. Capacity of the

reservoir at various levels was worked out based on the regular contour survey conducted in

the river basin upstream of the dam prior to the impounding of water in the reservoir.

According to this the Gross capacity of Tungabhadra Reservoir was taken as 133.0 TMC

(3766.1 Mm3) at an FRL of 1633 ft (497.738 M). On review of various hydrographic surveys

conducted from 1963 to 1993, for the last 40 years, the siltation rate works out to an average

of 0.52 TMC per year. A comparison of rates of siltation in other major reservoir in India

indicates that the situation in Tungabhadra is not alarming. However, the ground fact is that

due to siltation Tungabhadra Reservoir has lost 25 TMC of its useful storage. This has

contributed to reduction in the irrigation utilization from the reservoir to about 187 TMC in

recent years against 212 TMC of water allocated to the project by Krishna Water Dispute

Tribunal excluding evaporation losses.

6.1.3 Ground water

The study area consists of 10 watersheds with various degree of exploitation (see

Figure 3.6 for watershed map of Bellary District). While classifying the watersheds into

command and non-command, it is seen that all the command in watersheds were considered

safe stage of development. While four non-command watersheds are either semi-critical or

over-exploited. Details of ground water in the watersheds of the study area as well as the



taluka wise details are given in the following Tables 6.4 – 6.6. The hydrogeological and

drainage maps are given in Figure 3.7 & 3.8 respectively.

Table 6.4: List of watersheds in the study area

Are

a E

xten

t

Tot

al A

nnua

l Gro

und

Wat

er R

echa

rge

Net

Ann

ual G

roun

d W

ater

A

vaila

bilit

y

Exi

stin

g G

ross

Gro

und

Wat

er D

raft

for

All

Use

s

Net

Gro

und

Wat

er

Ava

ilabi

lity

for

Futu

re

Irri

gatio

n D

evel

opm

ent

Exi

stin

g St

age

of G

roun

d W

ater

Dev

elop

men

t

Cat

egor

y

TA

LU

K N

AM

E

Cod

e of

Wat

ersh

ed

Com

man

d / N

on-c

omm

and

Typ

es o

f Roc

k fo

rmat

ion

Ha HAM HAM HAM HAM %

N-C Gneiss, Schist 24418 1198.93 1138.98 460.67 631.33 40.45 SAFE Bellary

4D3C2

C

Gneiss, Schist 6993 788.91 749.47 126.31 597.4 16.85 SAFE

N-C GRGN, Schist 23439 787.51 748.14 799.67 0.00 106.89 O E Bellary-

Siruguppa 4D3C3

C GRGN, Schist 110818 9494.98 9400.03 1598.39 7534.05 17.00 SAFE

N-C Bellary-Siruguppa

4D3F1

C Gneiss, Schist 49200 5715.93 749.47 126.31 597.40 16.85 SAFE

N-C Gneiss, Schist 105821 6022.41 5721.29 1143.93 4303.02 19.99 SAFE Sandur

4D3F2


N-C Gneiss, Schist 22575 813.66 772.97 215.73 542.08 27.91 SAFE Hospet-

Sandur 4D3F3


N-C Gneiss, Schist 88129 3574.36 3395.64 2142.44 1049.82 63.09 SAFE HagariBom-

Hospet 4D4B1

C Gneiss, Schist 75571

N-C Granitic gneiss 136100 10130.25 9623.73 3894.85 5582.39 40.47 SAFE Sandur-

Kudligi 4D3C6 C N-C Gneiss 67700 4557.36 4329.49 4902.36 0.00 113.23 O. E Sandur-

Kudligi 4D3C7

N-C Granitic gneiss 86580 7518.94 7142.99 5933.75 1007.44 83.07

SEMI CRITICAL Sandur-

Kudligi 4D4B2

C Granitic gneiss 18020

N-C Gneiss, Schist 104 6.65 6.32 16.05 0.00 254.18 O.E Bellary

Border 4D3C1




Table 6.5: Taluka-wise details of groundwater recharge and exploitation

Stages of Development

Tot

al A

nnua

l Gro

und

Wat

er

Rec

harg

e

Net

Ann

ual G

roun

d W

ater

A

vaila

bilit

y

Exi

stin

g G

ross

Gro

und

Wat

er

Dra

ft F

or Ir

riga

tion

Exi

stin

g G

ross

Gro

und

Wat

er

Dra

ft F

or D

omes

tic A

nd

Indu

stri

al W

ater

Sup

ply

Exi

stin

g G

ross

Gro

und

Wat

er

Dra

ft F

or A

ll U

ses

Allo

catio

n Fo

r D

omes

tic A

nd

Indu

stri

al U

se F

or N

ext 2

5 Y

ears

Net

Gro

und

Wat

er A

vaila

bilit

y Fo

r Fu

ture

Irri

gatio

n D

evel

opm

ent

Ave

rage

Cro

p W

ater

R

equi

rem

ent

Bal

ance

Gro

und

Wat

er

Irri

gatio

n Po

tent

ial A

vaila

ble

Safe

Are

a (%

)

Sem

i-Cri

tical

Are

a (%

)

Cri

tical

Are

a (%

)

Ove

r E

xplo

itatio

n A

rea

(%) Taluka

HAM HAM HAM HAM HAM HAM HAM (m) HA Bellary 13042.50 12702.72 2202.21 683.46 2885.67 1110.89 9447.00 0.89 10584.88 41 59 Hospet 6857.52 6654.03 1393.26 947.85 2341.11 1350.94 3909.84 0.85 4622.71 SAFE Sandur 9102.13 8778.49 1637.58 566.52 2204.11 888.56 6252.35 0.88 7136.47 96 4

Details about groundwater level in the study area for the year 2004 were obtained

from the Mines and Geology Department is been summarized in the Table 6.6 below.

Table 6.6: Groundwater level in various sampling spots in the study area - 2004

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Sandur Taluka Bandri 26.49 27.95 29.22 29.9 - 29.79 28.37 28.55 26.88 22.65 23.55 21.41 Suseelanagar 9.02 9.1 9.33 9.53 - 9.33 8.87 9.27 8.85 8.28 8.63 8.92 Daroji 10.14 10.4 10.27 11.1 - 10.91 10.27 9.95 9.19 7.92 8.21 8.43 Navalutti 7.17 7.2 7.42 7.7 - 7.57 6.95 7.17 6.72 6.25 6.54 6.76 Sandur 19.64 20.15 20.71 20.94 - 20.79 20.17 20.32 18.94 17.64 18.19 18.31 Taranagar 9.44 8.2 9.21 9.4 - 9.14 8.92 9.05 8.66 8.24 9.08 9.32 Torangal 3.69 3.85 3.99 4.6 - 3.99 4.46 4.18 3.64 3.06 3.37 3.3 Somalapura 8.52 9.73 8.78 10.4 - 10.24 8.78 8.95 7.27 7.05 7.83 7.94 Hospet Taluka Hospet 2.7 2.7 2.82 3.04 - 2.88 2.55 2.38 2.12 2.07 2.58 2.72 Kamalapura 3.12 2.83 4.4 4.56 - 4.45 3.99 3.62 3.27 2.89 3.43 3.74 Kampli 9.13 9.67 9.82 10.22 - 10.46 10.22 9.7 9.15 6.62 6.42 6.68 Potalakatte 4.02 4.1 4.22 4.34 - 4.4 4.05 4.18 3.98 3.73 3.87 3.92 Ramasagara 2.42 2.5 2.62 2.87 - 2.94 2.44 2.38 2.17 1.98 2.33 2.88 Dharmasagar 20.32 20.62 20.56 20.72 - - 19.15 19.38 18.69 18.25 20.15 20.43 Bellary Taluka Bellary 4.88 4.97 4.8 5.15 5.58 5.62 5.85 5.98 5.83 5.53 5.02 3.67 Burranayakanahalli 9.75 10.02 10.36 10.76 10.94 11.4 14.16 14.3 13.27 12.83 11.95 12.1 Emmiganur 3.38 3.4 3.6 3.96 4.08 4.19 4.25 4.18 3.83 2.75 2.64 2.85 Kammarchedu 2.52 2.8 2.7 2.9 3.11 3.38 3.49 3.32 2.84 2.46 1.81 2.02 Karekal 12.08 12.15 13.15 14.24 14.48 13.14 13.1 13.34 12.07 11.15 13.41 13.66 Moka 3.12 3.55 3.75 4.02 4.14 4.22 4.36 4.22 3.68 3.44 2.55 2.81 Somasamudram 2.57 2.62 2.8 3.12 3.2 3.34 3.41 3.33 2.91 2.24 2.18 2.32 Kurugodu 14.31 15.4 15.73 16.19 16.3 17.65 18.4 18.87 18.57 17.28 16.75 16.36



6.1.4 Availability of water

Keeping in view the various surface and ground water sources and accounting for

rainfall the total water resources for the three talukas namely, Bellary, Hospet and Sandur

available for year 2004-05 is summarized in Table 6.7 below.

Table 6.7: Availability of water from various sources in the study area

Volume in Mm3 Source Bellary Sandur Hospet Rainfall Data 358.83 676.82 472.61

Gram Panchayat Tanks 0.70 49.58 9.79 Zilla Panchayat Tanks /Fish Developers Association 2.68 6.94 12.84 Tanks

Minor Irrigation Tanks 25.89 0.00 27.45 Tungabhadra 12021.66* Rivers /

Surface Water Narihalla 1640.69 Ground Water 130.43 91.02 68.58 Total 518.53 2465.05 12612.93 *Note: The volume in Tungabhadra is stored. However, this is not the available volume as only 3154.62Mm3 is allotted to Karnataka

The availability of water was calculated based on the average annual rainfall in the

given area, its percolation potential, recharge potential and surface runoff using the model

provided by Dayte (2002). The model was built for water availability in Indian subcontinent,

wherein inflow and outflow estimations were made. From the total rainfall of the given

region, it is estimated that 53.75 % of water percolates into soil and out of which, 12.5 % will

get infiltrated into ground water and remaining (41.25%) is available as soil moisture for

growth of crops and vegetation. However, 27.5% of this crop-absorbed water is lost as

evapo-transpiration. Nearly 17.5% of rainwater directly and 15 % of the soil moisture is

evaporated and the remaining water i.e., 28.75% water is estimated as runoff. The runoff

water fills into tanks, rivers and streams providing surface water to irrigation, agriculture, etc.

The runoff, inputs from groundwater and irrigation seepages together form the storage in

reservoirs and flow in streams. The total rainfall and additional water from Tungabhadra for

irrigation is the only source of water for all the taluks. The ground water recharge estimated

through the above method and the values provided by the Central Ground Water Board in the

area match with some minor differences. Karnataka’s share of water from Tungabhadra

Reservoir is 111 TMC (3154.62 Mm3) to irrigate 362,795 ha. Based on the water available

per ha from the allocation, the total water quantity based on the command area in each taluk

was calculated. Thus, the water estimated from rainfall and reservoir constitutes the water

supply of the project area.



Fig 6.7: Water distribution diagram as per Average Annual Water Resources of India

Table 6.8: Availability of water from various sources in the study area after deducting

evapo-transpiration and evaporation

Supply (in Mm3) Sources Sub-sources Bellary Sandur Hospet Rainfall* Ground water recharge 103.16 194.59 135.88 Surface flow 43.96 82.91 57.89 Sub-total 143.53 270.73 189.04 Surface Water Tungabadra ** 1422.32 970.70 761.60 Total 1716.56 1525.69 1149.14

*Considering total rainfall in the area, percolation into soil and evapotranspiration from the area has been subtracted ** Water available to each taluk is based on the total available water from Tungabhadra to the state and proportionately distributed to based on command area in each taluk. This water from TB dam to the three taluks is additional water as the TB dam catchment is also outside the study area. Narihalla has not been included as most of the irrigated land is not in Sandur



6.2 Demand for water

Demand for water in the region is for domestic use, livestock management, industrial

needs, mining and agriculture. The demand for water in each sector is given in detail in the

following sections

6.2.1 Domestic water requirement (Towns & Villages)

Keeping in view the growth of population at the rate of 1.5% per year as per Census

2001 supply of rate of 55 liters of water per capita per day would be the requirement of

growing population during the coming years till 2011 (Table 6.10).

Table 6.9: Requirement of water for the existing population 2001 at the rate of 55

LPCD and future projection

Water Supply @55LPCD in Mm3 Area Name

Population as per 2001

Census 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

District 2027140 61.33 62.25 63.19 64.14 65.10 66.08 67.07 68.07 69.09 70.13 71.18 Hospet 374949 12.32 12.51 12.70 12.89 13.08 13.28 13.47 13.68 13.88 14.09 14.30 Bellary 625494 21.79 22.12 22.45 22.78 23.13 23.47 23.82 24.18 24.54 24.91 25.29 Sandur 191166 4.29 4.36 4.42 4.49 4.55 4.62 4.69 4.76 4.83 4.91 4.98 Total of 3 talukas 38.40 38.98 39.56 40.16 40.76 41.37 41.99 42.62 43.26 43.91 44.57

6.2.2 Livestock water requirement

The Livestock Census of 2002 was used for the estimation of water requirement of

livestock population in the three talukas (Table 6.11). A conservative estimate of the daily

water consumption various livestock was used to arrive at the total water requirement of

livestock population.

Table 6.10: Requirement of water for livestock population - 2002 census

Livestock Population Water Demand in Mm3/year Category Bellary Hospet Sandur Daily Water

consumption (L) Bellary Hospet Sandur Cattle 70510 37566 51380 100 2.57 1.4 1.88 Buffalo 49493 24737 15987 100 1.81 0.9 0.58 Sheep 67954 45605 46470 30 0.74 0.5 0.51 Goats 29311 26199 41295 30 0.32 0.29 0.45 Dogs 16768 13530 8735 30 0.184 0.15 0.096 Pigs 9652 3193 590 15 0.053 0.018 0.003 Poultry 1026725 254438 185254 2.5 0.94 0.232 0.17 Total 6.62 3.46 3.69



6.2.3 Water requirement industries

Various industries existing in the study area have been classified in to two categories

namely Small scale & Tiny Industries and Medium & Large Industries (Table 6.12 and 6.13)

for the purpose estimation of water requirement

Table 6.11: Requirement of water by Small scale & Tiny Industries existing in the

study area

Units / Taluk Water Consumption Rate m3/yr SSI/Tiny units

Products Hospet Bellary Sandur

Water Consumption Rate m3/day

/unit* Bellary Sandur Hospet

Food Beverages 900 1100 350 5 2007500 638750 1642500 Textiles 500 900 150 5 1642500 273750 912500 Wood 120 100 24 0.5 18250 4380 21900 Printing & Stationery 80 90 12 0.1 3285 438 2920 Leather & Leather Product 150 80 40 10 292000 146000 547500 Rubber & Plastic 20 50 0 5 91250 0 36500 Glass & Glass Chemicals 12 15 0 10 54750 0 43800 Chemicals 8 25 2 10 91250 7300 29200 Metal Products 19 31 120 10 113150 438000 69350 General Engineering works 445 400 104 1 146000 37960 162425 Electrical & Electronics 30 60 12 1 21900 4380 10950 Repairs & Servicing 298 90 80 1 32850 29200 108770 Ferros & Non Ferros 21 19 19 10 69350 69350 76650 Other services 148 300 45 0.5 54750 8212.5 27010 Miscellaneous 390 400 42 0.5 73000 7665 71175 Job works 300 129 50 0.5 23542.5 9125 54750 Total 3441 3789 1050 4735327.5 1674510.5 3817900

• Note: The Water Consumption Rate in red are assumed figures



Table 6.12: Requirement of water by Medium & Large Industries existing in the study

area

Sl.No Name & Address of the Unit Name of the End

Product

Water Consumed

KLD*

Water Consumed

m3/yr 1 Karnataka Strips Pvt., Ltd., Bellary Colo Rolled Strips 20000 7300000 2 Jindal Thermal Power Company Ltd Power Generation 13396 4889540 3 United Galva Pvt., Ltd. GP & GC Sheets 11000 4015000 4 JSW Power Ltd Power Plant 8488 3098120 5 Pampasara Distillery Ltd Rectified Spirit &

IML 3666 1338090 6 Sree Rayalaseema Alkalies & Allied

Chemicals Ltd Power generation 1000

365000 7 Kargnur Iron & Steel Pvt. Ltd. Sponge Iron 500 182500 8 Janki Corp Ltd, Sponge Iron 450 164250 9 Metcoke Industries Ltd., Metallurgical Coke 400 146000

10 Bellary Steels & Alloy Ltd Sponge Iron 308.25 112511.25 11 Jindal Praxair Oxygen Company Pvt.

Ltd. Industrial Gases 286

104390 12 Banaka Sponge Iron Pvt. Ltd. Sponge Iron 175.6 64094 13 Tungabhadra Steel Products Engineering Design

& Fabrication 140 51100 14 Regional Oil Seeds Growers Co-Op.

Societies Union Ltd. Oil extraction and Refinery

100 36500

15 India Sugar & Refinance Sugar 43 15695 16 Monsanto Technologies India Ltd Processing & Packing

of Hybrid seeds 39

14235 17 Poweroniks Ltd. Bio-Mass Based

Powder 33.5 12227.5 18 Jamshadpur Injunction Powder Ltd Chemical Industry 25 9125 19 N. K. Steel Billets & Sheet

production 13 4745 20 Sandur Manganese and Iron Ores Manganese Iron Ore 11.42 4168.3 21 Karthikajyothi Agro Pvt. Ltd. Fertilizers mixing 3 1095 22 Bellary Steels & Rolling Mill MS flats & Angles 1.5 547.5 23 Millennium Spices Ltd Chilli Oil 1 365 24 Sree Raghavendra Carbons Coal

Briquettes Coal Briquette

2 730 25 Padmavathi Coke Pvt. Ltd Coke 2 730 26 Keshav Castings Pvt. Ltd. Coke Woven

Products 2 730 27 Sirdi Sai Spintex Pvt. Ltd, Cotton Yarn 1 365 28 Mullangi Sinrex Ltd, Cotton Yarn 1 365 29 Bnavalka Pipes ERW Galvanized

Steel Pipes 10000 3650000 30 Padmavathi Ferros Pvt., Ltd. High Carbon Ferr

Manganese 100 36500 31 N.M.D.C. Ltd Iron ore 10 3650 32 Tungabhadra Minerals Iron Work 10 3650



Sl.No Name & Address of the Unit Name of the End

Product

Water Consumed

KLD*

Water Consumed

m3/yr 33 BSAL (ISP) M. S. Steel 100 36500 34 Siddeswara Oils & Allied Products Pvt.

Ltd Oil

50 18250 35 KOF Ltd Oil, Oilcake 50 18250 36 SlS Power Industries Ltd. Power Generation 100 36500 37 Sharada Veg Oil Ltd Solvent Extraction 50 18250 38 Sigma Solid Strips Pvt. Ltd Sponge Iron 100 36500 39 Rangineni Steel Pvt. Ltd Sponge Iron 100 36500 40 Papuri Steels Ltd. Sponge Iron 100 36500 41 Minerals Sales Pvt. Ltd Sponge Iron 100 36500 42 K.R. Alloy Ltd. Sponge Iron 100 36500 43 Hothur Steels Sponge Iron 100 36500 44 Hindustan Calcined Metal Pvt. Ltd Sponge Iron 100 36500 45 H.K.T. Mining Pvt., Ltd. Sponge Iron 100 36500 46 Siruguppa Sugar & Chemicals Sugar 40 14600

Total 71398.27 26060368.55 Note: The Water Consumption Rate in red are assumed figures (Source: KSPCB, Bellary) 6.2.4 Water requirement of Mining/Quarrying activity

Data obtained from the dept of Mines & Geology for the year 2004-05 shows that

around 31 million tons of various minerals are extracted and the average water consumption

is around 86845 m3/million ton. The total water requirement of mining activity in the region

is around 2693105 m3, the details of which are given in Table 6.14.

Table 6.13: Requirement of water by the mining industry at the rate of 86845

m3/million ton- 2004-05

Sl.No Minerals

Production in Metric

tons

Total Water requirement in m3

(Production * 86845/1000000)

1 Iron Ore, I.O. Fines, Red-oxide 30,618,477.0 2,659,061.0

2 Manganese Ore 355969.0 30914.1 3 Quartz 34194.0 2969.6 4 Soap Stone 1845.0 160.2 Grand Total 31010485.0 2693104.9

* Note: The Water Consumption Rate is average figures obtained from 3 companies



6.2.5 Water requirement of agriculture sector

Information obtained from the Department of Agriculture was used as the basis for

calculation of water requirement for production of agriculture crops in the agriculture sector.

(Table 6.15).

Table 6.14: Requirement of water for crops under different irrigation systems - 2004-05

in the study area.

Crop area in ha Water consumption in Mm3 Cultivation type Bellary Hospet Sandur

Water consumption m3/ha/crop Bellary Hospet Sandur

Irrigated 74,340 32,150 8,730 8000 594.72 257.2 69.84 Rainfed 86,500 19,020 38,750 2000 173.00 38.04 77.5 Total 160,84

0 51,170 47,480 -- 767.72 295.24 147.34

Source: Agriculture Department, Bellary

6.2.6 Utilization of water in study area

Keeping in view the availability of water from various sources for the three talukas

namely, Bellary, Hospet and Sandur, the water consumption pattern for the year 2004-05 is

given in table 6.16 below.

Table 6.15: Demand of water by various sectors in the study area - 2004-05

Demand in Mm3

Bellary Sandur Hospet Households Water Supply (Towns & Villages) 23.13 4.55 13.08 Livestock Water Supply 6.62 3.7 3.46 Medium & Large Industrial Water Supply 26.06 SSI & Tiny Industrial Water Supply 4.74 1.67 3.82 Mining / Quarrying Water Supply 2.7 Agriculture Water Supply 767.72 147.34 295.24 Total in Utilization 833.08 179.85 342.32 Total availability 1716.56 1525.69 1149.14 Difference (%) 883.48 1345.84 806.82

Use of water by various sectors indicates that agriculture sector is consuming nearly

89.3 % of water. Then comes the commercial use i.e., the use of water by industries and

mining activity. The third category in terms of volume of water consumed for drinking and

domestic use constituting only 3% of total use. Water used by livestock population

constitutes another 1%.



6.3 Demand and Supply projection of water:

Based on secondary data the demand and supply of water in the study region has been

calculated. However, the historical experience in the study region has revealed that the

recurrence of drought and famines are quite frequent. But, due to construction of

Tungabhadra reservoir and Narihalla barrage the availability of water in the study region

have improved considerably.

The rainfall data analysis between 1990 and 2005 have shown large deviation from

the mean annual rainfall between 5% to 60% considering both excess rainfall and deficit

rainfall. Assuming minimum 10% deficit for each year the demand and supply of water has

been projected for the next 10 years (Table 6.16 to 6.18 for different taluks). The drinking

water supply is projected at 1.5% per annum and 1% for crops and zero percent for industrial

availability.

Table 6.16: Demand, Supply of water considering 2% increase in population and 1%

increase in agriculture in Bellary taluk

Sl no

Year Demand (Mm3)

Supply (Mm3)

Gross Potential Availability

(Mm3) 1 2007 833.08 1716.56 883.48 2 2008 841.21 1716.56 875.35 3 2009 849.44 1716.56 867.12 4 2010 857.75 1716.56 858.81 5 2011 866.15 1716.56 850.41 6 2012 874.64 1716.56 841.92 7 2013 883.22 1716.56 833.34 8 2014 891.89 1716.56 824.67 9 2015 900.66 1716.56 815.9 10 2016 909.51 1716.56 807.05


increase in agriculture in Sandur taluk

Sl no

Year Demand (Mm3)

Supply (Mm3)

Gross Potential

Availability (Mm3)

1 2007 179.85 1525.69 1345.84 2 2008 181.41 1525.69 1344.28 3 2009 183.00 1525.69 1342.69



4 2010 184.59 1525.69 1341.1 5 2011 186.21 1525.69 1339.48 6 2012 187.84 1525.69 1337.85 7 2013 189.49 1525.69 1336.2 8 2014 191.15 1525.69 1334.54 9 2015 192.84 1525.69 1332.85

10 2016 194.54 1525.69 1331.15


increase in agriculture in Hospet taluk

Sl no Year Demand

(Mm3) Supply (Mm3)

Gross Potential

Availability (Mm3)

1 2007 342.32 1149.14 806.82 2 2008 345.53 1149.14 803.61 3 2009 348.78 1149.14 800.36 4 2010 352.07 1149.14 797.07 5 2011 355.39 1149.14 793.75 6 2012 358.74 1149.14 790.4 7 2013 362.13 1149.14 787.01 8 2014 365.56 1149.14 783.58 9 2015 369.03 1149.14 780.11 10 2016 372.53 1149.14 776.61

The following issues need to be addressed for solving the problems connection with

demand and supply of water.

- Improvement in the level of groundwater

- Scientific mining followed by rehabilitation of mining waste

- Rationality in the use of water

Over the last 10 years the rainfall pattern has shown 8% to 47% variation reflecting

both deficient and excess quantity. Therefore, while estimating the balance of water it is

better to provide enough safeguards by assuming 10% of total rainfall as the potential

deficiency in a given year. As the actual availability of water is the difference between the

average rainfall in the last ten years and average deficit over the last 10 years the projected

demand and supply for all the three taluks (presented in the Table 6.17 – 6.19) indicates a

very grim picture of water shortage in future.

The deficiency percentages over the years indicate that given the restricted volume of

water received, the gap between supply and demand keeps increasing over the years to the



Figure 6.7(A): Narihalla reservoir –Feb 2006.

Figure 6.7(B): Narihalla reservoir – Feb 2007.

tune of 21% in Bellary and 28% in Hospet. However, Sandur taluk having surplus water will

experience reduction in the quantum of water. In view of the high proportion of consumption

of water in agriculture sector there is need to improve efficiency in the used of water in this

sector. Water conservation measures in agriculture sector and reducing demand through

proper cropping pattern would not only enhance the productivity of crops in the region but

also reduces the consumptive use of water. Secondly, reduction in the area under crops

demanding huge quantity of water such as paddy and sugarcane would improve the water

supply in the region. New method of growing rice, such as “Madagascar method” reduces

water consumption considerably and helps provisioning of water for other crops or other

uses. Skipping summer crop where additional 200 mm of water is used for cultivation would

help in reducing the consumption of water in Bellary taluk alone to the tune of 118 Mm3.

There are several rainwater harvesting measures that could be taken up to enhance the soil

moisture conservation and reduction of soil erosion. In a nutshell it can be suggested that

agriculture in Bellary needs improvement and efficiency in the use of water. There is need

for developing an integrated water harvesting and resource use plan for efficient use of water

in agriculture, industry and other sectors.

Comparison of Narihalla reservoir in Feb 2006 and Feb 2007.



Figure 7.1: Inadequate drinking water in study area

Figure 7.2: Contamination of stream water by iron ore particles

CHAPTER CHAPTER 77 QUALITY OF WATER ANDQUALITY OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT

Assessment of water quality is one of

the most important exercises required for

determination of the use of water for various

purposes. Water must be clean and safe for

drinking purpose. Keeping this in view, the

Government has prescribed stringent water

quality standards for various purposes. In

Bellary region, given the industrial

aggregation and mining, the water quality is

getting affected continuously and quickly.

Therefore, there is need for addressing the

water quality issues seriously. In this chapter, the water quality aspects of Bellary through

various studies have been already undertaken in the region and also the assessment made in

this study is discussed in detail.

Availability of clean and safe

drinking water is a major problem. More

than 55% of human habitations in Bellary

district are affected by excessive fluoride

(41.87%), brackishness (7.79%), excess

nitrate (3.25%) and excess iron (2.23%).

Presence of organic and inorganic

substances in higher concentration will

have adverse effects on human health. For

instance the presence of fluorine in water

leads to dental and skeletal fluorosis.

Similarly, consumption of brackish water leads to skin diseases. Organic and biological

contamination of water leads to water borne diseases such as Cholera, hepatitis, etc.

Therefore, it is essential to provide the safe and potable drinking water free from impurities in

order to reduce the incidence of diseases and deformities.

In a study conducted by the Department of Mines and Geology, Government of

Karnataka, the data reveals the following information (Table 7.1). The number of villages



that have excessive calcium is 4. There are 23 villages showing excess fluoride. The villages

that are showing nitrate and total dissolved solids are very high i.e., 71 and 73 respectively in

the region. Similarly, hardness is another factor that is showing excess in many villages. The

data shows the villages with excess fluoride, nitrate and total dissolved solids. The physico-

chemical parameters of water samples analyzed by the Department of Mines and Geology in

74 villages is given in annexure I.

Table 7.1: Contamination of water by excess salts in 74 villages of the study area

Parameters Number of Villages Calcium 4 Magnesium 13 Iron as Fe 0 Sulphates 11 Chlorine 37 Nitrate 71 Fluoride 23 Total Dissolved solids 73 Hardness 45 pH 9

Studies conducted by the Department of Mines and Geology on the status of drinking

water during 2004 & 2005 in Kudthini and Godehal have revealed certain important findings.

Kudthini water sample is unfit for drinking due to presence of excess nitrates as per Bureau

of Indian Standards. Godehal water samples are not fit for drinking purpose due presence of

excess sulphates and total hardness (refer Table 7.2).

Table 7.2: Quality of water in Bellary taluk -2004-05

Nitrate (NO3)

Fluoride Total hardness

Total dissolved solids

Total Fe Sl.

No. Villages mg/l

1 Kudthini: HP near O.B. well 104 0.50 276 -- --

2 GodeHal 17 0.50 468 1580 0.26

3 GodeHal, BSAL Factory Open well 6.82 0.70 6.52 2160 0.51

Similarly, during 2005-06, seven out of 10 water samples collected were not potable

due to excess nitrate content as per Bureau of Indian Standards (Table 7.3). Five out of 10

water samples are not potable due to excess fluoride content as per Bureau of Indian

standards. Most of the Bore well water samples (collected from observation bore wells) are

not potable due to contamination by excess fluoride & nitrate salts.



Table 7.3: Quality of water in Bellary taluk - 2005-06

Nitrate (NO3)

Fluoride Total hardness

Total dissolved

solids Total Fe Sl.

No. Village Name

mg/l 1 Aladahally, HP 34.6 0.90 1.20 410 0.30 2 Bellary 215 2.80 1064 3970 0.35 3 Kammarcheolu HP 31 2.60 568 4460 0.20 4 Joladarasi HP 114 3.80 460 2990 0.18 5 Karakal HP 43 0.20 472 710 0.19 6 Kaocheolu HP 60.50 0.70 380 2690 0.12 7 Kurugodu HP 165 1.00 88 890 0.27 8 Emmiganur Openwell 417 1.80 780 3280 0.26 9 Kudthini Stand Pump 86.18 0.20 196 430 0.25 10 Somasamudra HP BW 273 1.8 1212 6030 0.16

In Sandur Taluk, similar trend was observed. Water sample collected from Bandri

was unfit for drinking purpose due to excess fluoride content as per BIS. Similarly, water

sample collected from Thoranagal is also unfit for drinking purpose due to excess Nitrate as

per BIS (Table 7.4).

Table 7.4: Quality of water in Sandur taluk -2004-05

Nitrate Fluoride Total

hardness Sl. No. Villages & Taluk

mg/l 1 Bandri hand pump 5 3.50 208 2 Toranagal Hand pump near OB well 101 1 216

Three out of six water samples analysed in sandur taluk during 2005-2006 were not potable

due to excess Nitrate content as per BIS. There was no fluoride contamination shown in all

the six samples analysed. Water sample in 50% of the sample sites are potable based on

physico-chemical parameter & on available data (Table 7.5).

Table 7.5: Quality of water in Sandur taluk -2005-06

Nitrate Fluoride Total hardness Total dissolved solids

Total Fe Sl.

No. Village Name mg/l

1 Torangal HP 76.6 1.20 188 770 0.21

2 Torangal Open well 113 0.20 404 740 0.24

3 Sandur HP 16 0.25 336 610 0.11 4 Somalapuram HP 159 0.20 504 910 0.19 5 Bandri 0.29 2.60 208 560 0.21 6 Tumti Tanola 31.15 0.60 288 570 1.00



Figure 7.3: Dried up borewell in the study area

EMPRI has carried out monitoring of

water quality in & around the mining areas of

Sandur taluk. The water samples were

collected from bore wells and surface water

bodies and analysed for 14 parameters. The

samples were analysed in Karnataka State

Pollution Control Board - Central Laboratory,

located at Bangalore. The results revealed that

Bhujanganagar, Dharmapura, Sandur, Narihalla

and Joga indicate several features of the Sandur

region. Parameters such as pH, biological

oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, sulphate, copper, iron, and fluoride do not deviate

much from the normal values. However, total dissolved solids indicate excess values in all

villages except in Narihalla tank. Chloride content is high in most villages except

Bhujangnagar and Narihalla tank. Higher nitrate values were seen in Narihalla and

Bhujangnagar. Hardness and calcium values in Bhujangnagar, Sandur, and Joga borewell

water were high. Magnesium is high in all villages except Narihalla tank (Table 7.6).

Table 7.6: Quality of water in selected villages of Sandur taluk -2005-06

Parameters (Conc. In mg/l except pH)

Desirable limit

Permissible Limit C-163 C-164 C-165 C-166 C-167 C-168

pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.0 8.3 8.5 Biological Oxygen Demand -- 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Chemical Oxygen Demand -- -- 12 16 12 12 12 12

Total Dissolved Solids 500 -- 516 1604 568 1248 306 1434 Sulphate 200 400 11 78 58 93 14 65 Chloride 250 1000 56 568 128 404 64 444 Copper 0.05 1.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND Nitrate 45 45 28.6 77.96 6.73 26.9 10.0 262 Iron 0.3 1.0 ND ND ND 0.1 0.29 ND Hardness 300 600 256 1120 224 576 116 734 Calcium 75 200 35 312 38 80 26 96 Magnesium 30 100 40 83 31 91 13 120 Fluoride 1.0 1.5 0.65 0.578 0.607 0.57 0.51 0.59 C-163=Bhujanganagar, Bore well water, C-164=Bhujanganagar, Bore well water, C-165=Dharmapura Farm,

Bore well water, C-166=Sandur, Bore well water, C-167=Narihall tank, C-168=Jogga, Bore well water



Finally, it is concluded that, drinking water in Bellary-Hospet-Sandur sector is not

complying with the BIS standards and found unsafe for potable purpose. It may be due to

disturbance in the soil and water regime coupled with anthropogenic activities and due to

hydro-geochemical characteristics. Further, it is observed in the study area that the

surroundings of most of the borewells were dirty as they were located near open drainages.

Improper sanitary conditions may also have added to contamination of water and non-

potability.



Figure 8.1: Sunflower crop in Hospet

CHAPTER CHAPTER 88 AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

8.1 Status

Bellary is predominantly an

agricultural district where nearly 80% of the

work force depends on agriculture for their

livelihood. The area under agriculture is

around 62% of the total geographical area.

Bulk of agriculture activity is under rainfed

condition in Bellary district with only 19%

crop area being irrigated by Tungabhadra

reservoir. As the area receives less than 450

mm of rainfall the crop productivity under

rainfed condition is dismally very low.

Agriculture is a predominant occupation in the rural areas of the study area. In

Sandur taluk the percent of land area under agriculture is low at 34% as the area under

irrigation is mere 4.7% of total geographical area indicating very low agriculture potential.

However, Bellary and Hospet taluks have very high percent of land area i.e., 50% under

irrigation by Tungabhadra dam. In the command area of Tungabhadra reservoir, intensive

agriculture has created environmental problems such as water logging, salinity and alkalinity

due to use of chemical fertilizers.

8.2 Land holding pattern

As per 2001 census there are 2.36 lakh farmers having land holdings from small to

large extent. The numbers of marginal, small, medium and large farmers in the district are

80,506; 66,629; 84,561, and 5,044 respectively. From the census data it is evident that big

farmers constituting 5% of farmer population own nearly 20% of agriculture land whereas

32% of the small farmers own around 25% of agriculture land. The remaining 55% of the

land is held by small and medium farmers (Table 8.1). Marginal land holders in Bellary are

15,914 (30%) followed by 15,235 (50.75%) in Hospet and 6,216 (36%) in Sandur. Medium

landholding farmers are 21,199 in Bellary, 6,607 in Hospet and 5,607 in Sandur taluks.



Table 8.1: Land holding pattern in Bellary district

Category Bellary Hospet Sandur District Families 15914 (30.15) 15235 (50.75) 6216 (36.03) 80506 (34.01) Marginal

(<1 ha) Area (ha) 9080 (6.4) 7699 (17.6) 3282 (9.34) 42213 (7.76) Families 13945 (26.45) 8057 (26.83) 5183 (30.04) 66629 (28.15) Small

(1-2 ha) Area (ha) 20788 (14.62) 11480 (26.22) 7531 (21.45) 97704 (17.98) Families 21199 (40.16) 6607 (22.08) 5607 (32.5) 84561 (35.7) Medium

(2-10 ha) Area (ha) 87142 (61.3) 22817 (52.1) 20738 (59.0) 331244 (60.9) Families 1720 (3.25) 121 (0.40) 248 (1.44) 5044 (2.13) Large

(>10 ha) Area (ha) 25162 (17.7) 1780 (4.07) 3577 (10.18) 72327 (13.3) Families 52778 30020 17254 236704 Total Area (ha) 142172 43776 35128 543488

Note: The figures in parenthesis represent %

The proportion of marginal farmers is large varying from 30% to 50% of the total

land holdings. The large farmers are less in Hospet (0.4%), followed by Sandur (1.44%) and

Bellary (3.25%). Marginal and small farmers in the district together form over 62% of the

farmers whereas they hold only 25.74% of the land under agriculture. On the other hand, the

large and medium farmers in the district constitute nearly 15% of the farming community

whereas they control nearly 47% of the land under agriculture indicating the land holding

distribution pattern in the district. The district has nearly 33,875 ha of uncultivated land

accounting for 4.16% of total geographical area. Further, the fallow land is 145,936 ha as

per 2003 - 04 records.

8.3 Crop area

The total gross area cultivated in the district is 4.75 lakh ha, as per the census data

provided in “District at a glance 2003-04” and the net sown area is 4.14 lakh ha. In the study

region the net area sown was 1.72 lakh ha, of which Bellary has 1 lakh ha, Hospet has 40,000

ha and Sandur has 32,000 ha. In the district, the total irrigated area is 156,466 ha while that

of rainfed area is 339,455 ha. Generally, two crops are grown under rainfed condition and

three crops are grown under irrigated condition.

8.4 Area under irrigation:

Irrigation from Tungabhadra Dam is available in only 4 taluks i.e., Bellary, Hospet,

Sandur and Siruguppa, of which Bellary takes a major share i.e., 60,550 ha. Hospet and

Siruguppa share 18,000 ha each (Table 8.2) and Sandur has an area of 2,213 ha of irrigation

under Tungabhadra command area. Sandur receives most of the irrigation from Narihalla

reservoir, about 800 ha. The reservoir in the district caters to nearly 19% of the total irrigated



land of the district. Other sources of irrigation are bore well, open well, tank and other

sources (Table 8.2). The principal crops grown under irrigation are paddy, hybrid jowar and

sugarcane. Productivity of various crops under irrigated system indicates that the average

productivity is generally low as compared to state average except for paddy. Thus the

package of practices and management options adopted need to be improved under irrigated

condition.

Table 8.2: Irrigation of land by different sources (ha).

Taluk Canals Tanks Well Borewell Others Total Bellary 60550 2733 2435 2075 67793 Hospet 18008 900 1285 2035 3185 25408 Sandur 2213 2111 1704 4392 - 10420 District 98776 3011 9714 40087 19014 170602

Source: Bellary District at a glance 2003-04, Statistical office, Bellary

8.5 Rainfed agriculture

The area under rainfed agriculture is substantially higher than the area under irrigation

in Bellary district. Nearly 73.5% of the cereals grown are under rainfed condition. Similarly

89% of the oil seed crops are under rainfed condition. On the whole nearly 75% of the area

under crops is rainfed. Table 8.3 shows the cropwise area under rainfed or irrigation mode of

agriculture.

Table 8.3: Area under rain fed crops and irrigated crops in Bellary district - 2004-05.

Crop type Area under Rainfed crops

Area under irrigated crops

Total area cropped

Cereals 26,180 (73.5%) 8,822 (26.5%) 35,632 Pulses 3,135 (21.7%) 11,319 (88.3%) 14,454 Total food crop 44,085 (79.2%) 11,577 (28.8%) 55,662 Oilseeds 22,068 (89.6%) 2,527 (10.4%) 24,640 Commercial crops 38,129 (76.12%) 11,957 (23.88%) 50,086 Total crops 1,04,282 (79.98) 26,106 (10.02%) 1,30,388

Most cereals, pulses, oilseeds and commercial crops are still grown under rainfed

condition in Bellary district. As per the data obtained from the official website

(www.kar.nic.in/bellary) the productivity levels in the district are much higher under rainfed

condition as compared to state average (Table 8.4). Crops such as jowar, maize, bajra and

pulses grown under rainfed condition are showing higher average productivity in Bellary

district than the state average. Also, paddy grown under irrigated condition in Bellary district

shows higher average productivity than the state average. Data on productivity of crops under

irrigation in the study region is not available.



Figure 8.2: Maize crop in Sandur

Table 8.4: Comparison of yield in Bellary district and Karnataka state (in

quintals/acre).

Sl. No. Crop State Average Bellary Average 1 Rice 24.39 27.77 2 Jowar 7.57 10.8 4 Maize 31.41 31.91 5 Bajra 6.44 7.25 8 Tur 4.53 6.3 9 Bengal gram 4.78 5 10 Horse gram 4.13 4.88 11 Black gram 4.13 4.3 12 Green gram 4.13 8.11 13 Cowpea 4.13 6 14 Field bean 4.13 5

Source: www.kar.nic.in/bellary Scarcity of water, limited irrigation facilities, higher proportion of marginal

landholding farmers indicates that farming is subsistence activity in nature and not a

commercial activity. Therefore, cash needs of the agricultural farmers are to be met through

other vocations other than agriculture. Apart from this agricultural laborers also constitute a

major force in the district deriving most of their income from agriculture labor.

8.6 Impact of agriculture on environment

Agriculture followed in the study area is an open system wherein fertility of soil is

reduced by producing crop plants while resources used in the system are marginal i.e., only

through chemical fertilizers. Application of farmyard manure and other organic manure is

almost non-existent. Such output of natural resources will deplete the fertility of soil in the



forthcoming years and therefore there is need to build up the fertility of soil through soil and

water conservation measures. Some of the issues concerning the impact of current day

agriculture in Bellary on the environment are discussed here.

Crops such as sugarcane, paddy, cotton and tobacco require large quantity of

fertilizers and pesticides. Irrigation and application of fertilizers and pesticides leads to

transport of large quantity of fertilizer and pesticide residues to other areas contaminating

water bodies and river systems. The toxic traces of pesticides have detrimental effect on the

flora and fauna in the neighboring areas. In order to decrease such detrimental effects on the

soil the farmers and agriculture department must adopt organic method of cultivation.

Various methods of integrated pest management and soil and water management strategies

would enhance the productivity of crops apart from keeping the environment unpolluted.

As indicated earlier, most of the farmers follow rainfed agriculture system in Bellary

district. Unfortunately, the soil in the district is not very fertile and to enhance productivity

the farmers use large quantity of fertilizer. The intensity of cropping in the entire district is

1.14, while in the three taluks under study the intensity of cropping is 1.12. The productivity

of the district with respect to cereals and pulses is marginally higher than the state average

(Table 8.4). Therefore, it is critical that sustainability of agriculture needs to be focused.

Some of the causes and effects of unsustainable land use practices are discussed here.

• As discussed earlier, much of the area under agriculture is rainfed and in addition,

majority of farmers are marginal landholders. Therefore, the farmers are forced to

follow the subsistence farming. In addition to Hospet and Sandur taluks, the hilly

areas in the region and are highly vulnerable for soil erosion. Agriculture is practiced

on the steep slopes and excessive tillage on the unsuitable land is causing

environmental degradation in this region

• Due to uncertainty and inadequate rainfall, drought and famines are very common in

the district affecting agriculture development. However, in Bellary and Hospet taluks

due to irrigation the farmers are not facing the problem connected with the

productivity of crops.

• Fertility status of soil in the district is very low as indicated by low organic carbon

status. The soil capability map prepared for the study area using satellite imageries

has revealed the following facts.



• The soil in Sandur taluk is shallow, some what excessively drained, loamy soils with

very low Annual Water Consumption (AWC) on ridges with severe erosion

associated with moderately shallow, well drained, loamy soils with low AWC slightly

eroded.

• The soils in Hospet are moderately deep, well drained, gravelly clay soils with low

AWC. Strongly gravelly in the sub soil on undulating interfluves with moderate

erosion. Associated with moderately deep, well drained gravelly clay soils.

• The soils in Bellary are well drained clayey soils on gentle slope interfluves with

slight erosion associated with moderately shallow well drained loamy soils with low

AWC, moderately eroded. Shallow soils and the low rainfall make the land highly

vulnerable for soil erosion thus lowers the fertility status of the soil.

• Though significant area in Bellary is not under irrigation, cultivation of commercial

crops under irrigation creates an environment to enhance productivity through use of

chemicals. The rainfed agriculture, as said earlier, is mainly for subsistence and the

soil fertility levels are decreasing over years and therefore fertilizer application is

imminent. Use of fertilizers and chemicals are the main causes of environmental

degradation suppressing the quality of soil due to toxicity builtup in command areas.

In Bellary region high incidence of pesticide usage has been reported. Cotton is

grown over 5 lakh ha in the region and therefore the use of fertilizers and pesticides is

high (Table 8.5). Further, the proportion of high yielding crops to total cropped area

is high (82%) and therefore fertilizer usage in other crops is also high. The use of

fertilizers in agricultural crops has enhanced the nitrate concentration in the water and

also in the soil.

Table 8.5: Consumption of chemical fertilizer in Bellary district .

Year Quantity of fertilizers

distributed (Tons)

Tons of fertilizer applied/ha using total crop area

Tons of fertilizers applied/ha using high yield crops

2000-01 86,575 0.20 0.24 2001-02 92,550 0.21 0.26 2003-04 75,534 0.17 0.21

Source: Bellary district at a glance, Office of the District Statistics, Bellary

• Farming practices have tremendous influence on environmental degradation. It has

been prescribed that zero-tillage will substantially enhance soil structure, organic

matter content and water holding capacity. However, most of the practices followed



here, particularly in command area and commercial crops such as cotton and paddy,

need cultural practices that destroy soil structure, enhance soil erosion subsequently

degrading the environment. Commercial crop cultivation demands use of pesticides

and fertilizers thereby reducing the quality of land over the years in the land where

such crops are grown. In recent times extent of area under commercial crops such as

cotton, groundnut and onion is on the rise. Groundnut and onion need opening of soil

while harvesting leading to enhancement of soil erosion potential as the fields are left

unattended after harvest. Sugarcane and cotton need pesticides and fertilizers and

therefore toxicity builds up in the soil due to use of chemicals.

• Low density of trees in the farmland is also responsible for land degradation. Trees

act as shelterbelts and reduce evaporation besides creating micro-climate favorable for

good soil structure and development. Absences of trees coupled with higher evapo-

transpiration causes breakdown of soil structure and reduce the organic content in the

soil. Bellary records lowest tree density.

• Crop rotation and mixture maintains the fertility of soil in addition to enhancing farm

income. However, as in most command areas, continuous mono-cropping has

contributed to the decline of fertility in Bellary region. Cultivation of paddy and

sugarcane throughout the year has rendered the soil less fertile. Organic carbon levels

have decreased to 0.3 or 0.4 % in agricultural lands in these areas due to lack of

application of organic manure and increased crop intensity. Further, enhancement of

crops under groundnut and onion has increased the potential to erode soils from the

agricultural lands as the crop involves opening of soils during harvest. Not adopting

mixed crop and crop rotation system with cereals and legumes in command areas

have increased the chance of increased fertilizer application and therefore resulted in

loss of soil fertility, particularly the organic matter. Cultivation of paddy

continuously in standing water in command areas has resulted in loss of soil structure.

• The density of livestock, especially of goats and sheep, is one of the major causes of

land degradation. By and large, livestock population has increased over the two

census periods. Interestingly, the goat and sheep population have increased and

buffalo and cattle population has decreased perhaps due to paucity of grazing lands

and unable to feed the livestock with their agricultural byproduct. Successive xeric

conditions have made the farmers to go for sheep and goats. Both sheep and goats are

hardy species that can live in xeric conditions (Table 8.6).



Table 8.6: Livestock population in Bellary-Hospet-Sandur region

Livestock Year 1997 Year 2002 Change Cattle 167200 159456 -7744 Buffaloes 91100 90217 -883 Sheep 150600 160029 9429 Goats 86800 96805 10005 Pigs 15300 13435 -1865 Total livestock 511000 519942 8942

Source: Bellary district at a glance, Office of the District Statistics, Bellary

• Though the livestock population has increased the area allocated for grazing is only

5472 ha in the entire district. The per-capita land available for grazing is only 0.01

ha. Even assuming that cultivable wastelands and trees and groves are available for

grazing, the per capita grazing area is only 0.06 ha. Therefore most cattle rely on

forests for grazing. Enhanced goat and sheep population may not indicate good future

for forests as the goats and sheep can thrive on bark of various species in the forests

therefore forest trees are damaged due to debarking of trees. Goats and Sheep even

graze on the seedlings and sprouting stumps in the forest.

