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Carpentry art, excursion to England Thesearch forcomparison of Scandinaviancraftsmanship inmedievalEnglishcarpentryart

ARS TIGNARIA DIOCESIS LUNDENSIS

1

Tableof contents

• Background p3-4

• Roadmap p5

• CambridgeCHSconference p6-8

• Cambridge,doorsandKingschapel p9-16

• Ely cathedral p17-26

• Hadstock church,windows anddoor p27-35

• Greensted stave church p36-43

• Brooklandbelltower andchurch p44-57

• Salisburycathedral p58-86

• Winchestercathedral p87-108

• Winchestercollege,medievaldoor p109

• Guildfordcastle p110

• Summary andreferences p111

Photografies takenbyMattiasHallgren andKarl-MagnusMelinwhen

notelseismentioned.

2

PurposeandbackgroundThisPMistheresultofacarpentryartexcursionmadebyKarl-MagnusMelin andMattias

Hallgren inapril 2017.Karl-MagnusworksasacarpenterandcraftresearcheratKnadriks

Kulturbygg,isprojectleaderforthedioceseprojectHistoriccarpentryartinthedioceseof

LundandisadoctoralstudentattheUniversityofGothenburg.

Mattias isacraftresearcheraffiliatedtotheUniversityofGothenburgandacarpener

specialisedinmedievalcarpentryaswellasintechnicalcarpentryaswindmills,waterwheels

etcetera.BothworkwiththereconstructionofthecornertimberedchurchinSödraRåda.

ThemainreasonforthistripwastheattendanceontheConstructionHistorySocietyannual

conferenceinCambridge2017,whereKarl-MagnusMelin presentedapaperaboutthe

reinventionofmedievalcleavingtechniquesusedinthereconstructionofSödraRådacorner

timberedchurchinSweden.1

Mattias Hallgren incooperationwithdr GunnarAlmevik Gothenburguniversitypresenteda

paperabouttheanalysisoftheGrevbäckwoodenbelltower,erectedaround1304.2

Otherreasonswere:

- tovisitthestavechurchinGreensted tosearchfororiginaltoolmarks andcomparethem

withtoolmarks inoakstavechurchesfromtheDioceseofLund,Sweden(former

Denmark),

- toexaminethemedievaldoorandwindowoakframesinHadstock churchandcompare

thesewiththedoorsandframesintheDioceseofLund,

- todocumentthescaffoldinginSalisburycathedral’sspireasareferenceforpossible

scaffoldingtobeusedinSödraRåda,

- tovisitthefreestandingwoodenBellTowerinBrookland andcompareitwiththebell

towersintheDioceseinLundandtheDioceseinSkara.

Andfinally,ourinsatiablecuriosityandeagernesstogainsynergyeffectsinsharing

knowledgeandideaswithcolleagueswithdifferentpointsofview.

---

1Melin2017.http://timmermanskonst.se

2Hallgren&Almevik 2017.http://traditionsbararna.se/uncategorized/vetenskaplig-artikel-

om-medeltida-tornstapeln-i-grevback 3

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AcknowledgementsMattias Hallgren gotascholarshipfromIsak Hirschtocoverthetravel

costsandtheparticipationontheCHSconference.

Karl-MagnusMelin attendedtheconferencerepresentingthe

reconstructionofSödraRådamedievalchurch.Thevisittothe

churcheswasdonewithfundsfromthedioceseproject“HistoricalcarpentryartinthedioceseofLund”.

Wewanttothank:JamesCampbellandhiscolleagueswhoorganised

theinterestingCHSconference,allthehelpfulguidesandother

peoplewhohelpedustogetaccess tothechurchesandthewooden

constructions,dendrochronologistMartinBridgeforthepapersand

reports.

MethodThewoodenconstructionsweresurveyedwithrakinglightfrom

strongbatteryLEDlamps.

Greensted churchandHadstock church,amongothers,wereselected

beforethetripinordertocomparethecarpentryartinEnglandwith

thecarpentryartinthedioceseofLund.Someofthechurcheswere

selectedontheroad.