• The excessive use of water in the command area is causing water logging leading to

salinity and alkalinity. According to perspective land use plan for Karnataka 2025,

the Tungabhadra command area is facing serious salinity and alkalinity problem

(Table 8.7). Excessive use of water, poor cropping pattern and inadequate drainage

are some of the causes of salinity and alkalinity.

Table 8.7: Area affected by salinity and alkalinity

Area affected (ha) Area treated (ha) Project Salinity Alkalinity Salinity Alkalinity

Tungabhadra Project command area

26018 6193 2575 0

• Buildup of salinity, alkalinity and acidity is due to innate parent material in the region.

Bellary-Hospet-Sandur region is rich in minerals and therefore there is no surprise

that the land is alkaline. However, the Tungabhadra dam has enhanced the potential

of saline and alkaline problems due to inundation of water resulting in the command

area adjacent to dam experiencing salinity.

8.7 Impact of mining on agriculture

Mining in Bellary district (Sandur, Hospet & Bellary taluks) is causing massive

transformation of its surroundings, which is likely to have far fetching implication on future



Figure 8.4: Area under Fruit crops in Sandur, Toranagalu & Chornur hoblies of Sandur taluk

Figure 8.3: Area under Fruit crops in Bellary, Hospet & Sandur taluks

development particularly on agriculture. Mining has an adverse impact on agricultural area

surrounding the core mining sites. Generally the iron ore extracted in agricultural land is

known as float iron extraction. Important effects of iron ore mining is as follows:

8.7.1 Change in land use pattern and land degradation:

Agricultural lands

around the core mining area

are being dug up to a depth of

about 5 feet to extract iron ore

(Bhujanganagar, Lakshmipur

of Sandur taluk). This

economic activity is resulting

in destruction of soil structure

and texture. Though this

activity is fetching an

immediate income to farmers,

the destruction of topsoil and soil texture will have a long-term adverse impact on

productivity of crops and also on crop diversity of the area, even if there lands are put back to

agriculture sometime later.

Shrinking productive

area available for agriculture

coupled with problems of

lower productivity due to land

degradation will have an

adverse impact on total

production from the district.

Change in land use pattern

around core mining area is

adversely affecting agricultural

production and productivity of

land. For e.g., the data in the area under fruit crops in Bellary and Sandur taluk of Bellary

district, in particular, reveals that the agriculture area available for fruit production is

shrinking or remained stagnant in the majority of the hoblies (Figure 8.3).



Figure 8.5: Float iron ore extraction in agriculture land, Sandur

Figure 8.6: Left over pits after extraction of iron ore in agriculture land, Sandur

Figure 8.7: Mining in agriculture land, Bhujanganagar, Sandur

More farmers around core mining sites are increasingly evincing interest towards

agriculture and related activities are getting diminished due to immediate returns they get

from mining related activities (Figures 8.5 to 8.7). The observation in mining area reveals

that the majority of the farmers have a tendency to cultivate only a few crops like onion,

maize, hybrid jowar etc., without venturing into any new crops.

Air pollution is spreading beyond the mining sites affecting the surrounding zone.

Deposits of mining dust are found on roadside agricultural lands and crops. Dust pollution

results in lower productivity as photosynthesis, transpiration etc., of the plants are likely to be

affected. On one part, the dust gets deposited on the leaf surface resulting in reduction of



Figure 8.10: Decrease of mango production and value in Dharmpur Horticulture Farm -1999-2005

Figure 8.8: Mango crop affected by mining dust

Figure 8.9: Onion crop affected by mining dust

light capturing ability of leaves subsequently hampering photosynthesis. On the other part,

the dust particles also get deposited on sticky surface of the stigma of flowers reducing the

pollen load thereby resulting in lowered fruit set. This has resulted in shrinkage in area under

vegetables, banana, betel vine surrounding the core of mining areas such as Bhujanaganagar,

Lakshmipur etc., of Sandur taluk. The dust deposits have a severe effect on the productivity

of crops. Mango crop production in Dharmapura Horticulture farm (6 acres) reveals the

reducing income over the years (Figure 8.10). The reasons for such decrease in yield could

be due to decrease in photosynthetic area wherein the dust deposited on the leaves is creating

such problems (Figure 8.8 & 8.9).

8.7.2 Soil quality:

Soil quality is another

factor that is affecting

agriculture production severely.

Soil quality has eroded over the

years due to excessive

cultivation of crops in

command areas. The fertility

parameters in agriculture lands

are quite low as could been

seen in the Table 8.8.



Table 8.8: Status of soil fertility in Bellary district-2005-06

Available Sl. No.

Soil Type

No. of Farmers Location Organic

Carbon pH EC N P K 1 Medium

black soil 24 Somasamudra 0.40 8.4 0.8 92 8.1 150-160

2 Paddy soil (Medium black)

16 Kolure 0.4-0.5 7.9 0.82 96 6-8 145-150

3 Red soil 21 Bellary 0.3-0.4 8.60 0.3-0.4 76 5-6 140-145 4 Sandy

soil (mixed red soil)

12 Yalpi 0.2-0.3 7.5-8.2 0.52 65 16 192

5 Rain fed medium black soil

Hagari farm 0.51 8.96 0.43 91.83 7.5 139.60

6 Irrigated condition black soil

Hagari farm 0.47 8.44 0.41 86.5 8.81 148.72

Soil analysis data from agriculture lands of Hagari agriculture research station

indicate that organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous are decreasing over years while pH is

increasing (Table 8.8). The soil quality status analysis was done in the study area under

different ecosystems to assess the fertility status (Table 8.9). The key parameters were

estimated and it was found that mining land had the lowest organic carbon followed by

agriculture indicating the loss of top soil due to mining and agricultural practices.

Table 8.9: Analysis of soil quality in Bellary district.

Soil chemical and physical parameters Agriculture land

Forest Land

Mine land

Horticulture land

pH 7.25 7.73 7.00 7.82 Electrical conductivity (millimhos / cm) 443.00 583.33 535.00 -- Nitrogen (as N in Kg/ha) 215.79 425.00 376.00 -- Phosphorus (as P2O5 in Kg/ha) 46.71 53.67 48.50 59.35 Potassium (as K2O in Kg/ha) 372.86 363.67 287.00 379.52 Chloride (as Cl in mg/100gm) 10.00 17.67 11.50 -- Iron (HCl soluble) (%) 11.05 15.80 11.97 172.0 Organic Carbon (%) 0.88 0.90 0.77 1.97 Sand (%) 19.43 32.67 29.50 -- Silt (%) 24.14 29.33 41.00 -- Clay (%) 27.86 38.00 29.50 -- Water holding capacity (%) 42.21 52.67 50.50 --



Figure 8.11: Onion & Sunflower crops in Sandur

With 62% of area under agriculture, higher proportion of area under rain-fed

agriculture and 30% of agriculture area under irrigation, Bellary district still boasts of

marginally higher productivity of crops than the state average. The crop yield is showing no

increase over the last five years despite intensive agriculture practices. The fertility of

agricultural lands is rather declining over the years. In the command areas the agriculture

lands are becoming saline and alkaline. The mining activity has affected the productivity of

agriculture crops due to dust pollution. The soil erosion has increased over the years and as a

result the fertility status of the soil has declined.

8.8 Restoration strategy:

• In view of the decreasing fertility of the soil, decreasing yield in the crop it is

imperative for the farmers to enhance

the soil fertility thereby increasing

crop yields. The first step towards

achieving this goal is to enhance the

water holding capacity of the soil

through application of Farm Yard

Manure and enhances the organic

carbon of the soil thereby enhancing

the porosity.

• In order to build the soil fertility,

various practices such as mixed cropping and crop rotations would help. Adopting

mixed crop of cereals with pulses particularly in kharif and rabi would enhance the

nitrogen content in the soil. In addition, if crop residues from the pulses are ploughed

back to soil, the soil would have more nitrogen content. The addition of green

manure and farm yard manure would help build organic carbon in the soil which in

turn helps enhancing water holding capacity of the soil.

8.9 Conclusion

Agriculture setting in Bellary-Hospet-Sandur region needs improvements in terms of

improving soil quality and agriculture productivity. One of the major reasons for losing

interest in agriculture amongst farmers is economic gains in leasing agriculture land to

mining activity. There is substantial reduction in agriculture area over the years in Sandur

taluk. This reduction in land under cultivation coupled with mining in agriculture lands



seriously affects agriculture in the near future. Land reclamation after mining activities needs

to be considered seriously. Dust pollution should be mitigated as it affects the productivity

and yield in orchards and commercial crops. The green and farmyard manure must be

applied instead of chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture. The usage of pesticides has

to be replaced by adopting biological methods of pest control as it is eco-friendly in nature.



CHAPTER CHAPTER 99 FORESTFOREST

9.1 Background

Bellary forest division is located in the eastern region of Karnataka and forms a part

of the southern portion of Deccan peninsula. It is situated between longitudinal parallels of

14030′ and 15050′ east of Greenwich and latitudes parallel 75040′ and 77011′ north of equator.

Geographically, the landscape of the study region which is part of Bellary forest division, is

varied and composed of two distinct regions viz., Eastern and Western regions separated by

Sandur Hills which cuts across Bellary district from northwest to southeast.

The eastern region is having Bellary and Hospet taluks. This region is flat and devoid

of trees with sporadic rocks emerging here and there. This is the characteristic feature of

Deccan plateau. The western region is broken up except in Hadagali taluk by succession of

wild and rugged hills with picturesque valleys. Both the natural regions slope gradually

northwards and drain into Tungabhadra River. The Sandur hills begin at Mallapuram on the

Bank of Tungabhadra river which runs southeast ward for nearly 40 kms with only one break;

the two gorges at Narihalla and are characterized by picturesque gorges and steep hills with

lush green vegetation broken up frequently by numerous mines.

The forests are classified as notified forests and unclassed forests. Reserve forests

declared under the provisions of Section 16, Madras Forest Act 1882 or under section 17 of

Karnataka Forest Act, 1963 and Forest Blocks notified under section-4 of the Madras Forest

Act, 1882 or under Section 4 of the Karnataka Forest Act 1963 are categorized as notified

forests. The remaining forest blocks that are not legally notified at present under any

prevailing law are categorized as unclassed forests. There are no ‘Village forests’ in the

study area. The percentage of forest to the total geographical area is roughly around 11.5%

which is very low as compared to the state average and national average (Table 9.1). The

extent of forest area in different classes and the current status is given in the following table.



Figure 9.1: Mixed deciduous forest ,Sandur

Table 9.1: Rangewise distribution of forests in the study area.

Extent in Hectare Notified Forests Sl.

No Range Reserved Forests

Notified U/S-4 of MFA, 1882.

Notified U/S-4 KFA, 1963.

Unclassed Forests Total

1 Bellary 10, 508.89 255.25 3, 743.26 14, 507.40 2 Hospet 19, 568.63 552.27 1, 601.52 21, 722.42 3 Sandur 30, 561.95 924.15 31, 486.10

Source: Working Plan of Bellary Forest (2004)

9.2 Forest types

The forests of Bellary forest division vary from mixed dry deciduous forest to thorny

scrub types. Though the line of distinction between them is not abrupt they are quite

characteristic and distinguishable. As per the revised classification of Indian forest types the

forests of the region can be broadly classified under two sub groups with their associated

types. They are:

(1) Southern tropical dry deciduous forests. i. Type-5A/C3: Southern dry mixed deciduous forest

ii. Type-5 DS1: Dry deciduous scrub iii. Type-5 E4: Hardwickia Forest

(2) Southern tropical thorn forests i. Type-6A/DS1: Southen thorn scrub

9.2.1 Southern tropical dry deciduous forests:

9.2.1.1 Type 5A/C3. Southern dry mixed deciduous forests

This type is encountered in Sandur

Range, southern part of Hospet range

and northern part of Kudligi range

extending approximately over 31,000

ha. Floristically the upper canopy is

uneven and not dense. The canopy is

not well defined and it is formed by

mostly deciduous species. In certain

moist and favourable pockets of Sandur

forest area the lower canopy is well

defined and tends to be evergreen. Occasional bamboo clusters are seen. Although this type

is by and large a mixed one, a few species tend to predominate under certain conditions.



Areas that get burnt annually contain almost pure patches of Anogeissus latifolia. In

dry slopes and shallow soils Boswellia serrata occurs in association with Chloroxylon

swietenia. The under growth is shrubby dominated by Doddonea viscosa and Lantana

camera. Thorny shrubs increase in proportion as a result of heavy grazing and forest fire.

As per the working plan report (2004) of the Karnataka Forest Department the

following floristic compositions have been reported.

Anogeissus latifolia, Albizzia lebbeck, Boswellia serrata, Chloroxylon swietenia, Dalbergia paniculata, Feronia elephantum, Hardwickia binata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Azadirachta indica 9.2.1.2 Type-5/DS1: dry deciduous Scrub:

These types are found in the eastern part of Bellary, Hadagali, Hospet and Kudligi

ranges extending to approximately over 43,000 hectares. According to Working Plan report

(2004) of Bellary division the forests are in highly degraded condition. The degradation is

mainly due to felling, grazing and forest fire. Due to removal of the useful species over a

prolonged period of time the tree growth has virtually disappeared and it is not allowed to

grow beyond the height of a shrub and as a result the forests have become an open layer of

shrubby growth with odd trees scattered here and there. However, such forests could be

improved into dry deciduous forests if properly protected. On the contrary, if further

ravaged, it get degraded into thorny type and ultimately dry grass prevails and naked boulders

are exposed.

As per the working plan report (2004) of Bellary Forest Division the following

floristic compositions have been reported.

Albizia amara, Acacia luecophloea, Butea monosperma, Bauhinia racemosa, Carrisa carandus, Dalbergia paniculata, Diospyros spp, Emblica officinalis, Erythroxylon monogynum, Feronia elephantum, Santalum album 9.2.1.3 Type-5E4: Hardwickia forest.

This is a distinct edaphic type of the dry deciduous forest characterized by the

gregarious occurrence of Hardwickia binata [Kamara, Anjan] owing to which the

classification comes into prominence. This tendency is particularly noticed in dry forests

wherein a particular species, in the instant case, Hardwickia binata, adapts itself to the

prevailing environmental conditions forming pure forest. This species occurs gregariously

and often in complete occupation of the ground. This type is encountered in certain forests of



Hospet and Kudligi Ranges extending approximately to over 1500 hectares. The growing

stock is of recent origin though aged and gnarled trees are found scattered. Hardwickia

binata has relatively not many associates, both floristically and numerically. However, the

occurence of fire hardy species like Chloroxylon swietenia and Anogeissus latifolia is

indicative of the typically habitual ground fire occurring in these forests. Fire-hardiness

coupled with heavy periodical seeding enables this species to grow gregariously. The factors

that sustain the growth of such species do not encourage the growth of other species barring

the chief associates named above. This is the main reason which accounts for the existence

of the forest type.

9.2.2 Southern thorn scrub:

9.2.2.1 Type-6A/DS1: Southern thorn scrub:

This type is the most widely spread forest type occurring throughout the Bellary

division approximately over 60,043.69 hectares. In its most degraded form the thorn forests

of the division are totally devoid of tree growth with an open layer of scrub and thorny

bushes. Goat browsing is a common feature. Much of the soil is barren but there is usually a

thin cover of grass. Such areas cover a large portion of the forests of Bellary division where

total barrenness of several huge rocky hills of irretrievable stage can be noticed.

As per the working plan report (2004) of Bellary Forest Division the following

floristic compositions have been reported.

Albizzia amara, Acacia sundra, Cassia fistula, Carissa carandus, Cassia auriculata, Doddonea viscosa, Euphorbia spp, Randia dumetorum, Zizyphus spp.



Figure 9.2: Map showing forest cover in Bellary, Hospet and Sandur Taluks

Bellary

Sandur

Hospet



Figure 9.3 a: Forest Density map of Sandur Taluk

Annexure.a , FOREST TYPE/DENSITY OF SANDUR TALUK .• '

lEGEND

~ DRV DECIDUOUI IQ.~ DRV DiClDUOUS ~OO% DRV DECIDUOII I :zo.OO%WITH ..... 00

D DRv DECIDUOUS .,0'It0 D EIICAL VI'TUI ~LA N IATIO N

~fOR(STBLANK

'OREIT ~L ""1A'IO N{O'HU' ) SC RuB fOUII SCRUB ' ORnl WITH HARDWIIUA ~I..& N U'ION

OMON. fORnl • SHHE"EN '

Annexure..e , FOREST TYPE/DENSITY M OF SANDUR TALUK .• ' ,

LE GEND

~ lillY GUIOIIOIII !II-~ (>~Y '11;""OIl'~_ CIIY 01(10"0111 _WIlIlI.o.WIOO

c:::J OilY Ofe.,,,o,,, "(P'Oo

c:J EIIC.o.lY"" ....... IITATIOII

~fO.EST .l.t. •• fOUt. "'''.''''TOO",OTIIUII SCIIIII'OIlIl I se.". 'OUST WIfIlIl".OW"Ul HAlifATOOII

c:J Mall · 'OIInl • n"li~lIl



Figure 9.3 b: Forest density map of Hospet

Figure 9.3 c: Forest density map of Bellary taluk



Figure 9.4: Mixed Forest in Sandur

9.3 Bio-diversity profile

9.3.1 Flora

The Bellary forest division with

varied edaphic conditions harbours

diverse genepools and a variety of

biomass. From the inventory of the

flora it is evident that there are 27

families, 44 genera and 58 species

expressing a ratio of 1:1.6:2.14.

Fabaceae is the most widely represented

family with nine genera and seventeen

species. However, some very valuable

species like Santalum album and Salvadora persica are found originally in the mining sites of

Swamimalai forests. In the vegetation analysis, it has been found that some species are very

lowly represented which are in the threatened category due to low frequency in the region

though they are occurring in abundance in other parts of the region.

A survey carried out by the Forest Department for their Working Plan 2004 has

revealed that Anogeissus latifolia and Hardwickia binata are the major species in terms of

value and distribution. The sandy belt of Moka RF in Bellary harbours one of the utility

species Salvodora parsica (Meswak) known for its medicinal value. Hemidesmus indica a

prostrate wiry shrub occurs in open forests. Extract of the root of Hemidesmus indica is

commonly used as desi drink supposed to be a very good coolant. The common trees are

Anogeissus latifolia, Azadiracta indica, bamboo, etc.,.occurring as understorey in the dry

deciduous forests of Sandur. The common shrubs are Adathoda vasica, Calotropis procera,

Lantana camera. The species having less than 0.5 % of the total species in their distribution

are as follows. Emblica officinalis, Adina cordifolia, Diospyros Montana, Pterocarpus

marsupium, Ficus bengalensis, Madhuca indica, Terminalia ballirica, Albizzia lebbeck,

Terminalia chebula, Bridelia retusa, Feronia elephantum, Elaeodendron glaucum.



Table 9.2: The detailed list of flora in Bellary region

Sl. No. Botanical name Family Local name

1 Acacia latronum Mimosoidae Hottejali, Anegobli 2 Acacia nilotica " Babul, Karijali, Gobli 3 Accacia senegal " Mugli 4 Acacia chundra " Kempu jali 5 Acacia leucophloea " Bili jali 6 Acacia intia " Korinda kanajige 7 Acacia catechu " Kaggali 8 Acacia ferruginea " Banni 9 Acacia pennata " Kaadu seege

10 Acacia auriculiformis " Bengali jali 11 Albizzia lebbeck " Bage, Siris 12 Albizzia amara " Tugli 13 Albizzia procera " Belati, Safed siris 14 Albizzia odoratissima " Bilwara 15 Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Bael, Bela 16 Ailanthus excelsa Meliaceae Kudrebevu, Helarimara 17 Abrus precatorius Faboideae Gulganji 18 Anogeissus latifolia Combretaceae Dindiga 19 Annona squamosa Annonaceae Seethaphal 20 Azadurachta indica Meliaceae Bevu 21 Aloe vera Liliaceae Lolesara 22 Agave sisalana " Kattale, Sisal fibre 23 Bridelia retusa Euphorbiaceae Kavanchi 24 Bauhinia racemosa Caesalpiniaceae Sannabasavanapada 25 Bauhinia purpurea " Doddabasavanpada 26 Boswellia serrata Burseraceae Dhupa 27 Buchanania latifolia Anacardiaceae Malli, Chiranji 28 Buchanania angustofolia " Maradi, madi 29 Butea monosperma Papilionaceae Muttuga, Flame of the forest 30 Bombax malabaricum Bombacaceae Buruga 31 Bambusa arundinacea Poaceae Female Bamboo 32 Cassia fistula Caesalpiniaceae Kakke 33 Cassia auriculata Caesalpiniaceae Thangadi 34 Cassia siamea Caesalpiniaceae Seemethangadi 35 Cymbopogon celoratus Poacae Bodha grass, Bade 36 Chloroxylon swietenia Meliaceae Mashival, Bita 37 Carissa carandus Apocynaceae Kavale 38 Cymbopogon martinii Poaceae Rosha grass 39 Ceiba pentandra Bombacaceae Bili Buruga, Silk cotton tree 40 Casuarina equisetifolia Casurinaceae Sarve mara 41 Cordia dichotoma Boraginaceae Challe 42 Diospyros melanoxylon Ebenaceae Tupra, Tumri 43 Diospyros montana Ebenaceae Jagalaganti 44 Dalbergia sissoo Papilionaceae Sissoo



Sl. No. Botanical name Family Local name 45 Dalbergia latifolia Papilionaceae Rosewood, Beete 46 Dalbergia paniculata Papilionaceae Pachchali 47 Delonix regia Caesalpiniaceae May flower, Gulmohar 48 Dendrocalamus strictus Poaceae Male Bamboo 49 Dodonia viscosa Sapindaceae Bandarike 50 Emblica officinalis Euphorbiaceae Amla, Nelli 51 Eucalyptus spp. Myrtaceae Nilagiri 52 Euphorbia tirucalli Euphorbiaceae Kalli 53 Euphorbia nivulia " Dubakalli 54 Elaeodendron glaucum Celastraceae Mukarthi 55 Erythrina indica Papilionaceae Harivana, Alavana 56 Erthroxylon monogynum Linaceae Devadari, Dadyari 57 Ficus bengalensis Moraceae Aala 58 Ficus religiosa Moraceae Arali, Peepal 59 Ficus mysorensis Moraceae Goni 60 Ficus glomerata Moraceae Atti 61 Ficus infectoria Moraceae Kari basari 62 Feronia elephantum Rutaceae Wood apple, Bilwar, Beladamara 63 Grewia tiliafolia Tiliaceae Tadasalu, Jane 64 Garuga pinnata Burseraceae Godde 65 Gardenia gummifera Loganiaceae Bikke 66 Gardenia latifolia Loganiaceae Adavi Bikke 67 Gymnosporia montana Celastraceae Thondarsi, Danti 68 Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae Shivani 69 Givotia rotleriformis Euphorbiaceae Butala, Bettathavare 70 Gliricidia sepium Papilionaceae Gobbaradagida 71 Hardwickia binata Caesalpiniaceae Kamara, Anjan 72 Holoptelia integrifolia Urticaceae Tapasi 73 Ixora arborea Rubiaceae Goravi, Kored 74 Kigelia pinnata Bignoniaceae Aane toradu 75 Lantana camara Verbenaceae Lantana 76 Lagerstroemia parviflora Lythraceae Channangi 77 Lawsonia inermis " Mayilanchs, Gorante (Henna) 78 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango, Mavu 79 Morinda tinctoria Rubiaceae Fadu kumbala 80 Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Nugge 81 Mellotus philippensis Euphorbiaceae Kumkumadamara 82 Michelia champaca Magnoliaceae Sampige 83 Melia azadirach Meliaceae Arebevu, Huchbevu 84 Mitragyna parviflora Rubiaceae Kadavala, Kadam 85 Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Bakula,Pagade 86 Murraya koenigii Rutaceae Karibevu 87 Nerium adorum Apocynaceae Kanagala 88 Opuntia dillenii Cactaceae Papaskalli 89 Ocimum sanctum Labiatae Karithulasi, Krishnathulasi 90 Ocimum americanum " Nai-thulasi



Sl. No. Botanical name Family Local name 91 Pongamia pinnata Papilionaceae Honge, Kanige 92 Pterocarpus marsupium " Honne 93 Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Ichalu 94 Premna tomentosa Verbenaceae Narane 95 Prosopis juliflora Mimosoidae Bellary jali 96 Parthenium histerophorus Asteraceae Congress grass, parthenium 97 Peltophorum ferrugineum Caesalpiniaceae Peltoform

98 Polyalthia longifolia Annonaceae Kambada mara, False Ashoka tree

99 Randia dumetorum Rubiaceae Mangare 100 Randia uliginosa Rubiaceae Kare 101 Samania saman Mimosoidae Rain tree 102 Santalum album Santalaceae Shrigandha, Sandalwood 103 Semecarpus anacardium Anacardiaceae Geru, Marking nut 104 Soymida febrifuga " Some 105 Shorea talura Dipterocarpaceae Jalari 106 Syzygium cuminii Myrtaceae Nerale 107 Stereospermum chelonoides Bignoniaceae Uded 108 Sterculia urens Sterculiaceae Kembutale 109 Tamarindus indica Caesalpiniaceae Tamarind, Hunse 110 Tectona grandis Verbenaceae Teak, Tega, Sagawani 111 Terminalia tomentosa Combretaceae Karimatti 112 Terminalia chebula " Alale, Harda 113 Terminalia arjuna " Arjun, Holematti, Billamathi 114 Terminalia belirica " Tare 115 Tetrameles nudiflora Dasticaceae Kadbende 116 Typha angustata Typhaceae Aapu, Anechondu 117 Vitex negundo Verbenaceae Lakki 118 Wrightia tinctoria Apocynaceae Hale, Halgouri 119 Zizyphus xylopyrus Rhamnaceae Gotte 120 Zizyphus jujuba " Bore

9.3.1.1 Bio-diversity of Medicinal Plant Conservation Area

Sandur forests are a potential source of medicinal plants. Many eternal springs locally

termed ‘Theerthas’ originate in the region. The important ones are Agastya theertha, Gaja

theertha, Koti theertha, Brahma theertha and Hari Shankara theertha. Invaluable medicinal

plants are found in the wild around these springs and the mineral springs are accredited with

manifold healing virtues. The Karnataka Forest Department has established a Medicinal

Plant Conservation Area (MPCA) in 1998 at Sandur with the help of Foundation for

Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT) and it is being managed with the help of

local people. The MPCA extends over 345 hectares in Swamimalai Block and is situated at



an altitude between 550-773 MSL. FRLHT have conducted floristic study and have

classified the various species in Bellary region as mentioned below in Table 9.3

Table 9.3: Medicinal plant and other species available in Bellary region

Types No of species Species of medicinal value

Trees 56 47 Shrubs 30 19 Herbs 118 54 Climbers 30 23

The in-situ conservation of medicinal plants programme revealed the occurrence of

234 species representing 59 families. The occurrence of such a large number of species in

the dry deciduous forests of Sandur is an evidence of diversity of species. The details of

species are as shown in Table 9.4.

Table 9.4: Medicinal plant species identified in Sandur MPCA

Sl. No Family Species Sl.

No. Family Species

1 Acanthaceae 11 31 Loranthaceae 2 2 Alangaceae 1 32 Lythraceae 1 3 Amaranthaceae 6 33 Malavaceae 7 4 Anacardiaceae 1 34 Meliaceae 5 5 Annonaceae 2 35 Menispermaceae 3 6 Apiaceae 1 36 Moraceae 2 7 Apocynaceae 4 37 Myrtaceae 1 8 Aristolochiaceae 1 38 Nyctaginaceae 1 9 Ascelpiadaceae 9 39 Olacaceae 1 10 Asteraceae 16 40 Olacaceae 1 11 Balsaminaceae 1 41 Passifloraceae 1 12 Bignoniaceae 1 42 Poaceae 28 13 Boraginaceae 3 43 Polygalaceae 1 14 Buseraceae 1 44 Rhamaceae 6 15 Capparidaceae 4 45 Rubiaceae 9 16 Caryopyllaceae 2 46 Rutaceae 3 17 Celasteraceae 2 47 Santalaceae 1 18 Combretaceae 5 48 Sapindaceae 2 19 Commelinaceae 1 49 Sapotaceae 1 20 Convolvulaceae 3 50 Scrophulariaceae 2 21 Cucurbitaceae 1 51 Smilacaceae 1 22 Cyperaceae 2 52 Sterculiaceae 3 23 Dioscoriaceae 3 53 Teliaceae 5 24 Ebanaceae 2 54 Ulmaceae 1 25 Euphorbiaceae 7 55 Verbenaceae 4 26 Fabaceae 38 56 Violaceae 1 27 Hyphoxidaceae 1 57 Vitaceae 1



Sl. No Family Species Sl.

No. Family Species

28 Lamiaceae 6 58 Zygophyllaceae 1 29 Liliaceae 2 59 Adiantaceae 1 30 Loganiaceae 2 Total 234

The rare, endangered and threatened species in Sandur were also recorded by FRLHT.

Table 9.5: Rare Endangered and Threatened Species recorded in Sandur MPCA

Sl. No. Botanical name

Threat Status

Sl. No. Botanical name

Threat Status

1 Acorus calamus

VU 37 Lamrachaenium microcephalum EN

2 Adenia hondola VU 38 Madhuca diplostemon EN 3 Adhatoda beddemei CR 39 Madhuca insignis EX 4 Aegle marmelos VU 40 Mappia foetida VU 5 Aerva wightii EX 41 Michelia champaca VU

6 Amorphophallus paeonifolius VU 42

Moringa concanensis VU

7 Ampelicissus arnaneosa VU 43 Myristica malabarica EN 8 Ampelocissus arnottiana EN 44 Nervlia aragoana EN 9 Andrographis paniculata LR-LC 45 Niligiranthus ciliatus EN

10 Aristolachia bracteata LR 46 Ochernauclea missionis VU 11 Aristolochia tagala VU 47 Operculina turpethum LR-NT 12 Artemesia nilagirica LR 48 Oroxylum indicum VU 13 Asparagus rottleri EX 49 Paphiopedilium druryi CR 14 Balanites aegyptica LR 50 Phoenix pusilla LR-LC 15 Buchanania lanzan LR-LC 51 Piper barberi. CR-LR 16 Cayratia pedata CR 52 Piper longum NT 17 Commiphora mukul VU 53 Piper mullesua VU 18 Cosicinium fenestratum CR 54 Piper nigrum VU 19 Cycas circinalis CR 55 Plectranthus vettiveriodes EW 20 Cyclea fissicalyx EN 56 Psedarthira viscida LR-NT 21 Drosera indica LR-NT 57 Pterocarpus santalinus EN 22 Drosera peltata VU 58 Pueraria tuberose LR-NT 23 Elaegnus confera LR 59 Rawolfia serpentina EN 24 Embelia ribes LR-NT 60 Saraca asoka EN 25 Garcinia indica VU 61 Schrebera sweiteniodes VU 26 Garcinia Morella VU 62 Symplocos cochinchinensis LR-NT 27 Gardenia gummifera LR-NT 63 Symplocos racemosa VU 28 Gloriosa superba LR-NT 64 Syzygium travancoricum CR 29 Glycosmis macrocarpa LR-NT 65 Tinospora sinensis VU 30 Hedy chium coronarium LR-NT 66 Tragia bicolor VU 31 Heliotropium Keralense EN 67 Trychopus zeylanicus CR 32 Holostemma annulare VU 68 Utleria slicifolia CR 33 Hydnocarpus macrocarpa VU 69 Vateria macrocarpa CR



34 Janakia aryalaptra CR 70 Vateria indica LR-NT 35 Kaempaferia galangal CR 71 Vernonina anthelmintica LR-NT 36 Kingiodendron pinnatum EN 72 Woodfordia fruticosa LR-LC

* Ex=Extinct; EW=Extinct in Wild; CR=Critically endangered; VU=Vulnerable; LR-NT=Low risk-Near Threatened; LR-LC Low risk-Least Concern

9.3.2 Fauna:

The forest cover though not substantial is inhabited by a variety of wild animals.

Besides the members of vertebrata numerous species of insects, butterflies and micro fauna

inhabit the forests. Large animals are scarce in the district. It is said that tigers used to roam

occasionally in Sandur forests. At present they are not to be found any where in the district.

The other mammalian wild life is typical of the thorn and scrub forests of the region. Spotted

deer, sambhars, wild boars and jackals are found in the maidan parts of the district.

Blackbucks occur as scattered remnants of the population in certain forest plantations. Sloth

bears (Melursus ursinus) were once in plenty in the hill forests around Jarmali, Gudekota and

Kampli hills. Panthers are seen in the granite hills of Hospet, Kudligi and Sandur taluks. The

commonly occurring reptiles are the monitor lizard [varanus] and the Indian mugger which

inhabits the Tungabhadra river. Among the poisonous snakes cobra, viper and krait are

commonly seen all over the district. Rodents like squirrels, rats and mice are common.

Table 9.6: The list of fauna existing in Bellary region

Sl. No. Common Name Scientific name

(a) Mammals 1 Black buck Antelope cervicapra 2 Common langur Presbytis entellus 3 Common fox Vulpes bengalensis 4 Fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx 5 Hyaena Hyaena hyaena 6 Hare Lapus nigricallis 7 Indian porcupine Hystrix indica 8 Indian wolf Canis lupus pallipes 9 Jackal Canis aureus 0 Jungle cat Felis chaus

11 Mice Mus musculus 12 Mongoose Herpestes Spp. 13 Panther Panthera pardus 14 Rat Rattus rattus 15 Squirrel Funambuluspennanti 16 Sloth bear Melursus ursinus 17 Spotted Deer Axis axis 18 Wild boar Sus scrofa



(b) Birds 1 Ashy wren warbler Prinia socialis 2 Black drongo Dicrurus adsimilis 3 Black winged kite Elanus caerulus 4 Blossom headed parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala 5 Blue pigeon Columba livia 6 Blue jay Coracias benghalensis 7 Black headed oriole Oriolus xanthornus 8 Common weaver bird Ploceus phillippinus 9 Crow pheasant Centropus sinensis

10 Chestnut bellied nut-hatch Sitta castanea 11 Common myna Acridotheres tristis 12 Common hawk Cuculus varins 13 Cattle egret Babulus ibis 14 Common peafowl Pavo cristatus 15 Common kingfisher Alcedo atthis 16 Crey babbler Turdoides malcolmi 17 Grey wagtail Motacilla caspica 18 Grey jungle fowl Gallus sonnerata 19 Great horned owl Bubo bubo 20 Grey partridge Francolinus pondicerianus 21 Golden backed wood pecker Dinopium benghalensis 22 House sparrow Passer domesticus 23 Indian robin Saxicoloides fulicata 24 Jungle babbler Turdoides striatus 25 Jungle myna Acridotheres fusens 26 Jungle crow Corvus macroshynchos 27 Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 28 Luggar falcon Falco biarmicus jugger 29 Munia Lonchura Spp. 30 Pied wagtail Motacilla maderaspansis 31 Pariah kite Milnus migrans 32 Red vented bulbul Pycnonotus eafer 33 Red turtle dove Streptopelia Spp. 34 Rose ringed parakeet Psittaculla krameri 35 Whistling thrush Myiophoneus horsfieldii

(c) Reptiles 1 Cobra Naja tripudians 2 Chameleon Chameleo calcaratus 3 Garden lizard Gecko gecko 4 Krait Bangarus ceruleus 5 Monitor lizard Varanus spp. 6 Python Python molurus 7 Rat snake Coluber mucosus 8 Tortoise 9 Viper Echis carinata

(d) Crustaceans and insects 1 Butterflies and moths



2 Beetles 3 Crabs 4 Scorpions

9.3.3 Bellary Working Plan 2004-analysis of forests:

From the Bellary working plan 2004, the vegetation analysis reveals the following:

• The productivity of forest is moderate as the edaphic factors are not favorable for high

productivity. Productivity ranges between 2 to 5 m3/ha which is very low as

compared to the state average of 80 m3/ hectare. The species composition is quite

unique as the genotypes have evolved for drought tolerance. The number of species

per ha varies between 12 and 15 and the total number of species range between 250

and 300 in the study region. The mean annual increment is also very low considering

its growing stock per ha and it could be less than 0.1 m3/ha.

• As per the Working Plan document the mean density of 210 stems/ha has been

recorded. The highest density of 508 stems/ha was found in Swamimalai Block of

Sandur Forest range followed by Ramana Malai Block at 447 stems/ha. Moka RF at

438 stems/ha, Northeast Block Sandur at 419 stems/ha, Donimalai Block at 387

stems/ha and Bandari RF at 438 stems/ha. In other areas of forests the stocking varied

from 82 to 373 stems per hectare.

• The largest population of trees were found in the smallest diameter class of 9 cm and

10-14 cm accounting for 56.60% and 24.7 % indicating the regeneration potentiality.

In the highest diameter class of 20 cm dbh and above, only 11% were found

• The volume analysis for the entire division has shown that the growing stock is 4.30

m3/ha. In Moka RF in Bellary range was 107.873 m3/ha with a basal area of 39.80

m3/ha. This is followed by Ramanamalai Block (9.088 m3/ha). Swamimalai Block

(8.67 m3/ha). Northeast Block (4.994 m3/ha). In Papinayakanahalli of Hospet range

it was found to be 0.1 m3/ha and in Mincheri of Bellary range (0.188 m3/ha). In

Donimalai block (4.583 m3/ha), Somalapuram RF (4.583 m3/ha) and Ubbalagundi RF

(4.071 m3/ha).

• The vegetation analysis of the growing stock of the Bellary region using the

importance value index estimation has shown that Acacia sundra is the major

constituent of species. Acacia sundra is closely followed by Albizia amara and

Anogeissus latifolia. Hardwickia binata occurs gregariously in Gollalingamanahalli

RF and parts of Bandari and Chinakathapura RF. Similarly species like

Stereospermum chelonoides, Grewia tiliaefolia, soymida febrifuga, Cassia fistula,



Dalbergia paniculata, Wrightia tictoria, Diospyros melonoxylon, Terminalia

tomentosa, Acacia leucophloea, Chloroxylon swietenia. Sandal occurs in varying

proportion in Bandari RF (2.1). Donimalai Block I(1.45) , Gunda RF (4.27), Jermali

RF (7.57), Ramanamalai Block(1.03) and Swamimalai Block (1.23). Teak is found in

Bandri (20.90), Donimalai (40.67), NorthEast Block (29.55), Ranamalai Block 37.01)

and Swamimalai Block (50.37).

• Bellary division is rich in forest products exporting significant quantity of products

from the region. Sandal, the most valuable product is exported to the tune of 413 m3

during 2002-03 and 80 m3 during 2003-04. Firewood is another important value

product extracted every year in significant quantities. Among non-timber forest

products, charcoal, beedi leaves and tamarind are the products extracted in significant

quantities (Table 9.7).

Table 9.7: Forest products collected in Bellary forest division.

Name of the product 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 1. Timber products Round poles 1.300 4.000 Firewood 12.037 238.804 79.920 Sandal 413.000 80.000 Teak 0.974 Eucalyptus 21.206 11.391 Others 37.898 202.66 2. Non-timber forest products Charcoal 55 202.66 136.6 Beedi leaves 28.65 183.1 30.25 Tamarind 30.42 30.5 30.42 Sigekai 2.0 0.25 Oil Seeds 0.65 11.0 1.82 Fruits 13.0 1.05 Antwala 2.0 0.3 Nelli 1.2 Alalekai 3.0 2.0 Gum 0.6

Source: Annual Report, Karnataka Forest Department

9.4 Change in forest cover & forest use

The forest use and forest cover change analysis was done by KSRSAC using IRS-1C

satellite imageries with PAN data. The change in forest cover during 2000 and 2004 for the

study area are discussed below.



Forest cover: Land use cover analysis has shown that there has been considerable

decrease in the forest cover between 2000 and 2004 to an extent of 180 ha in Bellary, Sandur

and Hospet region. It is evident from Figure 9.3 that loss of vegetation is mainly in the sites,

where mining activity is rampant. Change in forest cover is mainly due to increased mining

activity. However, there is a large extent of scrub forest in the study area which is around

17.50% of total geographical area, but has very low canopy density i.e., less than 10%

density.

Sandur: As per the record maintained by Karnataka Forest Department the extent of

forest in Sandur Taluk was 31% of total geographical area. However, as per the land use

change analysis the area under Forest cover in Sandur Taluk has reduced by 173 ha mainly

due to mining activity. The land use change map of Sandur indicates significant increase in

mining activity in Sandur Forest significantly between the years 2000 and 2004 (Figure 4.7 A

& B).

Hospet and Bellary: As per the land use change analysis the area under Forest in

Bellary taluk is nil and in Hospet taluk it has reduced by 7 ha between 2000 and 2004; the

percentage of change in Forest is 0.06%.

From the satellite imageries it is also evident that there has been expansion of mining

activity in the forests over the years resulting in loss of vegetation cover. From the land use

analysis it is evident that the forest cover has decreased substantially and the bulk of forest

area has been diverted to non-forestry uses to a large extent in Sandur taluk and marginally in

the remaining two taluks of the study region. Besides the loss of forestland the degradation

of the adjacent forest due to edge effect is quite evident from the satellite map. Productivity

of forests in the adjoining areas where mining is undertaken has been affected due to

deposition of dust on trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses. The fragmentation of forest has

affected the movement of wildlife in the corridors affecting the population dynamics and

breeding behavior. There is damage to regeneration of forest and growth of trees, shrubs,

herbs, bamboo etc. affecting productivity.

There has been a significant change in the forest cover and forest use change in the

study area between 2000 and 2004. The land use change analysis has shown that:

• Mining in the forest area has undergone expansion in the last five years. • Forest cover has decreased in the study area from 33251.90 hectare to 33071.89

hectare largely due to mining and dumping of mining waste.



Figure 9.5: Forest fire in Thimmappanaguddi, Sandur range

• Area under mining activity has increased from 1201.12 hectare to 1508.03 hectare. The changes are largely in the Forest areas (plate 3 and 4).

• Area covered with mining waste has increased from 64.8 ha to 156.28 ha. The change is largely in the forest areas.

• Scrub Forest has decreased from 68241.24 ha largely due to mining and dumping of mining waste.

• The fragmentation of forest ecosystem is very clearly visible. • The diversion of forest area to mining is more in Sandur than in other two taluks

9.4.1 Mining in forest area:

As per the Working Plan of Bellary division 2004, there are 50 active mines and 35

closed mines spread over an area of 5487.64 ha. The forest area leased for mining is around

5500 ha in the reserve forests as reported by Karnataka Forest Department. These include

both active and abandoned mining areas in the study region.

Table 9.8: Mining in forest area

Extent in Ha SL. No Taluk Active Mines Abandoned Mines Closed Mines Total 1 Bellary 97.10 (4) ─ 72.65 (5) 169.75 (9) 2 Hospet 647.58 (5) ─ 258.78 (8) 906.36 (13) 3 Sandur 3067.72 (41) ─ 1343.81 (22) 4411.53 (63)

Total 3, 862.34 (50) 1,675.24 (35) 5487.64 (85) Note: Active mines data is as per Forest Department, Bellary and the Closed mine data are as per Working Plan of 2004, Bellary Division. In addition to forest leases the mining leases granted in the minor forests that are yet to

declared as reserve forests is around 10,000 ha, which is largely distributed in Sandur taluk.

9.5 Forest degradation:

In our country villages are located

along the periphery of forest area. Local

communities are using these forests for

meeting their day-to-day requirements like

firewood, small timber, fodder and many

minor forest products. Fire and heavy

grazing has affected the regeneration of

many species. In addition to these problems,

mining is the most severe problem

encountered in the forest area.

As a result of large scale mining



Figure 9.6: Degradation of forest due to mining activity

activity the integrity of landscape is broken. Figure 9.8 indicates the extent of landscape

disturbances due to mining activity. This has increased soil erosion contributing to the land

degradation. Land degradation affects loss of microbial flora as reflected in low Carbon to

Nitrogen ratio in the soil.

9.5.1 Degradation of habitat:

Mining has another face that hitherto has not been properly understood. One of the

issues that concerns wildlife is their tranquility in forests. However, in view of the forests

being degraded due to mining and other related activities, sound environment of the forest is

being disturbed by blasting and traffic movement in the vicinity causing migration to other

areas. In addition the adjacent areas of township that encroach upon the forest may also

enhance poaching activities that were hitherto at very low proportions. Poaching of

herbivores like sambhar, spotted deer and wild boars are on the rise. Though there is not

enough study made in this regard there are evidences to indicate that illegal poaching of wild

life is taking place.

Therefore forest loss leads to habitat loss for wildlife existing in the forests. In

addition many microhabitats that were critical for some seasonal birds and sedentary small

mammals may render their life difficult. For example, forest fire during summer season may

hamper the breeding behavior of ground nesting birds. Similarly the sedentary mammals and

burrowing animals may find it difficult to tide over the summer seasons with shrinking

habitats and increased noise in the vicinity of forests.

According to Conservation

Assessment and Management Plan

(CAMP), an exercise organized by FRLHT

under the aegis of IUCN there are 72

species that are listed as critically

endangered, rare or threatened in the forests

of Bellary (Table 9.5). The criteria used to

distinguish such status were the loss of

habitat and use of plant species from these

forests.

Given the diversity of plants and

animals in Sandur region, mining creates a mosaic of habitats leading to loss of contiguity



and integrity of forests. The forest and mining area maps indicate that huge area of land is

excavated creating a discontinuous forest patch. Forest discontinuity restricts pollen flow, in

other words gene flow and also restricts seed dispersal. Similarly, mining activity adjacent to

forest create destruction of corridor for migratory mammals such as Cheetal, Sambhar etc.

Some of the impacts of habitat loss on environment are as follows:

• Change in the microclimate. • Loss of genetic diversity of plant and animal species. • Fragmentation of habitat and disturbance in the gene flow in both plant and animal

population.



Black Buck Spotted Deer

Owl

Jackal Sloth Bear

Figure 9.7: Fauna diversity in the study area



Figure 9.8: Santalum album (Sandalwood)

The restriction imposed on the movement of animals results in reduced population as

they move in search of food or water for other areas where there is scarcity of food and water.

Such restrictions lead to straying of animals into human habitations resulting in crop riding

and poaching. Over the last 10 years (1991-2001) about Rs. 7 lakhs has been distributed in

the district as compensation to crop, human and cattle loss.

9.5.2 Insufficient compensatory plantation

Raising of compensatory plantations is one of the important conditions stipulated by

the Government of India for approving the proposal of diversion of forest land to non-forestry

purposes as required under the Forest Conservation Act, 1980. Compensatory plantations are

raised to compensate the loss of forest area due to diversion of forest land for non-forestry

purpose like mining, irrigation projects, power transmission lines, etc.

As per the report of Bellary forest division, the compensatory plantations raised by the

mining area lease holders is 1198.36 ha including non-forest land (677.70 ha) and forest land

(520.66 ha) from 1995 to 2005. The summarized statement of compensatory plantation raised

by mine lease holders is given in Table 9.9

Table:9.9: Summary of Compensatory Plantation raised in Bellary Forest Division from 1994 to 2006

Extent of leased area for mining(ha) as on 2004-05

Extent of Compensatory Plantation raised by mine holders

Forest Non-forest Forest Non-forest 5487.64 12148.99 520.66 677.7

Note: Extent of mining leased area includes both active and closed mines

The compensatory plantation raised by the mine lease holders in Bellary forest

division is not balanced or in proportionate to the extent of forest land diverted for non-

forestry purposes in the district. Other than

the area leased out for mining operations,

some area of forest land has been diverted

for laying the power transmission line and

other programmes.

9.5.3 Loss of Bio-resources

The forest bio-diversity offers

tremendous support to rural community to

access the bio-resources. Many minor

forest products are the source of livelihood needs of the local community such as fuel wood,



fruits, seeds, green leaves, small timber and herbal plants. The loss of bio-diversity has

resulted in the denial of access to bio-resources among the rural community.

9.5.4 Grazing:

Mining in forest area has reduced grazing of cattle in the forests. The loss of ground

vegetation due to soil disturbance has affected the regeneration potential of the forests. This

has also forced the farmers to sell their cattle resulting in the decline of cattle population and

diversity.

9.6 Conclusion

In conclusion, mining activity has brought about qualitative and quantitative changes

in forest biodiversity. More importantly, the land degradation due to mining activity has

seriously affected the functioning of ecosystem reducing the productivity of land and forest

regeneration. Therefore, there should be some measures taken immediately to arrest the

irreversible ecosystem functions and maintain the forest and biodiversity in the region.



Figure 10.1: Jindal steel factory in Toranagal, Sandur

CHAPTER CHAPTER 1010 INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMEINDUSTRIAL DEVELOPME NT NT AND IMPACT ON ENVIROAND IMPACT ON ENVIRO NMENTNMENT

10.1 Industrial area development

Karnataka State Government has

initiated various agencies to develop the

infrastructure including Karnataka Industrial

Area Development Board (KIADB) set up

under Karnataka Industrial Area Development

Act of 1996 and Karnataka Small Scale

Industries Development Corporation

(KSSIDC) for providing basic infrastructural

facilities for the growth of industries. In

Bellary, the KIADB has developed an area of

428.91 acres with infrastructural facilities to setup different industries while KSSIDC has

developed an industrial area of around 47.89 acres to provide infrastructural facility for

small-scale industries. The details of industries developed by KIADB and KSSIDC are given

in the following tables.

Table 10.1: Development of industrial area by KIADB and KSSIDC in the study area.

Karnataka Industrial Area Development Board (KIADB)

Sl. No Name of Industrial Area

Extent of land

developed in acres

Extent covered by

road & CA

Total extent plots

available for allotment

Number of plots

developed 1 Mundaragi Ist Stage, Bellary 52.59 9.48 43.11 48 2 Mundaragi IInd Stage, Bellary 166.3 42.08 124.3 125 3 Mundaragi IIIrd Stage, Bellary 85.72 11.72 74 87 4 Ananthapur road, Bellary 21.79 6.35 15.44 31 5 Sankalapuram, Hospet 102.51 11.6 90.91 42

Total 428.91 81.23 347.76 333 Karnataka Small Scale Industries Development Corporation (KSSIDC)

Taluk Industrial Estate established

Year of Estimation

Land acquired (Acres)

Number of sheds constructed

Bellary 1968 15.75 50 Bellary Mundargi 1998 7.19 4

Hospet Hospet 1972 24.95 58 Total 47.89 112



Figure 10.2: Benaka sponge iron company in Belgallu, Bellary taluk

10.2 Distribution of industries in the district

As per KSPCB records the total number of industrial units in Bellary district is 1367

as reported in 2006 and approximately 1017 industries have been granted consent for

operation under various acts. Industries in

Bellary district are situated mainly in Bellary,

Hadagali, Hagaribommnahalli, Hospet, Kudligi,

Sandur and Sirguppa towns of which the bulk of

industries (more than 50%) are located in the

study area of Bellary, Hospet and Sandur taluks

due to availability of natural resources (mineral

wealth and water), labor, railway network, power

and other infrastructural facilities. Out of 1367

industries, nearly 190 industries are engineering

industries followed by 103 textile industries and the remaining are sugar, distilleries,

chemical, paper and leather industries. Steel industry in Toranagallu is the only major

industry in Bellary district.

10.2.1 Large scale industries

There are four mega industries in the district namely, Jindal Vijayanagar Steel Plant,

Jindal Tractable Power Ltd, Jindal Praxair Oxygen Ltd & Bellary Steels & alloys Limited.

Around 63 medium industries with an investment of approximately 407.6 crore and 8280

small scale/tiny industries are found here (Industrial perspectives plan 2001-2005 District

Industries Center and R.O-KSPCB Bellary).

10.2.2 Tiny and SSI units:

Rice industry: Data furnished by Department of Industries and Commerce indicate 102 rice

mills functioning in the district with the paddy processing capacity of 3, 60,000 tons per

annum (each with a capacity of 2-3 tons per hour). About 20,000 tons of paddy is being

processed locally through domestic processing. The remaining 76,551 tons of paddy is going

out of the district for further processing. Total investment in 102 rice mills is about 29.64

crores and provides direct employment to the tune of 1644 persons and indirect employment

to 2000 persons.

Plastic industry: There are 6 PVC pipe manufacturing units with an investment of Rs.30 lakh

each with a production capacity of 2 ton /day catering mostly to Government Departments.



Existing units receive their raw material supplies (grade 50 materials) from Mumbai. There

are 8 plastic waste recycling units producing mugs, pots, and buckets in Bellary and Hospet,

with a capacity of 100 kg/day. These units depend on the waste plastic available in the

district.

Stone cutting & polishing unit: Around 30 industries exist with an installed capacity of 500

sq ft/day, out of which 18 units became sick because of the drop in market.

Red oxide industry: There are 16 industries with a production capacity of 4 tons/day which

manufacture oxide colors like red oxide with old technology. The raw material is available in

Sandur, Hospet and Bellary taluks. These are hazardous air polluting units.

Cotton ginning and pressing unit: Cotton being an important crop of the district; it has been

estimated that 99,618 tons of cotton is produced in the district per annum. There are 66

cotton ginning and pressing units functioning in the district with total capacity of processing

3 lakh tons of cotton per annum. The deficit quantity of around 2 lakh tons of cotton is

obtained from neighboring districts like Chitradurga, Gadag, Davanagare and Bijapur.

Readymade garments (Jeans): There are 48 registered tiny and small-scale industries

currently engaged in the manufacture of ready-made garments, particularly jeans. Most of

the ready-made garment units in the district are concentrated in Bellary city. These units

provide direct employment to around 3000 persons and indirect employment to around

10,000 persons. Total annual production from these units is 40.5 lakh pieces worth Rs. 150

crore.

Jeans washing unit: There are around 42 Jean’s Washing Units with an investment of Rs.10

Lakhs each, and production capacity of 500 pants/day, located in Bellary.

10.3 Distribution of industries in the study area

10.3.1 Type of industries

Majority of industries registered in the district (more than 50%) are located in the

study area due to availability of water and relatively good infrastructure facility. Again large

number of industries in the study area are located close to eco-sensitive zones like water

bodies, forest area and historical monuments.

10.3.1.1 Red, Orange and Green category industries

The Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) has categorized the industries

as Red, Orange and Green category based on size, scale of operation and their pollution

potential. Out of 1367 industries located in Bellary district, nearly 1017 industries are located



in Sandur, Bellary and Hospet region accounting for nearly 70 % of the total industries. The

table below shows the number of industries classified under different categories in the study

area.

Table 10.2: Category of industries in the study region.

Large Medium Small Sl. No. Taluk Name

Red Orange Green Red Orange Green Red Orange Green Total

1 Bellary 32 34 2 20 3 8 114 92 229 534 2 Sandur 16 4 20 1 0 177 0 14 232 3 Hospet 9 0 2 9 0 2 137 82 10 251

Total 57 34 8 49 4 10 428 174 253 1017 Source: Regional office KSPCB, Bellary

Of the 632 red category industries in Bellary district the study area has 534 industries

which is very high as compared to the size of industrial activity in the district. The number of

orange category industries in the study area is 212 which is comparatively higher than the

district total of 255 industries. Total number of green category industries in Bellary district is

372 while the total green category industries in the study area are 271.

10.3.1.2 Mining industry:

Mining has become a major industry in Bellary district in the recent past due to rich

deposit of iron (constituting 62 to 68% of Iron) and manganese ores. There 71 major and

minor mining industries currently operating in the study area. In Bellary district, richest

concentration of iron ore is confined to two main bands. They are (1) the eastern copper

mountain belt and (2) western Sandur belt.

Table 10.3: List of active mines in the study area

Taluk No. of mining (Lease) Area under mining (hectares)

Bellary 5 475.78 Sandur 51 13961.77 Hospet 15 1389.19

Total 71 15826.74

Table 10.4: Production of minerals in the study area - 2004-05

Sl.No Minerals

Production in Metric

tons 1 Iron Ore, I.O.Fines, Red-oxide 30,618,477.0 2 Manganese Ore 355969.0



Figure 10.3: Growth of industries in Bellary. (Source: Industrial perspective plan 2001-2005, District Industries Center, Bellary)

3 Quartz 34194.0 4 Soap Stone 1845.0 Grand Total 31010485

* Note: The detailed table is given in Annexure

10.4 Industrial employment opportunity in Bellary district

The percentage of persons employed per registered factory in the district is 3.2% of

the state which is very less as compared to Bangalore district, which has 31% (13,115

persons/registered factory) of the state’s employment (Subramaniam, undated). However,

due to increase in mining activity the number of persons working in industrial establishment

has increased significantly. At present there are 1017 major and minor industries providing

employment to 16,000 employees and 8,280 small scale/tiny industries providing

employment to 40,020 employees (District Census Book, 2004). At present the number of

employees working in industrial and mining sectors is approximately 70,645, which work out

to 3.48% of the total population. Number of people depending on industrial employment in

the district is around 3.5% and mining activity is roughly employing 1.27% of the total

population in the study area. The per capita income in Bellary during 2001-2002 was Rs.17,

895. However, the mining activity in the district has improved the income level marginally

(District Census Book-2004).

10.5 Growth pattern

The growth rate of

industrialization though

very slow in Bellary

district number of

initiatives by the state

Government has helped

in the growth of many

tiny industrial units. The

development of small

scale/tiny industries in

Bellary district from 1970

to 2000 is shown in the

Figure 10.3. The growth

of industries is exponential indicating mushrooming of industries in the area over the last 30

years.



10.6 Industrial pollution sources

Industries have tremendous impact on the quality of environment in the study area.

Despite stringent legislation and measures, the industrial pollution is growing. The different

category of industries with their pollution-potential with respect to water & air in the Study

region is indicated in Table 10.5.

Table 10.5: Classification of industries based on their air/water pollution potential

Pollution Potential Sl. No Industries Air Water 1 Integrated Iron and Steel A1 W1 2 Cement A2 W4 3 Sugar A3 W2 4 Organic Chemicals A2 W2 5 Paint (excluding Formulation) A2 W2 6 Glass-Lead Glass: Furnaces of all Capacity A3 W4 7 Leather Tannery A4 W1 8 Pulp and Paper

a) Waste Paper Based b) Paper Board Without Mils – cooking operation

A2 A2

W2 W3

9 Distillery (Alcohol distillery) A2 W1 10 Cotton Textile Industries A4 W2 11 Stone Crushing A3 W4 12 Mining A1 W2

(Source: KSPCB) Note:

Pollution potential Air Water Very high A1 W1 High A2 W2 Medium to high A3 W3 Low A4 W4

10.6.1 Air pollution

The air emission data from different sources in respect of all the industries in the study region

are not available. In this background, an attempt was made to analyze the ambient air quality

in and around the industrial areas and its impact on the air quality using secondary data. The

Karnataka State Pollution Control Board is monitoring the air quality in the district by

establishing network of NAAQ stations. The results are given in Table 10.6.

Table 10.6: The ambient air quality analysis data of four different types of industries

Industry Stations SPM SPM Standard SO2 SO2

Standard Nox NOx Standard

Godehalli 290 200* 24 80* 6.2 80 P.D.Halli 320 200 26 80 7.1 80 Stores (in plant) 50 500** 42 120** 8.2 120

Rayalaseema Alkalies & Allied Chemicals ETP (in plant) 60 500 40 120 8.1 120



Industry Stations SPM SPM Standard SO2 SO2

Standard Nox NOx Standard

Amarapura 260 200 30 80 6.4 80 Ltd T.G.budhihal 110 200 26 80 4.8 80 Near ETP [wind flow SW-NE] 136 500 --- 120 --- 120

Near Railway gate [wind flow SW-NE]

138 500 --- 120 --- 120 Pampasara Distilleries

Boiler stack emission gas 93 500 31 120 38 120

Near ETP 195 500 18 120 14 120 India Sugars & Refineries Ltd ISR guest house 285 500 34 120 28 120

Outside the factory gate (east side)

302 500 66 120 16 120

Outside the factory gate Westside)

356 500 69 120 18 120

Inside the factory premises 300.5 500 29.5 120 19 120

Spark Battery Industries

Outside the factory premises 354 500 24 120 23.5 120

Note: * For sensitive area. ** For Residential, Rural & other Areas NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards, Environmental (protection) rules, 1986 Source: R.O office, KSPCB, Bellary.

Air pollution monitoring from other industrial sources is being examined to identify

the regions and sources where the RSPM and SPM value have exceeded the standard.

However, after examining the KSPCB data from Bellary district no higher SPM/RSPM levels

in the ambient air from the industries sources were found except in Godhihalli, P. D. halli and

Amarapura surrounding industrial units. The reason for increased concentration of the SPM

in these areas is due to industrial emission and also due to movement of iron ore loaded

trucks.

The ambient air quality is monitored by Jindal Vijayanagar Steel industries in &

around the factory at 10 locations; the results are given in Table 10.7.

RSPM level in Gadiganur is 1.88 µg/m3 exceeding the residential standard limits of

100 µg/m 3. The concentration of SPM, RSPM, SO2 and NOX in the industrial and

surrounding residential areas of Jindal Iron and steel plants are within limits.



Table 10.7: Seasonal ambient air quality in JVSL from October 2002 to December 2002

Sl. No Location

Distance from the location

(km)

SPM in

µg/m3

SPM Standard (NAAQS)

RSPM in

µg/m3

RSPM Standard (NAAQS)

SO2 in

µg/m3

SO2 Standard (NAAQS)

NOx in

µg/m3

NOx Standard (NAAQS)

1 Torangallu 4 153 200* 40 100* 22.6 80* 24.5 80* 2 Sulthanpur 9.3 137.2 200* 35.7 100* 21.1 80* 22 80* 3 JVSL

township 3.5 192 200* 54.4 100* 28.3 80* 22.5 80*

4 Talur 5.3 176 200* 41.7 100* 23.4 80* 24.6 80* 5 Vaddu 1.3 190 200* 47 100* 26.4 80* 78.1 80* 6 Gadiganur 8.4 184 200* 188 100* 23.1 80* 24.3 80* 7 Sludge

pond area 290 500** 60 150** 22.8 120** 24.6 120**

8 Reservoir area

231 500** 47 150** 21.7 120** 21.6 120**

9 Near FG gate

307 500** 63 150** 25.7 120** 26.6 120**

10 Near RM gate

Within plant

boundary

315 500** 59 150** 32.9 120** 38.2 120**

Note: * For sensitive area. ** For Residential, Rural & other Areas

NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards, Environmental (protection) rules, 1986 Source: EIA report for JVSL, Richardson & Cruddas (1972) Ltd.,

However, SPM concentration is showing close to the threshold limits in some stations

indicating deterioration of air quality in the industrial townships as they are proximally

situated to the polluting sources. As RSPM has tremendous impact on the health of human

beings protective measures have to be adopted to reduce the pollution at source.

Ambient air quality analysis of the areas surrounding to Jindal Vijayanagara Steel

Plant such as Vaddu, Toranagallu, Sulthanpur and Gaddiganur villages was carried out by the

Regional Office, KSPCB, Bellary. Ambient air quality data collected during the years 2004

to 2006 is given in table 10.8.

Table 10.8: Ambient air quality status of the surrounding area of JVSL Plant and

JSW Steels Ltd

Sl. No. Location Season RSPM SPM SO2 NOx

Year 2004 – 2005 Summer 49 158.5 10.2 10.3 Rainy 47.75 86.083 16 16

1 JVSL top of Sri. Panditaradhiya house, Vaddu village Winter 51.4 187.26 5.42 14

Year 2005 – 2006 Summer 41.75 135.5 BDL 10 Rainy 42.6 137.9

2 JVSL top of Sri. Panditaradhiya house, Vaddu village Winter 52.71 161.18 6 12



Summer 34.5 159.3 --- --- 3 JSW Steel Ltd. Tornagallu Summer 75.8 153 --- ---

4 JSW Steel Ltd. Tornagallu, Top of Community Hall Summer 37.5 103 --- ---

5 JSW Steel Ltd. Tornagallu, Top of Rajasabh House Summer 31.5 118 --- ---

6 JSW Steel Ltd. Vaddu, Top of Panditharadhya House Summer 47.5 114 --- ---

7 JSW Steel Ltd. Gaddiganur, Top of Thegram Panchayat Office

Summer 50 131 --- ---

Ambient air quality given in the table reveals that the concentration of all parameters

i.e. SPM, RSPM, SO2 and NOx are below the permissible limits. Concentration of SPM was

higher in summer and winter season due to lack of precipitation. However, during rainy

season the suspended particulate matters concentration in ambient air is reduced due to

scrubbing effect. Increase in the concentration of pollutants is attributed to emissions from

industries and increase in the density of vehicles on the road.

10.6.1.1 Air pollution from mining industry

Mining is another major source of air pollution in the district. There are 71 mining

sites in Bellary, Sandur and Hospet taluks (KSPCB, Bellary). Mining activity has contributed

to high concentrations of SPM and RSPM in the area. The EMPRI has carried out ambient

air quality monitoring in core zones of mining and surrounding areas including transportation

route during 27th January 2006 and 9th February 2006. SPM, RSPM, SO2, and NOx

parameters are monitored and results are given in Table 10.9.

Table 10.9: Ambient air quality analysis

Sampling Stations SPM

SPM Standard (NAAQS)

for Residential

Area

RPM

RSPM Standard (NAAQS)

for Residential

Area

SO2 NOX

SO2 & NOX Standard (NAAQS)

for Residential

Area Donimalai (Core of Mining in Forest leased area) 564 200 158 100 12.7 14.9 80

Sandur (Transportation route covering habitation) 251 200 63 100 13.8 16.1 80

Venkatagiri (Transportation route covering adjacent fields)

253 200 63 100 12.9 15.5 80

Joga village (Control) 134 200 45 100 10 10.8 80 Note: * For sensitive area. ** For Residential, Rural & other Areas NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards, Environmental (protection) rules, 1986



Villages along the transportation route experience deterioration in air quality due to

higher levels of SPM and RSPM. In all the monitoring stations in the mining areas and the

transportation route the SPM and RSPM level was found higher than the standards. This is a

very alarming trend as RSPM levels have tremendous health impact on children and aged

people and can cause numerous respiratory diseases.

10.6.2 Water pollution

10.6.2.1 Water consumption of industries

Large and medium red category industries consume large quantity of water with total

utilization of 60,025 KL/day. Processed water from the plants is usually discharged after

providing treatment to the nearby water body or local municipal sewerage system. Water

consumption by large and red category industries, products manufactured and raw materials

consumed is given in table 10.10.

Table 10.10: Water consumption of large red industries in the study area

Sl. No Name/Location Products Manufactured Water

Consumed 1 Bellary Steels & Alloys Ltd Ferrous Metallurgical 1.5KLD 2 Jindal Praxair Oxygen Company Pvt. Ltd. Industrial Gases 286KLD 3 Jindal Thermal Power Company Ltd Power Generation 260 MW 13396KLD 4 Met coke Industries Ltd., Metallurgical Coke 400KLD 5 Nava Karnataka Steels Ltd Steel 13KLD 6 Pampasara Distilleries Ltd. Alcohol Related Activity 3666KLD 7 Regional Oil Seeds Growers Co-Op.

Societies Union Ltd. Oil extraction and Refinery 100KLD

8 Sree Rayalaseema Alkalies & Allied Chemicals Ltd

Power generation 1000KLD

9 India Sugars & Refineries Ltd. Sugar 43 KLD 10 Tungabhadra Steel Products Ltd. Fabrication of Hydro-

mechanical equipments 140KLD

11 Poweronicks Ltd. Power generation 33.50KLD 12 Karnataka Strips Pvt Ltd. Rolled Coils 20000KLD 13 United Galva(P) Ltd. Galvanized Coils 11000 KLD 14 Bellary Steel & Alloys (P) Ltd.(Merchant

Roll Mill) Sponge iron, dolocahar 308.25KLD

15 Janki Corp Ltd Iron ore, coal, limestone 450KLD 16 JSW Power Ltd Power Plant 8488KLD 17 Benaka Sponge Iron P Ltd Sponge iron 175.6KLD 18 Kariganur Iron & Steel P Ltd Sponge iron 500KLD 19 Jamshadpur Injunction Powder Ltd Chemical Industry 25KLD



The quantum of wastewater released from the industry will have tremendous potential

to pollute the water sources i.e. both underground and surface water if adequate steps are not

taken to provide the treatment.

All the large and majority of medium scale industries are having effluent treatment

plants to treat the industrial effluents to the desired standards of purity. The list of industries

provided with effluent treatment plants is shown in Table 10.1. However, the majorities of

small-scale industries do not have the required treatment plants to treat their effluents and

thereby have tremendous potential to cause pollution of surface, sub-surface and land. There

are 49 jeans washing units in Bellary which are not provided with treatment facilities. Nearly

6 KL of effluent from these units are let in to public sewerage system which is mixed with

domestic sewage and received partial treatment in the sewage treatment plant established by

Bellary Municipal Corporation. Given the nature and number of small scale industries in the

region there is an urgent need to establish a common effluent treatment plant to treat the and

systematically. There are two sewage treatment plants established to treat the effluents

scientifically domestic effluent in Bellary with capacity 30 KLD and 15 KLD. The results of

analysis of some of the industrial effluents at various stages of treatment before disposal are

indicated in Table 10.13. The results of analysis indicate that the effluent before discharge to

environmental media meet the stipulated standards.

Table 10.11 Water pollution potentiality of Jeans Industry in the study area

No. of units

No. of Employees Source Water

consumption

Waste Water

discharge Destination Treatment

49 8-10/unit Bore well 6-7 KL/day 5-6 KL/day

Discharged to municipal drainage

STP's

Table: 10.12: List of industries which adopted air and water pollution control measures

Sl. No Taluk Industry

1 Hospet Pampasara Distillery, India Sugars & Refineries Ltd, Regional Oil Seeds Grower Co-Operatives, NCL Energy HKT Mining (Sponge Iron)

2 Bellary Bellary Steels, Monseuto Technology, Navakarnataka Steels, Rayalseema Alkalies, Karnataka Stripes, United Galva, Attur Steels, Benaka Sponge Iron, Hindustan Calcinite, Janaki Corporation, Karignur Iron Ore & Steels

3 Sandur Jindal Vijayanagara Steel Plant, Bhuvalka Pipes, Jamshedpur Injection



Table: 10.13: Results of the Industrial effluent of some major industries in the study area

Sl.No Industry Sample pH

Oil & grease mg/l

Conductivity Sulphates mg/l

Chlorides mg/l

TSS mg/l

COD mg/l

BOD mg/l

Outlet of PETP 8.8 0.4 13860 960 1586 1289 16552 3100 Outlet of SETP 8.9 trace 6895 296 800 158 1856 412 Dilution point-1 8.1 trace 1350 126 421 81 364 89

1 Pampasara distillery

Dilution point-2 8 trace 1315 92 385 70 345 71 Treated Effluent 8.6 1 998 221 773 88 24

2 India sugars & Refineries Industrial cooling water

outlet to Raya canal 7.1 1.2 524 68 96 45 4

Domestic effluent 42 11 3 JSW Steel Ltd.

JPL-2 DM plant effluent 4 2

4 Rayalseema

Alkalies & allied Chemicals

Effluent 8.7 3.6 1840 800 590 30 30

Inland surface water 5.5 to 9 10 100 250 30 Public sewers 5.5 to 9 20 600 --- 350

General Standards for discharge of

Environmental pollutants as per The Environment (protection) Rules, 1986

Land for Irrigation 5.5 to 9 10 200 --- 100



10.6.2.2 Water pollution sources

Main source of industrial pollution is industrial effluents, spent wash and sewage.

Treated and untreated effluents from industries discharged into water bodies causes severe

damage on natural characteristics of water. Apart from this the surface water to which the

effluent is directly released, the ground water quality also gets affected due to percolation of

harmful chemicals present in the effluent. The study area poses a complex problem arising

out of the large scale mining leading to soil and water pollution. Further, soil in the mining

area is washed away during rainy season carrying iron and other minerals. The runoff

containing such minerals from these areas has higher chances of percolating into the

subsurface resulting in increase of concentration of pollutants in the groundwater. The

surface water body tends to become turbid affecting aquatic life. There are many tiny

industries in Bellary town and a distillery unit in Hospet which are causing enormous water

pollution due to discharge of water after washing, dyeing and spent wash after fermentation

from distillery with very high BOD and COD.

10.6.3 Waste management

The waste generated from the industries can be classified into hazardous and non-

hazardous waste. The type of hazardous wastes generated are process waste, lead ash, waste

oil, etc., apart from other industrial wastes like plastic container, slag, waste cloth, sludge,

organic wastes, etc. Jindal Vijayanagara Steel Industry and Spark Battery are the major

hazardous waste generating industries in the study region.

10.6.3.1 Hazardous waste

Though pollution control measures have been employed by the industries the impact

on environment cannot be ignored. According to Gesellschaft für Technische

Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) the number of hazardous waste producing industries in Bellary

district is 34 and the total amount of hazardous waste generated is 689 tons per year.

Hazardous waste generated under different classes such as incinerable (60 tons/year),

landfillable (149 tons) and recyclable (480 tons). List of industries covered under hazardous

waste (Management & Handling) Rules and Plastic Rule in Bellary region is given in the

table below.



Table 10.14: Quantity of Hazardous waste generated annually in Bellary

Code. No Type of Hazardous waste Quantity

Tons Per annum 1.2 Tarry residues 0.06 9.2 Lead ash/particulate from flue gas 24 12.8 Plating metal sludge 120 13.1 Process dust 3.2 13.2 Sludge from acid recovery unit 19.2 33.3 Discarded containers/barrels/liners used for hazardous

wastes/chemicals 0.3

5.1 Used/spent oil 209.28 5.2 Wastes/residues containing oil 25.8 29.1 Wastes/ residues containing pesticides 0.3 5.1 Used/spent oil 250 Other wastes 48.9 Total SSHW 166.76 Total IHW 235.38 Total RHW 298.9

10.6.3.1.1 Spark battery industry

The industry is located at Karnataka Industrial Area Development Board (KIADB) of

Shankalpur village, Hospet Taluk, Bellary district. The capacity of the unit as per District

Industry and Commerce (DIC) certificate is 2000 kg/day for lead melting furnace, 10,000

battery plate /day and 40 batteries/day. Spark battery industry produces lead ash of 1.2 tons

/year.

Table 10.15: Quantity of Hazardous Waste generated - 2004 and 2005.

Sl. No

Raw material consumed

Quantity /month

Type of Hazardous waste

1 Lead 3 tons Lead ash 2 Acid 100 kg Lead Slag dross

10.6.3.1.2 Jindal Vijayanagara Steel Ltd

Principal solid waste produced by the plant includes iron ore fines, dust recovered

from dust extraction systems, sludge from blast furnace and SMS GCP, slag from the blast

furnace and steel melting shop. The hazardous waste generated from the plant waste is the

waste oil, lead acid batteries, etc. JVSL produces waste oil of approximately 1000 KL/year,

4000 batteries /year.



Table 10.16: Quantity of hazardous waste generated in Jindal Vijayanagara Steel

industry

Type Quantity (approximate) per year

Mode of disposal

Waste oil 1000 KL To be used in the non-recovery coke oven for process improvements.

Source: EIA report, JVSL

From the above data it is evident that hazardous waste such as waste oil and battery

waste (Lead) produced by the industries is very high.

10.6.3.2 Industrial waste

Increase in urbanization, industrial development and mining activities have led to

generation of considerable quantity of industrial waste. Sources of industrial waste

generation include sponge iron industries, steel industries, plastic industries, battery

industries, etc. Industrial wastes are of various types like Corex sludge from the treatment

activity, plastic containers, etc. Data on the total amount of industrial waste generation like

quantity, sources and disposal of waste is not available. Hence an effort has been made to

know the type of industrial waste by using the available secondary data on industrial waste.

Table 10.17: Type and quantity of Industrial waste generated in the study area

Sl. No.

Type Mode of disposal

1 Lead acid batteries Sold back to suppliers 2 Chrome sludge from CRM Stored in specially designed designated

pit with impervious bottom and roof cover 3 Oil soaked cotton waste, organic

wastes collected in steel plant To be incinerated

4 Lead Oxide 5 Lead Slag dross 6 Hard Rubber container Depending upon the procurement 7 Plastic container 8 PVC separator Reused for packing battery plates inside

battery 9 Waste paper Recycled 10 Waste card box Recycled



CHAPTER CHAPTER 1111 STATUS OF ROADSSTATUS OF ROADS

11.1 Background

Roads are the basic infrastructure facilities needed for communication and

development of human civilization. Development of roads and communication network bring

about negative impact on the environment. The most potent environmental problems of roads

are air and noise pollution. Air pollution involves emission of carbon monoxide, sulphur

dioxide, hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen and noise pollution is due to movement of

heavy vehicles. Provision of roads attracts industrial and developmental activities but

problems arise when poorly managed roads are used for transportation. The roads get

damaged and degraded due to movement of heavy vehicles carrying huge loads of ore and

other goods. Further, roads are affected due to lack of proper drainage system and

maintenance. In the study area the road conditions are bad due to huge transportation of ore

from the mining areas, improper drainage system and maintenance. The networks of roads in

the study area classified under different categories are given in Table 11.1.

Table 11.1: Details of Roads in the study area - 2003-04

Sl. No. Roads Bellary Hospet Sandur

1 National Highway 66.85 24 57.8 2 State Highway 66.85 24 57.8 3 Major District Roads 404.75 161.6 209.4 4 Other District Roads 4 19 5 Villages roads 134 214 130 6 TDB Roads 162 74 193 7 Irrigation Dept. Roads 198 45 14 8 Municipality roads 366 49 9 Total 1402.45 591.6 681

Source: District at a glance, 2004

Apart from heavy trucks catering to the needs of mining industry the public transport

system also exerts lot of pressure on environment in terms of pollution by causing damage to

roads within the restricted area of urban and semi-urban areas of the district. The number of

motor vehicles registered and being used in Bellary district as on 31 December 2005 is given

in Table 11.2. Bellary and Sandur taluks are having over 1, 63, 000 vehicles registered in the

region.



Figure 11.1: NH 63 Hospet-Bellary road damaged by ore transportation

Table 11.2: Motor vehicles registered in Bellary District (As on 31-12- 2005)

Sl. No. Category of vehicles Bellary Hospet Total 1 Motor Cycle upto 50 CC 26329 16803 43132 2 Motor Cycle 51-300 CC 43645 34052 79697 3 Motor Cycle above 300 CC 797 549 1346 Two Wheelers 72771 51404 124175 4 Motor Car 3839 3246 7085 5 Invalid Carriage 5 6 11 6 Jeeps 888 489 1377 7 Autorickshaws 2336 1087 3423 8 Motor cab 246 324 570 9 Omni Bus 529 596 1125 11 Stage Carriage 1010 65 1075 12 Private Bus 91 20 111 13 Goods Vehicle 2888 2902 5790 15 Tractor 4318 4191 8509 16 Trailor 3019 3362 6381 17 Dumpers 4 24 28 19 Road Rollers 0 1282 1282 20 Tippers 837 0 837 21 Power Tiller 23 17 40 23 Fire Engine 8 0 8 24 Delivary Van 600 2 602 25 Ambulance 48 256 304 26 Fire Fighter 1 32 33 27 Tanker 52 4 56 28 Maxi Cabs 145 441 586 29 Others 160 420 580 Total 93818 70170 163988

Source: Transport Department Bellary District

During the field survey following roads were found to be in bad conditions:

1. Kudalgi – Sandur road, 2. Sandur-Donimalai 3. Donimalai – Deogiri 4. Hospet-Bellary 5. Sandur-Hospet 6. Bhujanganagar-Sandur via Lakshmipur 7. Sandur- Torangallu



Figure 11.2: Hospet-Sandur road damaged by ore transportation.

Figure 11.3: Concrete road damaged by ore transportation, Sandur town

The ore from different mining areas is

transported to railway stations located at

Hospet, Kariganur, Papinayakanahalli,

Torangallu, Yeshwanthnagara, Ramgadh,

Bannihatti, Bellary, Rajapura, Ranjitpura,

Bayaluvaddigeri Vynsankere, Swamimalai and

Jindal Vijayanagar by road.

11.2 Impact on roads:

1. Due to transportation of ore by using

heavy vehicles there is emission and

smoke which gets mixed up with air to form the suspended particulate matter.

2. It is confirmed from the studies that carbon monoxide concentration in the air could

result in hazardous effect on human health particularly in heart and lung patients.

3. Oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbons are not directly toxic but interact in the presence

of sunlight to produce the oxidant smog, which causes irritation of eyes and damage

to lungs.

The transportation of ore from steep

slopes to the railway station and to the ports

through heavy vehicles has resulted in causing

severe damage to roads (Figure 11.1, 11.2 &

11.3). Continuous movement of heavy vehicles

has caused irreparable damage to the roads.

One of the immediate and visible impacts of

iron and manganese ore transportation is

formation of huge pot holes, thus making

movement of passenger vehicles, light motor

vehicles and two wheelers very difficult.

Annually around 30 million tons of ore is being transported through these roads. As the

roads were not made to take such heavy loads through vehicular movement the roads have

sustained severe damage and they have been made unworthy to travel.



Figure 11.4: Open transportation of iron ore fines

Figure 11.5: Dust pollution caused by ore transportation

Figure 11.6: Wetting of road in Subbarayanahalli, Sandur

11.2.1 Dust Level on the road sides

The heavy vehicles involved in the transportation of iron ore without tarpaulin cover

is generating vast amount of dust all along the roads affecting the quality of air. The air

quality test conducted on the samples collected from different roads have shown high level

of SPM. Break down of heavy vehicles carrying iron ore to distant places is very common

resulting in heaps of iron ore dumped along the road side causing disruption of vehicular

movement. Sprinkling of water to reduce the dust and pollution of air creates muddy heaps on

the roads hampering the movement of vehicles.



Figure 11.7: Chain of vehicles queued up for loading iron ore

11.2.2 Density of vehicles

Heavy traffic movement on the narrow

roads of Sandur, Bellary and Hospet has caused

severe damage to roads during the last five years.

Round the clock movement of heavy vehicles

carrying heavy loads of iron ore has become a

major problem in the study area. Increase in the

density of vehicles during the last five years in

Sandur, Bellary and Hospet region was studied to

illustrate the growth of vehicular movement in the

region.

11.2.3 Impact of heavy vehicle movement on the roads:

• During field survey in the study region it was observed that heavy vehicles moving on the

narrow roads have caused heavy damage to the roads. The size and depth of pot holes are

increasing day by day varying from 0.5 m2 to 5.0 m2. The pot holes keep expanding due

to continuous movement of iron ore laden vehicles.

• Break down of vehicles in transit also leaves heaps of mineral ore along the road causing

hindrance to traffic. During rainy season the roads are muddy and slippery due to spillage

of mineral ore.

• On an average about 6,000 heavy duty vehicles are transporting iron ore everyday causing

high SPM and RSPM all along the roads particularly, from Sandur, Hospet and Bellary to

different destinations like Toranagal, Mangalore and Karwar ports.

• Deposition of dust along the road side causes harmful effect on road side vegetation.

• Agriculture and horticulture crops along the roads are also affected by dust pollution.



Table 11.3: Implication of bad roads on environment

Parameter Environmental Implications Associated social Impacts Deterioration of riding quality

Increased noise pollution (increased friction between tyre and the road resulting in higher noise levels

Psychological Stress Impairment of speech communication visuality and health problems

Increased Fuel consumption

Air pollution (partially-burnt hydrocarbons and other pollutants being released into air)

Health problems (respiratory diseases due to increased air pollution and accumulation of lead in food chain

Social Implications Associated Environmental Implications

Increased transportation and travel times

Reduction in mobility of labours resulting in permanent migration to urban areas Reduced access to education health, social and civic facilities Restricted potential of agriculture, diary and poultry sectors

Increased population pressures, straining of civil infrastructure and deterioration of environmental quality of urban areas Increased pressure on local environmental resource and their exploitation beyond sustainable limits under subsistence pressures

Increased vehicle operating costs

Increased input cost and decreased of competitiveness of local economy

On the whole the impact of vehicular movement on the roads of study area is serious

as it is causing damage to surface and drainage pattern of roads resulting in non-usable

condition. Thus, roads as vehicles of development of economy, if not maintained properly

can counter the objective for which they were built. In addition to negative implications on

social and economic issues the roads have brought about negative effect on environmental

issues due to enhanced air pollution and noise pollution levels. Hence roads are to be

maintained and free flow of vehicles could contribute directly to enhanced economic gains

apart from enhanced environmental effects.



CHAPTER CHAPTER 1212 HEALTHHEALTH

12.1 Health scenario

Environmental concerns, world over and in India, are primarily argued as reflection to

safeguard the human health emanating from various effects of causes and consequences of

degradation of environment. Thus, a corrective action towards health or alternative pathways

to achieve the desired goals of development without hampering the human health becomes

inevitable. In this connection the industrial development in Bellary region also assumes

importance as the growth of industries over the last 35 years has been phenomenal and the

impact of such development on human health has not been studied in detail.

The major industries in Bellary-Hospet-Sandur region include steel, textiles and most

importantly mining. Various impacts of industries to environment have been dealt under

various heads in the report. However, this chapter deals only with general health of the

general public and workers in different industries. However, there are no studies yet to

indicate specific health hazards due to any particular industry noting the type of pollution and

the health impacts due to the pollutant.

Table 12.1: Area and population in the study area as per 2001 census

Sl. No.

Name of the Taluk

Area (km2)

Total population Male Female Rural Urban Density/

km2 Sex Ratio

1 Bellary 1689 625494 319008 306486 308728 316766 370 961 2 Hospet 934 374949 189674 185275 153499 221450 401 977 3 Sandur 1258 191166 98278 92888 156998 34168 152 945 4 District total 8420 2027140 1029714 997426 1320290 706850 238 970

Population in Bellary district is over 20 lakhs and in the study region it is 11 lakhs,

according to 2001 census (Table 12.1). Hospet experiences higher population density as

compared to Sandur and Bellary. Both Bellary and Hospet taluks have population density

higher than the district average.

There have been studies indicating the pollution and pollutants of water, air and land.

Based on the levels of pollution of these environmental components and their effect on the

general health of the public, data has been generated. Data has been collected from different

sources on types of diseases that are frequently treated as inpatients and outpatients.

Furthermore, the data from mining and other industry hospitals were also taken to understand

the general illness types to arrive at conclusion on the general health of workers and the

public.



Table 12.2: Details of health care centers in the study area

Bellary Taluk Hospet Taluk Sandur Taluk Health Care Unit 2000-01 2002-03 2003-04 2000-01 2002-03 2003-04 2000-01 2002-03 2003-04 Government. Hospitals 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 Private Hospitals 18 18 18 1 Nursing Homes 22 22 22 7 3 Primary Health Center 12 13 12 7 7 7 5 6 5 Primary Health Units 8 8 8 3 3 3 Dispensaries 2 11 2 3 3 Family Welfare Centre 6 3 6 4 2 4 1 1 Family Welfare Sub-Centres 53 53 53 28 28 28 36 36 36

Medical Shops 221 285 221 112 28 112 31 24 31

Medical centers and paramedical centers in the study region indicate that hospitals,

health centers and health units are inadequate. Estimate on the number of hospitals per

10,000 persons is very low. There are 21 health care centers for every lakh persons in

Bellary Taluk, 12.3 centres in Hospet taluk and 22.5 centres in Sandur taluk. The number of

Government hospitals catering to health of the people in the region is too low.

Apart from the general health care system the district has also adopted many

programs targeted to bring down the incidence of some specific diseases and to cure them

such as leprosy, tuberculosis, malaria and cancer.

As a social cause and for the benefit of mining workers of surrounding villages the

NMDC has opened Primary Health Center at Narasapura. Table 12.3 indicates a different

programme adopted by the Government to reduce the incidence of leprosy and cure them.

The district has identified over 1600 patients and nearly 1200 patients have been cured for the

same. It is astonishing to note that nearly 70% of the leprosy patients are in the study region

indicating the mining and other industrial development coupled with the environmental

condition may have hastened the incidence of leprosy in the region.

Table 12.3: Leprosy control programme 2003-04

Sl. No Taluk Patients identified Patients cured

1 Bellary 515 365 2 Hospet 452 345 3 Sandur 191 132

Total from 3 taluk 1158 842 Total district 1666 1193



The district authorities have adopted TB control programme to reduce the incidence

of TB and to cure them. There are over 1400 patients of TB and have cured 1200 of them

(Table 12.4). It is also surprising here to note that over 80% of the instances of TB is found

in the study region. Tuberculosis, being a respiratory disease may have enhanced the chances

of attack due to increased air pollution in the region. Over the last 35 years the industrial

growth in the region is phenomenal and pollution recorded is also high. Furthermore, there

are many red industries located in the region, particularly mining, which has high potential of

polluting air with dust. The number of people succumbing to the disease is also high

indicating stringent measures need to be taken to arrest the mortality rate due to Tuberculosis.

Table 12.4: TB control programme 2003-04

Sl. No Taluk Patients

identified Patients cured Deaths occurred

1 Bellary 389 330 15 2 Hospet 493 384 31 3 Sandur 352 292 19 3 taluks total 1234 1006 65 Total district 1454 1200 81

The number of patients identified for Malaria is 865 in the district and cure % is over

97 indicating that the disease, though incidence is high but, can be cured without much

problems. It is also to be noted that the proportion of people suffering from malaria in the

study region is 94% of the district. However, on the other hand the people identified from

cancer are over 170 and the percent of incidence in Bellary district to the study region is 67%.

Table 12.5: Number of patients identified and cured for malaria and cancer in the

study area

Malaria Cancer Name of Taluk Patients identified Patients Cured Patients identified Bellary 149 145 44 Hospet 313 308 32 Sandur 352 343 40 Total of 3 taluks 814 796 116 District Total 865 847 172

A significant number i.e., 1.84% of population of Bellary district is disabled due to

various reasons such as sight, speech, hearing, movement and mental disorders (Table 12.6).

Compared to other districts the destitute population in Bellary District is high. Though the

disability per se may not be due to environmental degradation there are instances where



consumption of contaminated water or air could lead to disabilities. For instances,

consumption of water pesticide residues could lead to bone deformities rendering the people

to keep indoors. Measures to rehabilitate the people with these deformities should be done as

a top priority as they would be the worst sufferers of environmental degradation in the region.

Table 12.6: People with disability in rural and urban regions of Bellary District.

Types of Disability Total Rural Urban % of total population

In Seeing 18,127 11,041 7,086 0.89 In Speech 3,407 2,238 1,169 0.17 In Hearing 1,595 1,162 433 0.08 In Movement 10,943 7,992 2,951 0.54 Mental 3,198 1,963 1,235 0.16 Total disabled population 37,270 24,396 12,874 1.84

Table 12.7: Incidence of leprosy and tuberculosis in the study region and in Bellary

district

Leprosy Tuberculosis Particulars Identified Cured Identified Cured Dead Study Region 1158 842 1234 1066 85 Incidence/ lakh population 97.18 70.66 103.56 89.45 7.13 District 1666 1193 1454 1200 81 Incidence/ lakh population 82.16 58.85 71.72 59.2 3.99

From the overall analysis it can be inferred that larger proportion of incidence of

major diseases such as leprosy and tuberculosis is occurring in the study region (Table 12.7).

This high incidence of diseases which are endemic in nature may be because of pollution

occurring at various levels and from various environmental components. Considering the

number of hospitals available and the facilities available it is also noted that conditions

available to people for healthcare system is very poor and therefore enough initiatives are

essential to step up the health care needs of the people. It is also noted that some of the

hospitals catering to the needs of the workers of the industry may be getting enough care but,

the people at large who are not industry workers also get affected due to industrial pollution.

There are no health insurance schemes of health support facility available for the general

public.



12.2 Preventive safety and health measures

Safety and health issues in mining arise due to usage of mining machinery and

explosives. Equipments used for mining include machinery like blasting equipments,

continuous miners, belt conveyors, scoops, shuttle cars, locomotives and utility vehicles.

Many a time accidents happen due to the following engineering faults:

• Poor original design or redesign • Control-display layout • Inadequate ingress/egress design • Exposed wiring and hot surfaces • Exposed sharp surfaces or pinch points • Unguarded moving parts and • Restricted visibility

A continuous need exists to reduce equipment hazards, improve component and

system reliabilities, and minimize the occurrence of unplanned catastrophic accidents. The

potential for health and safety risks introduced by new technologies must be addressed

proactively especially by understanding the system requirements and specifications and to

address human interface issues involving the operation, maintenance and repair of

equipments as well as computerized control of equipments

Equipment design and maintainability using proper programmable electronic systems

and giving emphasis on ergonomics should be followed. Emergency management and

hazardous material management especially explosives should be given high priority. Hazards

for the workers include contact with electric current, diesel exhaust, dusts, emotional stress,

explosives and noise. Various diseases like musculoskeletal diseases, respiratory diseases,

injuries, and disorders like hearing loss are very common in mining sector. Further, accidents

and emergencies arising due to explosions, fires and rock falls

Table 12.8: Some proposed safety and health issues

Sl. No

Mining Activities

Present Safety and Health Scenario

Proposed Safety and Health Scenario

1 Excavation of Ore

Both manual and machinery used lead to very high dust levels

Proper masks for the mine workers to be made compulsory

2 Use of explosives

Safety of explosives in storage, transportation, and use not upto the mark

Stringent application of the Explosive Act and Rules necessary. Though the rules are being followed in the mine area, adjacent villages are not being warned about leading to damage to property in the villages and increased danger to life

3 Transport of mined ore

Transport of fines leading to dust. Majority of transport occurring through roads

Change over the rail would decreased dust induced diseases in the towns and villages



12.3 Bio-medical waste

There are 80 hospitals including Government & Private. About 670 Kgs/month of

bio-medical waste is generated in the study area. The bio-medical waste collected will be

disposed for incineration and deep burial system. The bio-medical waste quantity and

number of hospitals are given in the following table

Table 12.9: Status of bio-medical waste in Bellary, Hospet & Sandur taluks

Sl. No

Taluks Name

No. of Govt. & Private Hospitals

No. of beds

Bio-medical waste generated

(Kg/month)

Mode of disposal

1 Bellary 43 524 445 Incineration 2 Hospet 31 253 215 Deep burial 3 Sandur 6 90 - Deep burial

Total 80 1677 670 Source: KSPCB, RO, Bellary

Management of bio-medical waste is still developing. The reason for non

development of BMW may be lack of awareness. Hence creation of awareness among

hospital administrators, surgeons, doctors, nurses, paramedical staff and waste retrievers, is

need of the hour. BMW is a special case of waste management wherein the hazard and risk

multiply not just to the generators and operators but also affect the general community.

Another important target group in need of education and awareness are the rag pickers.



CHAPTER CHAPTER 1313 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONANALYSIS AND ENVIRON MENTAL MANAGEMENT PLMENTAL MANAGEMENT PL ANAN

A detailed understanding of the project area was carried out along with the

identification of environmental issues with respect to various natural resources, social issues

like quality of life, and livelihood activities like mining and agriculture and their impacts on

the surrounding environment and vice versa. Various kinds of emission were monitored and

simultaneously mass balancing of natural resource like water was carried out. Based on

various primary and secondary data analysis and the observations made during field visits a

detailed listing of environmental issues were arrived at and subsequently environmental

mitigation steps have been proposed in the following table.



Table 13.1: Environmental Impact and Mitigation Options

Indicators Environmental Component

Problems Impacts Parameter Present Future

Mitigation Options

Ambient Air Quality

SPM (ug/m3) 563 <200

RSPM (ug/m3) 158 <100

SO2 (ug/m3) 12.35 <80 NOx (ug/m3) 14.33 <80

Indoor air quality SPM (ug/m3) 128 <140

RSPM (ug/m3) 60 <60

SO2 (ug/m3)

12.35 <60

Air 1. Ambient air Causes mining activity, industrial activity, dumping mine waste Transport of ore 2. Indoor Air Causes: Use of firewood and kerosene for cooking and other domestic purposes.

Mining activity, processing of ore and transport of ore from mining area to railheads on poor quality roads Burning firewood, Kerosene for cooking and other domestic purposes.

Health problems such as asthma, TB, bronchitis Drastic changes in cropping pattern Reduction of agricultural productivity Impact on wildlife. Health problems such as TB, Bronchitis etc. Continuous inhalation of CO and CO2 leads to health problems such as Asthama, Bronchitis and other respiratory diseases.

NOx (ug/m3) 14.33 <60

1. Regulation of mining activity which is causing erosion of habitable environment. 2. Adoption of sustainable mining practices. 3. Use of mechanized mining technology. 4. Pellet formation of iron ore to reduce transport cost of crude iron and dust emanating from the transport vehicles carrying ore. Railway transportation safer than the road transport. 5. Establishment of greenbelt in and around mining areas. Increase green cover along roads and rehabilitation of old mines. 6. Soil erosion can be prevented by covering the over burden mining waste with mat , tarpaulin etc. 7. Tree planting around dust emission points like storage piles, ore processing units, loading/unloading operations at railway heads 8. Regulating the trucks/loads/prevention of over loads. 9. Stabilization of unpaved roads, continuous repair of roads from mines to the highways, reduction in fine quality of iron ore transportation, strict enforcement on covering of ore with tarpaulin during transportation. 10. Ban on mining around the wildlife Sanctuaries (5 km radius) /Reserve Forest to protect wild life from SPM and RSPM impacts. 11. Wet suppression: Application of water or solution of chemical agent or micron sized foam to the dust emission surfaces. However, Village roads to be scraped to reduce the deposition of dust on wet roads leading to bad roads 12. Strict enforcement of controlled, scientific method of drilling, blasting and sorting of ore. 13. Increase rail transport and establishment of alternate railway routes to increase ore transport quantities and minimize the road transport. 14. Alternate bye pass roads for all villages to reduce air pollution exposure by villagers 15. Provisioning of LPG 16. Alternate energy sources energy efficient smokeless devices such as ASTRA stoves, Biogas, Biomass gasifiers, solar water heaters etc.,



Indicators Environmental

Component Problems Impacts

Parameter Present Future Mitigation Options

Industrial 75 dB Residential 55 dB

Noise Environment Causes Residential Passage of trucks Other transport vehicles Industrial Blasting Mining equipments Operating machineries etc.