BuildinghistoryInthisPMwedon´thavethepossibilitytogointothehistoryofeach

object.Insomecaseswemakeanoteaboutwheretogetmore

information.ThisPMistobeconsideredasapreliminaryreportand

someofthesubjectswillbepresentedunderothercircumstancesin

thefuture.SödraRådachurch,built 1310,burntdown2001,nowunder

reconstruction.

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Roadmap fortheexcursion inEngland,April2017.

OnereasonforourtriptoEnglandwasourparticipationand

contributionofpapersaboutcraftresearchintheCHSconference.

Thetopics,wepresented,wereaboutmethodsofcontrolledcleaving

ofroofboardsandtheconstructionofthemedievalcampanileof

Grevbäck,Sweden.

CHSlink:http://www.constructionhistory.co.uk

Theconferencewas held inCambridgeatQueensCollege.

6

Mattias (left)talkingaboutthewoodentowercampanileinGrevbäck and

thecraftmethodsusedinconstructionofhistorictowercampaniles.

Karl-Magnustalkingaboutthereconstructionofalostmedievaltechnique

tocleavetimberwithaxeandmallet.

7

QueenscollegeinCambridge,

wheretheCHSconference

washeldandwewere

accommodated.

8

Below, theentrancedoortoQueensCollege,oneof manymedievaldoorswe examined during this trip.

9

AtTrinitycollegetherewas

anothermedievaldoorwith

veryfinewoodwork.Formore

infoseeYeomans etal2013.

10

Yet another interesting

dooronthebacksideof

Trinitycollege,next tothe

beautiful Trinitypark.

11

Thechapel of KingsCollegeinCambridgewith its famous innerroof.

12

Breath taking interior andamagic light inthelateevening

sun.

Ithasthelargest fanvault intheworld andsome of the

finest medievalstained glass.

13

14

Anoldliftingdevice,a

faucon,hasbeen

saved.According to

CecilHewet the

fauconmightbefrom

1510whenworkwas

carried outonthe

chapel,(Hewett

1985:192).

Ithasacasted bronze

wheel.

15

16

Thelastday attheCHSconferencetherewas atrip arranged to thecathedral

of Ely.Ithasalanternwithaninnervaultmade of 200tonoak covered by200

tonlead ontheoutside.Thechurchwas built in1083-1109.Theoctagon

collapsed 1322andwas rebuilt andcompleted in1340(Hewett 1985)

17

Wetriedtoexaminethecounterrebateddoors,buttheywerehugeandwecouldn´tfindanytoolmarksin

thelowerpart,whichhadbeenrestored.

18

ThenaveinElycathedralhasoriginalceilingandvaultingmadeofwood,fromearly12thcentury.Fantasticandmonumental.

Insidethelantern,fromthe14thcentury,therearepicturesofangelspaintedonhatches.Laterweopenedthehatchesandlookeddown.

19

AtthetopceilingofthelanterninElyGodhimselflooksdownfromacloudin3D.

Theceilingofthenorthandsoutharmsarealsodecoratedwithwoodenpanelswith28angelslookingdownatyou.Magnificent!

20

Toreachthelanternwehadtoclimbtheouterroof.Totheleft,Ladychapellookingeast.

Totheright,thestructureofthelantern.Manypartshadbeenreplacedintheoriginalwoodenconstruction.Therewaslimitedaccesssowehad

toquicklyfindoutwhichpiecesweretheoldestandmostinterestingonesforourquestions

21

WehadlookedatCecilHewetts drawingsofthe

woodenconstructionandknewtherewereassembly

marksdonewithraceknife,(Hewett1985).

22

Thetimber intheEly

lantern ishewnwitha

straightedged

broadaxe.Thesurface

isvery smooth.Afine

work.

Picturebelow,showing

amixof oldandnew

beams together.

23

24

Theoutside leadwork ontheEly lantern isextraordinary.

25

26

Hadstock church,fromthe11thcentury,was the nextstoponourtrip.ThechurchhastheoldestdoorintheUK,datedtotheperiod1044-1067.ThereasonforustovisitHadstock churchwastoinvestigatethechurchdoorandtheoakwindowframes.Onthedoorwehopedtofindtool

marksthatcouldbeinterpreted.

Theoutsideofthedoorusedtobecoveredwithskinandhasalotofnailholes.ThefolkloretellsthatDaneskinswereusedtocoverthedoor,

butDNAanalysisrevealeditwascowhide,(Andrews2003).Thedoorwasrepairedin1830andtheironhingeswereprobablyreplacedwithnew

ones.Someoftheoriginalironworkandthe”daneskin”areinthecollectionsofSaffronWaldenmuseum,(Geddes1999:54).

27

28

Thedoorismadeoffourcleavedoakboardsthatoverlapeachotherwithsplayedrebates.Ontheinsidethereare3/4rounded ledgesfixedby

clinchednailsandroves.Theframearoundthedoorhasthesamecrosssectionastheledges.Thisframeconsistsofseveralpartsthatjoineach

otherwithsplayedscarfs.OnlytwodoorswithclinchednailsandrovesareknowninScandinavia,onefromSkanör churchintheDioceseofLund

- thatusedtobepartofDenmarkuntil1658butnowisapartofcurrentSweden- andonedoorfromHafslo churchinNorway.

LuckilywemetthelocalhistorianPatCroxton-Smith,an87-year-oldladywithabiggerman shepard,whocouldgiveusalltheinformationwe

needed.Whatacoincidence!

Thedoorisweatheredandtherewerenotsomanyvisibletoolmarks.Ontheendgrainatthetop,wheredendrochronologists hadcutwitha

razorblade,wecouldseethattheboardshadbeenradiallycleft.Smalltoolmarksfromabroadaxecouldbeseenontheinsideofthedoorblade.

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Partsof theboardshad been changed overtheyears,but

most of theoriginalconstructionwas intact.

30

Below,thedoorisseen fromabove.Thephotos showshow

theboardsoverlapswithsplayed rebates.

Wenoticed many other interestingdetails.Avaluable

construction fromatime withadifferentlogic.

Wemade avideoaboutourexaminationof thedoorthatwill

beuploaded ontheYoutubewebsite of Craftlaboratory.

31

Left,ascarfjointwithaclinched nail androw.Right,toolmarks,made against thegrainwithastraightedged broadaxe,.

32

Some other interestingdetails inHadstock church.

Daisywheel

Thecurved rabbetplanehasgot

stuckagainst thegrain.

There isalso ascarfjoint.

33

Theoak frames inthedoublesplayedwindows areof thesameageandbuildingphaseasthedendrochronological dated door,(Rodwell

1974:13).6Thereare four intact frames andeach frame ismade of four parts.Similar frameshavebeen recorded inFramlevchurchinDenmark.

Since we had noladder we could notmakeaclose inspection.

34

35

Onourjourney southwestopped atsome interesting churcheswitholdconstructions.

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Greensted churchThemainreasontovisitGreensted stavechurchwastosearchfororiginaltoolmarks.

Theoriginaloaktimbershavebeendendrochronologically datedtoafter1063- before

1100.Thedendrochronological analysiswasdoneon20of53possiblyoriginaltimbers.

Wedidnothaveaccesstothedendro reportwhenwewenttoGreensted butitwas

easytoseewhichstaveswereancientandwhichwereaddedlater.Theweathered

outersurfacesdidnothaveanydistinguishableoriginaltoolmarks.Ourhopewasto

findoriginaltooltraces ontheinside.Butafterinvestigatingbotholdandnewerstaves

andtoolmarks onrepairsontheoriginalstaves,wecametotheconclusionthatthere

arenooriginaltoolmarksleft.Afterourvisitwereadinthedendro analysisreportthat

noneofthesampled19originalstavescamefromthesametree.Onesuggested

explanationwasthatthestaveswereroundoriginallyandwerelatercutdowntothe

presentstate,(Tyers 1996:9).

Thedendro reportisavailableontheinternet:http://services.english-

heritage.org.uk/ResearchReportsPdfs/014-1996.pdf.Thereportishighlyrecommended

asitdiscussestheresultsthoroughlyandalsodiscussesthepreviousunscientificdating

ofthechurchdoneinthe1960s.

37

Some of thestaves had their originalupper beveling left,otherswereshortened andrecut.Allstaves had been cut offatthebottomandthesill

was replacedwithabrickwall.Theroof construction had also been changed.

38

39

Itcould also bedebated if this istheoldest stave churchstillstandingorachurchbuilt 1848withalotof reusedmedievaltimbers.Most

probableallthestaves are rearrangedmorethan once,they aresurely shortened (probably alot),theground- androof- constructions are from

1848.