Impact on community: near roads due to truck traffic. Vibrations due to blasting, especially in case of small leased mines/quarries Occupational exposure to noise.

General public exposed to vehicular transport Loss of wildlife Irritation, anxiety, deafness of workers exposed to blasting

Commercial

65 dB

1. Banning of mining activity around National parks/Sanctuaries/Reserve forest as per The Wild Life Protection Act. 2. Banning of mining activity in the residential and forest areas. The Wildlife protection act prohibits mining within 1 km radius of the Reserved Forest, National Park and Wildlife sanctuary boundary. 3. Strict implementation of Blasting regulation around places of sensitive ecosystems to prevent noise pollution affecting birds/wild life. 4. Greenbelt around mining areas and by the side of roads to ensure noise alternation. 5. Mine owners to procure less noise generating equipments or machines and maintain equipments, machines, silences, mufflers properly. 6. Alternate bye pass roads for all villages to prevent exposure to noise pollution. 7. Sound proof enclosures and Ear muffs for staff working near noise generating source. Strict enforcement to use ear muffs.



Indicators Environmental

Component Problems Impacts

Parameter Present Future Mitigation Options

Availability per capita per day

Maintain the same supply

Hardness (CaCO3)

76.5% villages with 511.47 mg/l

< 300 mg/l

Nitrate 94% villages with 106.6 mg/l

<45mg/l

Fluoride 20.6% villages with ≥ 1.5 ppm

<1.5 ppm

1. Adopt most effective soil and water conservation measures. 2. Impose ban on disposal of overburden on the hill slopes. 3. Stabilization of overburdens and abandoned mines by physical, chemical or biological methods. 4. Construction of diversion channels, protective earthen bunds and check dams at appropriate locations to avoid surface water bodies from silting. 5. Proper sanitation facility, sewerage system and sewage treatment plants are required to be provided in mining colonies, villages and towns in study area 6. Optimum use of water in industries and ore processing units, use of recycled and treated wastewater. 7. Treated wastewater effluents in Industries in study area should be completely reused due to scarcity. 8. Avoid mining in sensitive ecological zones. 9. Avoid mining near the polluting water bodies 10. Adapt cleaner technology 11. Integrated water management, Improve recharge. Prevent soil/water runoff. 12. Rain Water harvesting technology should be introduced in study area to recharge ground water table so as to meet the future increasing demand of water for mining, agriculture and domestic use. 13. Guidelines on number of wells per ha and the distance between them should be enforced to avoid over exploitation of groundwater. 14. Fluoride treatment technique needs to be developed. 15. Develop Water management package. 16. Presently irrigation water quality of surface water resources does not have detrimental effect on plants.

Water Drinking Water Soil erosion from mining site leading to increased iron content Surface Water Turbidity due to soil erosion. Accelerated soil erosion reduces infiltration, poor recharge of ground water Ground water Causes

Runoff Low infiltration due to soil erosion Poor recharge of ground water

Lack of management of tanks for drinking water Disposal of Industrial wastewater effluent in water bodies lead to pollution of water resources. In adequate water supply Decrease in the average ground water level Deterioration in water quality unfit for irrigation.

Pollution of surface and groundwater and deterioration of valuable water resource. Pollution of surface water impacts on wild life. Health impacts Inaccessibility of water Reduction in crop productivity

Per capita 55 LPD

< 30 LPM

> 50 LPD

Treat all sewage/industrial effluents and prevention of surface water contamination. Waste water treatment facilities.





Mitigation Options

Treat all sewage/industrial effluents and prevention of surface water contamination. Waste water treatment facilities.

Chemical farming Fluoride pollution (due to industries and mining)

BOD of surface water Iron content Drinking water as per WHO standards

> 50 < 10

Organic farming, avoid on balanced chemical farming, avoid nitrate fertilizers.

Land and Soil degradation Soil Erosion Causes Mining Quarrying Loss of

vegetation Grazing Soil Fertility Subsistence

farming Mono

cropping

Fragmentation of landscape Land degradation due to overburdens and no restoration of mined areas. Leaching pollutants and metals from overburden to surface and groundwater bodies. Use of large quantity of pesticides and fertilizers leading to non point source pollution Decrease in agricultural productivity Diversion of

Mining on Steep slopes and some water sheds with high erosion potential. Low organic carbon content in the soil

Erosion losses Organic carbon Nitrogen pH Crop productivity Net area tree density

20 t/ha/year <0.5 % 220 kg/ha 7 – 9 Low yields > 1.2

<1 t/ha/year >0.75 % >250 kg/ha 6.5 – 8.5 Sustainable level

1. Avoid mining on steep slopes, avoid quarrying in sensitive ecosystems 2. Restoration and stabilization of abandoned mines and overburdens as given in EMP should be made strictly followed and the enforcing authority should properly monitor the plan. 3. Reforestation/tree planting/ agro forestry practices 4. Detailed watershed management should be carried out for water conservation and soil erosion control program with large scale a forestation in hilly areas and social forestry in water sheds. 5. The farmers should be educated about the problems arising due to use of agricultural land for mining leading to degradation of land and to increase the cultivation of tolerant crops to air pollution and to enhance the agricultural production. 6. Reforestation cropping/multiple cropping, organic farming. Integrated farming practice. Sustainable agriculture practices. Diversification of agriculture





Mitigation Options

agricultural land for mining activity. Non implementation of traditional mulching and other soil conservation techniques Stagnation of water

Decreased carrying capacity of the land.

< 2/hr

1.0 25/hr

Forest and Biodiversity Causes Mining Grazing Fire Unsustainable

exploitation Poor

regeneration

Non maintenance of sustainable fodder to livestock ratio, non implementation of social forestry schemes Less forest area, Forest degradation Excavation of forest land for mining Loss of biodiversity Low regeneration Species loss, wildlife disturbance

Disturbance in water recharge cycle Deforestation Decreased grass productivity Reduced regeneration Decreased stem density Species loss Loss of forest cover Reduced IVI of species Low productivity Reduction in NTFP flow. Decline in wildlife

Forest cover Species Number Stem density Productivity Threatened species Food species NTFP

10.19 % 234 207 / ha 6m2 BA 72

33% Enhance Enhance 10 m2 BA Sustainable level

1. No mining in the forest ecosystem 2. Close down all mining operations 3. A forestation / reforestation measures 4. Wildlife protection and conservation measures 5. JFPM/people participation

Agriculture Rainfed agriculture

Reduced crop yields/uncertainty of crop

Low income poverty Fodder security for families

Crop productivity Cropping intensity

1 ton/ha 1.14

1.5 t/ha 2.0





Mitigation Options

Irrigated Agriculture

Salinity/Alkalinity

Natural Resources and minerals

Depletion of good quality (60-68%) iron ore and Improper disposal of rejected low quality ore lead to wastage of this valuable resource.

Presently the low-quality ore is not processed due to non-availability of cost effective technology. Therefore it is necessary to have secured disposal of low quality ore for future use after the depletion of good quality iron ore.

IBM guidelines 1. Sustainable growth of mining activity in concurrence with environmental protection need to be done with strict implementation of environmental management plan along with increase in scientific mining. 2. The mining activity in the region needs to be planned thoroughly with a regional plan for the same including environmental conservation efforts. 3. The realized good quality iron ore would last up to 2030 AD. Therefore detailed exploration of iron ore reserves through deep drilling need to be carried out to broaden the resource database for future use. 4. Detailed exploration should indicate ore configuration, their breadth, length and depth so as to achieve minimum land degradation and overburden production. 5. Discarded low quality ore should be stacked separately and stabilized for further use after the depletion of good quality ore. 6. State Government should promote R/D projects for developing cost-effective technology for processing and concentrating low-grade ore.

Agricultural production is reduced due to dust pollution. Loss of organic matter in soil, loss of soil biota, drastic changes in soil profile

Yield/ha Low Sustainable

1. Integrated cropping management 2. Ban mining on agricultural lands 3. Agro forestry 4. Reduce grazing impact 5. Introduce local crop varieties





Mitigation Options

Sensitive Zones Environment Causes Quarrying Mining Industrial pollution Land use change Development of sustainable tourism

Water bodies are affected Air pollution Land degradation Low productivity Health of people Landscape degradation

Water scarcity and diseases Low employment and income opportunity

Air quality Water quality Per capita water Rate of Crop productivity

Not good Not good Low High 1 …/ha

As per KSPCB standards 8% growth…. Minimum 1.5 …/ha

1. Deforestation should be limited to minimum area while prospecting. 2. Compensatory a forestation in and around mining areas should be carried out using local plants and exotic species. 3. The dugout soil should be used to cover overburden dumps and leveled abandoned mines for growing trees. 4. Green belt should be developed by the side of roads and in catchments area to reduce air and water pollution and water conservation and soil erosion. 5. A forestation measures should be widened including inside and outside mining areas and of water sheds in study area having higher erosion. 6. People's participation in social forestry schemes should be ensured as in many states in India. 7. Horticultural gardens should be developed in study area to protect and conserve rare medicinal plants from the area. 8. A forestation measures should be aimed to increase the diversity and density of plants in the study area. 9. Wildlife in study area may be improved by providing protection and conservation measures to certain forest areas namely Bandri Reserve Forest and Somlapura Reserve Forest. 10. Natural habitats may be improved by a forestation with fruit and fodder trees suitable for different wildlife species, grasslands and water holes. 11. Cattle grazing in forest should be restricted. Grasslands and fodder trees should be developed in woodlots near villages.

Energy Domestic energy Industrial

Not enough power to households for light and other domestic activity Shortage of power

Pressure on forests for fetching firewood Use of captive power for meeting energy

1. Alternate energy sources such as biogas, enhancing wood stove efficiency, solar etc could be provided 2. Enhancing the energy efficiency for industrial application, captive power generation using renewable sources etc could be encouraged and developed.





Mitigation Options

demand

Health Environment Causes

Low water per cap ha Lack of sanitation Lack of treatment facility Lack of segregation of waste and treatment

Public health problems due to air and water pollution. Noise pollution due to road transport by heavy vehicles. Water scarcity for public water supply. Lack of proper sanitation facilities

Loss of human productivity Low income

Rate of hospitalization

More

Minimum

1. Appropriate management plan as discussed above should be implemented to reduce air and water pollution. Water should be suitably treated to remove pollutants before public water supply. 2. Development of avenue green belts by the side of roads to attention noise levels in villages. 3. There is need to augment the water supply for the public. 4. Construction of ponds through peoples cooperation in different villages will serve as water harvesting structures apart from groundwater recharge. 5. Employment opportunities should be opened for rural population in addition to promoting cottage industry, handicrafts and small scale industries and providing vocational training to local aspirants

Dumping of solid waste and farmyard waste on to streets No common dumping ground for solid waste No composting of wastes Burning of wastes

Health related problems

Rate of hospitalization

More Minimum .

The small land holdings, lack of irrigation facilities, high input costs, fluctuating yields and low price for produce are causes of poor economic conditions of the farmers.

Facilities like education, health and transportation are poor in rural areas which need to be strengthened by Government.





Mitigation Options

The low literacy rates, social stratification and lack of unity amongst the community are other factors contributing to their condition. The poor socio-economic conditions are a cause of poor hygienic and poor health.



CHAPTER CHAPTER 1414 CARRYING CAPACITY ANCARRYING CAPACITY AN D D ECOLOGICAL FOOT PRINECOLOGICAL FOOT PRIN TSTS

14.1 Defining “Carrying Capacity”

The concepts of defining and estimating the Carrying capacity of a natural system

varies in different contexts and have many models to assess. One such simple definition is

that “Carrying capacity refers to the number of individuals who can be supported without

degrading the physical, ecological, cultural, and social environment i.e. without reducing the

ability of the environment to sustain the desired quality of life over a long period of time”.

Carrying capacity is generally estimated by taking up inventory of natural resources

and estimating the constraints restricting the use and to assess the overall balancing of

resources. There are several approaches to calculate the carrying capacity in relation to

population pressure and external demand on the ecosystem. One such approach is to estimate

the productivity of land on sustainable basis, natural resources and the current demand on

these resources. Difference between the demand and sustainable productivity gives the

excess or deficit demand of a particular resource. Demand exceeding the productivity is an

indication of unsustainable use of resources. In the present study efforts have been made to

analyze the carrying capacity of Sandur, Bellary and Hospet by using secondary data of

resources like food production, forest cover, water resources and usage of land.

14.2 Methodology adopted

There are different methods available to estimate the carrying capacity of an area.

The following steps have been adopted to assess the carrying capacity of the study area.

Carrying capacity is the maximum number of activities like domestic, agriculture, transport,

industries- that can be done continuously over a period of time without affecting:

a) The existing quality of life (from the point of view of existing traditional practices,

access to resources, health and pollution levels.

b) The overall balancing of resources (Renew ability/regeneration).

c) The fact that activities can be done on a sustainable manner.

d) Neighboring systems.

e) Existing ecological systems like agriculture, horticulture, forest etc.



14.3 Status in study area

14.3.1 Quality of life

Bellary is one of the most backward districts in Karnataka with more than 50%

population living below the poverty line. Droughts and famines are very common in the

district. Rain fed agriculture is the main occupation of the people with very little industrial

development in the district. Poverty, malnutrition, and unavailability of drinking water are

still a major problem in the district. In the study areas of Sandur, Hospet and Bellary, similar

socio-economic conditions are prevailing thereby indicating acute backwardness of the area.

14.3.2 Population

The density of population is 238/km3. More than 50% of the population is made of

agricultural laborers. The Scheduled caste and Scheduled tribe population is around 30%

which is higher than the national average and state average. The literacy percentage is less

than 60 %. The percentage of people living below the poverty line is 46.50%. Around

18%of the families do not have safe drinking water facilities.

14.3.3 Income levels

The annual per capita income of the district is around Rs. 17895 as per 2001-2002

census. The gross income of the district is 3.6 billion rupees which is below the national

average. The low GDP indicates the backwardness of the district and low socio-economic

standards.

14.3.4 Health status and pollution problems

Malnutrition and other types of diseases are very common and access to health

facilities is very low. The mortality of children is 119/1000 LB, which is quite high as

compared to the state average.

14.3.5 Carrying capacity of human population

The carrying capacity of human population in a given ecosystem is estimated by

calculating:

Population that can be fed: It the ratio of the food supply to individual food

requirement and population water requirement. For Bellary district the ratio is

0.63 which is less than the carrying capacity value 1.0. In other words the current

level of food production is sufficient to meet 63% of the population. The same



estimate holds good for the study area also. From the human carrying capacity

estimation it is evident that the study region has reached unalterable level.

Requirement of Water: Another parameter estimated is requirement of water

which is again less than the carrying capacity value of 1.0 as the district is facing

deficit in drinking water and surface water. The per capita water availability of

the district is 3200 m3 as compared to the national average of 35,000 m3.

However Sandur taluk is better placed as compared to the district average.

14.3.6 Primary productivity

To assess the renewable resource and regeneration capacity of an ecosystem the

estimation of primary productivity is essential. Carrying capacity of primary productivity

components such as food production of the area, biomass productivity in the forest

ecosystem, water availability, average grass production, fish productivity, etc., has been

analyzed to assess the carrying capacity of the study area.

1. Food production in the area: The study area has around 61% of total geographical

area (TGA) under food production, which is higher than the district average of 50%.

The food production is 273,163 tons as against the demand of 4 lakh tons for the

district. Similarly in the study area of 3 taluks the food production is just 143,000

tons as against the demand of 224,000 tons indicating the shortfall of nearly 40 %.

However, if we exclude the urban population and estimate the demand for food grains

it is sufficient to meet the demand of rural population.

2. Land usage carrying capacity: For any region land is the most important resource. It

is a basic resource used for agriculture, animals and human settlements, industries,

schools, communication, roads, storage reservoirs, trading establishments, service

units, power stations and most importantly forests in order to maintain the ecological

balance of a region state or country.



Table 14.1: Land use pattern in the study area

Sl. No

Land use needs

Extent in Hectare

Deficit/excess

1 Agriculture 242412 (62.5%) Exceeds the requirement. Productivity of land can be improved by using high yielding varieties.

2 Forests 110113.21 (26%) Deficit by 30,000 ha. Needs to be covered from agriculture sector and wastelands.

3 Built-up area

9391.8 (2.42%) Deficit by 9300 ha to make it to 5 % of the TGA.

4 Mining 1508.03 It should be restricted to 0.1 % TGA through scientific mining.

5 Wasteland 7308.00 Should be converted as Forestland. (To make it 33%) 6 Others use 14,000 ha 7 TGA 388801.80 45% of the TGA is adequate for food production. By

increasing the area under irrigation and by adopting good package of practices the current level of food production can be improved.

The current land use for various needs are estimated and subtracted from the total land

of the area. (The difference will be the total land available for the future uses.). From the

table 14.1 the total land available is estimated below.

3. Land usage pattern: As per the land use change analysis the following types of land

use has been identified in the study region (Table 14.2).

Table 14.2: Satellite imagery showing land use pattern in Bellary, Hospet and Sandur

taluks - 2004.

Land use type Extent in ha

% of TGA

Change in area

between 2000 &

2004(ha)

Remarks

Built up 9391.82 2.42 5.18 Increase in the built up area

Crop land 242444.94 62.36 -32.71 Very negligible reduction in the cropland

Forest 33251.9 8.55 -180.01 Substantial reduction in forestland

Scrub forest 68241.77 17.55 -199.53 Reduction in the forest area

Barren area 9882.46 2.54 0 No net change

Mining area 1201.12 0.31 306.91 Substantial increase in mining area

Mining waste 64.8 0.02 91.48 Increase in the mining area

Quarrying 223.11 0.39 0 No change

Wasteland 7308.39 1.88 1.88 Marginal



4. Forest cover: For a sustainable land use the forest cover in must be minimum 33 %

of the total geographical area. As could be seen in the table the forest cover is around

11% in the study area. As the area under forest cover of the study region is less than

33% of the total geographical area the carrying capacity of the current land use of

Bellary region is unsustainable. To maintain a good vegetation cover and to ensure

good harmony between nature and developmental activities the land under wasteland

category and some more farmland needs to be brought under tree cover. The forest

resources are under severe pressure due to following causes.

5. Biomass productivity in the forest ecosystem: The biomass productivity of forests in

the study region was estimated to assess the carrying capacity of the study region by

using biomass inventory data from Bellary Working plan –2004 data (given in Table

14.3). The biomass productivity of the forest is very low as the basal area is just

6.148 m2 in Sandur and Swamimalai Forest areas. This is due to low stem density per

hectare and other forest degradation factors. The productivity in similar forest types

in Sandur range between 3-4 m3/ha, which is abnormally low for these types of

forests.

Table 14.3: Productivity of forest in the study region

Forest Blocks Basal Area (m2) Volume (m3) Mean annual increment (m3) RM Block Sandur 6.132 9.088 0.5 M3 Swamimalai Forests 6.148 8.675 0.45 M3

6. Livestock productivity: The cattle density in the study area is very high as compared

to its capacity to support. The total cattle population in the study region is around 6.0

lakhs and the grazing land available is mere 0.05 % of the TGA. The cattle density is

around 5 per hectare in the district. However, as grazing is restricted to only forest

area the cattle density on the forestland alone is 40 per ha. The number of goat and

sheep are also quite enormous as compared to actual grazing land available in the

study region indicating unsustainable livestock density in the study region.

7. Wasteland: The extent of wasteland is quite high in Sandur-Bellary region. Nearly

7500 ha of land is not fit for any kind of cultivation or any kind of land use practice.

The wastelands are mostly barren lands and are in degraded status due to

unsustainable practices. These wastelands are highly refractive and difficult to

rehabilitate them with green cover. Very large proportion of wasteland in Sandur and



Bellary region are highly unsustainable hence there is shrinkage in the carrying

capacity of the land. Similarly other categories of wastelands including quarry sites,

mining waste dump areas, and barren areas is significantly high and have negative

impact on the ecosystem making the landscape highly unsustainable.

8. Livestock grazing: The livestock grazing pressure in the district is currently high.

The land to cattle ratio is very high. In Bellary region the proportion of the cattle

population is very high in the district as compared to the state average. The cattle

population at the taluka level of the study area indicates very high density as

compared to the state average indicating unsustainable grazing pressure on the land

use. At present the per capita grazing land available to each livestock is mere 0.004

ha which is relatively very low and has lead to unsustainable land use practices

(Perspective Land use Plan for Karnataka, 2025).

9. Crop production: In Bellary district the percentage of agricultural area to the total

geographical area is comparatively high indicating the bulk of rural population is

dependent on crop cultivation. As more than 62 % of the total geographical area

(TGA) is under agriculture with the crop intensity of more than 1.2 the carrying

capacity of the land has exceeded the sustainable limit. The Crop productivity is also

declining over years in horticulture crops indicating unsustainable agriculture

practices at landscape level

10. Ecological footprints: Ecological footprint is an estimation of the productivity of

natural resources in a given ecosystem and the capacity to meet the demand on its

resources. This is estimated by aggregating the average consumption of resources by

the population based on per capita energy and food demand and estimating the per

capita land area required to produce the same. The Footprint of an American citizen

is 10.3 ha where as an Indian it is 0.8 ha. Similar estimation has been done in the

study region and it is found that the footprint is (0.6 ha) which is less than the per

capita land available to them. Ecological footprint calculation involves complex

calculations based on export, import etc. However, in view of the non-availability of

data on such matters in the small district such as Bellary simple calculations were

used to arrive at “Ecological footprint” of Bellary district and the study area i.e.,

Bellary-Hospet-Sandur region. The calculation involves per capita food consumption

for two meals a day and the land required for it. Energy consumed for cooking,

lighting and other domestic and industrial sectors. Actual data from forest on



firewood supply was taken to calculate the energy requirements in terms of area

required to grow the fuel wood. In addition the consumption of electricity from the

district was taken and equivalent of wood required to produce the required quantity of

electricity was calculated and later the land area that is required to produce the

required quantity of wood was calculated. Similarly the number of cattle in the

district was calculated and the area required to grow fodder for those cattle was

calculated based on the average consumption of grass by the cattle. Based on the area

required to get food, energy and grazing as obtained from the above method, the area

was multiplied with the population of the region to get the land requirement for each

of the category. Summing up of each of these categories will give us the total land

required to support the people living in that area. Computing the difference between

the availability of land for each of these activities will give us the difference in area to

make the people of that region self-sufficient. This gap in area is considered as the

deficit. Table 14.5 gives the details of calculations based on the above assumptions.

Table 14.4: Calculation of ecological footprint

Area required in ha (population * per

capita area required)

Area available (ha)

Deficit (per capita ha)

Sl No.

Land required for

production of

Study site (pop: 1191609)

District (pop:

2027140)

Study site

District Study site

District

1 Food 214489.6 364885.2 173003 414288 -0.0348 0.024

2 Energy 238321.8 405428 183761 398908 -0.0457 -0.003

3 Grazing 357482.7 608142 815 3564 -0.2993 -0.298

4 Total 810294.0 1378455 355760 813196 -0.299 -0.401

Table 14.5: Summary of Ecological Foot Print in Bellary-Hospet-Sandur Region

Sl No Dependency category Land area required ha/capita

1 Food 0.18 2 Energy 0.2 3 Grazing needs 0.3 Total 0.68 4 Productive Land area

available 0.38

5 Deficit 0.30



Table 14.6: Ecological footprint of different countries

Countries Population (as in 1997)

Footprint in

[ha/cap]

available capacity

in [ha/cap]

ecol. deficit (if –ve ) in [ha/cap]

total fp [km2]

Total av. Cap [km2]

Argentina 35,405,000 3.9 4.6 0.7 1,380,795 1,628,630 Australia 18,550,000 9 14 5 1,669,500 2,597,000 Bangladesh 125,898,000 0.5 0.3 -0.2 629,490 415,463 Brazil 167,046,000 3.1 6.7 3.6 5,178,426 11,192,082 Canada 30,101,000 7.7 9.6 1.9 2,317,777 2,889,696 China 1,247,315,000 1.2 0.8 -0.4 14,967,780 9,978,520 Denmark 5,194,000 5.9 5.2 -0.7 306,446 270,088 France 58,433,000 4.1 4.2 0.1 2,395,753 2,454,186 Germany 81,845,000 5.3 1.9 -3.4 4,337,785 1,555,055 India 970,230,000 0.8 0.5 -0.3 7,761,840 4,851,150 Indonesia 203,631,000 1.4 2.6 1.2 2,850,834 5,294,406 Italy 57,247,000 4.2 1.3 -2.9 2,404,374 744,211 Japan 125,672,000 4.3 0.9 -3.4 5,403,896 1,131,048 Jordan 5,849,000 1.9 0.1 -1.8 111,131 5,849 Korea, Rep 45,864,000 3.4 0.5 -2.9 1,559,376 229,320 Malaysia 21,018,000 3.3 3.7 0.4 693,594 777,666 Mexico 97,245,000 2.6 1.4 -1.2 2,528,370 1,361,430 Netherlands 15,697,000 5.3 1.7 -3.6 831,941 266,849 Pakistan 148,686,000 0.8 0.5 -0.3 1,189,488 743,430 Russian Federation 146,381,000 6 3.7 -2.3 8,782,860 5,416,097 Singapore 2,899,000 7.2 0.1 -7.1 208,728 2,899 South Africa 43,325,000 3.2 1.3 -1.9 1,386,400 563,225 Switzerland 7,332,000 5 1.8 -3.2 366,600 131,976 Thailand 60,046,000 2.8 1.2 -1.6 1,681,288 720,552 United Kingdom 58,587,000 5.2 1.7 -3.5 3,046,524 995,979 United States

268,189,000 10.3 6.7 -3.6 27,623,467 17,968,663

WORLD 5,892,480,000 2.8 2.1 -0.7 Source: www.dcp.ufl.edu/ckibert/BCN6585/EcologicalFootprint/ranking.htm

14.3.7 Secondary productivity:

The following secondary productivity like soil productivity, population that can be

supported by an area, bio-diversity, and productivity of land has been assessed to estimate the

carrying capacity of Sandur, Bellary and Hospet.

1. Soil productivity: Soil productivity of the study area is very low due to

inherent climatic and edaphic factors. The average organic carbon content of

the soil is less than 0.5 in the study area indicating low productivity potential



of the site. The crop productivity of Horticulture crops in the study region is

declining; apart from this more and more agricultural land is becoming

uncultivable due to salinity and alkalinity problems.

2. Bio-diversity: The study area has some unique habitats and supports very rare

plants and animal species. The most common species found are Anogeissus

latifolia and Hardwickia binata. Sandalwood is one of the rarest and valuable

tree species found in these forests with very high importance value index.

Donimalai and Swamimalai forests have the highest importance value index

(50%) indicating the bio-diversity of the site. However, it is unfortunate that

the mining activity is maximum in these forests affecting the bio-diversity of

these valuable forests. The other rare species are Salvadora persica and

Hemidesmus indica which are also affected. At present though the big cat has

not been spotted in recent time the leopards are in substantial number. The

other mammalian species are spotted deer, sambhars, wild boars and jackals.

Blackbucks occur as scattered remnants of the population in the plain areas.

Sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) were once in plenty in the hills. The

commonly occurring reptiles are monitor lizard (Varanus), Indian mugger

which inhabits the TungaBhadra River.

3. Indicators of Carrying capacity: Based on the analysis of primary and

secondary level production of the region a carrying capacity indicator matrix

has been developed to understand the current carrying capacity status of the

study region.

Table 14.7: Productivity of land and optimum requirement of resources

Primary production Indicators Study indicators Optimum Crop land % of crop land to TGA 58.35 –for the district.

61 for the study area 45-50%

Forest land % of forest land 11.5% 33% Productivity of Forests Mean annual increment 0.5 M3 5 M3 Water requirement of population

Drinking water <55 liter 165 liter

Livestock density Density/ha 5 <1 Food requirement of population.

Ratio between production and demand

0.6 1

Soil productivity Organic carbon % 0.5 1-1.5 Health status Water quality/air quality Poor drinking water quality

4. Study on water balance: Bellary district being the rain shadow area the

annual rainfall is around 550-750 mm. Most of the rainwater is allowed to



drain off due to poor vegetation cover and low infiltration capacity of the site.

The ground water recharge is very low and the surface water joins the major

river basin Tungabhadra. The number of small tanks to hold the water is very

few and as a result the scarcity of water is acute in the district. Using satellite

imageries the ground water potential in the study area has been estimated.

From the map it is evident that except in few pockets of Bellary and Sandur

taluks other parts of the study area have moderate to low status of ground

water potential. Many study reports have indicated that these three taluks are

water deficit taluks.

Bellary district receives 500 to 600 mm rainfall annually out of which nearly 60%

of the rainfall is not utilizable as the rainwater is subjected to surface runoff and

evapo-transpiration loss. From various studies conducted in similar rainfall zones

it is reported that the 20% of the total rainfall may be taken as available water for

meeting agricultural and domestic needs. Assuming that there will be 500 mm of

rainfall per annum and unavailability of 50% the water available for 1.2 ha land

holding is 250 mm or 3000 m3. It is reported that the domestic demand of water

per family is 800 to 100 cubic meter per year leaving around 2000 cubic meter

available for crop production.. In other words nearly 180 mm is available for

crops. If the crops of 120 days are cultivated the water available per day is around

1.5 mm/ha /day. This indicates the possibility of growing very low water demand

crops like jowar or cotton or groundnut with very high risk. From the demand and

supply of water in Bellary region it is evident that there is no surplus water

available at family unit level. The details of water balance are given in chapter on

water demand and supply in Bellary, Hospet and Sandur Taluks.

The study area has a catchment area of 3.88 lakh ha. The total rainfall received

is 500 mm/year. The total water available after deducting transpiration, evapo-

transpiration, run off (60%), the total utilizable water is 760 mm3. The detailed

water demand and supply status has been discussed under separate chapters.

5. Drinking water status: The availability of drinking water is very low in the

study area. More than 55% of habitations have less than 55 liters of water per

head per day.



6. Irrigation status: The irrigation potentiality of Bellary region is very poor as

the ground water as well as surface water availability is very low. At present

Bellary and Hospet taluks are being irrigated by Tungabhadra reservoir. The

total irrigated area is around 40% of TGA in Bellary taluk (including minor

irrigation and ground water source). In Hospet the irrigated area is around

45% of the cropped area. However in Sandur the irrigated area is very

negligible. Irrigation of crops in Bellary and Hospet taluks has caused land

degradation due to salinity and alkalinity. Excessive irrigation in these two

taluks has made nearly 25 % of land unsuitable for crop cultivation.

7. Ground water potential: The ground water potential of Sandur Hospet and

Bellary region is very low due to low rainfall and low infiltration

8. Total Availability of Surface water: The state is having 1263.30 TMC of

water out of which the state has planned already to utilize 887.16 TMC of

water. There is also a plan to utilize the balance of 376 TMC of water out of

which 183 TMC is from Krishna basin, which has nearly 60 % of total TGA

and the population (Table 14.11). Out of 183 TMC only 5 % is allocated to

industrial development. However this 8 TMC of water which is nearly

215,000 M3 may not be adequate. Hence, based on the river basin it may not

be prudent to expect the supply of water to Bellary district to meet the

industrial requirement or catering to any other non-agricultural demand.

Table 14.8: Allocation and utilization of water in different river basins of Karnataka

River Basin Allocation in TMC

Utilization achieved up to 3/2000 (in TMC)

Balance water to be used (in TMC)

Krishna 729.0 532.19 196.81 Cauvery 408.62 307.09 101.53 Godavari 22.37 13.13 9.24 Other Basins 103.31 34.75 68.56

9. Water allocation for different uses: Water required for uses other than

irrigation such as domestic, power generation, navigation, industries, etc. are

not considered separately. There is substantial loss of water in storage

reservoirs due to evaporation. It may also be necessary to ensure minimum

flow of water in the river to maintain the aquatic life. The National

Commission for Integrated Water Resource Development Plan 1999 has

worked out various percentages of water requirements for various uses. As a



national average the requirement of water for uses other than irrigation

accounts for about 20% of utilizable water resources.

Table 14.9: Requirement of water by different sectors

Requirement of water

Requirement Till 2010

(%)

Requirement till 2025 (%)

Use of water

including

Requirement 2010 (%)

Requirement 2025 (%)

Irrigation 78 72 Flood control 0 0

Domestic use 6 7 Navigation 1 1

Industrial use 5 8 Ecology and Environment 1 1

Power generation 3 4 Evaporation

loss 6 6

10. The water balance estimates for Bellary region is indicating severe shortage of

water. If the projection of demand for water is done for the next 20 years the

shortage of water would be quite severe due to increase in the domestic

consumption. Under these circumstances the availability of water for

industrial need would be very much restricted.



14.4 Carrying capacity matrix

Indicator Present Scenario Carrying Capacity Scenario Socio-Econonmic Indicators Quality of life 50% population below poverty line

Drought and famine are common Rain fed agriculture

With mining activity on an increase the following problems are sure to arise • Deforestation leading to more droughts and famines • Less agriculture due to scanty rains and degradation of fertile lands

due to mining • Increase in poverty and malnutrition • Increase in disparity between the rich and the poor

Population Population density of 238/km3 with >50% population as agricultural laborers. The Scheduled caste and Scheduled tribe population is around 30% which is higher than the national average and state average. The literacy percentage is less than 60 %. The percentage of people living below poverty line is 46.50%. Around 18%of the families do not have safe drinking water facilities.

Decrease in agricultural activity would lead to more laborers shifting to mining work. Low literary rate, high number of people below poverty line and higher Schedule caste and tribe population may lead to exploitation especially by the rich mining lobby.

Human survival indicators Food requirements Current level food production is

sufficient to meet 63% of the population

Dependence on outside area for food requirement due to decrease in agricultural produce due to increase in mining activity. This situation likely to worsen due to increase in mining, decrease in fertile agricultural land, water deficiency and changes in ground water regime, decrease in agricultural labourers

Water requirements Per capita water availability of the district is 3200 m3 as compared to

Even though the water budgeting shows surplus water (surface and ground water put together); the availability of water will be an issue due to growing



Indicator Present Scenario Carrying Capacity Scenario the national average of 35,000 m3 population and expansion of towns and cities.

Surface water usage being haphazard i.e. where irrigation is available there water intensive cash crop are being grown while non-irrigated areas are prone to drought conditions Large scale changes in the groundwater regime leading to dry borewell and open wells in the populated areas surrounding mines

Land requirements 62.5% land under agriculture more than the necessary Forest land deficit by 30000 ha Mining land 0.39% of the TGA

Agriculture land is more than the requirement of population, but the production of food is less With already deficit forest land and with more mining coming up in forest land the study area is sure to show total degradation Mining area being far above the scientific mining restriction of 0.1% TGA with further increase in mining would leading to severe Increase in wastelands due to mining activity

Ecosystem survival indicators Forest growth Forest land around 11% as against

the sustainable level of 33% The biomass productivity of the forest is very low due to the low stem density per hectare and other forest degradation factors. This scenario can only worsen with increasing mining

Livestock population Cattle density very high With 6 lakh grazing cattle in the district and with only 0.5% of TGA available as grazing land most of the cattle have to depend on already degraded forest land. Added to this are goat and sheep population. Total unsustainable livestock density in the study region in the present scenario and will further worsen in future if cattle sheep and goat population increases

Biodiversity Sustenance and productivity of flora and fauna is low

Increase in mining activity is leading to dwindling of forest and biodiversity.

Crop productivity As more than 62 % of the total geographical area (TGA) is under agriculture with the crop intensity of more than 1.2 the carrying capacity of the land has exceeded the sustainable limit

The Crop productivity is also declining over years in horticulture crops due to unsustainable agriculture practices at landscape level and increase in mining



Indicator Present Scenario Carrying Capacity Scenario Mining productivity Mining is done in 1508 ha i.e.

0.39% of TGA resulting in extensive environmental problems

It should be restricted to 0.1 % TGA through scientific mining.

Land productivity Soil productivity of the study area is very low due to inherent climatic and edaphic factors

Average organic carbon content of the soil is less than 0.5 in the study area indicating the low productivity potentiality of the site more agricultural land is becoming uncultivable due to salinity and alkalinity problems



CHAPTER CHAPTER 1515 FEASIBILITY OF PUMPIFEASIBILITY OF PUMPI NG NG WATER FROM ALAMATTI WATER FROM ALAMATTI RESERVOIRRESERVOIR

15.1 Background of Almatti Dam

Almatti dam is a component of the ongoing Upper Krishna Project on Krishna River

in Bagalkot district of Karnataka constructed by the Government of Karnataka along with the

Narayanpur Dam across the river Krishna. The main storage is at Almatti Dam, a few

kilometers downstream of the confluence of Ghataprabha River and Krishna river while the

lower dam at Narayanpur is a few kilometers downstream of the confluence of Malaprabha

river and Krishna river and serves as a diversion dam. The project is planned to be

implemented in different stages and phases. Stage-I of the project plans to utilise 119 TMC

of water to irrigate 4,25,000 hectares of lands on the left bank of the river. In Stage-II 54

TMC (thousand million cubic feet) of water will be utilised, to irrigate 1, 97,120 Ha. of land

partly by flow on right bank and partly by lifting to higher levels on the left and right bank.

The dam functions as a conservation structure for releasing water to Narayanpur dam

for irrigation to the drought prone areas of Bijapur, Gulburga and Raichur districts. The link

canal off takes from right bank of Almatti reservoir with FRL 510.00 m. The principal levels

and corresponding storages of the reservoir are furnished in Table below.

Table 15.1: Principal levels and corresponding storages of Almatti reservoir

Level (m) Storage (Mm3) FRL (Full Reservoir Level) 519.600 3439.70 DSL (Dead Storage Level0 504.744 335.00

The Almatti reservoir (Stage -II) submerges a total area of about 490 sq.km at FRL

519.6m, which lies in Bagalkot district of Karnataka state. No sedimentation studies of the

reservoir have been carried out after impounding. A portion of the fine sediment entering the

reservoir during floods may flow out through the water drawn through the link canal and

hence the introduction of link canal will help in increasing the life of reservoir.



Table 15.2: Salient features of the upper krishna project stage I and stage II

Stage 1: Almatti Dam details

Sl. No. Particular Details

1 Name of the project Upper Krishna-I (Alamatti) 2 Location (a) Near by village/Town Alamatti (b) Taluk Bagewadi (c) District Bijapur (d) Latitude 160 19' 48" N (e) Longitude 750 53' 15" E 3 Catchment area in sq.km. 33,375 4 75 % dependable yield (tmc) 743.64 5 Storage in tmc (a) Gross 42.19 (b) Live (above MDDL) 29.73 (c ) Dead (below cill) 12.47 6 Utilisation in tmc (a) Withdrawals by canals (b) Reservoir losses (c ) Water supply (d ) Total 7 Dam (a) Type Composite (b) Length 1565.15 M (c ) Height 23.31 M (d) MWL 512.06 M (e) FRL 512.06 M (f) MDDL 504.75 M (g) Cill 509.02 M 8 Spillway (a) Location Central (b) Length 486.50 M (c) Flood lift 15.24 M (d) Discharge (cumecs) 31,000 (e) Crest gates i) Nos. 26 ii) Size in mtrs. 15 x 15.24 M (radial) 9 Submergence (a) Area in Ha. 24,230 (b) Villages affected 136 ( c) Population 1,80,000 10 Irrigation in Ha. 16,200 11 Canals (a) Almatti left bank canal 103 km. Length (b) Irrigation in Ha. 16,200



Stage II: Upper krishna project

Sl.no. Schemes CCA (Hectares)

1 Alamatti Right Bank Canal 16100.00 2 Rampur Lift Irrigation Scheme (Under Narayanapur Reservoir) 20235.00 3 Narayanapur Right Bank Canal up to 95 Km. 84000.00 4 Indi Lift scheme 41900.00 5 Mulwad Lift scheme (First stage lift upto EL 560 mtrs. 30850.00 6 Almatti Left Bank extension (77.648 km to 103.00 Km) 4035.00

Total area 197120.00

15.2 NWDA report on the feasibility of diverting Almatti waters

A National Perspective Plan (NPP) was formulated in the year 1980 by the Ministry

of Water Resources and the Central Water Commission identifying a number of inter-basin

water transfer links in respect of both Peninsular rivers and Himalayan rivers of the country

(www.nwda.gov.in). The inter-linking system of Mahanadi – Godavari – Krishna – Pennar –

Cauvery – Vaigai – Gundar was one of the four parts of the Peninsular Rivers Development

Component of the NPP. Amongst the Peninsular rivers, as per NWDA studies, the Mahanadi

and the Godavari have sizeable quantum of water surplus and therefore, it has been proposed

to divert the surplus waters of the Mahanadi and the Godavari rivers to the water-short

Krishna, the Pennar, the Cauvery and the Vaigai basins. In lieu of the water diverted from

the Mahanadi and Godavari into Karnataka; three links connecting Krishna and Pennar have

been proposed namely; (i) Krishna (Almatti) – Pennar, (ii) Krishna (Srisailam) – Pennar and

(iii) Krishna (Nagarjunasagar) – Pennar (Somasila).

The NWDA report deals with the feasibility of Krishna (Almatti) – Pennar link for

diversion of a part of Krishna waters from Almatti reservoir to the Pennar river in partial

exchange to the surplus water of Mahanadi and Godavari rivers proposed to be brought to the

Krishna basin. Following are the important statistics of the Krishna (Almatti) – Pennar link:

1. It envisages diversion of 1980 Mm3 of waters from Krishna for enroute utilisation in

Krishna and Pennar basins.

2. A 587.175 km long link canal off takes from the right bank of Almatti dam runs

through the Bagalkot, Bijapur, Koppala, Bellary, Raichur districts of Karnataka and

Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh and finally outfalls into Maddileru river, a

tributary of Pennar river. The canal is designed for carrying peak demands of the

month of August. The canal is designed as a cement concrete lined canal with

trapezoidal section. The size of the canal at the off take is 32.00 x 5.25 m with a bed



slope of 1 in 20000. Out of the total length of 587.175 km, five tunnels constituting to

a total length of 35.660 km are proposed to cross the ridges to avoid heavy cutting.

The maximum diameter of the tunnel is 13.60 m with a bed slope of 1 in 10000.

3. The annual irrigation proposed through the link is 258334 ha which comprises 16334

ha in Middle Krishna sub-basin, 46224 ha in Tungabhadra subbasin, 83741 ha in

Vedavathi sub-basin and 112035 ha in Upper Pennar sub-basin.

4. The annual utilization in Middle Krishna, Tungabhadra and Vedavathi sub-basins will

be 85 Mm3, 253 Mm3 and 505 Mm3 respectively while the same in Upper Pennar sub-

basin will be 871 Mm3 as per the suggested cropping pattern.

5. Apart from irrigation, it is also proposed to provide for future domestic and industrial

water requirements in the command area. Additional domestic and industrial

requirements, projected to 2050 AD, are estimated to be 22 Mm3 and 34 Mm3

respectively.

6. Transmission loss in the link canal is estimated to be 210 Mm3.

7. A power house is proposed at the canal off take with an installed capacity of 13.5

MW and annual power generation of about 42.5 MU.

8. The total cost of the link project has been estimated under three units, viz., i) Head

works, ii) Canal system and iii) Power house. The schedule of construction of the

link is planned for a period of 10 years. The total cost of the link project is estimated

to be Rs.6599.80 crores at 2003-04 price level. The cost per Mm3 of water diverted

works out to Rs.3.33 crores.

9. The benefit-cost ratio of the whole project has been worked out considering the

annual cost of the project and the annual benefits from the project and is found to be

1.20. The internal rate of return of the project with and without distributional and

employment impacts works out to 14.26% and 9.51% respectively.

The objective of the feasibility report was mainly to facilitate firming up of the

proposals and for discussions among the concerned States to arrive at broad agreements on

the quantum of diversion and utilisation of water, sharing of cost and benefits, etc. Detailed

topographical survey of the proposed canal alignment was carried out by NWDA. Special

surveys / Investigations such as Geophysical investigation, Geotechnical Investigation,

Borrow area survey, Construction material survey, Environmental, ecological and socio-



economic survey, etc., were got carried out through Geological Survey of India [GSI],

Central Water Commission [CWC], Central Soil and Materials Research Station [CSMRS],

Pune University, a private consultancy firm, etc. Details of various surveys, investigations,

hydrology, design and layout of structures, estimates, etc., are covered



• BIJAPUR

KRISHNA

• SHIIoIOGA

N D

BASIN

KARNATAKA

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MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES NATIONAL WATER DEVELOPMENT AGENCY

• BIJAPUR

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MINISTRY OF ..... ATER RESOURCES NATIONAL WATER DEVELOPMENT AGENCY



15.3 Surface water balance studies

Surface water balance studies were carried out up to Almatti dam site in Krishna basin

and up to Somasila dam site (Terminal reservoir in Pennar basin) in Pennar basin by NWDA.

The water balance has been worked out after considering the future upstream demands up to

2050 AD. Details are given in Table 15.3.

Table 15.3: Surface water balance

Water balance (Mm3) Name of the diversion point

At 75% Dependability At 50% Dependability

Krishna basin up to Almatti dam (+) 5611 (+) 8247

Pennar basin up to Somasila dam (-) 3820 (-) 3590

It can be seen that the total surplus water balance available at Almatti at 75%

dependability is 5611 Mm3 out of which the proposed diversion is 1980 Mm3. However this

diversion is in exchange for the water brought from Mahanadi and Godavari basins to

Krishna basin. Even though the surplus water available at Almatti dam is estimated as 5611

Mm3, this water could not be considered as surplus as per the downstream commitments as

envisaged under the provisions of the KWDT. Hence, the present diversion under the Krishna

(Almatti) – Pennar link, proposed as a scheme based on the principle of substitution and

exchange.

15.4 The KWDT award

The competitive claims of the riparian states for the utilisation of the waters of the

Krishna basin have given rise to disputes amongst them for sharing of the water. Eventually,

the Central Government constituted the Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal (KWDT) and

referred various disputes for adjudication. As per the Tribunal, the availability of water in the

Krishna basin at 75% dependability is 2060 TMC (58333 Mm3). The Tribunal allocated this

quantity of water, among the riparian states as indicated in Table 15.4 below.

Table 15.4: State-wise water allocation as per KWDT award

Sl. No. State Allocated quantum

TMC (Mm3) Allocated regenerated flows

TMC (Mm3) 1 Maharashtra 560 (15857) 25 (708) 2 Karnataka 700 (19822) 34 (963) 3 Andhra Pradesh 800 (22654) 11 (311)

Total 2060 (58333) 70 (1982)



The Govt. of Maharashtra, Karnataka, & AP have agreed to spare a quantum of 5

TMC (142 Mm3) each out of their respective allocation by KWDT for water supply to

Chennai city.

There is a proposal formulated by the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh for transfer of 2265

Mm3 (80 TMC) water from Polavaram dam on Godavari to Prakasam Barrage on Krishna for

irrigation in Krishna delta area. This proposal was endorsed by the Godavari Water Disputes

Tribunal (GWDT). According to this proposal, 2265 Mm3 of water to be received in Krishna

river at Prakasam Barrage would be utilised to take over the command in Krishna delta,

which otherwise is served by the existing Nagarjunasagar project. This arrangement provides

for utilisation of an equivalent quantity under projects upstream of Nagarjunasagar dam. This

proposal was concurred by the Governments of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka by an

agreement entered into in August 1978. This quantum of 2265 Mm3 of water so conserved in

Krishna would be shared among Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka in the order of

1274 Mm3, 396 Mm3and 595 Mm3 respectively.

15.5 Analysis of the NWDA report

1. Reduction in power generation: The simulation studies carried out by Karnataka

Power Corporation shows that the average power generation at Almatti with FRL at

519.60 m is about 800 MU. With the introduction of link canal, the reduction in

power generation is 85.5 MU (nearly 10%). The reduction in power generation is said

to get eliminated by further raising the FRL of Almatti reservoir as envisaged in

Upper Krishna Project, which is in contention. A power house is proposed at the

canal off take at Kalvapalli with an installed capacity of 13.5 MW and annual power

generation of about 42.5 MU.

2. Wildlife loss: The NWDA report states that about 71 ha of forest land is required to

be acquired for the proposed link canal. The report also states that the project area

(the canal) consists of 61% forestland, 31.6% cultivable wasteland 7.03%

uncultivable land. The report admits that “Location of proposed link canal will

partially affect wildlife due to reduction, disturbance and loss of habitat. The proposed

link canal through Daroji Bear Sanctuary will create hindrance in wildlife movement

migration path due to canal. However, apart from stating “…As a large forest area is

available, wildlife will temporarily migrate to the higher reaches of forest hence,

impact on wildlife and endangered species will be the minimum. As regards the



Natural reserve in the form of Daroji Bear Sanctuary, possibilities of realignment

should be explored involving minimum protected area” there is no mention as to how

the realignment should be carried out. Moreover, a paltry provision of Rs. 15 lakhs

has been made in the project cost for improvement of Environment and Ecology.”

3. Cropping pattern changes: The project is said to bring about more than 258334ha

under irrigation of which 16334 ha is in Middle Krishna sub-basin, 46224 ha is in

Tungabhadra subbasin, 83741 ha is in Vedavathi sub-basin and 112035 ha is in Upper

Pennar sub-basin..