Webelieve itismorecorrect tosay itisachurchfrom1848withreusedmedievalmaterial.

There wereamixof reused parts,originalandnewones.Interestingly someof theolder repairings had almost thesamepatinaastheassumed

originalparts.

40

Thenorthwest corner

postissupposed to be

original.Though itisnot

asweathered asthe

other originalstaves.

41

Totheleft,theinsideof thestaves that we believeare cut flat.How

thestaves looked originally ishardtotell.

Some strangecuttingmarksfromavery damaged axecan beseen in

deeper dens hereandthere.

42

Thetoolmarksaredonewiththesameaxeandatthesametime ontheoldstaves andtheinserted repair wood.Therefore itissafe toconclude

that thetoolmarksarenotoriginalbutdone later.

43

After Greenstedwe drovedowntoBrooklandchurch inthesouth east.Wewanted toexaminethemedievalbelltower,dendrochronologically

dated to1264-71(Bridge2012),andcompareitwithfree standing campaniles inSwedenandDenmark.

Together withtheScandinavianNationalHeritageBoards,we are planningafuture project concerningmedievalcampaniles inScandinaviaandnorthern Europe.Itwill beacrossoverscientificproject lookingattraditionsincrafts.

44

Thechurchhasmanyoldartefactsthatcaughtourinterest.

Thecarvingsaroundtheporchwerefromearly14th

century.IthassomesimilaritieswithSödraRåda inSweden.

45

SödraRådachurchinSwedenbuilt

around 1310.

46

Brooklandchurch.

Thebelltowerhasatleastthreegenerationsofbuildingperiods.Theoriginaloaktowerhasfourlargecornerposts22”x22” standingoneven

biggersills.Itisworryingtoseetheconcretethathasbeenpouredoutaroundthesills.Thisisaverybadsolution,especiallyovertime.Itwould

bebettertoliftthetowerup,createanewstonegroundingthatisventilated.Thesillsareprobablyrottenandneedtobe repaired.Itisofgreat

importancethatthisuniqueconstructionwillbepreservedandtakencareofinapropermanner.

47

BROOKLAND,St Augustine's Church (TQ989258)Dendro reports (Bridge2010&2012).

(a)Belltower innerstructureFellingdaterange:1264-71(OxCal;unrefined 1266-87)(b)Belltower aisles Fellingdaterange:1394-1414(a) Mainposts1238(h/s),1247(h/s),1251(h/s+14NM);Braces1244(h/s),1247(h/s).SiteMaster1064-1251BRKLND1(t=16.9LONDON;11.3

BLLNGSGT;10.9SWANMED).(b)Posts1366(h/s),1374(1),1379(11),1385(h/s).SiteMaster1312-1385BRKLND3(t=7.4HALDEN;6.4KGDASQ0;,6.1WYMNDBRY).

“ThecampanileatBrookland consistsofadetachedtimbertowerroofedandenclosedfromtheoutsetasathree-stagespire.Thestructureconsistsofabaseframeoffourmassivecantedpostslinkedbythreetiersoftenoned horizontalrailsandstiffenedbyasystemoflatticebracesopennotchlappedtotheposts.Attheheadaringbeamandcrossbeamsaresurmountedbyasmallerupperframehavingthesamesystemofrailsandlapjointedlatticebraces.Bothframesincorporatetenoned timberuprightstowhicharetenoned shortbracketsandbraceswhichsupportoctagonalringbeamswhichinturncarrytheheadsandfeetoftheraftersofthethreeroofstages.Anoriginalaislestructurewasreplacedlaterinthemedievalperiodbyanarcadedopenoctagonalaisleformingthepresentbottomstageoftheroof.Theheadofthespirewasprobablyalwayssupportedbyamast.Extensivemodernreplacementofthestructurehasbeencarriedout.“(MilesandBridge2010,VA 41,list224)

48

Grevbäckcampanile Swedendendrochronologically dated 1304. Kliplev campanile Denmark dendrochronologically dated 14thcentury.

Mattiasiseuphoric finding this fantasticcampanile.Totheright,brandingmarks, protective fire.This isoften seen

inmedievalbuildings inScandinavia.

49

Alltheredmarked postsandbraces areasecondary construction,put into supportthenewheavier

bells.Theoriginalconstruction stands outsidethenewinnertower.

50

Theolder tower seen fromits formeroutside.Redlinesmarkthenewadded tower construction.

51

Originally thebelltower mighthave had some kindof skirt,similar totheone ithastoday orjustaprotection forthesills.There areseveral

mortices left open that reveal that partshave been removed.Thetower isstabilizedbyasystemoflatticebraces,opennotchlappedtothe

postsoutside.(OnbelltowersinDenmark andSwedenthebraces aregenerally ontheinside.)Itisinteresting tosee that theoriginalbelltower

hassharp canted corners ontheposts,compared totheyounger tower.This can becomparedwithwhat we knowfromtheScandinavian

towers.They had adifferentlogicandpreferred irregularities andsharp corners onthehewn timber instead of regular dimensionsandround

corners.Theolder braces havesapwood that hasrotted andfallenoff.Originally theymay havehad canted corners.

52

Thelatticebraceshasbeenconnectedtothepostswithopen notched laps.Tecurved ends onthelaps isacraft phenomena that we find

occasionally alloverEuropeoncampaniles andbelfrys dating from1250-1510.

53

There areassembly marksontheoldtower.One

beam isfullof other markings,we don’t know if

they aregrafitti ornot.

54

Onevery valuablepiece istheonly survivor of theoctagonalringbeams,whichhavecarriedtheheadsandfeetoftheraftersofthethreeroof

stages.Ifthis1/8oftheringbeamhadn’tbeenthere,theoriginalroofconstructionwouldhavebeendifficulttoexplain.

Left,seen fromnorth andright,seen fromsouth.

55

Left,theoctagonal frameseen fromunderneath,supported bythetiebeamshangingout.

Right,Karl-Magnussearching fortoolmarks inthedusty environment.

56

Theupper endof thecornerpost

endswitha4”x4” tenon thatholds

thebeamframehalflappedover

eachother.

57

SalisburyCathedralThemain reasonwas to examine thescaffolding inthespire.

9

In1990,33samplesweretaken,in2003-2004,32moresampleswere

takeninordertodendrochronologically datetheconstruction.

Contrary to established theories thescaffoldingwas around 50years

younger than thespire.Probably itwas erected to repair damagethat

occured in1362.10

Wevisited thespirebut itwas notpossible forus to climb up inthe

scaffoldingbecauseof security reasons.Wecould see that thescaffolding

hadmany reused timbers,something theresults of the

dendrochronological analysis confirm.

9InHewett 1985thereareexellentdrawings of thespire.

10Milesetal2004.

58

Themain body of theSalisburycathedralwas

completed inonly 38years,from1220to1258.

59

60

Toolmarksfromapitsaw onthebackside of thefilling panelinthechancel

arcade.

61

62

63

Avery pedagogic model of thecathedral under

construction.

64

65

There were lotsof graffitiandcraftsmens ”discussion

sketches”onbothwood andstonesurfaces.

Totheright,acurved piece of wood,naturally bentand

selected forthis specific use.

66

Aprofiled timber inthenorthwest corneroverthevault.

67

Some of thepostswere nicely shaped anditwas still

possible to see theguiding lines scribed onthesurface.

Totheright,thenaveseen fromwest.

68

Graffitiandadaisywheel flower andaroof

constructions scribed onthestonewalls.

69

Drawingof rooftrusses.

70

There are lotsof reused timber intheroof overtheSalisburynave.

Some of thewood have been hewed into squareblocksandthen

sawn inhalf withapitsaw.

Some of thebeams haveacuttingpattern that are similar toswedish

medievaltimber,withasmaller axediagonally along thefibers.

71

Southside of thenaveroof

withlotsof reused timber.

72

Medievalironwork inSalisbury

tower approximatelymade in1250

inwhite paint.Complementory

ironwork frommoderntimes in

grey.

73

74

75

Thescaffolding fromthe

14thcentury left standing

insidethetower.Built of a

mixof newandreused

timber.

76

Samescaffolding,upper section.

77

Detail of upper section.

78

Scaffolding insidethestone spire.Some wood ischanged inmoderntime.