4. Impacts on historical and cultural monuments: No mention of the archeological

place of Hampi is found in the report. As more and more excavations are being

carried out, the impact of the link canal on the city of Hampi needs to be looked into

in great depth.

5. Pollution of surface water: The report raises the issue of pollution of surface water

at proposed Kalvapalli reservoir through silting and sedimentation, nutrient leaching

and agricultural runoff. However, the remediation/mitigation measures is not stated

clearly.

6. Issue of salinity: Salinity arising due to water logging problems is addressed in the

report. However, the impact of changed cropping patterns on the salinity is not

addressed. What needs to be addressed is the wrong cropping patterns taken up by

farmers which results is over water application leading to water logging in turn

leading to salinity.

7. Introduction of species: Tree species mainly eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis) and

bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea) have been recommended for preventing water

logging by controlling the rise of water table. These species are not native to the

region. More emphasis should be given to native species.

8. Impact on mining and vice versa: The impact of the link canal water on the mining

areas in Bellary has not been addressed in the report. A very detailed analysis of the

issues of water usage, sedimentation in the canal, canal strength especially near

blasting area, abstraction of water for both mining and mining based industries needs

to be carried out.

9. Only environmental benefits have been addressed.



15.6 Further studies:

The report prepared by NWDA shows that the Krishna – Pennar link is feasible.

However, the environmental issues mentioned in the above section need to be looked into in

more depth. Though the NWDA report on the Krishna-Pennar link shows that the link would

be passing through the Bellary district, the feasibility of pumping water from Alamatti

reservoir for industrial needs in Bellary has not been addressed. With the exponential

increase in the mining activity in Bellary the availability of water both for mining and mining

based industries needs to be studied keeping in view various hydrology, design and layout of

structures, canal alignment studies, geophysical investigation, geotechnical investigation,

borrow area survey, construction material survey, environmental, ecological and socio-

economic survey, etc. The various studies could not be carried out, as it was not the scope of

this report. Even secondary data collection was not available. This requires a very in depth

study and hence could not be addressed in this study. Hence, it is suggested that the

feasibility study be taken up as a new project.


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute I

AA NNEXURE NNEXURE –– II Water analysis report from 74 villages of Bellary district monitored by Dept. of mines & geology

A VILLAGE NAME Ca (mg/l)

Mg (mg/l)

Na (mg/l)

K (mg/l)

Fe (mg/l)

HCO3 (mg/l)

CO3 (mg/l)

SO4 (mg/l)

Cl (mg/l)

NO3 (mg/l)

F (mg/l)

TDS (mg/l)

A.1 Hardness Conductivity pH

Adavimallanakere 43.17 53.83 54.03 5.70 0.0371 280.45 26.23 22.25 68.42 79.58 0.51 503.42 323.67 813.67 8.26 Alabur 21.60 16.20 183.88 64.70 0.0525 371.40 34.50 99.40 119.80 22.60 1.53 731.40 124.80 1180.80 8.59 Aladahalli 110.62 49.62 207.05 36.85 0.0029 218.92 24.54 195.62 278.85 165.62 0.89 1154.62 475.08 1878.31 8.35 Anekal 29.80 14.80 115.64 8.53 0.0060 284.00 30.00 19.30 52.00 33.69 1.46 452.50 141.20 712.20 8.29 Bandri 42.15 21.66 114.88 20.34 0.0190 222.54 21.54 45.38 122.92 43.64 2.49 552.38 198.46 868.23 8.30 Banvikallu 27.50 42.00 132.00 31.00 0.0000 245.75 19.25 48.25 141.75 98.00 1.00 648.00 220.75 1049.00 8.17 Basarakodu 164.38 79.13 826.49 302.60 0.0667 339.25 23.13 548.38 1214.38 115.53 0.63 3223.00 768.00 5189.25 8.19 Bellary 142.70 94.00 327.53 35.80 0.0033 565.30 24.00 353.50 565.90 96.00 1.78 1749.40 733.60 2867.30 8.01 Burranayakanahalli 25.11 44.44 300.29 1.67 0.0000 446.22 53.78 200.11 125.11 74.00 1.46 1051.11 431.78 1631.00 8.68 Byasigaderi 13.00 32.00 94.00 94.00 0.0000 288.00 64.00 42.00 98.00 60.00 2.00 643.00 160.00 970.00 9.22 Chornur 216.67 145.33 535.58 55.62 0.0100 263.25 18.70 552.00 1235.67 127.50 1.65 2932.21 1107.95 4102.08 8.06 Danapura 109.82 63.64 181.16 0.98 0.0200 296.82 25.80 104.45 362.91 42.82 0.73 1041.91 529.45 1693.82 7.99 Daroji 151.62 115.54 173.51 18.74 0.0229 267.92 7.08 139.23 442.92 310.23 0.55 1479.62 842.46 2363.85 7.76 Dharmasagar 21.38 35.85 249.92 0.88 0.1150 397.04 51.03 66.54 149.77 64.88 2.29 860.15 189.69 1346.31 8.47 Emmiganur 86.00 66.00 715.12 171.17 0.0000 247.67 24.56 782.56 615.67 270.33 1.53 2736.44 480.00 4471.78 8.22 Gajapura 43.75 28.50 99.00 45.50 0.0125 284.50 19.00 31.25 94.25 69.75 0.82 551.50 223.00 893.75 8.10 Giriyapura 23.09 44.60 151.54 21.95 0.1800 391.91 62.27 23.36 76.76 34.15 1.92 639.73 236.73 990.91 8.73 Gudekota 190.11 81.11 177.39 31.80 0.0000 195.11 13.63 154.89 431.56 327.22 0.42 1482.00 799.56 2304.22 7.89 Gudekote 145.00 69.67 305.30 14.60 0.0367 409.67 4.67 178.00 347.67 381.33 0.72 1647.67 644.00 2679.00 7.73 Gundumanugu 37.85 41.38 171.12 33.04 0.0013 297.31 37.54 52.23 129.15 147.85 1.36 787.85 260.00 1237.00 8.36 Hadagalli 85.63 134.25 179.63 104.00 0.0667 207.50 31.88 129.63 520.63 154.38 1.04 1237.75 626.50 1913.38 8.22 Hagaranur 39.93 46.80 186.47 45.49 0.0760 363.60 36.21 66.60 192.60 70.17 1.34 850.53 276.02 1297.33 8.38 Hagaribommanahalli 31.30 43.60 202.98 50.73 0.1414 337.00 35.44 113.70 227.40 26.60 1.01 900.10 300.40 1467.80 8.29 Hatcholli 59.10 44.90 262.17 43.38 0.0017 241.80 24.90 240.90 280.70 57.60 1.56 1120.60 328.00 1865.30 8.31 Hirehadagalli 51.17 75.46 126.58 32.60 0.0538 317.31 24.00 69.08 240.92 70.58 0.31 847.00 433.85 1413.77 8.17 Holalu 38.92 56.40 185.93 68.82 0.0200 348.33 39.75 167.83 228.67 27.50 1.28 924.37 302.39 1370.08 8.44 Hosahalli 37.33 38.20 147.57 28.16 0.0311 310.27 35.67 31.67 105.60 119.67 1.07 684.73 244.53 1054.93 8.33 Hospet 91.33 76.11 235.17 45.90 0.0214 269.11 12.11 158.33 415.00 146.78 0.73 1299.89 533.78 2206.44 7.97 Ittigihal 30.50 16.75 248.25 378.00 0.0000 258.25 32.75 335.50 191.00 13.13 4.00 1142.25 163.00 1823.00 8.43


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute II

Joladarasi 35.60 125.40 723.46 10.03 0.0050 374.40 23.80 863.00 603.40 70.12 1.90 2631.60 558.40 4444.00 8.37 Kalvi 33.50 46.50 108.00 106.50 0.0000 160.00 20.00 83.50 260.00 155.00 0.50 895.00 270.00 1357.50 8.50 Kamalapura 68.27 33.45 108.07 30.48 0.0329 182.64 17.73 60.73 192.55 52.73 1.25 632.55 291.32 1028.36 8.10 Kammarchedu 46.17 44.67 636.77 2.40 0.0000 264.83 31.50 755.83 419.67 55.20 1.72 2117.00 294.00 3402.50 8.55 Kampli 209.38 130.85 190.55 14.70 0.0100 239.35 10.00 233.62 586.15 254.00 0.12 1741.23 1048.31 2873.00 7.73 Karekal 77.90 23.90 850.04 4.87 0.0120 188.40 18.67 148.90 91.00 50.27 0.19 607.80 290.40 968.00 8.28 Karichedu 52.00 71.33 583.88 124.45 0.0000 229.67 20.00 714.50 508.17 81.38 0.92 2186.83 401.00 3725.33 8.36 Karur 14.67 15.44 614.68 46.43 0.0075 604.56 87.38 296.89 329.00 32.81 1.96 1729.22 98.22 2698.78 8.76 Korlagundi 29.50 23.08 374.73 29.56 0.0014 356.92 42.45 153.67 276.75 135.00 3.02 1231.42 175.67 1926.00 8.54 Kottur 36.80 37.70 212.29 27.78 0.0021 359.10 34.90 98.30 163.20 63.78 1.90 844.50 243.20 1318.50 8.35 Kudathini 121.25 73.17 325.22 127.03 0.0245 238.58 8.75 222.92 501.83 301.25 0.96 1706.58 597.00 2791.58 8.05 Kudligi 68.07 67.53 273.79 42.25 0.0200 356.47 27.00 116.60 360.73 145.47 1.12 1258.47 444.80 1997.80 7.99 Kurugodu 202.43 129.71 179.31 2.63 0.0120 207.86 4.00 240.57 548.86 336.00 0.11 1731.14 1028.57 2855.71 7.74 Kyasanakeri 166.20 70.00 198.22 51.83 0.0033 294.40 23.56 166.10 407.70 184.07 0.98 1382.70 695.60 2290.10 7.91 Lokikere 181.10 161.70 455.12 18.73 0.0033 414.40 27.67 226.90 808.10 454.36 0.48 2531.80 1106.40 4161.20 7.83 M.B.ayyanahalli 42.31 37.15 122.34 88.92 0.0088 237.15 31.58 62.85 169.46 117.90 0.70 736.69 250.77 1126.77 8.44 Metri 38.00 39.11 135.31 80.40 0.0000 204.56 25.11 66.11 153.00 112.33 0.61 701.56 253.78 1144.11 8.42 Moka 105.75 79.08 648.55 99.68 0.0229 314.17 18.18 569.92 823.92 36.29 0.88 2477.17 580.67 6935.50 8.14 Mudlapur_Thanda 31.18 17.82 151.13 47.83 0.0363 257.73 31.60 24.91 92.00 99.73 1.53 587.55 149.09 921.36 8.40 Nagarahunase 52.58 56.17 266.03 57.35 0.0000 440.17 52.08 141.00 263.83 59.12 2.25 1124.75 356.33 1821.58 8.41 Nagarahunuse 34.00 52.00 237.53 2.95 0.0567 491.67 32.00 63.67 173.33 61.33 1.72 904.33 294.67 1580.00 8.30 NagatiBasapura 49.62 96.15 131.22 23.90 0.4225 348.77 31.75 70.00 253.50 133.72 0.73 961.54 507.69 1469.92 8.17 Navalutti 37.67 111.44 124.28 22.77 0.0060 438.44 46.33 45.22 221.33 57.00 0.24 865.78 539.56 1407.89 8.17 Nellukudiri 18.82 24.45 404.36 79.28 0.0343 628.27 58.27 248.18 130.27 48.82 3.83 1337.09 146.18 2143.18 8.63 Paramadevanahalli 107.00 90.67 527.33 0.0000 0.0000 206.33 26.50 441.33 783.33 13.03 0.62 2096.67 630.00 3348.83 8.27 Pinjarheggadehalu 39.89 35.44 136.14 33.63 0.0314 264.22 24.63 39.56 123.89 121.33 1.19 663.56 241.78 1084.89 8.34 Potalakatte 34.45 63.27 379.65 41.80 0.3243 723.36 46.09 70.82 307.64 18.89 2.43 2426.64 324.55 2241.82 8.29 Ramasagara 159.09 90.09 732.35 184.70 0.0329 289.45 18.20 223.73 637.27 270.82 0.71 1949.73 728.80 3096.91 7.92 Raravi 101.08 69.67 238.11 111.24 0.0029 218.58 26.18 146.58 433.83 193.83 1.01 1368.25 529.67 2225.75 8.08 Sandur 68.29 99.08 99.15 6.38 0.0289 354.57 19.23 71.14 258.19 51.11 0.22 850.86 567.79 1300.29 7.92 Shanthanahalli 40.40 17.10 116.22 14.08 0.0067 187.90 18.30 42.30 83.20 114.45 0.72 539.50 164.11 843.10 8.35 Shivapura 85.82 31.36 102.31 43.38 0.2300 175.64 10.64 54.00 178.27 159.45 0.77 742.55 325.82 1167.82 8.05 Siddaramapura 92.00 35.00 83.99 3.70 0.0014 154.18 21.30 56.18 173.36 133.72 7.55 679.91 374.91 1142.82 8.09 Siruguppa 129.50 204.00 634.70 128.90 0.0100 286.20 24.22 724.00 1022.60 211.40 1.56 3098.00 1185.60 4919.50 8.11


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute III

Somalapura 36.38 58.80 165.56 32.02 0.0213 338.79 38.59 55.08 201.92 57.05 0.92 794.69 326.46 1248.77 8.46 Somasamudram 201.10 205.80 1209.95 11.77 0.0040 314.50 24.44 2130.80 846.50 201.50 1.38 5053.60 1327.60 7803.80 8.06 Suseelanagar 47.64 104.91 113.46 15.33 0.0133 428.73 38.45 43.00 227.27 37.09 0.19 840.64 538.91 1352.27 8.06 Tambrahalli 28.00 50.00 90.50 106.00 0.0000 128.00 29.00 66.00 198.50 108.10 0.63 688.50 270.00 1056.50 8.60 Taranagar 36.50 35.50 103.45 16.60 0.0380 247.51 31.36 25.63 101.25 58.41 0.38 524.25 233.25 831.13 8.48 Tekkalakote 94.60 116.00 562.67 38.80 0.0120 275.30 29.56 727.70 630.80 25.16 2.32 2341.60 701.60 3744.80 8.18 Thumati_Tanda 35.82 64.82 99.74 14.65 0.0043 297.18 41.36 90.82 82.73 75.18 1.09 653.00 348.73 1026.64 8.42 Torangal 69.19 97.63 308.16 29.74 0.0145 293.50 20.80 193.69 425.63 228.25 1.08 1500.81 563.75 2399.69 8.17 Ujjini 122.31 151.85 386.86 66.72 0.0386 338.15 15.42 197.46 771.31 300.72 0.20 1938.23 914.62 3396.08 7.92 Vaddarahalli 29.10 59.60 135.14 34.10 0.0200 360.50 41.80 49.60 108.70 63.30 1.22 690.80 306.40 1086.60 8.40 Varadapura 21.00 25.00 155.50 125.00 0.0000 203.50 41.50 62.00 144.00 22.75 0.93 654.50 152.00 965.00 8.48 Grand Total 76.47 69.07 284.81 46.96 0.0398 314.31 29.41 208.17 344.64 122.71 1.31 1308.25 468.73 2113.00 8.23


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute IV

AA NNEXURE NNEXURE –– IIII

List of mining areas in Bellary, Sandur & Hospet taluks as furnished by Mines &Geology Dept, Karnataka Forest Dept & Indian Bureau of Mines

Production in MT

Sl.No Name of The Lease ML. No Minerals Date of

Grant & Period

Extent Location

(Ha)

Extent Location (Ha)

Mines & Geology

Data

Forest Dept IBM

Iron Ore 2731 I.O.Fines

1 Gogga Gurushanthaiah & Brothers

1028

W.Dumps

27-05-71 (30 Years) 63.13 Kwategudda

7096 5623 117036 Iron Ore 128077 85045 I.O.Fines 189063 269637

2 MML 1659

W.Dumps

10-04-80 (20 Years) 51.71 Jambunatha Halli

99654 383640 3 MML 1710

Iron Ore 09-12-80 (20 Years) 98.95 Jambunatha Halli

74374 2291 Iron Ore 413637 4 Kariganur Mnl. Mng.

Industry 1799/2075

I.O.Fines 08-03-82 (20 Years) 199.1 Kariganur

431372 783514 Iron Ore 395366 5 MSPL Ltd. 1801 2416 I.O.Fines

14-11-02 (20 Years) 347.22 Vyasanakeri

1583205 1446917 Iron Ore 179657 I.O.Fines 200311

6 R.Pampapathy 1806

Red-oxide

05-04-82 (30 Years) 182.45 Jambunatha Halli

1199 420129 Iron Ore 2815 7 Allum Basavaraj 1893 I.O.Fines

8/3/93 56.75 Jambunatha Halli 13832

8 Aswath Narayana.K.S 1985 Iron Ore I.O.Fines

13-08-85 (20 Years) 3.64 Sankalapuram

Iron Ore 178441 9 R.B.S.S.N.Das 2021 I.O.Fines

23-06-86 (20 Years) 76.08 Sankalapuram

343083 307255 10 R.B.S.S.N.Das 2022

Iron Ore 21-12-86 (20 Years) 31.87 Sankalapuram

30000 29999 11 B.R.Yogendranath 2186 Iron Ore 27-12-87 (10 13 Kakubalu 60278 60595


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute V

Production in MT


Grant & Period

Extent Location

(Ha)


Mines & Geology

Data

Forest Dept IBM

Iron Ore 60278 11 Singh 2186 I.O.Fines

Years) 13 Kakubalu 12000 60595

12 Rajapur Mines 2190 Iron Ore I.O.Fines

30-12-94 (20 Years) 93.89 Rajapur

13 H.P.Manjunath 699 Iron Ore 06-06-67 (30

Years) 3.04 Jambunatha Halli

Iron Ore 14 Charuchandra 2102 I.O.Fines

14-08-79 (20 Years) 137.59 Kallahalli

Iron Ore 20358 15 Auro Minerals 1751 I.O.Fines

24-07-81 (20 Years) 30.77 Kallahalli

7205 16 Allum Prashant 2276/2352 Red Oxide 27-04-2002 72.87 Haraginadoni 5200 17 Tiffin Barytes Iron ore 26-01-1938 191.13 Haraginadoni 179733 18 Mineral Miners &

Traders

Iron ore 22-07-1982 46.13 Janikunta

32845 19 Allum Prashant Iron ore 2/12/00 42.9 Sanjeevarayanakote 18500 20 Vibhuthi Gudda Mines

P.L

Iron ore 7/4/74 112.64 Vibhuthi gudda

247605 21 Auro Minerals Iron ore 24-07-1981 31 6296 22 Suggalammagudda

Mining co.

Iron ore 27-06-1977 10.11 Suggalammagudda

114301 Iron Ore 23 Chowgule & Co. 1190 I.O.Fines

23-09-62 (20 Years) 459.73 Bavihalli

Iron Ore 158104 24 Balaji Mines & Mnl.(P).Ltd.

131 I.O.Fines

25-09-63 (20 Years) 22.66 Jaisingapura 6000

Iron Ore 22500 25 Associated Mining Co. 625 I.O.Fines

02-03-66 (30 Years) 16.19 B.M.Block 47500

Iron Ore 1742683 26 N.M.D.C 839/ 2396 I.O.Fines

04-11-88 (20 Years) 2013.35 Donimalai 3275209 4860003

27 Veeyem (P) Ltd. 958 Iron Ore I.O.Fines

02-09-70 (20 Years) 20.23 NEB-Range


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute VI

Production in MT


Grant & Period

Extent Location

(Ha)


Mines & Geology

Data

Forest Dept IBM

Iron Ore 65316 28 N.M.D.C 1111 I.O.Fines

18-10-72 (30 Years) 647.5 Kumarswamy 105366 162347

Iron Ore I.O.Fines

29 M.M.L 995

Wdumps

20-09-70 (20 Years)

80.94 Ubbalagundi

Iron Ore 149000 30 S.B.Minerals 1114/2393 I.O.Fines

30-11-92 (20 Years) 40.47 Ramghad 600000 92000

Iron Ore 287845 31 Sandur Mn.& I.O. Ltd 1179 I.O.Fines

01-01-74 ( 20 Years)

7511.04 Devagiri 674213

Iron Ore 178300 32 S.B.Minerals 1301 I.O.Fines

17-01-76 (30 Years) 44.52 NEB-Range 770000

Iron Ore 12670 33 N.Manzoor Ahmed 1324 I.O.Fines

07-04-76 (30 Years) 15.97 NEB-Range 12010

34 Narayan Mines (P) Ltd 1602 Iron Ore I.O.Fines

23-01-77 (20 Years) 109.27 A.M.Pendra

Iron Ore 18000 20500 35 K.M.Parvathamma 1625 I.O.Fines

21-09-73 (20 Years) 121.41 Rajapur 11000 0

Iron Ore 185100 36 S.V.Srinivasulu 1634 I.O.Fines

28-05-79 (20 Years) 149.73 Jaisingapur 46911 271497

Iron Ore 2980 37 Trident Mng.Co.(P) Ltd 1732 I.O.Fines

01-01-89 (10 Years) 5.26 RM.Durga 51773 40124

Iron Ore 38 Gogga Gurushanthaiah & Brothers

1874 I.O.Fines

04-09-83 (20 Years)

18.21 N.E.Block 7098 7019

Iron Ore 288074 39 Lakshmi Narayana Mining.Co

1876/2487 I.O.Fines

21-05-03 (20 Years) 175.63 Karadikolla 953322 874538

Iron Ore 109020 40 R.M.M.P.L. (Sachidananda Minerals)

1894/2451

I.O.Fines 30-01-03 (20 Years) 24.28 Venkatagiri 380574 474276

Iron Ore 235650 41 P.Balasubba Setty & Son

1898/2006 I.O.Fines

05-09-83 (10 Years) 44.11 Karadikolla 262251 497900


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute VII

Production in MT


Grant & Period

Extent Location

(Ha)


Mines & Geology

Data

Forest Dept IBM

Iron Ore 160938 42 MML 2002 I.O.Fines

27-12-85 (20 Years) 621.59 Thimmappagudi 1106321 1224981

Iron Ore 43 R.M.M.P.L. (Dalmia Cement)

2010 I.O.Fines

25-11-83 (20 Years) 331.44 Jogappanakolla

Iron Ore 15500 44 K.M.Parvathamma 2056 I.O.Fines

25-04-87 (10 Years) 80.94 Ubbatagundi 12701 17700

Iron Ore 131200 45 Deccan Mng.Syn.(P) Ltd

2080/2080-A I.O.Fines

20-05-86 (10 years ) 20.23 Kommathur 613421 601670

Iron Ore 7788 I.O.Fines 146850 10635

46 Gogga Gurushanthaiah & Brothers

2093

Red-oxide

20-10-89 (10 Years)

42.9 N.E.Block

8458 Iron Ore 602759 47 Shanthipriya Minerals 2119 I.O.Fines

10-06-89 (10 Years) 80.94 RM.Block 589555

Iron Ore 17899 48 Zeenath Transport Co. 2120/ 2309 I.O.Fines

08-10-2000 (20 Years) 36.42 Ramghad 70001 469016

Iron Ore 176461 49 Zeenath Transport Co. 2121/ 2289 I.O.Fines

04-10-96 (20 Years)

44.28 Ramghad 433810

Iron Ore 250354 50 Sri. Kumaraswamy Mine, Exports

2141 I.O.Fines

24-01-92 (20 Years) 82.55 Y.Nagar 705829 965802

Iron Ore 607806 51 H.G.Rangana Goud 2148 I.O.Fines

27-07-92 (20 Years) 60.7 Dharmapura 1608751 1839151

Iron Ore 167389 52 Veerabhadrappa Sangappa & Co.

2296 I.O.Fines

17-02-01 (20 Years) 51 R.M.Durga 253556 349685

Iron Ore 33913 I.O.Fines 56282 25079

53 J.M.Vrushabhendraiah 2173

Red-oxide

24-08-94 (20 Years)

3.36 Ramghad

100 Iron Ore 42500 54 P.Abubakar 2183 I.O.Fines

24-08-93 (20 Years) 14 Siddappura 214619 37260

Iron Ore 81000 55 Bharath Mines & Minerals

2245 I.O.Fines

06-04-96 (20 Years) 26.2 Nandihalli 205000 228000


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute VIII

Production in MT


Grant & Period

Extent Location

(Ha)


Mines & Geology

Data

Forest Dept IBM

Iron Ore 133058 56 H.R.Gaviappa 2247 2483 I.O.Fines

02-04-02 (14 Years) 34 Navalatti 104122 270293

Iron Ore 57 A.M.Minerals 2278 I.O.Fines

31-07-2000 (20 Years) 2.02 RM.Block 59500

Iron Ore 548403 427352 58 V.S.Lad & Sons 2290 I.O.Fines

31-07-96 (20 Years) 105.06 S.J.Haravu 1151942 1700351

Iron Ore 259928 59 Veerabhadrappa Sangappa & Co.

2160 I.O.Fines

19-10-92 (20 Years) 18.62 RMB Range 414221 612067

Iron Ore 375197 60 Hothur Traders 2313 I.O.Fines

23-12-98 (20 Years) 21.11 Malgolla 905220 1214015

Iron Ore 126745 61 Tirdent Minerals 2315 I.O.Fines

10-05-93 (20 Years) 32.27 Venkatagiri 194931 307374

Iron Ore 62 Mineral Syndicate 2320 I.O.Fines

08-04-02 (10 Years) 2.12 NEB Range

Iron Ore 33422 63 Muneer Enterprises 2339 I.O.Fines

12-02-02 (20 Years) 36.42 NEB Range 398060 364507

Iron Ore 17600 64 Ambika Ghorpade 2354 I.O.Fines 15-06-02 4.95 Kommathur 355069 218600 Iron Ore 621421 65 M.M.L W.P I.O.Fines

13-04-99 (20 Years) 168.02 Subbarayanahalli 1045319

Iron Ore 48326 66 Tungabhadra Mineral Pvt Ltd

2365 I.O.Fines

30-07-88 (20 Years) 125.58 Taranagar 377049 723628

Iron Ore 93716 67 Tungabhadra Mineral Pvt Ltd

2366 I.O.Fines

14-01-88 (20 Years) 33.97 Taranagar 277123

Iron Ore 68 Aswathnarayana Singh & Co.

626 I.O.Fines

24-03-66 (30 Years) 129.49 Jaisingapura

Iron Ore 24587 69 Mahaboob Transport 109 I.O.Fines

21-09-62 (30Years) 16.19 Vittalapura 118725

70 P.Venganna Setty & Bros

1046 I.O.Fines

21-07-72 (20 Years) 123.84 NEB Range 99976


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute IX

Production in MT


Grant & Period

Extent Location

(Ha)


Mines & Geology

Data

Forest Dept IBM

71 R.M.M.P.L (Lyli) 622 I.O.Fines

24-02-66 (20 Years) 20.23 RM.Block 129868

72 S.A.Thawab 2488 Iron Ore

04-08-02 (20 Years) 31.6 Ramanadurga

Iron Ore 518 73 Adarsh Enterprises 2369 I.O.Fines

26-07-02 (20 Years)

2.91 Ramghad 502 2760

Total 30618477 789948 23285398

Sl.No Name of The Lease ML.No Minerals Date of

Grant & Period

Extent Location

(Ha)

Extent Location (Ha) Production in MT

1 Adarsh Enterprises 2369 Mn Ore

26-07-02 (20 Years)

2.91 Ramghad 2692 2760

2 M.Onkaramma 1168 Mn Ore

23-05-73 (10 Years) 16.19 Tonsigere 5553 2460

3 Gaddigi Mineral Mining Ltd. 1468 Mn Ore

25-03-75 (20 Years) 104.21 Yarranahalli 7000 6300

4 V.N.K.Menon

1676 2482 Mn Ore

06-07-2000 (20 Years) 22.45 Jiginihalli

5 V.Basama 1940 Mn Ore

11-05-84 (20 Years) 2.17 Yashvanthangar

6 V.Basama 1941 Mn Ore

11-05-84 (20 Years) 5.44 Yashvanthangar

7 Sandur Mn.& I.O. Ltd 1952 Mn Ore

01-01-74 (20 Years) 378 Devagiri 27284 140884

8 J.M.Vrushabhendraiah 2292 Mn Ore

29-12-00 (20 Years) 4.85 Yarranahalli 936 465

9 Sandur Mn.& I.O. Ltd 1179 Mn.Ore

01-01-74 (20 Years)

7511.04 Devagiri 312504


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute X


Grant & Period

Extent Location

(Ha)


10 SMIORE 1179 Mn.Ore 1/1/94 77.79 Ramgad 21127 11 SMIORE 1952 Mn.Ore 1/1/94 77.79 Ramgad 24267

Total 8202.8 355969.0 0.0 198263.0


Grant & Period

Extent Location

(Ha)


1 Galaxy Minerals 2242 Quartz

22-10-98 (20 Years)

3.84 Hovvinamadhugu

2 Venkateswara Enterprises

2246 Quartz

10-05-99 (20 Years) 3.24 D.Mallapura 3174

3 V.S.Padmavathi 2280

Quartz

04-09-2000 (20 Years) 6.75 Haparanahalli

4 R.Balaramudu 2311 Quartz

15-06-01 (20 Years) 0.64 Appalapura

5 M.M.Trading Co 2232 Quartz

18-10-97 (10 Years) 13.03 H.V.Halli 200

6 Allam Prashanth 2300 Quartz

20-03-01 (20 Years) 4.857 Devalapura 19000 19000

7 Asian Mineral Mining Co.

2336 Quartz

19-01-02 (20 Years) 16.19 Metri 11820 7720

Total 34,194 0 26,720

Sl.No Name of The Lease ML.No Minerals Date of Grant & Period

Extent Location

(Ha)


Production in MT

1 S.Mujeeb Ahmed 2325 Soap Stone

21-01-01 (20 Years) 0.87 Garaga 1845 1845


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XI

AA NNEXURE NNEXURE –– IIIIII

List of Mines and their consent status as furnished by Karnataka State Pollution Control Board

CFE/CFO Details CFO Validity Date

Sl. No. Name & Address Taluka

Production & Capacity in Consent

TPA

ML No. Validity of ML

WPC APC

Whether Obtained

Board CFE With

Date

WPC APC Obtained EC from

MoEF/DEE

Whether Board

CFE/Consent for expansion obtained if not

what action initiated

1 N.M.D.C. (Donimalai Iron Ore Mines)

Sandur 4000000 839 Deemed Provision

Yes Yes NA FBO FBO Yes Yes

2 Kariganur Minerals Mining Industry,

Sandur 300000 1799 07.03.2012 Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 Yes Yes

3 N.M.D.C.Ltd. (Kumarswamy Iron Ore Mines)


Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 Yes Yes

4 Sandur Manganese & Iron Ores Ltd, (Deogiri)

Sandur Fe - 15989 MN-209274

1179 10.12.06 Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No NA

5 Mysore Minerals Ltd, (Subbarayanahalli IOM), Nandihalli

Sandur 150000 211 12.04.2019 Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No Yes

6 Tungabhadra Minerals Ltd, Taranagar Village

Sandur 165000 823/1646 24.06.2009 Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No Yes

7 V.S.Lad & Sons, S.J.Haveri Iron Ore Mines, Lakshmipur Village


8 Adarsha Enterprises (Mn), Ramgad Village

Sandur 5000 2369 25.07.22 Yes Yes NA 30.06.09 30.06.05 Yes NA

9 Ambika Iron Ore Mines, Kamatheru Village


10 Deccan Mining Syndicate Pvt. Ltd, (KIOM), Kamtervu Village


11 Associated Mining Company, Guru Iron Ore Mines, Ramgad Range

Sandur 150000 625 23.03.2010 Yes Yes NA 30.06.12 30.06.05 No NA


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XII




TPA


WPC APC

Whether Obtained

Board CFE With

Date


MoEF/DEE

Whether Board



Forest, Venkatagiri Village

12 Balaji Mines & Minerals Pvt. Ltd, Jaisingpur Village, NEB Range


13 Bharath Mines & Minerals, Nandihalli


14 Chowgale & Company Ltd., NEB Range Forest, Bavihalli Village

Sandur 400000 130/1190 22.09.08 Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No Yes

15 Gadigi Minerals Mining Company M.L.No.1468, Jiginihalli Village


16 H.G.Rangana Gouda (Swamimala), M.L.No.2148, Navalatti Village, Dharmapur Village

Sandur 180000 2148 20.07.12 Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No Applied

17 H.R.Gaviappa & Company (Mine Owner), Donimalai (Navalatti) IOM


18 Hothur Traders M.L.No.2107, Mallagola Iron Ore Mines, Malagolla Village


19 J.M.Vrushabendraiah M.L.No.2173, BDCC Bank Employees Colony, M.J.Nagar


20 K.M.Parvathamma ,Mine Owner, M.L.No.2056, Ubbalagundi Iron Ore Mines, Parvathinagar



Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XIII




TPA


WPC APC

Whether Obtained

Board CFE With

Date


MoEF/DEE

Whether Board



21 K.M.Parvathamma ,Mine Owner, M.L.No.2056, Ubbalagundi Iron Ore Mines, Parvathinagar


22 Lakshminarayana Mining Co. Siddapura Village


23 Mehaboob Transport Company Vittal Iron Ore Mines, Vittalapur Village

Sandur ML.No.109 20.09.12 Yes Yes NA Refused Refused No NA, Recommended

for Closure 24 Mysore Minerals Ltd.

(Timmapannagudi) Sandur 600000 2022 29.09.20 Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 Yes Yes

25 Omkaramma Tonsigiri Managanese Mines, Tonsigiri Village

Sandur 7200 1168 30.13.10 Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No N

26 P.Venganna Shetty & Bros Pathikonda Iron Ore Mines, Karadikolla, Jaisngpur Village


Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No Yes

27 S.A.Tawab (Mines Owner & Exporters), Ramgad Village


Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No NA

28 S.B.Minerals Ramgad Iron Ore Mines, Ramgad Village


29 S.B.Minerals Jaisingpur Iron Ore Mines, NEB Range


30 Sri Shantipriya Minerals R.M.Block,


31 The Sandur Manganese & Iron Ore Ltd . Deogiri,

Sandur MN-29106 1952 05.12.06 Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No NA

32 Trident Minerals Venkatagiri Iron Ore Mines, Venkatagiri Village,



Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XIV




TPA


WPC APC

Whether Obtained

Board CFE With

Date


MoEF/DEE

Whether Board



33 Tungabhadra Minerals Ltd, Vishwa Complex, J.M.Building


34 Veerabhadrappa Sangappa & Co. Ramgad Iron Ore Mines, Bellary Road

Sandur 150000 2296 17.02.2021 Yes Yes NA Returned Returned No NA

35 Veerabhadrappa Sangappa & Sons. Ramgad Range Forest


36 Vibuthi Gudda Mines Pvt.Ltd, No.4, Kappagal Road,

Sandur 45000 1193 03.04.17 Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No

Yes 37 Zeenath Transport Co.

Ramgad Village Sandur 150000 2120 03.06.21 Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No

NA

38 Zeenath Transport Co. Ramgad Village,


39 Trident Mining Company NEB Range,


40 Minerals Sales Pvt Ltd (VIO Mines), Vyasanakere,

Hospet 1500000 1801 Deemed Provision

Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No Applied

41 R.Pampapathy (Aarpee Iron Ore Mines), Bellary Road

Hospet 300000 1806 04.04.12 Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No Applied

42 Ramgad Minerals & Mining Pvt.Ltd, Venkatagiri Village,


Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 Yes Yes

43 Asian Minerals Mining Company, Metri Village, Hospet,

Hospet 6000 2336 09.01.2022 Yes Yes NA 30.06.11 30.06.05 Yes Yes

44 Gogga Gurushanthaiah & Bros Karadikalla Iron Ore Mines, NEB Range,


Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No NA


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XV




TPA


WPC APC

Whether Obtained

Board CFE With

Date


MoEF/DEE

Whether Board



45 Gogga Gurushanthaiah & Bros Jambunath, NEB Range, Jambunath IOM Kariganur Village

Hospet 180000 2093 1.8.2023 Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No NA

46 H.P.Manjunatha SY.No.115 B, Jammbunathanahalli Village,


Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No NA

47 Mehrunisa Iron Ore Mines Venkatagiri Village,


48 Mineral Syndicate 6/10 Hampi Road,


49 Muneer Enterprises PVS Complex, Hampi Road,

Hospet 120000 2339 11.02.10 Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No Yes

50 Mysore Minerals Ltd, (Jambunathana Halli), Jambunatha Temple Road


Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No Applied

51 P.Balasubba Setty & Sons Hampi Road,


52 P.Abubakar, Mine Owner, Dam Road,


53 R.B.Seth Shree Ram Narasingdas (S.Iron Ore Mines) Sanklapur Iron Ore Mines, P.B.No.38, Karignur,


54 Sankalapuram Iron Ore Mines of RBSSN Das, Karigunur Village,


55 Sree Allum Prashanth Quartz Mines, Sy.No.96(1), Devaapura Village

Hospet

Yes Yes NA NA NA No

NA 56 Auro Minerals Kallahalli

Village, Hospet 30000 1751

Yes Yes NA Applied Applied No NA, Recommended

for Closure


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XVI




TPA


WPC APC

Whether Obtained

Board CFE With

Date


MoEF/DEE

Whether Board



order

57 Bellary Mining Corporation, Halkundi Village, Bellary

Bellary 60000 1586 Deemed Provision

Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No NA

58 Sri Kumar Swamy Minerals Exports 11th Cross, I Link Road, Parvathinagar,

Bellary 105000 2141 23.01.12 Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 Yes Yes

59 Minerals Miners & Traders Janekunta Red Oxide & Iron Oxide Mines, Janekunta Village

Bellary 56900 2185 22.07.12 Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No NA

60 Tiffin's Barytees Asbestors & Paints Ltd. No.127, Angappa Street,

Bellary 45000 2086 25.05.18 Yes Yes NA NA Closure Order

No NA, Closure Order Issued

61 Sri Allum Prashanth (Araginadone Village) Sy.No.276, Araginadoni Village

Bellary 14400 2276 01.12.20 Yes Yes NA Returned Returned No NA

62 Sri Allum Prashanth (Mine Owners) IOM, Sanjeevarayana Kote Village, Gadigi Palace, Car Street,

Bellary 8736 01.12.20 Yes Yes NA Returned Returned No NA

63 Suggalammagudda Mining & Company, No.7/19, Kanaka Street, Cowl Bazar, Bellary- 583102,

Bellary 24000 1083 20.05.07 Yes Yes NA 30.06.05 30.06.05 No NA


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XVII

AA NNEXURE NNEXURE –– IVIV List of working mines in Bellary division as on 7-10-2005

Sl.No Name of the Lease Village Forest Block

Extent Leased

(ha)

Mining Lease No.

Period of Lease

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I - Bellary Range

1 M/s. Bellary Mining Corporation

Hulkundi Bellary RF 15.80 1586 28-04-2003 to 27-04-2013 (10 Years)

2 M/s. Mehaboob Transport Company Ltd,

Vittalapura Bellary RF 16.19 109 29-2-2000 to 26-2-2010 (10 Years)

3 M/s. Suggalammagudda Mining & Company, Bellary

Suggalamma Gudda

Bellary RF 10.11 1083 21-5-1997 to 20-5-2007

(10 Years) 4

M/s. Vibhuthigudda Mines, Belagal Bellary RF 55.00 1193 1-5-1997 to 30-4-2017

(20 Years) TOTAL 97.10 II - Hospet Range

5 M/s. Auro Minerals, Hospet

Kallahalli Hospet RF 31.00 1751 13-05-1999 to 12-05-2019 (20 Years)

6 M/s. Kariganur Mining & Minerals Industries

Kariganur Hospet RF 129.43 1799 24-4-1982 to 23-4-2012 (10 Years)

7 M/s. Minerals Sales Pvt. Ltd

Vyasanakere GundaRF 347.20 1801 07-04-1997 to 06-04-2007 (10 Years)

8 M/s. Mysore Minerals Ltd, Bangalore

Jambuna Thanahalli

Hospet RF 38.45 1659 07-04-1997 to 06-04-2007 (10 Years)

9 M/s. R.Pampapathi Mines

Jambuna Thanahalli

Hospet RF 101.5 1805 24-04-1992 to 23-04-2012 (20 Years)

TOTAL 647.58 III - Sandur Range 10 M/s. Associated Mining

Company, Parvathinagar Venkatagiri R.M.Block 10.12 625 24-03-2000 to 23-03-2010

(10 Years) 11 M/s. Balaji Mines &

Minerals (P) Ltd Jaisingapur N.E.Block 16.72 131 25-01-2001 to 24-01-2006

(5 Years) 12 M/s. Bharat Mines &

Minerals Nandihalli Swamimalai

Block 26.20 2045 06-04-2001 to 05-04-2011

(10 Years) 13 M/s. Chowgale &

Company, Gao Bhavihalli N.E.Block 100 130/1190 (The lease period for 20

Years shall be coterminus with the lease granted

under the lease granted under MMRD Act. 1957)

14 M/s. Gadagi Minerals Mining Co.

Tonasigere Swamimalai Block

39.30 146 26-03-1995 to 25-03-2015 (20 Years)

15 M/s. Gogga Gurusanthaiah & Brothers

Jambunathnahalli

N.E.Block 32.38 2093 08-07-2003 to 07-07-2023 (20 Years)

16 M/s. Gogga Gurusanthaiah & Brothers

Karadakolla Village

N.E.Block 15.10 1874 01-08-2003 to 31-07-2013 (10 Years)

17 M/s. H.G.Ranganagouda

Dharmapur Swamimalai Block

41.16 2148 08-07-2003 to 07-07-2023 (20 Years)

18 M/s. H.R.Gaviappa & Company

Navalathi Donimalai Block

32.00 2247 08-07-2003 to 07-07-2023 (20 Years)


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XVIII

19 M/s. Hothur Traders, Bellary

Malagolla Swamimalai Block

21.11 1907/2017 20-09-2000 to 19-09-2010 (20 Years)

20 M/s.K.M.Parvathamma, Bellary

Rajapura D.M.Block 15.24 1625 03-02-2000 to 02-02-2010 (10 Years)

21 M/s.K.M.Parvathamma, Bellary

Ubbala Gundi Donimalai Block

31.835 2056 25-04-1997 to 24-04-2017 (20 Years)

22 M/s. Kumarswamy Minerals, exports, Bellary

Yeshwanthanaga

Ramanamalai Block

30.80 2141 03-12-1994 to 02-12-2004 (10 Years)

23 M/s. Lakshimarayana Mining Company

Karadakolla N.E.Block 105.22 1876 21-05-2003 to 20-05-2023 (20 Years)

24 M/s. M.Onkaramma, Bellary

Tonasigere N.E.Block 5.39 1168 31-03-2000 to 30-03-2010 (10 Years)

25 M/s. Smiore Deogiri Ramagad & Kumarswamy

Ramanamalai Blockc &

Swamimalai Block

85 1952 10 Years coterminus with Licence under MMRD

Act. 1957 26 M/s. Manzooru Ahamed,

Hospet Jaisingapur N.E.Block 15.97 1324 07-04-1976 to 06-04-2006

(10 Years) 27 M/s. Minerals Syndicate,


(10 Years) 28 M/s. Muneer Enterprises,


(10 Years) 29 M/s. Mysore Mineral Ltd SubharayanaHa

lli Swamimalai

Block 80.93 168 13-04-1999 to 12-04-2019

(20 Years) 30 M/s. Mysore Mineral Ltd Thimmappanag

udi N.E.Block 176.72 2002 29-09-2000 to 28-09-2020

(20 Years) 31 M/s. N.M.D.C.Ltd Donimalai Donimalai

Block 608.00 829 04-11-1998 to 03-11-2008

(10 Years) 32 M/s. P.Balasubbasetty &

Sons, Hampi Road, Hospet Ramagad N.E.Block 44.11 1898 13-03-1997 to 12-03-2007

(10 Years) 33 M/s. Ramagad Minerals &

Brothers Ramagad Ramanamalai

Block 24.28 1894 07-04-1997 to 06-04-2007

(10 Years) 34 M/s. Ramagad Minerals &

Brothers Sandur R.M.Block 20.23 622

coterminus with MMRD 35 M/s. S.B.Minerals, Hospet Jaisingapur N.E.Block 44.52 1301 17-01-1976 to 16-01-2006

(30 Years) 36 M/s. S.B.Minerals, Hospet Ramagad Ramanamalai

Block 40.47 1114 30-12-1992 to 29-11-2012

(20 Years) 37 M/s.S.V.Srinivasulu,

Hospet Laisingapur

Village N.E.Block 60.00 1634 (The lease period for 20

Years shall be coterminus with the lease granted

under the lease granted under MMRD Act. 1957)

38 M/s. Shantipriya Minerals Ltd., 264, College Road, Hospet

Ramagad Ramanamalai Block

80.97 2119 22-02-1999 to 21-02-2009 (10 Years)

39 M/s.Smiore Deogiri Ramagad & Kumarswamy

Ramanamalai Block

629.90 1179 01-01-1993 to 31-12-2003 (10 Years)

40 M/s. Trident Minerals Venkatagiri N.E.Block 32.27 122/2315 29-06-1998 to 28-06-2008 (10 Years)

41 M/s. Trident Mining Pvt Venkatagiri N.E.Block 5.26 1732 07-04-1997 to 06-04-2007 (10 Years)

42 M/s. Tungabhadra Minerals Ltd, Hospet

Ettinahatti Donimalai Block

33.97 1703 09-01-2001 to 08-01-2021 (20 Years)


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XIX

43 M/s. Tungabhadra Minerals Ltd, Hospet

Donimalai Areas

Donimalai Block

125.58 823/1646 09-06-1999 to 08-06-2009 (10 Years)

44 M/s. V.S.Lad & Sons Lakshmipura Swamimalai Block

105.06 1524 06-07-1996 to 05-07-2016 (20 Years)

45 M/s. V.S.Padmavathi Mines

Huchagona Halli Village

Chikkakereyagina Halli RF

6.75 2280 21-06-1999 to 20-06-2009 (10 Years)

46 M/s. Veerabhadrappa Sangappa & Company

Ramagad R.M.Block 51.00 2296 10-12-1999 to 09-12-2029 (30 Years)

47 M/s. Veerabhadrappa Sangappa & Company

Dharmapura Ramanamalai Block

17.65 2160 01-07-2003 to 30-06-2023 (20 Years)

48 M/s. P.Vengannasetty & Brothers, Hospet

Sandur N.E.Block 50.00 1046 coterminus with MMRD Act. 1957)

49 M/s. Zeenath Transport Co. Ramagad Ramanamalai Block

36.42 1663/2120 04-10-1990 to 03-10-2010 (20 Years)

50 M/s. Zeenath Transport Co. Ramagad Ramanamalai Block

44.13 1627/2121 04-10-1990 to 03-10-2010 (20 Years)

TOTAL 2933.07 Grand Total- I,II,III 3677.75


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XX

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- VV Details of componestory plantation raised against each mining lease holders in Bellary

division for the period 1994-05 to 2005-06

Details of Plantation done

Sl.No Name of the Mill Holders Area

Leased ( ha.)

Nonforest Land (ha.)

Forest Land (ha.)

Location of Plantation Raised Range Year of

Plantation

1 2 4 6 7 8 9 10 1 M/s. Pampapathy Minerals 29.75 30.00 Nadavi C& D-397 Bellary 1995

2 M/s. Pampapathy Minerals 0.00 0.00 0.00

20.00 Gunda RF (Opposite SMIORE) Rayarakere (Gunda RF) Kakkuppi RF Sovenhalli

Hospet Hospet Kudligi Kudligi

1996

3 M/s. Bharath Mines & Minerals 8.10 5.00 3.10

Nadavi C& D-397 Joladarasi-115/A

Bellary Hospet

1995

4 M/s. Gaviyappa & Sons 9.90 10.00 Amaravathi-571 (Vykunta East)

Hospet 1995

5 H.G.Rangana Gowda M.L.No. 2150

41.16 30.00 11.25

Bandri (C.G.Halli) Kodihalli

Kudligi Kudligi

1995 1995

6 M/s. Abubekar 14.00 14.00 Amaravathi-571 (Vykunta Wast)

Hospet 1995

7 M/s. Gogga Gurushanthaiah & Bro's

12.50 12.50 Amaravathi-571 (Vykunta Wast)

Hospet 1995

8 M/s. Kumaraswamy Mining 33.00 33.00 Chanavasapura-1 Bellary 1996

9 M/s. N.M.D.C 37.00 37.00 Chanavasapura-2 Bellary 1996 10 M/s. Minerals Sales (P) Ptd. 41.00 41.00 Kamalapura Sy.No.

1200/3 Hospet 1996

11 M/s Zeenth Transport Co., M.L.No. 1663/2120

4.00 4.00 Kamalapura Sy.No. 1200/4

Hospet 1996

12 M/s Zeenth Transport 0.00 7.76 Yeswanthanagar (S.M.Block RF)

Sandur 1996 Rains

13 V.S.Padmavathy Minerals 2.00 2.00 Kamalapura Sy.No. 1200/3

Hospet 1996

14 Suggalammagudda Mining Co. 3.00 3.00 Kamalapura Sy.No. 1200/4

Hospet 1996

15 M/s. shanthipriya Minerals (Thimmareddy)

80.97 0.00 4.25 Yeswanthanagar Sandur 1996 Rains

16 Trident Mining Company 0.00 10.50 Kakkuppi Forest Area (Sovenahalli)

Kudligi 1996 Rains

17 M/s. Trident Mining Co. (03/32) 6.00 6.00 Kamalapura Hospet 1996 Rains

18 M/s. Chowgule & Company 104.00 63.00 Kakubal Sy. No.225 Kanithimiapur-252-218

Hospet Hospet

1997 Rains 1997 Rains

19 Quarrying Granite at Doddabetta(s),

0.10 0.10 Kamalapura -. 1200/3 Hospet 1999 Rains


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XXI

By.M.M.Ltd.(03/2)

20

Quarrying Granite at Doddabetta(s), By.M.M.Ltd.(03/2) 0.40 0.40 Kamalapura -. 1200/3 Hospet

1999 Rains

21 Quarrying in Klagundi Village by M/s. Oriental Structure 0.50 0.50 Kamalapura -. 1200/3 Hospet

1999 Rains

22 M/s. Narrain Mines 19.00 27.00 Nadavi-397 Bellary 1999 Rains

23 M/s. Ramaghed Minerals (03/39) 10.33 6.00 5.00

Kamalapura -. 1200/3 Nadavi-397

Hospet Bellary

1999 Rains

24 M/s. A.M.Minerals (03/43) 2.03 3.00 Kamalapura -. 1200/3 Hospet 1999 Rains

25 V.S.Padmavathy 6.75 8.10 Haravanahalli-195 Hospet 2000 26 V.Nagamma 10.00 10.00 Nimbalgere-217 Kudligi 2000

27 Mysore Minerals Ltd. M.L.No. 168 (Subbarayanahalli) 80.93

70.00 11.00

Holalu Sy No. 557/A Hagalur Sy.No. 336

Hadagali Bellary

2000 2000

28 Trident Minerals 32.27 19.00 Hagalur Sy.No. 336 Bellary 29 Vibhuthigudda Mines 55.00 0.00 2.50 Bellary RF Bellary 2000 30 Virabhadrappa Sangappa 55.00 Haraginadoni Sy.No. 276 Bellary 2001 31 Vibhuthigudda 55.00 35.00 Hagaranurguddu-108 B Hadagali 2001 32 N.M.D.C.Ltd, Donimalai 0.00 21.00 Ubbalagandi RF Sandur 2001 33 Chowgule Mines, Gao 110.00 0.00 6.20 Ubbalagandi RF Sandur 2001 34 Hothuru Traders 0.00 2.01 Banvikallu-630 Kudligi 2001 35 V.S.Lad & Sons, Sandur 0.00 5.66 Banvikallu-630 Kudligi 2001 36 Bharath Mines Minerals 0.00 4.83 Banvikallu-630 Kudligi 2001 37 H.R. Gaviappa 0.00 2.77 Banvikallu-630 Kudligi 2001 38 Kariganuru Mines & Mirals 0.00 2.53 Banvikallu-630 Kudligi 2001 39 Tungabhadra Minerals Ltd.

0.00 0.00 0.00

104.00 40.00 76.19

Banvikallu-630 Kakkuppi-405 Joga

Kudligi Kudligi Hospet

2001 2001 2001

40 Mysore Minerals Ltd

0.00 0.00

10.80 50.00

Chilakanahatti Hyarada

Hospet Hadagali

2001 2001

41 Supdt. Engineer (Electricity) 12.20 0.00 12.20 Chilakanahatti Hospet 2001 42 Mehabob Transport 0.00 8.74 Koilaragatti Hadagali 2003 43 K.M.Parvathamma 0.00 13.58 44 M/s. M.M.L (Thimmappanagdi) 75.00 0.00 Kudithini Bellary 2004 45 M/s. Minerals Enterprises 17.75 0.00 Haravanahalli Hospet 2004

46 M/s. shanthipriya Minerals (K.C. Thimmareddy) 0.00 2.00 Jummobanahalli Kudligi 2005

47 M/s. Onkaramma 10.00 Jummobanahalli Kudligi 2005 48 M/s. Sujalan Energy Ltd. 33.60 12.00 0.00 Hosakeri H.B.Halli 2005 49 M/s Kredel 18.00 18.00 0.00 Metri Hospet 2005 50 M/s. Balaji Mines & Minerals 0.00 33.44 Koilaragatti Hadagali 2005 51 M/s. Ramaghad Minerals Ltd. 0.00 30.20 Metri Bellary 2005

Total 677.70 520.66 Source: Karnataka Forest Dept, Bellary Division, Bellary


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XXII

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- V IV I Estimated fish production (in M.T) in Bellary, Hospet & Sandur

Sl. No. Year Bellary Hospet Sandur

1 1988-89 152 142 120

2 1989-90 142 350 1800

3 1990-91 120 2106 1850

4 1991-92 120 1925 900

5 1992-93 135 2400 525

6 1993-94 152 2545 650

7 1994-95 170 2800 755

8 1995-96 250 3300 1140

9 1996-97 650 4594 960

10 1997-98 690 4750 950

11 1998-99 856 5475 1950

12 1999-00 1020 5319 1090

13 2000-01 1020 3750 1062

14 2001-02 970 2849 940.14

15 2002-03 715 2922 1050

16 2003-04 650 2500 1300

17 2004-05 631.8 1691.82 2871.54


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XXIII

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- V I IV I I

List of quarries in Bellary Taluk

Sl.No Name of the Lease Location Mineral Date of Grant & Period

Extent in

Acre 1 Jubile Grant India Pvt. Ltd Dammur Pink Granite 18.08.98/10yrs 7.00 2 Mysore Mineral Ltd Badanahatti Pink Granite 04.02.02/10yrs 38.00 3 K. Ramesh Sirwar Pink Granite 04.11.02/10yrs 5.00 4 Lakshmi Stone Exploration Sirwar Green Granite 24.08.01/5yrs 2.20 5 N. Ahmed G.K. Halli Green Granite 30.06.03/10yrs 4.22 6 G.G. Jayram Reddy Dammur Pink Granite 20.10.03/10yrs 1.00 7 G.G. Jayram Reddy Dammur Pink Granite 20.10.03/10yrs 1.00 Total 58.42

1 B.T.L. Govindha G. Halli Ordinary Sand 09.08.98/5yrs 1.00 2 Maruthi Sand Quarry M. Halli " 12.02.98/5yrs 1.00

Total 2.00

1 V.A.Hanumappa Badanahatti Building Stone 3/5/03 4.32 2 V.Thimmappa Sanganakal Building Stone 10/18/99 0.30 3 V.Gadilingappa Sirwar Building Stone 10/21/99 1 4 Sadasiva & Co Sanganakal Building Stone 9/16/99 1 5 Sadasiva & Co Sanganakal Building Stone 9/16/99 3.00 6 V. Ramudu Sanganakal Building Stone 5/2/01 0.30 7 K.Honnurappa Sanganakal Building Stone 5/2/01 0.20 8 V.Rama Reddy Kolagal Building Stone 5/9/01 0.30 9 V. Yellappa Kolagal Building Stone 5/28/01 0.30

10 Kamal Kumar Chirania Sanganakal Building Stone 9/15/01 1 11 V. K. Vasan Sanganakal Building Stone 11/15/01 1 12 V. K. Vasan Sirwar Building Stone 8/10/01 1 13 P. Bhaskar Sirwar Building Stone 5/2/02 1 14 Naresh Kumar Chirania Sanganakal Building Stone 1/27/02 5 15 V. Gadilingappa Sanganakal Building Stone 3/4/02 0.2 16 MBM Stone Quarry Sanganakal Building Stone 4/7/02 1.2 17 Smt. Maramma Badanahatti Building Stone 4/19/98 1 18 P.Dadavali Sanganakal Building Stone 4/30/98 2.1 19 V.K.Vasan Sirwar Building Stone 8/12/98 1.2 20 K.Virupaksha Reddy Sanganakal Building Stone 5/5/99 3 21 Lambani J.Somia Naik Halkundi Building Stone 10/27/99 0.2 22 Abu Kalalm Azaad Sirwar Building Stone 1/31/01 0.3 23 T.V.Krishnappa Sirwar Building Stone 12/23/02 0.2 24 T.V.Krishnappa Sirwar Building Stone 12/23/02 0.2 25 T.V.Krishnappa Sirwar Building Stone 12/23/02 1 26 M.B.M. Stone Quarry Sanganakal Building Stone 2/20/03 0.2 27 Topya Naik Halkundi Building Stone 2/24/03 1 28 Ambanna Naik Halkundi Building Stone 2/24/03 1 29 Lakshmi Narasimha Enterprises Sanganakal Building Stone 12/27/02 5.2 30 U. Ramudu Sirwar Building Stone 11/8/99 0.2


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XXIV

31 J. Veerabhadrappa Sirwar Building Stone 9/27/02 1 32 J. Sanna Basavaraj YettinaBudihal Building Stone 12/7/98 0.3 33 V. Eranna Sirwar Building Stone 11/16/02 1.2 34 Venkateshwara Stone Quarry Sirwar Building Stone 6/1/02 4 35 V. Anjaneyalu Sirwar Building Stone 6/25/99 0.2 36 Maltesh & Co. Sanganakal Building Stone 6/25/01 2.2 37 V, Huligappa Belagal Building Stone 7/22/99 1 38 Smt.K. Shiva Gangamma Badanahatti Building Stone 7/23/99 0.2 39 V. Basappa Sanganakal Building Stone 3/20/99 1 40 N.V. Hanumappa Sirwar Building Stone 7/27/99 1 41 J. Veerabhadrappa Sirwar Building Stone 2/7/99 1.3 42 G. Rudra Gowda Sanganakal Building Stone 1/21/00 5.3 43 B.Hulugappa Badanahatti Building Stone 2/7/00 0.2 44 V. Mahadevappa Badanahatti Building Stone 2/7/00 0.2 45 V.Eranna Sirwar Building Stone 8.2.2000 0.20 46 V. Thimmappa Sirwar Building Stone 20.03.00 1.00 47 Lakshmi Devi SanganaKal Building Stone 29.12.99 1.00 48 Balqeesh Begum Sirwar Building Stone 21.05.03 0.20 49 K.L. Virupakshappa Reddy Sirwar Building Stone 10.5.1999 1.00 50 K.L. Virupakshappa Reddy Sirwar Building Stone 10.5.1999 1.00 51 K.L. Virupakshappa Reddy Sirwar Building Stone 10.5.1999 0.20 52 M.D. Habibullah Honnahalli Building Stone 15.05.00 1.00 53 K.L. Virupaksha Reddy SanganaKal Building Stone 18.12.00 0.20 54 K.L. Virupaksha Reddy Sirwar Building Stone 18.12.00 3.00 55 G. Mallikarjuna Reddy Sirwar Building Stone 18.12.00 1.00 56 Annu Sab Halkundi Building Stone 20.07.02 1.00 57 Smt. Lakshmi Sirwar Building Stone 26.12.00 1.00 58 V. Thimmappa SanganaKal Building Stone 27.12.00 0.20 59 B. Basavaraj Kurgadu Building Stone 2.9.2001 1.20 60 K. Nagabhushan Vaddatti Building Stone 2.9.2001 1.00 61 K. Nagabhushan Vaddatti Building Stone 2.9.2001 1.00 62 T.V.S. Kantha Rao YettinaBudihal Building Stone 4.3.2001 2.00 63 Ramajanya Stone Quarry YettinaBudihal Building Stone 13.06.01 3.00 64 Habib & Brothers Sirwar Building Stone 14.06.01 4.00 65 J. Veerabhadrappa Sirwar Building Stone 7.3.2001 0.20 66 Ramana Belagal Building Stone 8.6.2001 0.20 67 Nagana Gowda Belagal Building Stone 8.6.2001 0.20 68 Dodda Hanumappa Belagal Building Stone 8.6.2001 1.00 69 Savithramma Kurgadu Building Stone 31.08.01 1.00 70 Savithramma Kurgadu Building Stone 31.08.01 0.20 71 Savithramma Kurgadu Building Stone 31.08.01 0.20 72 B. Ramappa Kurgadu Building Stone 31.08.01 1.00 73 V. Kullaiah Kurgadu Building Stone 31.08.01 0.20 74 Andhappa Kurgadu Building Stone 31.08.01 0.20 75 Vadda Basavaraj Kurgadu Building Stone 31.08.01 0.20 76 V. Pamaaoathi Kurgadu Building Stone 31.08.01 0.20 77 V. Laxmana Badanahatti Building Stone 9.5.2001 1.00 78 B. Kashanna Sirwar Building Stone 9.5.2001 0.20 79 Ramalingamma Sirwar Building Stone 9.5.2001 0.20


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XXV

80 H. Chandrashekar Halkundi Building Stone 10.6.2001 0.20 81 B. Gangadharappa Kurgadu Building Stone 23.10.01 1.00 82 V. Hanumanatappa Badanahatti Building Stone 11.8.2001 1.00 83 K. Shiva Gangamma Badanahatti Building Stone 26.11.01 0.20 84 Yerriswamy Sirwar Building Stone 26.11.01 0.20 85 V. Venkatramanna Sirwar Building Stone 22.11.01 1.00 86 Laxmana Kurgadu Building Stone 12.12.2001 0.20 87 G. Venkateshalu Sirwar Building Stone 15.12.02 1.00 88 V. Sunkanna Kurgadu Building Stone 15.12.02 2.00 89 V. Sanjevappa SanganaKal Building Stone 15.12.02 0.30 90 Pamappanna Kurgadu Building Stone 3.2.2002 2.00 91 V. Thimmappa Kurgadu Building Stone 3.2.2002 2.00 92 V. Pogal Anjineyal Sirwar Building Stone 21.05.02 0.20 93 N. Ravindra Gowda Kurgadu Building Stone 20.07.02 2.00 94 V. Sanjevappa SanganaKal Building Stone 25.07.02 1.00 95 Smt. Gouramma Munadargi Building Stone 20.08.02 0.20 96 B. Badrinarayana Gupta Sirwar Building Stone 8.4.2002 2.00 97 V. Anjaneyalu Sirwar Building Stone 30.08.02 1.00 98 M. Kakunayak H.Halli Building Stone 9.2.2002 1.00 99 V. Govindappa SanganaKal Building Stone 16.09.02 1.00

100 V. Gopinatha Sirwar Building Stone 16.09.02 1.00 101 P. Hanumathappa Sirwar Building Stone 9.5.2002 0.20 102 V.H. Dooth Badanahatti Building Stone 10.9.2002 0.10 103 S. Krishna Reddy K. Gal Building Stone 11.8.2002 3.00 104 K. Pamappanna B. Gal Building Stone 12.5.2002 0.20 105 V. Gopinatha Sirwar Building Stone 13.12.02 1.00 106 R. Madhu sudhan K. Gal Building Stone 19.12.02 1.20 107 S. Paramshwar Reddy S.mola Building Stone 21.12.02 4.00 108 S. Paramshwar Reddy S.mola Building Stone 21.12.02 4.00 109 V. Appaaiah Kurgadu Building Stone 17.02.03 0.20 110 V. Nagaraj Sirwar Building Stone 03.10.03 1.00 111 Laxmi vasan Sirwar Building Stone 03.10.03 1.00 112 Radha Krishna Stone Quarry Sirwar Building Stone 12.04.02 0.32 113 V. Ramajaneyalu Sirwar Building Stone 28.07.02 0.20 114 B. Mahesh G. Halli Building Stone 25.04.03 4.00 115 Chandra Halkundi Building Stone 05.06.03 0.20 116 Hussain Halkundi Building Stone 05.06.03 0.20 117 V. Durganna Kurgadu Building Stone 05.06.03 0.20 118 V. Eranna Sirwar Building Stone 05.09.03 1.20 119 S.V. Paravathaiah Kurgadu Building Stone 21.05.03 2.00 120 V. Rajagopal SanganaKal Building Stone 19.06.03 1.00 121 D. Satish Kumar H.Halli Building Stone 23.06.03 5.00 122 D. Satish Kumar H.Halli Building Stone 23.06.03 3.00 123 B. Mahesh G. Halli Building Stone 24.07.03 0.30 124 V. H. Nagaraj Bellary Building Stone 24.07.03 0.20 125 S. Srinivasalu S.mola Building Stone 08.02.03 4.00 126 K. Nagabhushan Bellary Building Stone 13.08.03 0.20 127 G. Shiva shankar B. Gal Building Stone 26.08.03 1.00 128 K.L. Virupakshareddy SanganaKal Building Stone 26.08.03 0.30


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XXVI

129 K. Nagabhushan SanganaKal Building Stone 10.02.03 0.30 130 R. Sakru nayak Halkundi Building Stone 11.10.03 2.00 131 K. D. Ramappa S.pura Building Stone 22.11.03 0.20 132 H. V. Vijaya Kumar Kurgadu Building Stone 12.02.03 2.00 133 K. Kolappa Kurgadu Building Stone 12.04.03 1.00 134 V. M Anajaya Sirwar Building Stone 10.07.00 1.00 135 H. Lingappa Halkundi Building Stone 12.11.03 0.20 136 V. Ramajaneyalu Sirwar Building Stone 18.12.03 0.20 137 J. Nagaraj Nayak Halkundi Building Stone 18.12.03 0.20 138 M. Kakunayak Halkundi Building Stone 01.05.04 0.20 139 Siddappa Halkundi Building Stone 01.05.04 0.20 140 V. Veeresh V.V. pura Building Stone 21.01.04 1.00 141 Honnurappa Halkundi Building Stone 02.06.04 0.20 142 N. Rudra Gowda Kurgadu Building Stone 02.06.04 0.20 143 V. Hanumanatappa Halkundi Building Stone 16.02.04 0.20 144 Mukanayak H.Halli Building Stone 19.02.04 0.20 145 Rani Construction (P) Kurgadu Building Stone 19.03.04 1.00 146 Rani Construction (P) Kurgadu Building Stone 19.03.04 1.00 147 Vaddra Huligappa Kurgadu Building Stone 25.03.04 1.00 148 V. Lakshmi devi Sirwar Building Stone 22.12.04 0.20 149 J. Veerabhadrappa Sirwar Building Stone 18.03.02 0.20 150 V. Anajaneya Kotambri SanganaKal Building Stone 26.08.01 1.00

Total 160.84


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XXVII

List of quarries in Hospet Taluk

Sl. No. Name of the Lease Location Mineral Date of Grant &

Period Extent in acres

1 Arogydas Kalaghatta Building Stone 21-03-99 (5 Years) 6.00 2 M.D.Inayatulla Basha G.Hobalapura Building Stone 05-05-99 (5 Years) 1.05 3 M.D.Inayatulla Basha G.Hobalapura Building Stone 06-07-99 (5 Years) 0.75 4 S. Gurubasava Raj, D.N.Kere Building Stone 05-05-99 (5 Years) 2.00 5 Ray Constructions Papinayakanahalli Building Stone 12-01-01 (5 Years) 3.00 6 Shivamurtheppa A.K.Halli Building Stone 26-03-01 (5 Years) 1.25 7 A.Gangadharappa Kamalapura Building Stone 03-06-01 (5 Years) 6.00 8 Medar Thimmappa Ingalagi Building Stone 12-05-98 (5 Years) 2.00 9 Pavadappa D.N.Kere Building Stone 15-03-00 (5 Years) 100.00

10 K.Hanumanthappa Gollarahalli Building Stone 15-03-00 (5 Years) 1.00 11 B.P.Ananda Kumar Bailuvaddigere Building Stone 05-08-98 (5 Years) 3.00 12 B.P.Ananda Kumar Bailuvaddigere Building Stone 05-08-98 (5 Years) 3.00 13 Pujar Hanumanthappa Garaga Building Stone 22-12-01 (5 Years) 1.00 14 S.Anke Reddi Bailuvaddigere Building Stone 30-10-01 (5 Years) 2.00 15 Kishor.A.S Ingalagi Building Stone 20-06-00 (5 Years) 2.00 16 S.Anke Reddi Kamalapura Building Stone 30-10-01 (5 Years) 1.50 17 D.Abdul Haseed Nandibandi Building Stone 28-09-02 (5 Years) 2.00 18 Ambika Jalaga Bailuvaddigere Building Stone 24-01-03 (5 Years) 1.00 19 Soundh Aggrigate

Mylarlingeshwara Bailuvaddigere Building Stone 11-12-02 (5 Years) 6.00 20 S.Parameshwara Reddy Bailuvaddigere Building Stone 24-12-02 (5 Years) 8.00 21 L.Shivaram Gollarahalli Building Stone 03-01-03 (5 Years) 1.00 22 L.Krishna Gollarahalli Building Stone 03-01-03 (5 Years) 1.00 23 M.V.Subbarao Ingalagi Building Stone 06-01-03 (5 Years) 2.00 24 A.Rita D.N.Kere Building Stone 07-01-03 (5 Years) 3.00 25 K.B.Sreenivasa Kamalapura Building Stone 04-06-96 (5 Years) 4.00 26 S.Gurubasavaraj Ingalagi Building Stone 12-09-03 (5 Years) 2.00 27 Medar Thimmappa Ingalagi Building Stone 23-05-03 (5 Years) 2.00 28 Janardhan Reddy Ingalagi Building Stone 30-05-03 (5 Years) 3.00 29 K.S.Nagaraj Bailuvaddigere Building Stone 24-04-03 (5 Years) 1.00 30 G.Chandrashekar Kalaghatta Building Stone 06-09-03 (5 Years) 1.00 31 D.Mahadevappa Ingalagi Building Stone 04-12-03 (5 Years) 3.00

Total 175.55

1 M.M.Granite Bukkasagar Grey Granite 28-08-98 (10 Years) 5.00

2 Shri.Govinda Rao & Co. Gadiganur Black Granite 17-06-00 (10 Years) 3.00

3 Gowri Shankara Granite & Co. Gadiganur Black Granite 17-06-00 (10 Years) 1.00

4 B.Khajaji Thimmalapura Black Granite 04-05-00 (10 Years) 1.00 5 B.Manjunatha Thimmalapura Black Granite 28-04-00 (10 Years) 3.50

Total 13.50


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XXVIII

List of quarries in Sandur Taluk

Sl. No. Name of the Lease Location Mineral Date of Grant

& Period Extent

1 H.V. Anantha Murthy Bandri Building Stone 06.01.00/5 years 0.75 2 Izar Ahmed Anthapura Building Stone 03.09.01/5 years 2.00 3 A.V. Ananthamurthy Bandri Building Stone 09.09.01/5 years 1.50 4 V. Mallikarjuna H.P. Halli Building Stone 17.11.02/5 years 2.00 5 P. Nagabushana Bandri Building Stone 15.09.98/5 years 1.75 6 P. Nagabushana Bandri Building Stone 26.06.00/5 years 0.50 7 M. Veerbhadraiah Havinamadagu Building Stone 06.08.99/5 years 1.00 8 G.H. Mallikarjuna Bandri Building Stone 19.02.02/5 years 3.00 9 J. Veerabhadrappa Holalu Building Stone 23.09.02/5 years 1.00

10 N.M. Dayananda Sagara Chickanthapura Building Stone 28.03.03/5 years 2.00

11 P. Ajaj Kumar Anthapura Building Stone 30.10.99/5 years 2.50 12 P. Ajaj Kumar Anthapura Building Stone 01.08.99/5 years 3.60 13 V. Mallikarjuna Bandri Building Stone 12.04.02/5 years 1.00 14 V. Mallikarjuna Bandri Building Stone 12.04.02/5 years 1.00 15 K. Krishna Reddy Lokukeri Building Stone 05.11.03/5 years 2.00 16 V. Datta H.K. Halli Building Stone 10.01.03/5 years 1.00 Total 26.6


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XXIX

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- V I I IV I I I Ground water levels in Hospet taluk

Jan-

95

Jan-

96

Jan-

97

Jan-

98

Jan-

99

Jan-

00

Jan-

01

Jan-

02

Jan-

03

Jan-

04

Danapura 2.4 - 2.65 2.65 2.25 1.9 1.92 2.83 5.6 5.14 Hospet 2.75 3.55 1.7 3.05 3 3.15 2.2 2.43 3.1 2.7 Kamalapura 1.95 3 1.5 2.25 1.85 2.4 2.1 2.63 3.3 3.12 Kampli 5.2 5.75 3.25 6.1 5.25 5.4 5.72 4.57 10.1 9.13 Potalakatte 1.85 2.95 1.7 1.95 1.4 1.6 1.15 1.42 1.55 4.02 Ramasagara 2.2 2.95 1.75 3.6 2.85 3.05 3.02 2.75 2.8 2.42 Dharmasagar 7.5 10 7.15 8.85 9.3 10.1 10.05 13.05 17.3 20.32 Metri 3.5 4.4 - - - - - - - - Vaddarahalli 8.45 16.1 7.2 15.9 7.75 11.8 - - - -

Feb-

95

Feb-

96

Feb-

97

Feb-

98

Feb-

99

Feb-

00

Feb-

01

Feb-

02

Feb-

03

Feb-

04

Danapura 2.6 - 3 3.35 2.5 2.5 2.1 3.05 6.8 - Hospet 3.05 3.7 2.95 3.25 3.15 3.45 2.2 2.33 2.85 2.7 Kamalapura 2.25 3.2 1.85 2.3 1.9 2.1 2.15 3.35 3.14 2.83 Kampli 5.7 6 5.4 6.35 5.55 5.6 5.85 10.08 10.85 9.67 Potalakatte 2.35 3.15 2 2.3 1.5 1.65 1.23 1.55 1.65 4.1 Ramasagara 2.45 3.1 2.9 3.8 2.85 2.95 3.12 2.87 3.3 2.5 Dharmasagar 7.8 8.3 8.5 9.25 9.5 11.05 10.25 13.75 18.3 20.62 Metri 3.75 5.6 - - - - - - - - Vaddarahalli 8.8 17.7 8.8 16 8.1 14.1 - - - -

Mar

-95

Mar

-96

Mar

-97

Mar

-98

Mar

-99

Mar

-00

Mar

-01

Mar

-02

Mar

-03

Mar

-04

Danapura 2.6 - 3 3.5 2.85 2.7 2.34 3.35 - - Hospet 3.05 3.7 2.95 3.55 3.3 3.25 2.28 2.45 2.5 2.82 Kamalapura 2.25 3.2 1.85 2.4 2.05 2.5 2.25 3.65 2.76 4.4 Kampli 5.7 6 5.4 6.65 5.8 5.5 6.2 11.37 11.31 9.82 Potalakatte 2.35 3.15 2 2.5 1.5 1.8 1.28 1.82 2.92 4.22 Ramasagara 2.45 3.1 2.9 3.95 3.1 2.65 3.46 2.97 3.59 2.62 Dharmasagar 7.8 8.3 8.5 9.4 9.55 11.3 10.77 14.85 18.16 20.56 Metri 3.75 5.6 - - - - - - - - Vaddarahalli 8.8 - 8.8 16.6 9.85 14.45 - - - -


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XXX

Apr

-95

Apr

-96

Apr

-97

Apr

-98

Apr

-99

Apr

-00

Apr

-01

Apr

-02

Apr

-03

Apr

-04

Danapura 4 - 3.25 3.65 2.8 2.75 2.45 3.9 - 20.72 Hospet 3.2 3.35 3.3 3.65 3.5 3.4 2.35 2.7 2.96 3.04 Kamalapura 2.55 2.45 2.1 2.5 2.3 2.25 2.5 3.85 2.91 4.56 Kampli 5.95 5.75 5.8 6.75 5.55 5.7 6.25 11.6 1.1 10.22 Potalakatte 2.9 3.5 2.25 2.75 1.6 1.85 1.4 1.7 2.98 4.34 Ramasagara 2.85 2.82 2.3 4 2.7 2.65 3.6 3.35 3.71 2.87 Dharmasagar 9.1 10.35 9.05 9.6 9.9 11.95 11.1 17.27 17.74 20.72 Metri 4.05 6 - - - - - - - - Vaddarahalli 11.9 35 9.3 16.85 12 - - - - -

May

-95

May

-96

May

-97

May

-98

May

-99

May

-00

May

-01

May

-02

May

-03

May

-04

Danapura 5.1 - 3.35 6.1 2.35 3.05 2.6 4.02 - - Hospet 2.95 3.45 3.35 - 3.35 3.6 2.4 2.75 3.24 - Kamalapura 2.75 2.35 2.15 2.35 2.05 2.05 2.6 3.89 3.51 - Kampli 6.2 6.5 5.85 6.75 5.85 6.15 6.3 11.7 10.58 - Potalakatte 3.1 3.7 2.4 3.1 1.7 2.25 1.5 1.68 3.07 - Ramasagara 3.1 3.1 2.45 3.1 2.9 2.7 3.7 3.49 3.95 - Dharmasagar 9.15 10.55 9.1 9.9 9.85 14.55 11.4 18.6 18.92 - Metri 6 6 - - - - - - - - Vaddarahalli 13.3 35.6 9.45 16.85 13 - - - - -

Jun-

95

Jun-

96

Jun-

97

Jun-

98

Jun-

99

Jun-

00

Jun-

01

Jun-

02

Jun-

03

Jun-

04

Danapura 5.85 - 4 7.45 2.45 3.2 2.8 4.68 - - Hospet 3.6 3.25 3.45 - 2.95 3.15 2.6 3.02 3.13 2.88 Kamalapura 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.15 2.75 2.3 3 2.4 3.56 4.45 Kampli 5.9 6.35 5.95 5.7 5.15 6.1 6.55 11.2 10.73 10.46 Potalakatte 3.5 3.55 3 3.55 1.8 2.35 1.7 2.77 3.02 4.4 Ramasagara 3 2.7 2.8 3.6 2.85 2.65 4 3.9 3.99 2.94 Dharmasagar 9.25 10.3 9.25 10.85 9.85 15.1 11.6 14.65 19.08 - Metri 5.9 - - - - - - - - - Vaddarahalli 13.6 36 9.65 34.6 11.05 - - - - -


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XXXI

Jul-9

5

Jul-9

6

Jul-9

7

Jul-9

8

Jul-9

9

Jul-0

0

Jul-0

1

Jul-0

2

Jul-0

3

Jul-0

4

Danapura 5.3 - 4.95 7.45 2.7 3.3 5.4 4.72 - - Hospet 2.95 3.1 3.15 - 3.25 2.05 2.55 2.33 3.08 2.55 Kamalapura 2.95 2 2.45 1.85 2.65 1.85 3.6 2.53 3.64 3.99 Kampli 5.8 6.6 6.3 4.95 5.5 5.55 6.1 10.68 11.87 10.22 Potalakatte 3.35 3.8 2.9 3.65 1.5 2.2 2 1.73 3.45 4.05 Ramasagara 3 2.5 3.9 3.1 3.05 3.25 3.65 4.01 5.35 2.44 Dharmasagar 8.75 10.9 8.65 10.95 10.55 14.6 19.65 15.7 19.76 19.15 Metri 5.75 - - - - - - - - - Vaddarahalli 12.65 36.7 9.5 34.9 13.7 - - - - -

Aug

-95

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-96

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-99

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-04

Danapura 5.95 - 4.7 4.1 2.6 2.95 5.8 3.89 - - Hospet 2.85 2.95 3 3.05 3.55 1.8 2.65 2.37 2.32 2.38 Kamalapura 2.9 2 2.3 1.65 1.95 1.45 3.75 2.57 3.57 3.62 Kampli 4.5 6.5 6.2 4.85 5.45 5.1 6.02 10.76 10.81 9.7 Potalakatte 2.8 3.75 2.85 3.5 1.45 1.9 2.05 1.78 3.26 4.18 Ramasagara 2.95 2.45 3.75 3.05 2.95 2.9 3.85 4.03 3.81 2.38 Dharmasagar 8.75 10.8 8.5 10.78 10.9 14.15 19.95 15.81 20.13 19.38 Metri 5.15 - - - - - - - - - Vaddarahalli 10.4 36.6 9.4 34.9 13.8 - - - - -

Sep-

95

Sep-

96

Sep-

97

Sep-

98

Sep-

99

Sep-

00

Sep-

01

Sep-

02

Sep-

03

Sep-

04

Danapura 6.5 1.25 2.75 3.05 2.6 3 3.1 3.92 - - Hospet 2.85 2.4 3.25 2.7 3.3 2.43 1.9 2.43 2.84 2.12 Kamalapura 2.78 1.9 2.45 2.15 1.9 2.05 1.95 2.6 3.52 3.27 Kampli 4.4 6 6.25 3.87 5.4 4.72 4.9 10.88 9.88 9.15 Potalakatte 2.8 3.1 3.3 2.4 1.65 1.52 1.6 1.82 4.47 3.98 Ramasagara 2.84 2.1 4.1 2.85 3 2.87 2.85 4.17 3.36 2.17 Dharmasagar 9.85 10.05 9.1 10.7 11.3 14 18.1 15.98 21 18.69 Metri 5.05 - - - - - - - - - Vaddarahalli 13.5 34 9.9 15.05 40 - - - - -


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XXXII

Oct

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Danapura 6.3 1.25 2.25 1 0.7 2.65 1.05 3.18 4.42 - Hospet 2.7 2.4 3.55 1.5 1.55 2.2 0.9 1.71 2.02 2.07 Kamalapura 2.65 1.45 1.9 1.25 1 1.5 0.87 2.33 2.52 2.89 Kampli 4.3 2.95 5.5 3.1 3.45 4.4 2.3 10.25 7.74 6.62 Potalakatte 2.65 1.4 3 1.65 1.15 1.45 0.65 1.53 3.6 3.73 Ramasagara 2.6 1.6 3.25 1.75 1.25 2.55 0.77 3.29 2.9 1.98 Dharmasagar 9.7 6.85 9.55 8.35 9.25 10.3 12.14 15.02 19.35 18.25 Metri 4.9 - - - - - - - - - Vaddarahalli 13.9 7.5 10.6 6.9 8.25 11.1 - - - -

Nov

-95

Nov

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Nov

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Nov

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Nov

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Nov

-01

Nov

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Nov

-03

Nov

-04

Danapura 5.55 1.5 1.45 1.65 1.2 2.15 2.5 4.1 4.72 4.22 Hospet 2.55 2.25 2.65 2.35 2.25 2.3 2 2.65 2.44 2.58 Kamalapura 2.6 1.5 1.55 1.75 1.95 2.42 2.48 2.85 2.46 3.43 Kampli 5.9 3 5.68 4.15 4.2 3.98 3.8 8.8 8.44 6.42 Potalakatte 2.2 1.45 2.6 2.1 1.45 0.68 1.2 1.3 3.73 3.87 Ramasagara 2.55 1.65 3.35 2.4 2.1 2.7 1.9 2.35 - 2.33 Dharmasagar 9.1 6.8 9.6 8.55 9.65 14.05 13.9 18.2 19.89 20.15 Metri 3.6 - - - - - - - - - Vaddarahalli 14.15 7.8 10.6 6.9 8.8 15.4 - - - -

Dec

-95

Dec

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Dec

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Dec

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Dec

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Dec

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Dec

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Dec

-02

Dec

-03

Dec

-04

Danapura 6 2.5 1.8 2.2 1.6 2.24 2.7 4.75 4.07 5.06 Hospet 2.7 1.8 2.55 2.9 2.4 2.9 1.97 2.7 2.82 2.72 Kamalapura 2.85 1.6 2.13 1.65 2.05 3.1 - 2.9 2.57 3.74 Kampli 6.1 3.1 6.72 4.9 4.45 4.48 4.5 8.9 - 6.68 Potalakatte 2.7 1.5 2.25 1.35 1.5 1.08 1.3 1.35 3.9 3.92 Ramasagara 2.65 1.7 3.81 3 2.25 3.3 2.6 2.4 2.24 2.88 Dharmasagar 9.85 7 8.55 8.85 9.9 16.3 12.93 16.4 20.27 20.43 Metri 3.95 - - - - - - - - - Vaddarahalli 15.9 7 10.6 7.25 9.15 17 - - - -


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XXXIII

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- I XI X Ground water levels in Sandur taluk

Ja

n-95

Jan-

96

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97

Jan-

98

Jan-

99

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00

Jan-

01

Jan-

02

Jan-

03

Jan-

04

Bandri 16.5 18.35 14.55 16.8 14.65 16.75 15.17 14.78 21.9 26.49 Suseelanagar 8.9 9.3 7.05 9 5.75 7.9 7.1 6.95 7.1 9.02 Chornur 8.2 9.25 5.65 8.45 4.5 4.45 7.84 7.18 - - Daroji 9.75 10.2 3.95 11.2 8.2 9.6 10.82 7.35 11.2 10.14 Navalutti 5.3 5.5 5.1 5.6 3.95 4.8 3.56 4.2 4.95 7.17 Sandur 6.95 15.2 18 16.1 17.7 16.28 17.18 18.7 19.64 Taranagar 4.65 7.78 3.95 5.8 2.55 2.35 2.8 3.05 2.9 9.44 Torangal 5.4 5.52 4.1 4.55 3.45 3.6 2 2.5 3.32 3.69 Thumati_Tanda 4.7 6.5 2 4.25 2.35 1.55 1.8 1.65 3.95 7.82 Somalapura 7.75 9.18 5.85 7.4 5.75 6.1 6.5 6.31 8.55 8.52

Feb-

95

Feb-

96

Feb-

97

Feb-

98

Feb-

99

Feb-

00

Feb-

01

Feb-

02

Feb-

03

Feb-

04

Bandri 16.6 19.2 14.73 16.9 14.8 17.7 15.3 15.21 22.5 27.95 Suseelanagar 9.05 9.35 7.17 9.15 5.85 8.9 7.65 7.13 7.3 9.1 Chornur 8.35 - 5.65 8.45 4.75 4.8 8.26 7.68 - - Daroji 9.85 10.28 6.05 10.85 8.5 10.4 11.1 9.3 10.65 10.4 Navalutti 5.45 5.62 5.26 5.65 4.1 5.1 3.9 4.52 5.25 7.2 Sandur 7 15.35 18.45 16.3 18.85 17.15 17.65 17.75 20.15 Taranagar 4.75 7.93 2.68 6.85 2.5 1.73 3.45 3.4 4.55 8.2 Torangal 5.6 5.55 4.6 5.2 3.6 4.1 2.2 2.7 3.5 3.85 Thumati_Tanda 4.8 6.65 2.1 4.3 2.4 1.7 2.3 1.9 4.2 - Somalapura 7.95 9.3 6.05 7.45 6.1 7.1 7.1 6.93 9.1 9.73

Mar

-95

Mar

-96

Mar

-97

Mar

-98

Mar

-99

Mar

-00

Mar

-01

Mar

-02

Mar

-03

Mar

-04

Bandri 16.6 19.2 15.05 16.9 16.3 19.1 17.42 17 23.93 29.22 Suseelanagar 9.05 9.35 7.17 9.3 6.15 9.1 7.88 7.68 7.55 9.33 Chornur 8.35 - 5.65 8.95 6.2 8.2 8.59 9.2 - - Daroji 9.85 10.28 6.05 11.5 8.8 10.25 11.37 9.68 11.35 10.27 Navalutti 5.45 5.62 5.26 5.8 4.3 5.6 4.23 4.9 5.6 7.42 Sandur 7 15.35 19 17.3 19.25 17.9 18.55 17.96 20.71 Taranagar 4.75 7.93 2.68 7.35 1.75 1.65 1.72 3.7 5 9.21 Torangal 5.6 5.55 4.6 5.2 3.85 4 3.49 2.8 3.28 3.99 Thumati_Tanda 4.8 6.65 2.1 5.1 2.7 1.85 2.55 2.35 4.33 8.52 Somalapura 7.95 9.3 6.05 8.1 6.9 7.2 7.75 7.85 9.07 8.78


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XXXIV

Apr

-95

Apr

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Apr

-98

Apr

-99

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-01

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-02

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-03

Apr

-04

Bandri 16.85 19.25 16.2 20.7 17.2 17.55 16.45 24.32 29.9 Suseelanagar 9.55 10 6.95 9.4 6.35 9.3 8.1 7.65 7.87 9.53 Chornur 8.55 - 6.8 12.4 6.75 - 8.7 11.1 - - Daroji 10.15 10.4 9.09 11.5 9.65 9.3 11.6 10.1 11.46 11.1 Navalutti 5.85 5.72 5.35 5.85 4.5 5.65 4.4 5 4.86 7.7 Sandur 7.55 16.8 19.35 18 19.95 18.3 19.65 18.34 20.94 Taranagar 5.15 8.73 2.05 7.6 1.65 1.4 2.2 1.8 5.04 9.4 Torangal 6.2 5.6 5.37 5.3 4.05 4.1 3.7 2.95 3.65 4.6 Thumati_Tanda 5.2 7.15 3.2 5.6 2.95 2.9 2.75 2.3 4.5 - Somalapura 8.35 9.85 7.1 8.6 7 7.7 8.05 7.8 9.31 10.4

May

-95

May

-96

May

-97

May

-98

May

-99

May

-00

May

-01

May

-02

May

-03

May

-04

Bandri 18.2 19.8 16.35 20.7 17.55 17.7 16.03 24.48 - Suseelanagar 9.6 10.15 7.35 9.88 6.65 9.7 8.3 7.57 8.02 - Chornur 9.1 - 7.25 12.4 7.1 - 8.9 11.7 - - Daroji 10.8 10.52 10.25 11.35 10.3 10.2 11.7 10.15 11.22 - Navalutti 5.45 5.8 5.4 5.8 4.65 6.3 4.45 5.04 5.04 - Sandur 8 17.8 20.2 18.65 20.25 18.55 20.05 19.67 - Taranagar 7.38 8.78 1.9 7.95 1.35 1.95 2.6 1.55 5.11 - Torangal 6.75 5.85 5.6 5.4 4.6 4.25 3.95 2.98 3.8 - Thumati_Tanda 6.28 7.55 4.7 6.3 3.35 3.6 2.85 2.23 4.68 - Somalapura 9.9 9.85 7.1 8.9 6.7 8.15 8.1 7.67 10.28 -

Jun-

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Jun-

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Jun-

02

Jun-

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Jun-

04

Bandri 18.05 18.9 16.55 20.7 17 18.8 17.8 15.98 24.67 29.79 Suseelanagar 9.65 9.9 7.55 10.3 6.9 9.6 8.8 7.48 7.96 9.33 Chornur 10 - 7.4 12.4 7 - 8.95 12.19 - - Daroji 11.7 9.3 10.35 11.9 10.35 10.8 11.7 11.76 11.31 10.91 Navalutti 7 5.9 5.35 6.4 4.6 6.25 4.55 5.92 5.08 7.57 Sandur 18.05 20.7 18.75 20.3 19.05 20.53 20.09 20.79 Taranagar 8.45 7.43 1.98 7.9 1.5 1.75 3 2.18 5.23 9.14 Torangal 6.7 5.65 5.8 5.8 4.2 4.15 4.7 3.5 3.91 3.99 Thumati_Tanda 7.4 5.15 5.2 7 3.4 3.7 3.1 2.51 4.76 - Somalapura 10.7 7.5 7.4 9.5 6.4 8.05 8.25 7.98 10.36 10.24


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XXXV

Jul-9

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Bandri 18.15 19.2 15.55 20.7 17.4 17.75 18.05 17.37 26.27 28.37 Suseelanagar 9.4 9.85 7.7 10.4 7.3 8.75 8.5 7.54 8.13 8.87 Chornur 10.15 - 7.6 12.4 6.8 8.2 - 10.69 - - Daroji 12 9.25 11.3 15 10.9 12.45 12.5 12.41 - 10.27 Navalutti 6.32 6.05 5.25 6.65 4.7 6 4.9 5.23 5.19 6.95 Sandur 19.95 18.2 20.7 19.1 19.3 19.28 20.02 19.33 20.17 Taranagar 8.45 7.4 2.35 8.1 1.88 1.85 2.1 1.7 6.98 8.92 Torangal 6.78 5.5 5.7 6.05 4.5 3.7 4.2 3.53 4.08 4.46 Thumati_Tanda 7.4 5.18 5.5 7.2 4.35 3.6 3 3.19 6.15 - Somalapura 10.85 7.65 7.1 8.5 6.6 6.55 8.1 7.76 10.6 8.78

Aug

-95

Aug

-96

Aug

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Aug

-98

Aug

-99

Aug

-00

Aug

-01

Aug

-02

Aug

-03

Aug

-04

Bandri 18.05 19.5 16.65 20.7 17.45 17.05 18.05 17.42 22.99 28.55 Suseelanagar 9.18 9.85 7.45 10.02 7.4 8.5 8.45 7.59 8.03 9.27 Chornur 9.25 - 7.1 12.4 6.7 7.5 - 10.82 - - Daroji 10.65 10.4 10.55 12 9.95 12.15 12.08 12.46 9.95 Navalutti 5.5 5.8 5.05 6.6 4.85 5.5 4.75 5.29 5.04 7.17 Sandur 17.2 18.45 20.3 19.25 17.87 19.05 20.13 19.14 20.32 Taranagar 7.28 7.28 2.9 7.7 2.48 1.5 1.1 1.76 7.84 9.05 Torangal 5.45 5.9 5.9 5.8 4.1 3.3 4 3.56 4.08 4.18 Thumati_Tanda 7.4 5.05 3.95 7.4 4.4 2.55 3.3 3.23 - - Somalapura 9.4 6.8 7.6 6.8 7.4 6 8.03 7.82 10.82 8.95

Sep-

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96

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Sep-

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Sep-

01

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02

Sep-

03

Sep-

04

Bandri 18.1 17.75 17 19.2 18.2 17.3 17.55 17.49 24.98 26.88 Suseelanagar 9 8.55 7.95 9.6 8.1 8.4 8.25 7.62 8.11 8.85 Chornur 9.2 7.5 7.8 8.5 6.6 7.3 - 10.91 - - Daroji 10.2 4 11.2 10.5 9.85 9.69 11.2 12.55 9.19 Navalutti 5.2 4.65 5.55 5.6 5 5.1 4.5 5.34 - 6.72 Sandur 13.21 18.1 19.8 19.85 17.4 18.1 20.28 19.47 18.94 Taranagar 6.94 5.18 3.55 7.85 3.23 2.57 1.1 1.79 8.36 8.66 Torangal 5.2 5.25 5.15 5.4 4.2 2.87 3.95 3.85 4.39 3.64 Thumati_Tanda 4.95 4.1 7 3.25 2.4 2.9 3.3 7.28 - Somalapura 9.26 4.1 7.8 6.16 7.4 5.6 6.9 7.89 10.45 7.27


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XXXVI

Oct

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Oct

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Oct

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Oct

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Oct

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Oct

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Oct

-03

Oct

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Bandri 17.4 14.82 17.1 12.8 15.9 17.2 14.9 15.05 19.58 22.65 Suseelanagar 8.5 6.23 8.1 5.7 7.7 8.05 6.45 5.23 8.28 Chornur 8.8 5.08 8 5.6 4.2 6.7 4.6 8.72 - - Daroji 9.35 1.1 10.9 3.75 7.1 9.45 5.75 11.14 11.23 7.92 Navalutti 4.7 3.85 5.6 4.25 3.9 5 3.2 3.76 - 6.25 Sandur 20.05 13.53 18.35 15.4 17.45 17.1 17.45 19.04 17.85 17.64 Taranagar 7.23 3.68 4.55 4.75 2.3 2.4 1.05 1.32 8.05 8.24 Torangal 4.85 4.05 5.35 4.1 3.6 2.87 2.08 1.51 3.48 3.06 Thumati_Tanda 5.65 3.13 4.25 5.2 0.85 2.18 1.7 2.78 6.93 - Somalapura 8.9 3.7 8.1 2.35 3.6 5.4 2.95 8.04 7.73 7.05

Nov

-95

Nov

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Nov

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Nov

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Nov

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Nov

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Nov

-01

Nov

-02

Nov

-03

Nov

-04

Bandri 18.05 14.1 17 13.2 16.35 13.83 14.6 15.25 20.38 23.55 Suseelanagar 8.73 6.03 8.05 5.45 7.6 6.78 6.45 5.5 8.7 8.63 Chornur 9.2 5.18 7.9 3.75 4 5.73 - 8.8 - - Daroji 9.95 2.1 9.25 4.75 7.3 8.43 9.9 9.8 9.61 8.21 Navalutti 5.2 4.1 5.55 4.2 4.25 3.08 3.3 4.35 6.53 6.54 Sandur 20.3 13.53 17.85 15.1 16.65 15.5 16.65 19.1 18.3 18.19 Taranagar 7.28 3.53 4.05 4.5 2.65 2.18 2.82 1.5 8.17 9.08 Torangal 5.15 4.05 5.1 3.55 3.25 3.47 2.1 1.65 3.6 3.37 Thumati_Tanda 5.7 2.55 4.1 4.9 1.05 1.55 1.85 2.85 6.94 8.77 Somalapura 8.9 4.1 8.2 3.55 4.7 6 5.5 8.1 7.75 7.83

Dec

-95

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Dec

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Dec

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Dec

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Bandri 18.2 14.42 16.2 14.4 16.55 13.95 14.65 15.4 22.86 21.41 Suseelanagar 8.9 6.85 7.9 5.65 7.7 6.85 6.73 5.65 8.88 8.92 Chornur 9.2 5.58 7.95 4.35 4.15 5.95 6.8 9 - - Daroji 10.05 2.29 10 6.8 7.45 8.5 7.15 10.2 10.1 8.43 Navalutti 5.38 4.89 5.4 3.85 4.5 3.26 4 4.5 6.76 6.76 Sandur 20.65 14.15 17.3 15.75 17.4 16.15 16.79 19.2 18.31 Taranagar 7.48 3.89 4.85 3.7 2.1 2.3 2.95 1.75 8.23 9.32 Torangal 5.15 4.25 4.8 3.4 3.45 1.88 2.38 1.7 3.6 3.3 Thumati_Tanda 6.05 2.35 3.55 2.25 1.2 1.67 1.2 2.95 7.28 9.13 Somalapura 9 4.96 6.6 5.05 4.8 6.3 6.05 7.9 8.04 7.94


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XXXVII

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- XX List of industries in Bellary, Hospet & Sandur taluks

Sl. No Name & Address of the Unit Name of the End Product Investment

(In Lakhs) Employment

Status as on Oct 2005

1 M/s.N.K.Steel Bellary Ananthpura Road, Bellary Billets & Sheet production 1700 485 Working 2 M/s.Karnataka Strips Pvt.,Ltd., Bellary Colo Rolled Strips 2053 28 Working 3 M/s.Mullangi Sinrex Ltd, 87/ Andral Road, Bellary Cotton Yarn 465 60 Working 4 M/s.Sirdi Sai Spintex Pvt.Ltd, New Andral Ramanagar Bommananal Road, Bellary Cotton Yarn 4.61 40 Working 5 M/s.Tungabhadra Steel Products,TB. Dam, Hospet Engineering Design & Fabrication 793 946 Working 6 M/s.Bnavalka Pipes JVSL Ancillary Indl.Estate, Toranagallu ERW Galvanised Steel Pipes 900 200 Working 7 M/s.United Galva Pvt.,Ltd., Bellary GP & GC Sheets 1665 30 Working 8 M/s.Padmavathi Ferross Pvt., Ltd., J.V.S.L. Ancillary Indl. Estate Toranagallu High Carbon Ferr Manganese 3300 66 Working 9 M/s.N.M.D.C.Ltd, Donimalai, Sandur Iron ore 320 118 Working

10 M/s.Tungabhadra Minerals, Vishwa Complex Station Road, Hospet Iron Work 320 118 Working 11 M/s.Sandur Manganese and Iron Ores, Deoagiri, Sandur Manganese Iron Ore 510 1322 Working 12 M/s.Bellary Steels & Rolling Mill, ATP Road, Bellary MS flats & Angles 4500 60 Working 13 M/s.Siddeswara Oils & Allied Products Pvt.Ltd, No.211/5, Halkundi, Bellary Tq Oil 4.36 15 Working 14 M/s.KOF Ltd, KIADB Indl Area, Bellary Road, Hospet Oil, Oilcake 1385 156 Working 15 M/s.Pampasara Distilery Ltd, Chitwadgi, Hospet Rectified Spirit & IML 1136 225 Working 16 M/s.Sharada Veg Oil Ltd, Bangalore Road, Bellary Solvent Extraction 450 40 Working 17 M/s.Bellary Steels & Alloy Ltd No. 10 Ananthpura Road, Bellary Sponge Iron 4500 385 Working 18 M/s.Minerals Sales Pvt. Ltd, N.R.Colony, Hospet Sponge Iron 344 423 Working 19 M/s.India Sugar & Refinanace, Chitwadgi, Hospet Sugar 3000 688 Working 20 M/s.Siruguppa Sugar & Chemicals, Deshnoor,Siruguppa Sugar 497 490 Working 21 M/s.Poweroniks Ltd.,Adoni Road,Sriguppa Bio-Mass Based Powder 24 200 Pipeline* 22 M/s.Millenium Spices Ltd, Mincheri Villagr,Bellary Tq Chilli Oil 5 30 Pipeline* 23 M/s.Sree Raghavendra Carbans Coal Bricqettes Coal Bricqetter 9.9 60 Pipeline* 24 M/s.Padmavathi Coke Pvt.Ltd JVSl Site Thoranagatti,JVSI Ancillary,Sandur Tq Coke 2.83 80 Pipeline* 25 M/s.Keshav Castings Pvt.Ltd.Bannihalli Coke Woven Products 2.83 80 Pipeline* 26 M/s.BSAL (ISP) Ananthapur Road, Bellary M.S.Steel 1500 500 Pipeline* 27 M/s.SlS Power Industries Ltd.,Suguru Village, Sirguppa Tq Power Generation 31.41 100 Pipeline* 28 M/s.Janki Corp Ltd, Shidiginamola, Bellary Tq Sponge Iron 18.83 128 Pipeline*


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XXXVIII

Sl. No Name & Address of the Unit Name of the End Product Investment

(In Lakhs) Employment

Status as on Oct 2005

29 M/s.H.K.T.Mining Pvt.,Ltd., Danapura,Hospet Tq Sponge Iron 12.38 100 Pipeline* 30 M/s.Hindustan Calcined Metal Pvt.Ltd,Janekunta,Bellary Tq Sponge Iron 10.4 85 Pipeline* 31 M/s.K.R.Alloy Ltd.,Meenakshi,Bellary Tq Sponge Iron 10 80 Pipeline* 32 M/s.Banaka Sponge Iron Pvt.Ltd.Belagal Village, Bellary Tq Sponge Iron 9.51 85 Pipeline* 33 M/s.Hothur Steels Gonehal Village, Bellary Sponge Iron 9 100 Pipeline* 34 M/s.Papuri Steels Ltd.,J.V.S.L.Ancillary Indl.Estate, Thoranagallu Sponge Iron 8.85 74 Pipeline* 35 M/s.Kargnur Iron & Steel Pvt.Ltd.J.V.S.L.Ancillary Indl.Estate, Thoranagallu Sponge Iron 8.7 81 Pipeline* 36 M/s.Rangineni Steel Pvt.Ltd Halakundi, Bellary Tq Sponge Iron 3.05 65 Pipeline* 37 M/s.Sigma Solid Strips Pvt.Ltd Halakundhi, Bellary Tq Sponge Iron 3.01 65 Pipeline* 38 M/s.Panyam Cement & Minerals Hagari Pura, Sandur Calcium Carbide 1662 342 Closed 39 M/s.Sandur Micro Circuites Ltd, Lakshmi Pura Capacitors Network 835 49 Closed 40 M/s.Sandur Laminates Lakshmi Pura, Sandur Copper Clade Lamination 7231 223 Closed 41 M/s.Sandur Manganese and Iron Ores Vyasanakere, Hospet Ferrous Silicon, Ferrous

Managanese 543 600 Closed

42 M/s.Unimetal Ispat Ltd, Siruguppa Foundry Grade Pig Iron 450 400 Closed 43 M/s.Kampli Sugar Co-operative, Kampli, Hospet Tq Sugar 636 250 Closed

Source: Karnataka Udyoga Mitra GoK * Units Cleared by State Level & District Level Single Window Agency


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XXXIX

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X IX I List of SSI/tiny units

Hospet Taluk Bellary Taluk Sandur Taluk

Sl.No Products Units Employees Units Employees Units Employees 1 Food Bevarages 900 8500 1100 7000 350 800 2 Textiles 500 650 900 6000 150 600 3 Wood 120 700 100 500 24 250 4 Printing & Stationery 80 300 90 400 12 212 5 Leather & Leather Product 150 310 80 510 40 148 6 Rubber & Plastic 20 1500 50 300 - - 7 Glass & Glass Chemicals 12 119 15 400 - - 8 Chemicals 8 98 25 500 2 112 9 Metal Products 19 400 31 390 120 119

10 General Engineering works 445 124 400 110 104 138 11 Electricals & Electronics 30 361 60 12 25 12 Transportations - - - - - - 13 Repairs & Servicing 298 250 90 410 80 300 14 Ferros & Non Ferros 21 890 19 1000 19 112 15 Other services 148 450 300 240 45 48 16 Miscelleneous 390 872 400 112 42 210 17 Job works 300 1850 129 1000 50 700

Total 3441 17374 3789 18872 1050 3774 Source: Dept. of Industries & Commerce, Bellary


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XL

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X I IX I I Particulars of fuel used for domestic purpose

Type of fuel used for cooking

Area Name Total

number of households

Fire

woo

d

Cro

p re

sidu

e

Cow

dung

ca

ke

Coa

l, L

igni

te,

Cha

rcoa

l

Ker

osen

e

LPG

Ele

ctri

city

Bio

gas

Any

oth

er

No

cook

ing

Karnataka 10,232,133 6,639,769 540,957 24,481 3,498 938,747 1,874,198 44,493 124,817 8,003 33,170 Bellary Dist. 368,360 280,378 17,478 542 109 17,905 46,980 1,494 2,214 205 1,055 Hospet 69,319 47,565 2,970 185 36 4,619 12,645 532 471 116 180 Bellary 113,747 75,130 4,862 106 47 10,307 21,158 587 1,020 18 512 Sandur 35,114 27,435 1,098 20 3 911 5,303 102 161 1 80 Total in 3 talukas 218,180 150,130 8,930 311 86 15,837 39,106 1,221 1,652 135 772


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XLI

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X I I IX I I I Temperature recorded in Bellary station from 1995 to 2004

Monthly Mean Maximum Temperature (deg C)

Year/Month Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 1995 30 34.5 38.2 41.5 38.1 37.6 32.7 32.3 32.1 31.5 31.7 30.9 1996 32.5 34.3 39 39.6 40.8 34.4 32.5 31 31.8 30.6 31.1 28.9 1997 30 34.4 38.6 38.8 40 36.2 34.4 33.2 34.9 34.2 31.9 31.4 1998 33.1 35.5 39.7 41.8 40.5 37.2 33.9 32.7 32.5 30.9 31 30 1999 30.7 33.9 38.5 40.8 37.4 35.1 34.6 34.3 34.1 31.9 30.8 30.9 2000 33.2 34.8 38.1 x x x x x x x x x 2001 x x x x x x x 32.8 32.2 30.5 30.7 29.8 2002 31.4 34 38.6 40.5 38.4 33.9 33.9 32.4 34.2 33.1 31.8 32 2003 32.4 36.1 38.3 40.2 40.7 36.9 34.3 33.6 33.3 32.6 32.1 31.5 2004 32.3 35.7 39.7 39.5 36.3 34.5 33.5 32.7 32.2 32.1 31.9 31.9

Monthly Mean Minimum Temperature (deg C) Year/Month Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

1995 15.4 17.7 20.7 24 23.7 24.8 23.9 23.7 23.1 21.8 18.4 14.2 1996 14.2 16.5 21.1 24.1 26.6 23.9 23.8 22.3 17.1 15.6 13.2 11.7 1997 10.8 11.3 15.1 17.1 18.3 17.4 17.2 16.5 16.1 15.1 x 15.4 1998 14.4 19.5 23.6 26.6 26.3 25 23.4 23.4 23.1 23.2 21.9 18.6 1999 15.3 19 21.6 20.5 x x x 23.8 22 22.5 19.6 16.2 2000 16.5 19.2 x x x x x x x x x x 2001 x x x x x x x 24.1 23.1 21.7 19.7 16.5 2002 17.2 18.8 22 26 25.6 24.9 24.4 24 23.9 22.9 18.6 16.3 2003 17.5 21.2 23.7 26.3 27.4 26.5 25.3 24.5 24 22.6 19.5 17 2004 17.5 19.2 22.7 26 25.2 24.5 24.6 24.3 23.7 22.3 17.3 16

Source: Indian Meteorological Dept (x: Data not available)


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XLII

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X I VX I V

List showing status of plastic industries

Sl. No. Name & Address of the Industry

Car

ry B

ags V

irgi

n

Car

ry B

ags R

ecyc

led

Con

tain

ers V

irgi

n

Con

tain

ers R

ecyc

led

Vir

gin/

Rec

ycle

d Pl

astic

Car

ry B

ags

Man

ufac

ture

d fo

r ex

port

pur

pose

onl

y

WPC

APC

Com

plia

nce

with

R

ecyc

led

Plas

tic R

ules

W

.R.T

. Thi

ckne

ss,

Size

, Wei

gh, P

igm

ents

.

Act

ion

take

n by

R

egio

nal O

ffic

e fo

r N

on-C

ompl

ianc

e

Whe

ther

app

lied

for

Reg

istr

atio

n or

Not

1 M/s. Patel Plastics, Shed No. C-17, KSSIDC Indl. Estate, Bangalore Road, Bellary.

Yes NA NA NA NA 31.12.14 NA Complied NO Action Required

Applied for Registration and Farwarded B.O

2 M/s. Vijayalakshmi Plastic Industry, Plot No. 70/B, KIADB 2nd Stage, Mundargi, Bangalore Road, Bellary.

Yes NA NA NA NA CLOSED CLOSED CLOSED

3 M/s. Mahalakshmi Plastic industries, Plot No.9-B, KIADB, Anantapur Road, Bellary.

NA Yes NA Yes NA 31.12.09 31.12.09 Complied NO Action Required


4 M/s. Bharath Plasto Filmes Ltd., Sy. No. 739/A2, Guggarahatti Cross, Bangalore Road, Bellary.


Having Valied Registration. Issued on 17/02/05 upto 16706/2

5 M/s. Umamaheshwari Plastic, 16/7th Ward, Kamela Road, T.G. Mill Compound, Bellary.

NA NA NA Yes NA 31.12.13 31.12.13 Complied NO Action Required

CLOSED

6 Chetana Plastic, Guggarhatti, Bangalore Road, Bellary.



7 Bharat Package Convertors, KIADB, Plot no. 10A, Bangalore Rd, Bellary.

Yes NA NA NA NA 31.12.09 31.12.09 Complied NO Action Required


8 Bharat Color Pack, Sy.no. 739, Guggarhatti, Bangalore Rd, Bellary.

Yes NA NA NA NA 31.12.10 31.12.10 Complied NO Action Required


9 M/s. Bharath Roto Printers., Sy. No. 739/A2, Guggarahatti Cross, Bangalore Road, Bellary.




Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XLIII

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X VX V Particulars of landfill sites identified under MSW rules in Bellary district

Sl. No.

Name of the Local Body

Qty. of Solid Waste (tonnes/month) Disposal Location Area

(Acres) Whether

Govt/Pvt. Land 1 CMC, Bellary 100 Sy. No. 147, Haddinagundu 6.32 Government 2 CMC, Hospet 20 Sy. No. 72B3 10.32 Private 3 TMC, Kampli 4 Sy. No. 1477E, 1478C/1, 1478C/3 10.58 Private 4 T.P. Siriguppa 9.36 Sy. No. 191 7 Government

Sy. No. 736A/1 2.73 Government 5 T.P. Tekkalakote 1 Sy. No. 736A/1 5.71 Private

6 T.P., Sandur 34 Sy. No. 4 7.43 Government Sy. No.64 2.97 7 T.P. Kudligi 3 to 4 Sy. No.247A2 5.68

Private

8 T.P. Kotturu 5 to 6 Sy. No. 341 8.03 Government 9 T.P. Kamalapura 5 to 6 Sy. No.683B 4 Private

10 T.P. Hadagali 5 Sy. No. 30A, 30B, 31C/1, 31C/2 8.1 Private


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XLIV

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X V IX V I Air quality monitoring stations installed in the study area

Time weighted average for 24 hrs SPM RPM SO2 Nox

Industrial 500 µg/m3 150 µg/m3 120 µg/m3 120 µg/m3

Residential 200 µg/m3 100 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 80 µg/m3

Parameters (24-Hrly Avg)

µg/m3 Location Classification of Sampling Spot SPM RPM SO2 NOX

Joga village Residential – Control 134 45 10 10.8 Donimalai Core of Mining in Forest leased area 564 158 12.7 14.9 Sandur Transportation route covering habitation 251 63 13.8 16.1 Venkatagiri Agricultural area near Transportation route 253 63 12.9 15.5 Red indicates above the stipulated standards


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XLV

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X V I IX V I I Extent of tanks in the study area

Total Extent of

Area Bellary Hectares Acres Gram Panchayat Tanks 46.00 113.67 Zilla Panchayat Tanks /Fish Developers Association 176.00 434.90 Minor Irrigation Tanks 1699.00 4198.23 Major Irrigation Tanks Hospet Hectares Acres Gram Panchayat Tanks 642.67 1588.04 Zilla Panchayat Tanks /Fish Developers Association 842.82 2082.61 Minor Irrigation Tanks 1801.00 4450.27 Major Irrigation Tanks Sandur Hectares Acres Gram Panchayat Tanks 3253.69 8039.87 Zilla Panchayat Tanks /Fish Developers Association 455.18 1124.75 Minor Irrigation Tanks 0.00 0.00 Major Irrigation Tanks


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XLVI

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X V I I IX V I I I List of tanks coming under Gram Panchayats, Zilla Panchayat and Fish Farmers

Development Association in the Project area

Sl.No. Taluk Tanks Name Village Name Extent of

Lake (ha) Atchkat in

ha. 1.Nagala Kere Bellary 6.00 3.75 2.Kolagal kere Kolegal 17.00 11.25 3.Vadrakunte kere Bellary 3.00 3.00 4.S.P. Kunte Bellary 5.00 5.00 5.Railway Kunte (Kunte gunde) Bellary 6.00 6.00 6.Sindhigere kere Sindhikere 3.00 3.00

1 *Bellary

7.Kalukumba kere Kalukumba 6.00 6.00 Subtotal GP Tanks 46.00

1 **Bellary Kuduthini Kere Kuduthini 176.00 176.00 Total 222.00 214.00

1. Ayyanahalli kere Ayyanahalli 15.51 5.66 2. Basapura kere Basapura 39.54 9.42 3. Bylurudhegeri kere Bylurudhegeri 23.68 6.07 4. Rudhegere kere Onthegudda 25.09 6.99 5. Golarahalli Basavana Durga kere Golara halli 26.93 26.99 6. Garaga dodda kere Garaga 23.31 30.14 7. Devalapura kere Devalapura 24.61 30.14 8. Chalikunte kere Chilakanahatti 20.17 21.75 9. Halli kere Kamalapura 40.00 40.00 10. Hampli somappana kere Hampli 10.00 10.00 11. Dodda basappa kere Bulla sagara 10.00 10.00 12. Heggalagi kere Higgalige 4.00 4.00 Naduvulu kere Thali basapura 3.00 3.00 Thali basapura Thali basapura 3.00 3.00 Vadakanakatte kere Oddinakatte 25.00 25.00 Gundakere Gundaa 50.16 29.31 Haravahalli (Maragadayyana) kere Haravanahalli 57.59 30.35 Jambayyana kere Thimmalapura 68.79 32.96 Nandi bandakere Nandibanda 62.15 26.51 Puttalakatte kere Puttalakatte 60.14 22.62

2 *Hospet

Moodinayakanakere Gunda 50.00 29.31 Subtotal GP Tanks 642.67

1. Byalakundi kere Byalakundi 58.52 47.10 2. Dananayakana kere Dananayakanahalli 163.00 205.00 3. Kamalapura kere Kamalapura 480.00 516.00 4. Gowrammanapura kere Mudddapura 45.00 45.00 5. Ramasagara kere Ramasagara 70.00 90.00 6. Hosachinapura kere Hosachinapura 16.30 50.00

2 **Hospet

7. Sunkalammana (Thayammana) kere Hosachinapura 10.00 50.00

Subtotal ZP Tanks 842.82 Total 1485.49 1406.32

1. S. Hulikunte kere Hulikunte 30.00 46.00 3 *Sandur 2. Jigginahalli kere Jigginahalli 41.00 40.00


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XLVII

3. Chornuru kere Chornuru 116.00 71.50 4. Vaddina katte kere Vaddinakatte 49.23 46.53 5. Sovenahalli Kere Sovenahalli 106.18 62.63 6. N. Hulikunte kere Hulikunte 71.00 45.00 7. Vaddina katte kere Anthapura 49.23 46.53 8. Chikkakereyaginahalli Kere C.K.Halli 210.00 92.00 9. Avinamadugu (Vitalapura Kere) Avinamadugu 221.64 194.00 10. Ankamanala Kere Ankamanala 210.00 400.00 11. Gegenahalli (Sana Kere) Gegenahalli 41.24 40.69 12. Gangalapura (C.K.Halli Kere) C.K.Halli 210.00 92.00 13. Hullikunta (Dodda Kere) nedagurthiulligunta 769.00 780.00 14. Darogi Kere Darogi 840.00 1600.00 15. Narihalli Jalashaya Narihalli 280.00 300.00

16.Ubhalagunti Kere Ubhalagunti 9.17 177.00 Subtotal GP Tanks 3253.69

1.Obbalapura kere Obbalapura 30.00 40.00 2. Agarahara kere Agarahara 7.80 4.32 3. Nidugurthi (Dodda) kere Nidugurthi 18.11 16.35 4.Nidugurthi(Sanna) kere Nidugurthi 6.50 5.50 5. Ankamannala thimarasi kere Ankammanahalla 8.45 6.25 6.Urummudhina (Ankalamannala) kere Ankammanahalla 5.20 8.63 7.H.K.Halli kere H.K.Halli 10.03 11.20 8. Kapathral kere Kapathral 19.04 13.71 9. Upparahalli kere Upparahalli 18.11 11.40 10.Tharalakattekere Tharalagatte 5.50 10.00 11. Bandresanna lere Bandre 10.40 7.98 12. Vaddinakunte kere Vaddinakunte 5.20 4.59 13. Yarranahalli (Dodda) kere Yarranayanahalli 15.51 5.67 14.Bommagatte kere Bommagattta 25.00 24.00 15. B. Hullikunta B. Hullikunta 15.00 16.00 16. Thimmappanamaradi kere Thimmappanamaradi 26.00 24.00 17.Kalligerre kere Kalligerre 26.47 18.51 18. Bandre (Dodda) kere Bandre 31.12 28.83 19. Hirala kere Hirala 26.01 24.23 20. Yerrayyanahalli (Sanna) kere Yerrayyanahalli 14.49 10.50 21. Sovenahalli kere Sovenahalli 4.00 16.00 22. M. Lakkalahalli kere M. Lakkalahalli 10.00 12.00 23.Jogga kere Jogga 10.00 12.00 24.Gigginahalli (Dodda) kere Gigginahalli 62.24 18.50 25. Bangarappana kere Sandur 5.00 3.00 26. Thumbaragudhe sanna kere Thumbaragudhi 10.00 8.00 27. Kurachara hatti kere Kuracharahatti 10.00 8.00 28. Rajapura kere Rajapura 10.00 8.00

3 **Sandur

29. Dulatapura kere Dulatapura 10.00 8.00 Subtotal ZP Tanks 455.18 Total 3708.87 4419.05

Note: *Tanks/Lakes coming under Grama Panchayats of Bellary, Hospet & Sandur **Tanks and lakes coming under Zilla Panchayat and Fish Farmers Development Association


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XLVIII

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X I XX I X

Details of Minor Irrigation Tanks in the Project Area

Lift Irrigation Scheme Sl.No Taluk

No of Tanks. Atchkat In Hects

1 Bellary 6 1699 2 Hospet 5 1801 3 Sandur 0 0 4 District Total 46 12160

Under MI LIS Scheme Sl.No. Name of the Tank Taluk Atchkat In Hects

1 LIS Emiiganur Bellary 250 2 LIS Basarkodu Bellary 283 3 LIS Thambra Halli Bellary 498 4 LIS Yerragudi Bellary 142 5 LIS D.Nagenahalli Bellary 263 6 LIS Badanahatti Bellary 263 1 LIS Hirejayaganur Hospet 85 2 LIS Nandibanda Hospet 202 3 LIS Vyasankere I Hospet 727 4 LIS Jawuku Hospet 82 5 LIS Vyasankere II Hospet 705

Total 3500 Under Other MI Schemes

1 Nagalapura Kere Hospet 48 1 Lakkalahalli Kere Sandur 100 2 Ragavapura Kere Sandur 185 3 Metriki Tank Sandur 160

Total 493


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute XLIX

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X XX X

Ground Water Resources and Irrigation Potential of Karnataka as on 31-3-1998 ( Zone III , Northern Dry Zone)

Sl.No. Taluks

Annual Natural Rech.

Mha.m

Prov.For Drink & Ind.Use Mha.m

Avail. Rech.

Mha.m

Utilisation Rech.

Mha.m

Net Draft

Mha.m

Balance GW

Avail. Mha.m

Category Stage of Dev %

Wt.Av. Delta in Meters

Uti'ble Irr.Pot

for Dev.Mha

1 Bellary 0.0143 0.0022 0.0121 0.0109 0.0012 0.0109 W 10 0.4 0.0272 2 Hospet 0.0085 0.0012 0.0073 0.0066 0.0028 0.0045 W 38 0.4 0.0165 3 Sandur 0.0053 0.0008 0.0045 0.004 0.0018 0.0027 W 40 0.4 0.01

Total 0.0281 0.0042 0.0239 0.0215 0.0058 0.0181 1.2 0.0537 District Total 0.0593 0.0089 0.0504 0.0453 0.0153 0.0351 W 30 0.4 0.1131

Waterlogged, Saline and alkaline soils in command areas (Area in ha)

Sl.No.

Name of CADA

Total Irrigated

area

Water logged Saline Alkaline Total

% of Irrigated

area 1 TB project 362795 21202 26018 6195 53415 14.7 2 UPK project 173092 3448 5639 19077 28164 16.3

Total 1285620 49017 46576 31336 126929 9.9

Source: B.Puttaswamy 1999. Reclamation of water-logged saline and alkali areas. Paper presented at the state level seminar on water and land resources management in Karnataka, IAT, Bangalore


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute L

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X X IX X I

List of industries generating hazardous waste in Bellary district (Tons/Annum)

INR Code

Sl No. NAME District 1.2 9.2 12.8 13.1 13.2 33.3 5.1 5.2 29.1 5.1 Other

wastes Total

SSHW Total IHW

Total RHW

104870 41 Anuj Industry Bellary 0 0 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 120 0 0

104984 118 Bellary Steel & Alloys Ltd Bellary 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 0

102643 364 India Sugars and Refineries Limited Bellary 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

102490 408 Jindal Thermal Power Company Ltd. Bellary 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 149 0 0 14 149

444 Karnataka Strips Pvt. Ltd. Bellary 0 0 0 0 19.2 0 0 0 0 100 48 19.2 0 148

105797 478 Krishna Mini Chem Industries Bellary 0.06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.06 0 0

105650 511 KSRTC Depot Hospet Bellary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.6 0 0 0 0 8.6 0 105635 534 KSRTC Depot-I Bellary 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.6 0 0 0 0 0 9.6 0

105638 537 KSRTC Depot-II Bellary Bellary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.6 0 0 0.9 0 8.6 0.9

105641 544 KSRTC Divisonal Workshop Bellary 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 60 0

105647 557 KSRTC Workshop Kudiligi Bellary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.6 0 0 0 0 8.6 0

104602 648 MSPL Limited Bellary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.18 0 0 0 0 0 0.18 0

102668 668 N.M.D.C (Donimaliiron ore mines) Bellary 0 0 0 3.2 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 3.2 10 0

106156 785

PVS Industries(Pesticides& Formulations unit) Bellary 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0 0 0.3 0 0 0.3 0.3 0


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LI

102553 905 Siruguppa Sugars & Chemicals Ltd Bellary 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0

106597 924 Spark Battery Industries Bellary 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0

102561 950 Sri Rayalseema Alkalies & Allied Chemicals Ltd Bellary 0 0 0 0 0 0 108 0 0 0 0 0 108 0

1010 The India Sugar & Refineries Ltd Bellary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 0

125977 1036 Tungabhadra Hydro Electric Dam Bellary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

Total 0.06 24 120 3.2 19.2 0.3 209.3 25.8 0.3 250 48.9 166.8 235.4 298.9 Correction : 5.2 which was under SSHW has been shifetd to IHW 25.8 t/a has been shifetd) Source: GTZ, Bangalore


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LII

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X X I IX X I I

Rainfall data of the study area

Source: Dept. of Agriculture, Bellary

Sl. Taluk Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Normal 1.0 3.0 3.3 22.8 51.9 48.4 48.9 62.8 131.4 107.7 32.1 8.8 522.1

2001 0.0 0.0 3.2 32.5 0.9 11.9 0.2 36 241.5 120.5 23.8 0.0 470.5 2002 4.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 77.8 44.4 21.7 45.7 23.1 150.8 5.9 0.0 381.4 2003 0.0 0.0 22.0 22.0 0.0 2.6 17.2 40.4 11.7 138.5 17.4 0.0 249.5

1 Bellary

2004 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.8 40.9 24.1 13.9 96.2 50.3 0.0 0.0 358.9 Normal 0.5 8.0 4.6 40.4 85.6 90.4 124.7 124.7 143.4 138.7 35.9 14.9 811.8 2001 0 0 0.0 70.2 44.6 51.2 57.6 134.0 205.0 139.0 7.0 0.0 708.6 2002 0 52.4 0.0 0.0 137.0 73.7 138.7 82.1 117.2 126.7 3.4 0.0 732.9 2003 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 59.7 24.3 111.4 65.6 157.6 7.8 0.0 446

2 Sandur

2004 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.8 129.9 135.8 69.2 168.0 68.2 2.6 0.0 628.3 Normal 1.6 2.2 2.8 24.9 55.4 62.7 77.3 83.5 149.6 102.7 33.3 8.1 604.1 2001 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 6.2 35.7 47.5 113.7 286.4 240.3 4.3 0.0 736.4 2002 4.3 3.2 0.0 0.0 25.2 111.1 96.7 38.3 28.0 90.6 1.2 0.0 395.6 2003 0.0 0.0 4.0 15.4 0.0 13.6 94.1 297.3 35.9 205.9 0.0 0.0 667.2

3 Hospet

2004 0.0 0.0 32.0 12.5 41.4 132.0 121 20.5 99.9 63.4 0.0 0.0 522.7


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LIII

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X X I I IX X I I I

Statement of motor vehicles registerd in the study region between 1999-2005

Sl.No Years

Multi Axiled

Vehicles & Articulated

Vehicles > 10 Tyres

Lorries, >16,200 above

Tonnes Capacity

Medium &

Heavy Lorries within 16,200 (Tonnes

Capacity)

Jeeps Tractors Maxicabs Buses Scooter/Mopedcycles Total

1 1.04.98 to 31.03.1999 1 51 47 271 7 31 1642 4054 2 1.04.99 to 31.03.2000 - 50 659 541 - 24 1933 5040 3 1.04.00 to 31.03.2001 46 100 36 526 7 57 2315 5339 4 1.04.01 to 31.03.2002 74 96 63 346 1 57 2661 5555 5 1.04.02 to 31.03.2003 27 74 95 495 1 45 4178 6959 6 1.04.03 to 31.03.2004 128 174 110 244(144) Trailors 19 100 3566 6329 7 1.04.04 to 31.03.2005 260 322 206 297 (179) Trailors 32 18 5146 8498

Total 536 1216 4155 (3934) Trailors

334 961 KSRTC,99

Pvt

26315 (Including other Mopeds), 43,467

90838


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LIV

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X X I VX X I V Statement showing taluka wise area & production of horticulture crops in Bellary district as on 31.03.01

Bellary Hospet Sandur Total District Area

Sl. No. Name of the Crops

Area Prod Yield/ ha Value Area Prod Yield/

ha Value Area Prod Yield/ ha Value Area Prod Yield/

ha Value Value

/ ton

I Fruit Crops

1 Mango 900 13500 15 675.00 220 4400 20 132.00 188 1296 7 64.80 2280 26466 13 1418.52 0.05

2 Banana a). Cavandi 245 6125 25 153.12 339 8925 11 289.62 0.03

b). Others 1511 30220 20 604.40 58 2200 38 100.00 1636 34084 23 734.17 0.02

Banana Total 0 0 0 0.00 1756 36345 45 757.52 58 2200 38 100.00 1975 43009 23 1023.79 0.02

3 Guava 5 100 20 1.00 14 210 15 6.30 59 1125 14 19.05 0.02

4 Sapota 600 6000 10 60.00 32 320 10 12.80 155 750 5 37.00 1036 9738 10 228.61 0.02

Citres varieties 0 0 0 0.00

a. Lime 65 1300 20 13.00 23 506 22 25.30 2 30 15 1.50 111 2072 16 49.16 0.02

b. Mosambi 15 150 10 15.00 4 37 505 8 38.59 0.08

c. Other citres 48 12 0.96 4 48 2 0.96 0.02

Citres Total 80 1450 28.00 27 554 26.26 2 30 1.50 152 2625 0 88.71 0.03

5 Pomogramate 800 9600 12 32.00 27 324 12 29.16 2 1351 15700 9 302.04 0.02

6 Jack 6 240 40 12.16 12 364 13 13.58 0.04

7 Papaya 250 20000 80 200.00 32 2560 80 51.20 12 96 8 1.92 323 24231 58 276.62 0.01

8 Ber 14 350 25 10.56 5 125 25 11.25 29 850 18 28.65 0.03

9 Grapes Anab-e-sh 2 60 30 0.60 2 60 4 0.60 0.01

Grapes Other 7 100 14.2 12.00 7 100 2 12.00 0.12

10 Fig 102 816 8 80.10 4 48 12 9.60 1 5 5 0.50 142 1249 7 135.40 0.11

11 Others 5 50 1 2.50 0.05

Total Fruits 2751 51816 1086.60 2123 45126 1048.09 427 4537 218.82 7373 125567 3550.07

II Vegetable Crops


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LV

2 Tomato- Kharif 100 1200 12 24.00 25 500 20 10.00 34 300 9 6.00 562 10683 18 259.16 0.02

- Rabi 74 888 12 17.76 20 360 18 9.00 16 280 18 8.40 217 4431 21 116.02 0.03

- Summer 30 450 15 18.00 34 850 25 21.25 167 3165 13 135.95 0.04

Total Tomato 174 2088 24 41.76 75 1310 53 37.00 84 1430 52 35.65 946 18279 43 511.13 0.03

3 Brinjal 78 1170 15 11.70 23 407 20 20.25 75 1850 24 37.00 43415 9125 24 228.07 0.02

4 Beens 15 150 10 3.00 2198 150 1 3 0.02

5 Onion- Kharif 44 528 12 10.56 39 585 15 23.40 17 255 15 7.65 706 44044 17 1631.92 0.04

Rabi 48 576 12 11.52 121 2420 20 72.6 84 1200 14 42.0 797 13252 15 402.43 0.03

Summer 795 12000 15 420.00 3701 12041 5 420.82 0.03

Total Onion 92 1104 24 22.08 160 3005 35 96.00 896.00 13455 44 469.65 1889 69337 37 2455.17 0.04

6 Green Chillies 30 210 7 8.5 470 7050 15 246.37 32482 10 947.97 0.03

7 Khol varieties

a Cabbage 5 90 18 2.70 11 225 10 6.75 0.03

b Cauliflower 2 20 10 1.60 3 54 18 0.54 7 114 7 4.14 0.04

Total Khol 2 20 10 1.60 0 0 0 0.00 8 144 36 3.24 18 339 17 10.89 0.03

8 Ladies finger 20 180 9 5.40 16 96 5 5.22 66 300 5 6.00 229 1680 7 46.72 0.03

9 Radish 10 50 5 0.50 60 315 3 3.55 0.01

10 Beet root 2 20 10 1.00 4 40 3 1.40 0.04

11 Carrot 6 58 4 1.24 0.02

12 Capsicum 2 16 8 0.80 2 16 1 0.80 0.05

13 Cluster Beans 11 88 8 1.76 28 216 3 4.48 0.02

14 Drumstick (Lakh stick) 44 44 1 11.00 73 95 1 29.00 0.31

15 Water melon 250 12500 50 375.00 14 21 1.5 10.50 324 14958 29 447.90 0.03

16 Musk melon 130 2600 20 26.00 13 96 25 8.55 132 2650 6 28.00 0.01

17 Gourd Varities 0 0 0 0.00

a Ash Ground 10 200 6 6.50 0.03

b Snake Ground 17 111 3 4.08 0.04

c Bitter Ground 10 50 5 1.00 27 145 2 4.20 0.03


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LVI

d Ridge Ground 30 150 5 3.00 2 8 4 0.20 72 403 3 10.50 0.03

e Pumpkin 2 60 30 1.80 20 1020 11 11.00 0.01

f Cucumber 25 500 20 10.00 32 236 10 7.06 231 3886 12 98.88 0.03

g Little finger 0 0 0 0.00

h Gherkin 0 0 0 0.00

I Others 0 0 0 0.00

Total Gourds 67 760 60 15.8 34 244 14 7.26 0 0 0 0 377 5765 38 135.16 0.02

22 Leafy Varieties 0 0 0 0.00

a Menthi 10 100 10 4.00 13 130 3 4.30 0.03

b Palak 12 120 10 4.80 94 250 2 2 311 2020 4 39.80 0.02

c Dhantu 5 100 20 2.00 15 300 6 4.00 0.01

d Curry Leafes 10 40 4 1.60 62 252 2 6.77 0.03

e Others 10 100 10 2.00 95 926 4 42.57 0.05

Total leaf varieties 47 460 54 14.40 0 0 0 0.00 94 250 2 2.50 496 3628 19 97.57 0.03

23 OTHERS 20 140 7 2.80 341 3410 10 67.20 619 6090 5 145.60 0.02

Total Vegetables 994 21556 543.10 1146 15807 498.35 1223 17429 554.04 9353 165128 5097.52

III Spices

1 Pepper

Tamarind 15 60 4 6.00 32 96 3 5.76 14 91 7 11.00 180 876 4 73.96 0.00

Ginger 3 30 10 6.00 7 70 4 12.00 0.00

Turmeric 4 16 4 3.20 1 2 2 0.20 1 2 5 0.30 23 94 4 15.10 0.00

Garlic 2 10 5 1.50 4 26 2 3.13 0.00

Dry chillies 7170 7170 1 2151.00 45 90 2 306.00 14666 15060 1 2827.00 0.00

Coriander 75 37 0.5 7.40 342 102 0.3 15.39 6 6 1 0.60 525 216 1 34.15

Vanilla

Others

Total Spices 7267 7313 2173.60 377 210 22.85 66 189 317.90 15405 16342 2965.34

IV Garden Crops

Coconut (lakh nuts) 115 12 0.1 34.50 249 24.9 0.1 49.80 305 30 0.2 6.24 2768 324.15 0 843.68 2.6


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LVII

Arecanut 3 4.5 1 4.50 2 35 49.5 0 40.50 0.8

Betelvine (lakh leave) 2 40 20 10.00 13 230 0.17 11.50 153 3576 14 342.60 0.1

Coco

Oil palm 30 150 5 4.12 55 63 3 1.80 485 2548 7 71.35 0.00

Cashew 5 5 1 1.25 5 5 1 1.25 0.2

Others

Total Plantation 145 150 38.62 314 137.4 67.35 320 0 17.74 3446 2667.4 1299.38

V Flower

Aster 2 20 10 0.80 2 20 1 0.80 0.0

Crossandera 5 20 4 0.40 3 18 6 5.40 20 99 4 11.71 0.1

Mari gold 5 40 8 0.80 5 40 8 0.80 341 3364 8 160.08 0.0

Jasmine 80 400 5 60.00 42 210 5 52.50 2 16 8 3.20 454 3032 6 426.20 0.1

Crysantaamum 1 8 8 0.40 5 28 2 1.40 0

Tube Rose single 1 6 6 0.6 1 6 1 0.60 0.1

Tube Rose double 0 0 0.00

Rose 5 5 1 2.50 6 1.5 0.75 1 1 1 1.00 32 47.5 1 9.50 0.2

Others 2 10 5 0.10 2 10 1 0.10 0

Total Flowers 99 490 64.50 58 282 59.70 3 16 4.20 857 6559 610.29

Grand Total 11256 81325 3906.42 4018 61562 1696.34 2039 22171 1112.7

0 36434 316263 13522.60


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LVIII

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X X VX X V Statement showing taluka wise area & production of horticulture crops in Bellary district as on 31.03.02

Bellary Hospet Sandur Total District Area

Sl. No. Name of the Crops

Area Prod Yield/ ha Value Area Prod Yield/


ha Value Value/ ton

I Fruit Crops

1 Mango 900 3585 5 717.00 221 3315 15 663.0 190 855 5 42.75 1669 13129 12 0.16

2 Banana a). Cavandi 5 200 40 6.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 5 200 6 0.03

b). Others 0 0 0 0.00 1703 34060 20 681.20 77 2310 30 69.30 2038 43180 22 969.2 0.02

Banana Total 5 200 0 6.00 1703 34060 0 681.20 77 2310 0 69.30 2043 43380 968.2

3 Guava 6 70 14 1.40 12 180 15 3.60 0 0 0 0.00 62 1200 16 26.25 0.02

4 Sapota 600 4900 10 490.00 18 180 10 3.60 58 580 10 17.40 762 6652 11 560.6 0.08

Citres varieties 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00

a. Lime 50 464 16 9.28 14 280 20 5.60 2 50 25 15.00 100 22 52.03 0.03

b. Mosambi 47 360 8 28.80 0 0 0 0.00 2 70 0 5.60 58 1574 4 44.54 0.08

c. Other citres 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 568 0 0

Citres Total 97 824 0 38.08 14 280 0 5.60 4 120 0 20.60 158 0 96.57

5 Pomogramate 1200 9558 9 286.74 21 252 12 5.04 6 60 10 1.20 1810 15619 11 529.19

6 Jack 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 2 80 0 1.6 0.02

7 Papaya 400 25425 75 254.25 26 1950 75 19.50 20 900 0 9.00 461 29350 54 300.5 0.01

8 Ber 14 216 18 6.48 2 50 25 1.5 0 0 0 0.00 22 471 24 15.18 0.03

9 Grapes Anab-e-sh 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Grapes Other 0 0 0 0.00 4 8 2 0.96 5 10 0 1.20 12 18 3 2.16 0.12

10 Fig 215 1211 7 242.20 4 48 12 5.28 0 0 0 0.00 265 1793 8 305.38 0.17

11 Others 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 10 100 1 2 0.02

Total Fruits 3437 45989 0 2042.15 2025 40323 0 1389.28 360 4835 0 161.45 7276 113934 4972.3

II Vegetable Crops


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LIX

2 Tomato- Kharif 40 630 18 12.60 11 220 20 4.40 30 540 18 10.80 536 11610 21 248.6 0.02

- Rabi 31 567 21 17.01 14 252 18 7.56 16 336 21 10.08 159 4085 21 111.55 0.03

- Summer 20 320 20 12.80 52 780 15 31.20 12 156 13 0.05 151 3146 18 74.1 0.02

Total Tomato 91 1517 0 42.41 77 1252 0 43.16 58 1032 0 27.12 846 18841 440.39

3 Brinjal 74 1650 25 33.00 23 460 20 9.20 29 580 20 11.60 380 9523 25 250.15 0.03

4 Beens 15 195 15 5.85 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 31 355 4 12.15 0.03

5 Onion- Kharif 5 85 17 3.40 57 855 15 34.20 183 2745 15 109.80 2257 57485 17 1821.5 0.03

Rabi 0 0 15 0.00 72 1440 20 43.20 333 4662 14 139.9 1047 18942 18 678.06 0.04

Summer 5 0 15 3.75 31 620 20 18.60 676 10140 15 304.20 742 11360 16 350.55 0.03

Total Onion 10 160 0 7.15 160 2915 0 96.00 1192.0

0 17547 0 553.86 4046 87862 2850.1

6 Green Chillies 464 4100 10 410.00 135 2025 15 101.25 21.00 252 12 7.56 2182 23827 15 1839.8 0.08

7 Khol varieties 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00

a Cabbage 0 0 10 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 5 90 0 2.70 10 215 5 7.7 0.04

b Cauliflower 2 14 7 0.56 0 0 0 0.00 3 54 0 0.54 7 108 1 3.1 0.03

Total Khol 2 14 0 0.56 0 0 0 0.00 8 144 0 3.24 17 323 10.8

8 Ladies finger 25 264 12 7.92 16 80 5 2.40 27 255 8.3 7.65 219 1837 8 64.41 0.04

9 Radish 6 25 5 0.25 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 134 1165 1 21.65 0.02

10 Beet root 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

11 Carrot 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 5 50 1 0.5 0.01

12 Capsicum 3 45 15 6.75 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 9 90 2 8.6 0.10

13 Cluster Beans 18 160 10 3.20 0 0 0 0.00 2 6 3 0.12 67 507 4 11.63 0.02

14 Drumstick (Lakh stick) 52 44 1 1.10 14 21 1.5 5.25 6 5 1 1.50 108 138.5 2 24.5 0.18

15 Water melon 262 6720 30 201.60 15 375 25 11.25 0 0 0 0.00 362 10255 26 285.9 0.03

16 Musk melon 125 1140 10 11.40 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 125 1140 1 11.4 0.01

17 Gourd Varities 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00

a Ash Ground 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 5 125 4 3.75 0.03

b Snake Ground 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 5 75 2 3 0.04

c Bitter Ground 10 45 5 1.35 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 15 80 2 2.4 0.03


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LX

d Ridge Ground 15 70 5 2.10 2 8 4 0.24 2.00 6 3 0.18 46 360 5 11.16 0.03

e Pumpkin 1 10 10 0.50 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 31 660 6 12 0.02

f Cucumber 21 216 12 6.48 32 320 10 9.60 1 12 12 0.36 191 3309 14 81.18 0.02

g Little finger 2 16 8 0.32 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 2 16 1 0.32 0.02

h Gherkin 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 5 50 1 0.5 0.01

I Others 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Total Gourds 49 357 0 10.75 34 328 0 9.84 3 18 0 0.54 300 4675 114.31 0.02

22 Leafy Varieties 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00

a Menthi 8 21 3 0.63 41 123 3 3.69 10 30 3 0.90 122 363 3 10.89 0.03

b Palak 9 32 4 0.96 48 192 4 3.84 60 240 4 4.00 202 804 4 15.89 0.02

c Dhantu 11 45 5 0.90 0 0 0 0.00 5 30 0 0.30 16 75 1 1.2 0.02

d Curry Leafes 12 20 2 0.60 2 4 2 0.12 5 10 2 0.30 105 230 3 7.62 0.03

e Others 4 12 4 0.36 0 0 0 0.00 25 96 4 1.92 49 188 2 6.28 0.03

Total leaf varieties 44 130 0 3.45 91 319 0 7.65 105 406 0 8.22 494 1660 42.39 0.03

23 OTHERS 2 10 5 0.30 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 147 1460 1 192.3 0.13

Total Vgetables 1242 16487 0 745.69 565 7754 0 286.00 1451 20240 0 621.41 9472 163570 6181 0.04

III Spices

1 Pepper

Tamarind 15 20 5 1.60 22 66 3 5.28 18 126 0 10.08 177 822 3 54.78 0.07

Ginger 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 29 148 1 22.06 0.15

Turmeric 0 0 0 0.00 1 2 2 0.32 4 16 4 2.56 20 158 3 22.8 0.14

Garlic 0 0 0 0.00 2 10 5 1.20 0 0 0 0.00 2 10 2 1.2 0.12

Dry chillies 1100

0 18310 2 4028.20 335 670 2 134.00 260 520 2 114.40 15255 23820 2 6103.6 0.26

Coriander 1266 892 1 142.72 342 171 0.5 25.65 3 3 1 0.48 1696 1137.5 1 176.6 0.16

Vanilla

Others 0 0 0 0.00 65 325 3 32.5 0.10

Total Spices 1228

1 19222 0 12.15 702 919 0 166.45 285 665 0 127.52 17244 26421 6413.5 0.24

IV Garden Crops


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXI

Coconut (lakh nuts) 115 4.86 0.06 12.15 249 24.9 0.1 74.7 135 22 44.00 1938 218.14 0 570.72 2.62

Arecanut 0 0 0 0.00 5 5 1 4.00 0 0 0.2 0.00 31 44 0 35.2 0.80

Betelvine (lakh leave) 0 0 0 0.00 2 0.4 0.2 0.03 11 1.87 0 0.04 150 2433.3 4 224.67 0.09

Coco

Oil palm 100 13.26 0.26 0.36 61 128 2.1 2.37 18 15 0.2 0.41 503 438.02 2 10.892 0.2

Cashew 0 0 0 0.00 3 3 1 0.75 0 0 1 0.00 3 3 0 0.75 0.25

Others 1 0 0 0.00 21 0 0 0

Total Plantation 216 13.26 0 12.51 320 136 0 81.85 164 15 0 44.45 2646 485.02 842.23

V Flowers

Aster 1 1 1 0.04 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 2 2 0 0.08 0.04

Crossandera 2 8 4 0.96 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 13 59 2 11.63 0.20

Mari gold 5 32 8 1.60 2 16 8 0.80 0 0 0 0.00 264 2568 7 121.4 0.05

Jasmine 115 300 6 42 21 105 5 15.75 2 16 8 3.20 451 2519 6 352.75 0.14

Crysantaamum 0 0 0 0.00 3 24 8 1.20 0 0 0 0.00 10 116 6 4 0.03

Tube Rose single 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Tube Rose double 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Rose 5 4 1 1.60 2 2 1 0.40 1 1 0 1.00 25 24 1 6.4 0.27

Others 3 9 3 0.36 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 3 9 0 0.36 0.04

Total Flowers 131 350 0 46.56 28 147 0 18.15 3 17 0 4.20 768 5276 496.62

Grand Total 1730

7 82307 82061 0 3640 49279 0 1941.73 2263 15772 0 959.03 37406 309686 0 18906


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXII

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X X V IX X V I Statement showing taluka wise area & production of horticulture crops in Bellary district as on 31.03.03

Bellary Hospet Sandur Total District Area Sl. No.

Name of the Crops Area Prod Yield/


ha Value Area Prod Yield/ ha Value Value/

ton

I Fruit Crops

1 Mango 500 2500 5 225.00 221 4420 20 442.0 1620 1620 10 243.00 1224 13845 14 1600.4 0.12

2 Banana a). Cavandi 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

b). Others 11 330 30 9.90 1800 36000 20 720 90 2700 30 81.00 2192 47015 26 970.6 0.02

Banana Total 11 330 9.90 1800 3600 720.00 90 2700 81.00 2192 47015 966.4

3 Guava 6 84 14 1.40 12 180 15 3.60 0 0 0 0.00 64 1249 16 24.7 0.02

4 Sapota 610 6100 10 550.00 18 180 10 3.60 43 430 10 12.90 786 8050 11 615.74 0.08


a. Lime 50 800 16 9.28 14 280 20 5.60 2 50 25 15.00 103 1980 22 46.38 0.02

b. Mosambi 47 376 8 28.80 0 0 0 0.00 2 70 0 5.60 63 654 6 55.24 0.08

c. Other citres 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Citres Total 97 1176 38.08 14 280 5.60 4 50 20.60 166 2564 101.6

5 Pomogramate 1150 6900 6 182.16 15 180 12 3.60 25 250 10 5.00 1786 13213 10 422.47 0.03

6 Jack 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 7 180 3 1.8 0.01

7 Papaya 350 26250 75 216.75 26 1950 75 19.50 25 1275 0 12.75 425 31225 54 266.5 0.01

8 Ber 14 252 18 6.48 2 50 25 1.5 0 0 0 0.00 27 547 20 13.98 0.03

9 Grapes Anab-e-sh 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Grapes Other 0 0 0 0.00 2 4 2 0.48 10 20 2 2.40 17 54 2 5.88 0.11

10 Fig 232 1624 7 266.00 4 48 12 5.28 0 0 0 0.00 295 2360 9 343.58 0.15

11 Others 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 10 100 1 2 0.02

Total Fruits 2970 45216 1495.77 2114 43292 1205.00 359 6345 377.65 6999 120400 4365

II Vegetable Crops 2 Tomato- Kharif 120 2160 18 37.80 15 300 20 6.00 20 360 18 7.20 667 15152 21 357.58 0.02


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXIII

- Rabi 13 273 21 5.67 10 180 18 5.40 1 21 21 0.63 58 1584 25 59.56 0.04

- Summer 0 0 20 0.00 42 630 15 25.20 47 705 15 0.05 130 1890 19 46.3 0.02

Total Tomato 133 2433 43.47 67 1110 36.60 68 1086 8.06 855 18626 464

3 Brinjal 62 1550 25 28.50 20 400 20 8.00 18 369 20 7.20 494 13473 26 300.56 0.02

4 Beens 0 0 15 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 16 160 4 4.3 0.03

5 Onion- Kharif 16 272 17 4.08 30 450 15 18.00 114 1710 15 68.40 1771 35398 18 1588.4 0.04

vRabi 0 0 15 0.00 45 900 20 27 295 4130 14 123.9 378 5790 18 169.1 0.03

vSummer 0 0 15 0.00 15 300 20 9.00 786 11790 15 353.70 822 12490 18 375.3 0.03

Total Onion 16 272 4.08 90 1650 54 1195.00 17630 546.00 2971 53678 2133

6 Green Chillies 330 1980 6 180 100 1000 10 50 24.00 288 12 8.64 1601 19858 16 1068.1 0.05

7 Khol varieties 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00

a Cabbage 0 0 10 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 1 18 0 0.54 6 143 5 5.54 0.04

b Cauliflower 0 0 7 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 2 36 0 0.36 4 40 1 2.36 0.06

Total Khol 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 3 54 0.90 10 183 7.9

8 Ladies finger 25 300 12 7.92 16 80 5 2.40 16 150 8.3 4.50 225 1917 8 61.03 0.03

9 Radish 6 30 5 0.25 0 0 0 0 2 12 0 0.24 141 1232 1 24.39 0.02

10 Beet root 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 Carrot 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 1 3 0 0.12 8 83 1 1.82 0.02

12 Capsicum 3 45 15 6.75 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 9 90 2 10.35 0.12

13 Cluster Beans 18 180 20 3.2 0 0 0 0 5 23 4.3 0.46 137 1079 4 21.01 0.02

14 Drumstick (Lakh stick) 52 52 1 1.1 14 21 1.5 5.25 9 9 1 2.25 114 154 2 26.6 0.17

15 Water melon 170 5100 30 126 15 375 25 11.25 2 60 0 2.40 283 9165 27 233.35 0.03

16 Musk melon 65 650 10 5.70 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 65 650 1 5.7 0.01

17 Gourd Varities 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

a Ash Ground 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 5 125 4 3.75 0.03

b Snake Ground 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 5 75 2 3 0.04

c Bitter Ground 9 43 5 1.14 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 19 88 2 2.59 0.03

d Ridge Ground 18 90 5 2.40 2 8 4 0.24 13.00 51 4 1.53 65 435 5 13.17 0.03


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXIV

e Pumpkin 2 20 10 1.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 32 570 6 10.5 0.02

f Cucumber 18 216 12 5.40 32 320 10 9.60 6 72 12 2.16 171 3035 15 0.32 0.03

g Little finger 2 16 8 0.32 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 2 16 1 0.5 0.02

h Gherkin 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 2 24 0 0.00 36 712 1 0 0

I Others 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0

Total Gourds 49 385 10.26 34 328 9.84 21 147 3.69 335 5056 116.2 0.02

22 Leafy Varieties 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

a Menthi 8 24 3 0.63 41 123 3 3.69 8 24 3 0.72 88 264 3 7.83 0.03

b Palak 9 36 4 0.96 48 192 4 3.84 43 172 4 1.72 196 784 4 14.2 0.02

c Dhantu 11 55 5 0.90 0 0 0 0.00 5 30 0 0.30 16 85 1 1.2 0.01

d Curry Leafes 12 24 2 0.6 2 4 2 0.12 5 10 2 0.3 49 135 3 4.47 0.03

e Others 4 16 4 0.36 0 0 0 0.00 22 88 4 1.76 49 190 2 6.24 0.03

Total leaf varieties 44 155 3.45 91 319 7.65 83 324 5.96 386 1458 35.1 0.02

23 Others 2 10 5 0.30 20 40 2 0.80 0 0 0 0 37 1080 1 184.3 0.17

Total Vegetables 975 13090 420.98 467 5302 185.79 1447 20137 590.42 7687 127788 4697.5 0.04

III Spices

1 Pepper 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0

Tamarind 20 100 5 2.40 20 60 3 4.8 18 126 0 10.08 188 966 4 88.18 0.09

Ginger 0 0 0 0.00 1 1 1 0.15 2 10 0 0 38 216 2 29.91 0.14

Turmeric 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 2 0.00 4 16 4 2.56 13 92 4 18.32 0.20

Garlic 0 0 0 0.00 2 10 5 1.20 0 0 0 0 10 62 3 10.8 0.17

Dry chillies 5500 2750 0.5 440.00 330 660 2 132.00 126 252 2 55.44 8502 6548 2 1328.6 0.2

Coriander 2211 1658.3 0.75 229.32 230 115 0.5 17.25 2 2 1 0.32 2587 1873.5 1 261.74 0.14

Vanilla 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Others 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Total Spices 7731 4508.3 671.72 583 846 155.4 152 406 68.4 11341 9757.5 1737.6 0.18

IV Garden Crops

Coconut (lakh nuts) 100 6 0.06 10.50 231 23.1 0.1 69.3 152 27.6 0.2 55.20 1778 197.2 0 529.3 2.68


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXV

Arecanut 0 0 0 0.00 5 5 1 4.00 2 0 0 0 35 45.5 1 35.2 0.77

Betelvine (lakh leave) 0 0 0 0.00 2 0.4 0.2 0.03 8 1.87 0.2 0.04 171 3033.3 7 242.67 0.08

Coco 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0

Oil palm 88 36.52 3.32 0.70 27 101 5.29 3.54 6 18 1 0.63 330 551.42 4 18.719 0.034

Cashew 0 0 0 0.00 3 3 1 0.75 0 0 0 0.00 3 3 0 0.75 0.25

Others 1 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 11 0 0 0

Total Plantation 189 35.52 11.20 268 109 77.62 168 18 55.87 2345 599.92 826.64

V Flowers

Aster 1 1 1 0.04 1 0.05 0.05 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 4 8.05 1 0.082 0.01

Crossandera 2 8 4 0.96 1 2 2 0.40 0 0 0 0.00 21 100 3 15.78 0.16

Mari gold 13 104 8 3.20 2 16 8 0.80 0 0 0 0.00 168 1540 7 75 0.05

Jasmine 117 702 6 42 18 90 5 13.5 2 16 8 3.20 448 2892 6 298.5 0.1

Crysantaamum 0 0 0 0.00 3 24 8 1.20 0 0 0 0.00 10 101 6 3.55 0.04

Tube Rose single 0.5 3 6 0.18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 1.5 8 2 0.58 0.07

Tube Rose double 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Rose 5 5 1 1.60 2 2 1 0.40 2 2 0 2.00 22 24 1 7.2 0.30

Others 3 9 3 0.36 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 3 9 0 0.36 0.04

Total Flowers 141.5 827 48.34 27 134.05 16.30 4 18 5.20 677.5 4666.1 401.05

VI Medicinal Plants

Annoatta 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Saafed Musli 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Ajona (Ajwana) 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Ocimmum (Tulsi) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Others 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Total Medicinal Plants 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

VII Aromatic Plants

Patcholi 0.5 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 4.5 0 0 0

Palmarose(grass) 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXVI

Lemon grass 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Total Aromatic Plants

0.5 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 4.5 0

0

Grand Total 12007 63678 0 2783.00 3459 49683 0 1640.27 2130 26924 0 1098 29054 263211 12028


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXVII

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X X V I IX X V I I Statement showing taluka wise area & production of horticulture crops in Bellary district as on 31.03.04

Bellary Hospet Sandur Total District Area Sl. No. Name of the Crops

Area Prod Yield/ ha Value Area Prod

Yield/

ha Value Area Prod Yield/

ha Value Area Prod Yield/ ha

Value Value/ ton

I Fruit Crops

1 Mango 360 2160 6 324.00 221 4420 20 663.00 162 1296 8 220.32 1053 12851 14 1877.2 0.15

2 Banana a). Cavandi 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

b). Others 14 420 30 12.60 2255 45100 20 902.00 64 1600 25 64.00 2516 52210 26 1103.9 0.02

Banana Total 14 420 12.60 2255 45100 902.00 0 1600 64.00 2516 52210 1084

3 Guava 6 84 14 1.68 4 60 15 1.20 0 0 0 0.00 43 899 16 17.98 0.02

4 Sapota 610 6100 10 671.00 14 140 10 2.80 10 80 8 2.40 733 7488 11 715.4 0.10


a. Lime 44 704 16 14.08 8 160 20 3.20 2 50 25 15.00 88 1704 22 47.58 0.03

b. Mosambi 33 264 8 21.12 0 0 0 0.00 2 70 35 5.60 53 577 14 45.56 0.08

c. Other citres 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Citres Total 77 968 35.20 8 106 3.20 4 120 20.60 141 2281 93.14

5 Pomogramate 907 5298 6 158.94 17 204 12 4.08 15 120 8 2.40 1942 15585 9 560.07 0.04

6 Jack 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 7 180 9 1.8 0.01

7 Papaya 38 2850 75 28.50 12 900 75 9.00 15 1625 65 24.38 105 7600 62 84.1125 0.01

8 Ber 14 252 18 7.56 2 50 25 1.50 0 0 0 0.00 21 477 21 12.26 0.03

9 Grapes Anab-e-sh 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Grapes Other 0 0 0 0.00 2 4 2 0.48 8 16 2 2.56 16 56 1 6.64 0.12

10 Fig 256 1792 7 358.40 4 48 12 5.28 0 0 0 0.00 299 2300 8 419.18 0.18

11 Others 6 18 3 0.90 2 14 7 0.28 0 0 0 0.00 18 132 3 3.18 0.02

Total Fruits 2288 19942 1598.78 2541 51100 1593 288 4857 336.66 6894 102059 4874.6

II Vegitable Crops

2 Tomato- Kharif 93 1674 18 64.00 23 460 20 13.80 22 396 18 7.92 400 8659 21 219.64 0.03


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXVIII

- Rabi 11 231 21 32.00 2 36 18 1.08 2 42 21 1.26 105 2529 22 94.47 0.04

- Summer 0 0 20 17.00 5 75 15 3.00 46 690 15 0.05 122 2120 19 35.5 0.02

Total Tomato 104 1905 113.00 30 571 17.88 70 1128 78.18 627 13308 428.7

3 Brinjal 57 1425 25 46.00 24 480 20 9.60 20 400 20 8.00 258 7275 26 182.3 0.03

4 Beens 0 0 15 0.00 2 40 20 0.80 0 0 0 0.00 5 70 6 1.7 0.02

5 Onion- Kharif 16 272 17 4.08 3 45 15 1.80 87 1305 15 52.20 2196 44346 18 1945.9 0.04

vRabi 0 0 15 0.00 2 40 20 1.2 300 4200 14 126.0 339 4950 18 145 0.03

vSummer 10 150 15 7.50 87 1740 20 52.2 859 12885 15 515.40 1070 17005 16 654.8 0.04

Total Onion 26 422 11.58 92 1825 52.2 1246.0

0 18390 693.60 3605 66301 2746

6 Green Chillies 258 1548 6 154.8 112 1120 10 89.6 20.00 240 12 7.20 651 6553 13 433.85 0.07

7 Khol varieties

a Cabbage 0 0 10 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 1 5 5 0.15 3 55 6 2.15 0.04

b Cauliflower 0 0 7 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0.50

Total Khol 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 1 5 0.15 4 57 3.15

8 Ladies finger 25 300 12 9.00 36 180 5 7.2 10 80 8 2.40 188 1620 9 55.8 0.03

9 Radish 6 30 5 0.30 12 84 7 2.52 2 8 4 0.16 73 482 5 9.38 0.02

10 Beet root 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 Carrot 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 1 4 4 0.16 9 99 4 2.46 0.02

12 Capsicum 3 45 15 6.75 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 3 45 4 6.75 0.15

13 Cluster Beans 18 180 10 3.6 38 152 4 9.12 5 20 4 0.40 146 981 5 28.81 0.03

14 Drumstick (Lakh stick) 45 45 1 1.13 7 10.5 1.5 2.63 9 9 1 2.25 111 164.5 1 31 0.19

15 Water melon 129 3870 30 116.1 10 250 25 7.50 4 120 30 4.80 199 6180 29 186.2 0.03

16 Musk melon 38 380 10 3.8 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 43 480 4 6.8 0.01

17 Gourd Varities

a Ash Ground 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 30 625 6 17.75 0.03

b Snake Ground 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 5 75 2 3 0.04

c Bitter Ground 9 45 5 1.35 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 19 90 2 2.8 0.03

d Ridge Ground 18 90 5 2.7 14 56 4 1.68 13.00 52 4 1.56 84 528 8 17.44 0.03


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXIX

e Pumpkin 2 20 10 1 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 7 170 8 2.5 0.01

f Cucumber 15 180 12 5.40 32 320 10 9.60 25 300 12 9.00 216 3650 14 93.48 0.03

g Little finger 2 16 8 0.32 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 2 16 1 0.32 0.02

h Gherkin 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 10 120 12 3.60 20 280 6 4.1 0.01

I Others 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total Gourds 46 351 10.77 46 376 11.28 48 472 14.16 383 5434 141.4 0.03

22 Leafy Varieties

a Menthi 8 24 3 0.72 82 246 3 7.38 8 24 3 0.72 164 492 3 14.76 0.03

b Palak 9 36 4 1.08 83 332 4 6.64 43 172 4 1.72 346 1384 4 26.32 0.02

c Dhantu 11 55 5 1.10 0 0 0 0.00 10 50 5 0.50 86 365 2 6.8 0.02

d Curry Leafes 23 46 2 1.38 13 26 2 0.78 8 16 2 0.48 100 246 3 7.92 0/03

e Others 4 16 4 0.48 0 0 0 0.00 22 88 4 1.76 149 590 3 14.36 0.02


23 OTHERS 2 10 5 0.30 20 40 2 0.80 0 0 0 0 65 264 4 167.48 0.63

Vegitable Crops 812 10643 391.80 607 5722 228.93 1527 21217 817.81 7180 112226 4502.8 0.04

III Spices

1 Pepper 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 1.5 0.2 0 0.4 2.00

Tamarind 20 100 5 8.00 18 54 3 4.32 13 91 7 10.92 164 883 5 90.78 0.10

Ginger 0 0 0 0.00 1 1 1 0.15 0 0 0 0 5 25 3 5.95 0.24

Turmeric 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 2 0.00 0 0 0 0 5 42 4 7.62 0.18

Garlic 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 5 0.00 0 0 0 0 7 44 3 9.6 0.22

Dry chillies 2300 1150 0.5 368.00 360 720 2 144.00 90 135 1.5 29.70 5266 5461 1 1348.9 0.25

Coriander 2535 1901.3 0.75 304.20 133 66.5 0.5 9.98 6 6 1 0 2818 2062.8 1 329.69 0.16

Vanilla 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Others 5 15 3 3.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 525 535 1 55 0.10

Total Spices 4860 3166.3 683.20 841.5 841.5 158.45 109 232 41.58 8792.7 9053.4 1847.5 0.20

IV Garden Crops

Coconut (lakh nuts) 100 6 0.06 15.00 211 21.1 0.1 63.3 90 18 0.2 90.00 1594 175.4 0 534.6 3.05

Arecanut 0 0 0 0.00 5 5 1 4 2 0 0 0 36 47 1 37.15 0.79


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXX

Betelvine (lakh leave) 0 0 0 0.00 2 0.4 0.2 0.03 11 1.87 0.2 0.09 265 3651.4 7 292.3 0.08

Coco 0 0 0 0.00 5 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 5 0 11 0

Oil palm 94 30 3 1.20 18 87 3 3.48 3 15 3 0.60 289 386 3 15.44 0.04

Cashew 0 0 0 0.00 3 3 1 0.75 0 0 0 0.00 3 3 0 0.75 0.25

Others 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 11 2 0 1.5 0.75

Total Plantation 194 30 16.20 244 95 71.56 106 15 90.69 2203 438 881.74

V Flowers

Aster 1 1 1 0.04 1 0.05 0.05 0.00 1 10 10 0.10 5 18.05 3 0.182 0.01

Crossandera 2 8 4 0.96 1 2 2 0.40 0 0 0 0.00 29 140 3 25.78 0.18

Mari gold 13 104 8 5.20 2 16 8 0.80 0 0 0 0.00 106 918 6 45.9 0.05

Jasmine 137 822 6 115.08 18 90 5 13.5 2 16 8 3.20 432 2732 6 344.88 0.13

Crysantaamum 0 0 0 0.00 3 24 8 1.20 0 0 0 0.00 10 109 5 3.95 0.04

Tube Rose single 0 0 6 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 2 0

Tube Rose double 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Rose 5 5 1 2.00 2 2 1 0.40 2 2 1 2.00 17 19 1 6.6 0.35

Others 3 9 3 0.36 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 11 89 2 3.56 0.04

Total Flowers 161 944 123.64 27 134.05 16.30 5 28 5.30 610 4014.1 430.85 0.18

VI Medicinal Plants

Annoatta 0.2 0 0 0.00 1 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 2.8 0.3 0 0.054 1.15

Saafed Musli 0 0 0 0.00 0.5 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0.5 0 0 0 0.5

Ajona (Ajwana) 4 2 0.5 2.30 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 4 2 0 2.3

Ocimmum (Tulsi) 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 12 36 0 18

Others 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Total Medicinal Plants 4.2 2 2.30 1.5 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 19.3 38.3 20.354

VII Aromatic Plants

Patcholi 0.5 0 0 0.00 4 8 2 1.44 1 50 50 3 6.2 58.7 9 4.571 0.08

Palmarose(grass) 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 2 500 250 40.00 2 500 36 40 0.08

Lemon grass 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0.4 0.8 0 0.04 0.05


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXXI

Others 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

Total Aromatic Plants 0.5 0 0.00 4 8 1.44 3 550 43 8.6 559.5 44.611

Grand Total 8,32

0 34,727 0 2815.92 3937 57901 0 2069.4

9 2038 26899 0 1335 25708 228388 12602


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXXII

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X X V I I IX X V I I I Statement showing taluka wise area & production of horticulture crops in Bellary district as on 31.03.05

Bellary Hospet Sandur Total District Area Sl. No. Name of the Crops

Area Prod Yield/ Ha Value Area Prod Yield/


ha Value Value/ ton

I Fruit Crops

1 Mango 310 5580 18 837.00 200 3600 18 540.00 162 1296 8 220.32 1035 16479 16 2397.3 0.15

2 Banana a). Cavandi 0 0 30 0.00 0 0 30 0.00 0 0 30 0 0 0 30 0

b). Others 26 1040 40 31.20 2354 94160 40 1883 72 1800 25 72 2629 103300 35 2148.5 0.02

Banana Total 26 1040 0 31.20 2354 94160 0 1883 72 1800 72 2629 103300 2148

3 Guava 4 56 14 1.12 9 126 14 2.52 0 0 14 0 46 930 17 18.6 0.02

4 Sapota 600 6000 10 660.00 27 270 10 5.40 10 80 8 2.4 807 8270 10 737.4 0.09

Citres varieties 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

a. Lime 28 448 16 8.96 8 128 16 2.56 2 50 25 1.5 71 1343 20 27.11 0.02

b. Mosambi 32 256 8 20.48 0 0 8 0.00 2 50 25 4 74 700 13 59.6 0.09

c. Other citres 0 0 5 0.00 0 0 5 0.00 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0

Citres Total 60 704 0 29.44 8 128 0 2.56 4 100 5.5 145 2043 86.71

5 Pomogramate 703 6327 9 189.81 16 144 9 2.88 10 80 8 1.6 1846 17690 9 633.78 0.04

6 Jack 0 0 25 0.00 0 0 25 0.00 0 0 25 0 7 175 25 1.75 0.01

7 Papaya 20 1500 75 15.00 12 900 75 9.00 25 1625 65 24.38 113 8225 74 90.375 0.01

8 Ber 13 234 18 7.02 2 36 18 1.08 0 0 18 0 20 421 24 14.58 0.03

9 Grapes Anab-e-sh 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Grapes Other 0 0 8 0.00 2 16 8 1.92 5 10 2 1.6 23 122 7 13.12 0.11

10 Fig 300 2700 9 540.00 2 18 9 1.98 0 0 9 0 341 3168 10 596.67 0.19

11 Others 6 18 3 0.90 5 15 3 0.30 0 0 3 0 21 133 4 3.2 0.02

Total Fruits 2042 24159 0 2311.49 2637 99413 2451.00 288 4991 327.8 7033 160956 6742

II Vegetable Crops

2 Tomato- Kharif 93 1674 18 33.48 55 990 18 29.70 97 1746 18 34.92 523 10362 20 268 0.03


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXXIII

- Rabi 11 231 21 6.93 20 420 21 12.60 40 840 21 25.2 112 2403 22 75.09 0.03

- Summer 0 0 20 0.00 3 60 20 2.40 81 1215 15 121.5 156 27.4 20 172.7 0.06

Total Tomato 104 1905 40.41 78 1470 44.70 218 3801 181.62 791 15505 515.8

3 Brinjal 60 1500 25 30.00 22 550 25 25 11.00 25 500 20 213 5550 27 122.2 0.02

4 Beens 0 0 15 0.00 0 0 15 15 0.00 0 0 15 3 30 14 0.9 0.03

5 Onion- Kharif 16 272 17 4.08 75 1275 17 17 51.00 133 1995 15 2726 51031 18 2220.8 0.04

vRabi 0 0 15 0.00 0 0 15 15 0.00 82 1148 14 116 1743 16 49.09 0.03

vSummer 10 150 15 7.50 22 330 15 15 9.90 334 5010 15 507 7895 16 301.55 0.04

Total Onion 26 422 11.58 97 1605 60.90 549 8153 3349 60669 2571

6 Green Chillies 300 3600 12 360 12 144 12 12 11.52 42 504 12 552 6356 12 492.04 0.08

7 Khol varieties

a Cabbage 0 0 10 0.00 0 0 10 10 0.00 1 5 5 11 175 13 11.75 0.07

b Cauliflower 0 0 7 0.00 0 0 7 7 0.00 2 36 7 21 94 6 17.04 0.18

Total Khol 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 3 41 32 269 28.79

8 Ladies finger 18 216 12 6.48 24 288 12 12 11.52 30 240 8 181 1936 11 63.56 0.03

9 Radish 6 30 5 0.3 22 110 5 5 3.30 10 40 4 91 445 5 9.05 0.02

10 Beet root 0 0 8 0.00 0 0 8 8 0.00 0 0 8 0 0 8 0

11 Carrot 0 0 10 0.00 0 0 10 10 0.00 25 100 4 38 230 9 7.7 0.03

12 Capsicum 3 45 15 6.75 0 0 15 15 0.00 0 0 15 3 45 15 6.75 0.15

13 Cluster Beans 18 180 10 360 53 530 10 10 31.80 24 96 4 166 1390 8 45.66 0.03

14 Drumstick (Lakh stick) 39 39 1 0.98 8 8 1 1 2.00 36 36 1 137 168 1 33.225 0.20

15 Water melon 129 3870 30 116.1 10 300 30 30 9.00 10 300 30 193 6050 33 190.1 0.03

16 Musk melon 38 380 10 3.8 0 0 10 10 0.00 0 0 10 45 450 10 5.9 0.01

17 Gourd Varities

a Ash Ground 0 0 5 0.00 0 0 5 5 0.00 0 0 5 30 250 8 7.85 0.03

b Snake Ground 0 0 5 0.00 0 0 5 5 0.00 0 0 5 5 75 6 3 0.04

c Bitter Ground 9 54 6 0 0 6 6 0.00 0 0 6 34 200 6 5.22 0.03

d Ridge Ground 18 90 5 10 50 5 5 1.50 13 52 4 68 345 6 10.43 0.03


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXXIV

e Pumpkin 2 30 15 0 0 15 15 0 0 0 15 7 180 17 3 0.02

f Cucumber 19 228 12 6.84 43 516 12 15.48 30 360 12 10.8 250 4065 15 111.98 0.03

g Little finger 2 60 30 1.2 0 0 30 0 0 0 30 0 2 60 30 1.2 0.02

h Gherkin 0 0 15 0 0 0 15 0 10 120 12 3.6 66 935 14 25.6 0.03

I Others 0 0 10 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 10 0 7 70 10 0

Total Gourds 50 462 13.86 53 566 16.98 53 532 15.96 469 6180 168.3 0.03

22 Leafy Varieties

a Menthi 8 80 10 2.4 85 850 10 25.5 18 54 3 1.62 181 1663 8 49.89 0.03

b Palak 9 81 9 2.43 88 792 9 15.84 24 96 4 0.96 297 2063 8 41.11 0.02

c Dhantu 11 187 17 3.74 0 0 17 0 10 50 5 0.5 64 968 15 18.86 0.02

d Curry Leafes 20 40 2 1.2 13 26 2 0.78 18 36 2 1.08 106 212 2 6 0.03

e Others 4 24 6 0.72 0 0 6 0 30 120 4 2.4 107 542 5 13.48 0.02


23 OTHERS 2 10 5 0.3 50 250 5 5 0 0 5 0 191 2470 7 213 0.09

Total Vegetables 845 13032 604.65 615 7481 249.84 1125 14663 579.33 7209 113023 4603.7 0.04

III Spices

1 Pepper 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 0 0 0

Tamarind 19 47.5 2.5 3.8 24 60 2.5 4.8 50 350 7 42 270 970 4 105.5 0.11

Ginger 0 0 1.6 0 5 8 1.6 1.2 0 0 1.6 0 7 11.2 2 1.68 0.15

Turmeric 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 1 0 7 16 3 3.14 0.2

Garlic 0 0 5 0 2 10 5 1.2 0 0 5 0 18 111 5 14.1 0.13

Dry chillies 7500 15000 2 4800 325 650 2 130 93 186 2 40.92 10844 21688 2 6458.5 0.3

Coriander 3465 2598.8 0.75 415.8 860 645 0.75 96.75 6 6 1 0.96 4467 3331 1 525.81 0.16

Vanilla 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0.3 0

Others 5 15 3 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 525 1575 3 159 0.1

Total Spices 10989 17661 5222.6 1216 1373 233.95 151 544 83.88 16142 27702 7267.8 0.26

IV Garden Crops

Coconut (lakh nuts) 100 6 0.06 15 206 12.36 0.06 37.08 75 4.5 0.1 22.5 1552 115.96 0 329.28 2.84

Arecanut 0 0 0.15 0.00 11 1.65 0.15 1.32 2 0.3 0.2 0.24 42 9 0 6.75 0.75


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXXV

Betelvine (lakh leave) 0 0 0.25 0.00 0 0 0.25 0.00 11 1.87 0.2 0.09 299 60.74 0 5.0455 0.08

Coco 0 0 0 0.00 2 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0

Oil palm 112 33 3 1.32 15 93 3 3.72 3 15 3 0.6 305 456.2 3 18.248 0.04

Cashew 0 0 0 0.00 3 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0

Others 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

Total Plantation 212 33 16.32 237 94.65 42.12 91 15.3 23.43 2204 465.2 359.32

V Flowers

Aster 1 10 10 0.4 1 10 10 0.40 0 0 10 0.00 4 31 9 1.24 0.04

Crossandera 2 2 1 0.24 3 3 1 0.60 0 0 1 0.00 14 26 1 3.51 0.14

Mari gold 13 104 8 5.2 5 40 8 2.00 0 0 8 0.00 153 1360 8 63.6 0.05

Jasmine 121 726 6 101.64 18 108 6 16.2 2 12 6 2.40 390 2468 6 320.24 0.13

Crysantaamum 0 0 8 0.00 5 40 8 2.00 0 0 8 0.00 7 50 7 2.5 0.05

Tube Rose single 0 0 6 0.00 2 12 6 0.36 0 0 6 0.00 2 12 6 0.36 0.03

Tube Rose double 0 0 6 0.00 0 0 6 0.00 0 0 6 0.00 0 0 6 0

Rose 5 5 1 2.00 2 2 1 0.40 2 2 1 2.00 21 21 1 6.6 0.31

Others 3 9 3 0.36 0 0 3 0.00 0 0 3 0.00 11 89 4 3.56 0.04

Total Flowers 145 851 109.84 36 213 21.96 4 12 4.40 602 4036 401.61

VI Medicinal Plants

Annoatta 0.2 0 0 0.00 2 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 3.6 0 0 0

Saafed Musli 0 0 0 0.00 1 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 1 0 0 0

Ajona (Ajwana) 4 2 0.5 2.30 0 0 0.5 0.00 0 0 0.5 0.00 4 2 1 2.3 1.15

Ocimmum (Tulsi) 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 12 36 0 18 0.50

Others 0 0 0 0.00 2 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 62 420 1 75.6 0.18

Total Medicinal Plants 4.2 2 0.00 5 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 82.6 458 95.9

VII Aromatic Plants

Patcholi 0.5 1 2 0.05 4 8 2 1.44 1 2 2 0.12 5.75 11.3 2 1.661 0.15

Palmarose(grass) 0 0 10 0.00 0 0 10 0.00 0 0 10 0.00 0 0 10 0

Lemon grass 0 0 15 0.00 0 0 15 0.00 2 30 15 2.40 2.4 36 15 2.7 0.08


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXXVI

Others 0 0 5 0.00 2 10 5 0.20 0 0 5 0.00 2 10 5 0.2 0.02

Total Aromatic Plants

0.5 1 0.00 6 18 18 1.64 3 32 2.52 10.15 57.3 4.511

Grand Total 14,238 55,739 0 8267.2 4752 1,08,593 0 3000.4 1662 20257 0 1021 33282 306698 19475


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXXVII

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X X I XX X I X

Area & Production of horticultural crops in the study area – 2001-05

Bellary Taluk (2001-2005)

Area in Ha Prodn in M.tonnes 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Sl.No Crops Name

Area Prodn Area Prodn Area Prodn Area Prodn 1 Fruit crops 3437 54517 2970 45216 2288 19942 2042 24159 2 Vegetable crops 1242 18893 975 13090 812 10643 845 13032 3 Spices crops 12281 23341 7731 4508.25 4860 3166.25 10989 17661.3 4 Plantation crops 216 26 189 36.52 194 30 212 33 5 Commercial flowers 131 748 141.5 827 161 944 145 851 6 Medicinal plants 0 0 4.2 2 4.2 2 7 Aromatic plants 0.5 0 0.5 0 0.5 1

Total 17307 97525 12007 63677.8 8319.7 34727.3 14237.7 55739.3

Sandur Taluk (2001-2005) Area in Ha Prodn in M.tonnes

2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Sl.No Crops Name Area Prodn Area Prodn Area Prodn Area Prodn

1 Fruit crops 360 4835 359 6345 288 4857 288 4991 2 Vegetable crops 1451 20240 1447 20137 1527 21217 1125 14663 3 Spices crops 285 665 152 406 109 232 151 544 4 Plantation crops 164 15 168 18 106 15 91 15.3 5 Commercial flowers 3 17 4 18 5 26 4 12 6 Medicinal plants 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Aromatic plants 0 0 3 550 3 32

Total 2263 25772 2130 26924 2038 26897 1662 20257.3

Hospet Taluk (2001-2005) Area in Ha Prodn in M.tonnes


1 Fruit crops 2025 40323 2114 43292 2541 51100 2637 99413 2 Vegetable crops 565 7754 467 5302 607 5722 615 7481 3 Spices crops 702 919 583 846 512 841.5 1216 1373 4 Plantation crops 320 136 268 109 244 95 237 94.65 5 Commercial flowers 28 147 27 134.5 27 132.05 36 213 6 Medicinal plants 0 0 1.5 0 5 0 7 Aromatic plants 0 0 4 8 6 18

Total 3640 49279 3459 49683.1 3936.5 57898.6 4752 108593


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXXVIII

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X X XX X X

Statement showing hobliwise area & production of horticulture crops in Sandur taluk-20001-05

Sandur Hobli (2001-2005)

Area in Ha Prodn in M.tonnes


1 Fruit crops 181 2665 176 3235 143 2168 143 2148 2 Vegetable crops 729 10434 824 11797 847 12174 531 7424 3 Spices crops 5 35 5 35 5 23 12 72 4 Plantation crops 67 15 58 18 59 15 41 15.3 5 Commercial flowers 3 17 4 18 5 26 4 12 6 Medicinal plants 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Aromatic plants 0 0 3 550 3 32

Total 985 13166 1067 15103 1062 14956 734 9703.3

Chornur Hobli (2001-2005)



1 Fruit crops 53 415 61 990 56 752 61 946 2 Vegetable crops 81 799 78 721 121 1322 204 2206 3 Spices crops 93 239 15 89 9 51 29 179 4 Plantation crops 35 0 43 0 19 0 30 0 5 Commercial flowers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Medicinal plants 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Aromatic plants 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 262 1453 197 1800 205 134.51 324 3331

Toranagalu Hobli (2001-2005)



1 Fruit crops 126 1755 122 2120 89 1937 84 1897 2 Vegetable crops 641 9007 545 7619 559 7721 390 5033 3 Spices crops 187 391 132 282 95 158 110 293 4 Plantation crops 62 0 67 0 28 0 20 0 5 Commercial flowers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Medicinal plants 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Aromatic plants 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 1016 11153 866 10021 771 9816 604 7223


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXXIX

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X X X IX X X I

Statement showing the motor vehicles registerd in Hospet RTO -2005

Sl.No Name of the Vehicles

Total Kept Under as on Aug

2005 1 Motor Cycle- 50cc

51-300cc Abmc-300cc

16513 32136

546 2 Motor Cars 3071 3 Invalid Carriage 6 4 Jeeps 488 5 Autoricshaw 996 6 Motor Cabs 305 7 Omni Buses 553 8 Station Wagons - 9 Stage Carriage

K.S.R.T.C, Buses 64 09

10 Private Buses 10 11 Goods Vehicles Public

Carriers Private Carriers 2797

12 Contract Carriage - 13 Tractor 3958 14 Trailers 3176 15 Dumpers 24 16 Buldozors - 17 Tippers 1135 18 Road Rollers - 19 Power Tiller 15 20 Maxi Cabs 400 21 Rockers 2 22 Fire Engines 228 23 Delivery Vans 33 24 Ambulance Vans 4 25 Fire-Fighter 48 26 Tankers 382

others 66947


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXXX

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X X X I IX X X I I

General information of Bellary, Sandur & Hospet taluks

Sl.No. Particulars Bellary (ha)

Sandur (ha)

Hospet (ha) Total

1 Total Geographical Area 169,027 94,359 93,374 813196 2 Forest 2,877 24,119 24970 97017 3 Land not available for cultivation *Land used for other purpose 7,622 7170.00 6380 68340 *Barren & Non Agricutural Land 8483 17700.00 8546 53476 *Total 16105 24870.00 14926 121816

4 Other Uncultivated Land: Cultivable Waste Land 1,273 1659.00 6696 26457 Permanent Pasture 153 45.00 275 5471 Trees & gravers 202 0.00 139 3532 Total 1528 1704.00 7110 35460

5 Fallow Land Current 12088 3951.00 8522 53067 Others 2524 58.00 0 9915 Total 14612 4009.00 8522 62982

6 Land available for Cultivation 13,3,805 39658.00 37846 495921 7 Irrigation Area Other than Tungabhadra Canals 51600 334.00 5,000 58544 Lower Level Canals: Con't 858 0.00 1992 6140 Irrigated 2039 0.00 347 7191 Limited Irrigation 4994 0.00 1375 22041 Total Tungabhadra 59491 334.00 8714 93916 Vijayanagar Canals 0 0.00 6077 7288 Nari Hala: Malvi dam 0 800.00 0 3687 Lift Irrigation 534 0.00 1496 11588 Tanks 0 2410.00 624 13369 Wells & Borewells 1051 624.00 3050 26618

8 Total Rainfed Area 72729 34423.00 17885 339455 9 Post & Pre-monsoon Swan Area

available Pre- Monsoon: Rainfed Area 24230 36400.00 15470 264825 Irrigated Area 50,000 3800.00 16470 119055 Total 74230 40200.00 31940 383890 Post-Monsoon: Rainfed 62,270 2350.00 3550 154890 Irrigated Area 17700 2430.00 3680 30740 Total 79970 4780.00 7230 185630 Summer: Irrigated Area 6640 2500.00 12000 59730


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXXXI

10 Farmers Centre Nos. 5 3.00 4 27 Source: Dept. of Agriculture, Bellary

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X X X I I IX X X I I I

Particulars of summer crops in the study area -2004-05

Taluks crops details (Hectares) Sl.No Crops name District

target Bellary Sandur Hospet

Total 3

taluks

District total

1 Paddy 16800 2695 778 3604 7077 11843 2 Jowar 3700 199 0 1923 2122 2850 3 Maize 2500 15 41 263 319 472 4 Bajra 0 209 0 477 686 1255 Total Millets 23000 3118 819 6267 10204 16420 5 Black dhal 800 30 0 20 50 215 6 Green dhal 900 5 0 35 40 108 7 Winged bean 2400 57 12 458 527 1745 Total Pulses 4100 92 12 513 617 2068 Total foodcrops 27100 3210 831 6780 10821 18488 8 Sunflower 10500 770 94 658 1522 8675 9 Groundnut 18500 240 166 489 895 6159

10 Sesiem 0 0 0 10 10 24 11 Guryalu 0 0 0 3 3 3 Total Oilseeds 29000 1010 260 1160 2430 14861

12 Cotton 550 0 0 521 521 521 13 Sugarcane 2250 0 9 1360 1369 1375 14 Tobacco 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total Commercial crops 2800 0 9 1881 1890 1896

15 Others 15 413 176 604 914 Total seeded 58900 4235 1513 9997 15745 36159 Total Taluk target 9500 1950 10250 21700 58900

Irrigated cultivation area 4235 1513 9997 15745 36159 Dry Cultivation area 0 0 0 0 0 Total Percentage 45 78 98 221 61

Particulars of Talukwise

Crops(Hects) Sl.No Nameof the Crops District Target

Bellary Sandur Hospet

District Total

1 Paddy 41400 11990.00 807 11457 41906 2 Jowar 34000 205.00 6454 4558 51632 3 Ragi 7800 0.00 765 55 5504 4 Maize 54200 5990.00 7528 5301 48122 5 Bajra 26000 365.00 3707 955 22310 6 Pulses 15500 480.00 603 2100 7098 Total Cereals 178900 19030.00 19864 24426 176572 7 Tur gram 9000 875.00 777 610 10117


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXXXII

8 Horse gram 11400 220.00 245 517 5126 9 Black gram 100 23 44

10 Green gram 1600 348 136 4524 11 Winged bean 2100 311 153 1400 Total Pulses 24200 1095.00 1681 2439 21211 Total food grains 203100 20125.00 21545 25865 197783

12 Groundnut 58500 45.00 452 697 49094 13 Sunflower 42500 2225.00 2775 2567 42594 14 Sesiem 2000 30 304 2496 15 Fried gram 1500 230 1121 16 Castor 1100 5 79 488 Total Oil seeds 105600 2270.00 3262 3777 95793 Crops name

17 Cotton 21875 7200.00 4969 2421 25343 18 Sugar cane 2675 0.00 8 835 1146 19 Others 0 2810.00 984 1582 9780

Total Commercial crops 24550 10010.00 5961 4838 36269 Total amount 333250 32405.00 30768 34480 329845 Talukwise target 333250 53900.00 32000 31800 333250 Irrigated crops area 25740.00 4884 20210 115556 Rainfed crops area 6665.00 25884 14270 214289 Total percentage 60.00 96 108 99

Source: Dept. of Agriculture, Bellary


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXXXIII

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X X X I VX X X I V

Fish production in the study area

Sl. No.

Taluk 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-04 2004-2005

1 Bellary 1020 970 715 650 631.8

2 Hospet 3750 2849 2922 2500 1691.82

3 Sandur 1062 940.14 1050 1300 2871.54

4 TungaBhadra 1152 801 379 325 300 Source: Dept. of Fishery, Bellary


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXXXIV

AA N N E X U R EN N E X U R E -- X X X VX X X V

Calculation of dust generation in the mining area Dust emission rate from the mining area, based on the following empirical formula (source:

IMEJ-April 1982) has been assessed for the ore production and waste level based on the

following assumptions: a) Dust emission due to extraction: Dust emission (DE) = Pa x 23.6 Wd x Whr x 1000 Where, DE = Dust emission in kg/hr Pa = Annual excavation in tones Wd = No of days of operation in a year Whr= Effective working hours in a day b) Dust emission due to transportation: Dust emission from the transport vehicles plying for the movement of ore and waste are estimated using the following empirical value 0.2 kg/vehicle/km. DT = Tv x 0.2 x d Where, DT = Dust emission due to the transportation, Tv = No of transport vehicles plying in one hour D = distance (km) covered in one hour.


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXXXV

List of References: The following books,reports, studies in connection with the study on carrying capacity to develop industrial siting guidelines in Bellary-Hospet-Sandur region have been referred.:

1. Regional Environmental Impact Assessment for mining operation in Bellary-

Hospet region Karnataka. National Environmental Engineering Research

Institute, (NEERI) 2004, Nagpur.

2. Working Plan for the Bellary Forest Division (for the period 2003 -2004 to

2012 – 2013, Karnataka Forest Department.

3. State of Environment Report & Action Plan, 2003 – Department of Forest,

Ecology and Environment, Government of Karnataka.

4. Mining and Forest cover change detection in parts of Bellary District using

Multi-temporal satellite data & GIS- Karnataka State Remote Sensing

Application Center.

5. Mineral Resources of Karnataka - B. P. Radhakrishna, Geological Society of

India.

6. Geology of Karnataka – B. P. Radhakrishna & Vaidhyanathan, Geological

Society of India.

7. ‘Bellary District at a Glance 2003-04’, Department of Economics & Statistics,

Government of Karnataka.

8. Census Report 1991-2001.

9. Report on Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Karnataka as on March

2004, Department of Mines & Geology, Government of Karnataka & Central

Ground Water Board, 2005

10. Banking on Biomass – Environment & Development Series, by K.R. Dayte,

Published by Center for Environment Education.

11. Perspective Landuse for Karnataka 2025, Published in 2002

12. Report on Landuse/Landcover (2004) & Change Detection (2000 – 2004) for

Bellary, Sandur & Hospet Taluks of Bellary Distric – IRS 1C/1D Satellite

Image of Sandur Area, Prepared for EMPRI by KSRSAC.

13. Hand Book on Environmental Laws and Guidelines, Karnataka State Pollution

Control Board Officer’s Association (R) 2000.

14. Bellary District Environmental Atlas - KSPCB


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXXXVI

Research Papers and Journals

1. Adhikari, R. N., Chittaranjan, S., M. S., Rama Mohan Rao., and Husenpaa, V.,

2003, Hydrological Data Analysis for Black Soil Small Agricultural

Catchment in Dryland Zone of Karnataka, Indian J. Dryland Agric. Res. &

Dev. 2003 18(1), 95-99.

2. Adhikari, R. N., S. and Rama Mohan Rao, M. S., 2003, Effect and Feasibility of

Soil and Water Conservation Measure in Tungabhadra River Valley

Catchments of Southern Karnataka, Agnc. Sci. Digest. 23 (3): 179 – 182, 2003.

3. Rao, M.S.R.M., Adhikari, R. N., Math, S. K. N., and Patil, S. L., 2002, Evaluation

of Watershed Development programme, under river valley projects located in

Karnataka.

4. Paul.R.Baumann, 2001, The Dry Monsoon of the Deccan Plateau, India

(Geo/SAT2).


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXXXVII

Abbreviations

AWC : Annual Water Consumption BIS : Bureau of Indidan Standards BOD : Biochemical Oxygen Demand BSAL : Bellary Steel Alloys Limited BW : Bore Well CMC : City Municipal Corporation COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand CPCB : Central Pollution Control Board CR : Critically Endangered Cumecs : Cubic meter per second DE : Dust Emission DEA : District Environment Atlas DL : Desirable Limit EC : Electrical Conductivity EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EMP : Environmental Management Plan EMPRI : Environmental Management and Policy Research Institute EN : Endangered ETP : Effluent Treatment Plant EW : Extinct in Wild FRL : Full Reservoir Level FRLHT : Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions GDP : Gross Domestic Product H.W : Hazardous Waste ha : Hectare ha/cap : hectare per capita HAM : HectareMeter HP : Hand Pump I V I : Importance Value Index IISc : Indian Institute of Science JVSL : Jindal Vijayanagar Steel Plant KIADB : Karnataka Industrial Area Development Board KL : Kilo litre KLD : Kilo Litre per Day KM2 : Kilometre Square KSPCB : Karnataka State Pollution Control Board KSSIDC : Karnataka Small Scale Industries Development Corporation LPCD : Litres Per Capita Per Day LPG : Length of Growing Period LR : Low Risk LR-LC : Low risk-Least Concern LR-NT : Lowrisk-Near Threatened M.T : Metric Tonnes Mcum : Meter cubic meter mg/l : Milligram per Litre MLD : Million Litre per Day mm : Millimeter Mm3 : Million Cubic Meter MML : Mysore Mineral Limited MoEF : Ministry of Environment & Forest


Environmental Management And Policy Research Institute LXXXVIII

MPCA : Medicinal Plants Conservation Area MSW : Municipal Solid Waste mtrs : Meters NAAQS : National Ambient Air Quality Standards NEB : North Eastern Block NEERI : National Environmental Engineering Research Institute NH : National Highway NMDC : National Mineral Development Corporation NOx : Nitrous Oxide NT : Near Threatened O.C : Organic Carbon PET : Potential Evapotranspiration PL : Permissible Limit PVC : Poly Vinyl Chloride RF : Range Forest RSPM : Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter SMIORE : Sandur Manganese and Iron Ore SO2 : Sulphur di oxide SoER : State of Environment Report SPM : Suspended Particulate Matter Sq.Km : Square Kilometre SSI : Small Scale Industries SWOT : Strength Waknesses Opportunities and Threats T.B : Tuberculosis t/ha/yr : Ton per hectare per year TB.Board : Tungabhadra Board TB.dam : Tungabhadra dam TERI : Tata Energy Research Institute TGA : Total Geographical Area TM : Taluk Municipality TP : Taluk Panchayat USDA : United States Department of Agriculture USLE : United Soil Loss Equation VU : Vulnerable YTC : Yet To Commence

Carrying Capacity of Mines in Bellary District EMPRI 2007 09 (2)

Documents

study region

bellary district

industrial siting guidelines

hospet sandur region

peenya industrial area

karnataka final report

pollution of environment

ft ring road