79

80

Inthetower,themedievalwindlass isstillin

function.It istested yearly forwinchingdown

injured peopleatemergencies.

Totheright,adrawingof thespireandthe

scaffolding inside.

81

Closeups onsome interestingdetails.

82

Picturesbelow showing trademarks froma

shippingharbour,probably age16th-19th

centuries.

Totheright,Karl-Magnusisenjoying theview

overSalisburyskyline.

83

After thecathedral,we went toSt ThomasBecketchurch,

15thcentury,inSalisburywithawooden panelroof.

84

85

There isavery decorated coverfor

thefontandalso anoldporton

thewest side.

86

Newday,newcathedral!This time Winchester.

87

88

Totheleft,thevault inWinchesternave.

Totheright,thewooden cassette roof fromthe13thcentury.

89

90

Inthechancel most of thefloor tiles are from13thcentury.

91

Thebishops gravesinthechancel.

92

93

Luckilywe gottheopportunity to visittheattic and

thetower,thanks to EleanorLewiston,one of the

cathedral guides.

Thecentraltower was built inthefirstdecade of the

13thcentury.

94

95

There are lotsof graffitiand

scribings inthetower.

96

Thestool that thebells arehanging in,ismade of

reused beams,probably partsfromtheelder tall

belltower that once stood insidethestone tower.

97

There aredeep cuttings fortheswingingbells intheformerbellbeam (nowupsidedown).Markings forassembly,resembling runes,can beseen

hereandthere.Itwould bepossible tofigureouthowthestandingbelltower looked like,bymaking adeeper examinationanddrawings of allthe

parts.Making adigitalorascale model of itcould give abetter understanding.Wevisited similar belltowers inLiege,Belgium,in2016.

98

Now,upsidedown

Inoneopen notch fromtheformerbelltower,there aretoolmarks fromachisel thecarpenter used.There aremany cutting marksfromcutting

offthebarkontheroundsurfaceof thebeam.

99

Forcomparison,Belltower inSt Paul,Liege,

Belgium.Probably from13thcentury.

100

Belltower inSt Denise,Liege,Belgium.1250s.

101

Intheroof of thestairway,in

thetower of Winchester

cathedral,there aremarks

fromthemoldingplanksthat

showthey were cleaved,not

sawn.

102

KronhusetinGothenburg,Sweden,built in1654.

Theroof construction overthenave inWinchestercathedral has

been rebuilt several times andtherefore itisamixof allkindsof

timber,newandreused.

Thewesternpartshould havebeen rebuilt after afire inthe17th

century. Thecarpentry,assembly marksand”vampirepegs”isvery

similar to what we see inSwedenfromthis time.

103

Winchestercathedral

Some interesting assemblymarksonthenaves roof construction.There isalso one beam that ishalf burntoff.

104

Onthesouth side of thenave inWinchestercathedral theinnerplate isreused andhasboth verticalmortices andhorizontal dovetail joints.All

elder pieces fromtheroof construction can tell abouthow itwas made.Agigantic craftsmanspuzzle.

105

Farleft,atimber that firsthashasbeen hewn toasquarebeam,andthen cleaved into two pieces withapitsaw.Middle,abeam thathasbeen

used asaworkbench before itwas put up.Farright,anolder mortice notinuse,wherethescribing lines forthelayoutcan beseen.

106

107

Oneof thebeams hasclear tool marksfromahewing axegoingforward.Thescratches ontheedge of theaxeandthedirection of thecuts

reveal that.

108

TheWinchestercathedral’s roof iscoveredwith3-4mmlead plates.Onone oldroof boardwefound anoldleadnail withapiece of lead still

underneath.These leadnails sometimes havesmall”dots”,underits head,tobetter grab thelead sheet,sothehole forthenail doesn’t growand

causeleakage when temperaturechanges andthesheet expands/shrinks.

109

Southof thecathedral inWinchesterthereareanoldcityport,andtwo

moreatWinchesterCollege.They are stillingood health andare

definitelyworth taking acloser lookat.

There isalot of work behind buildingdoorslikethese,withfine

precisionandadvanced carpentry.

110

Thelaststopof ourroadtripwas inthecontrysideatasmallchurchinNorthStoke.Then we droveup toGuildford

castle andenjoyed thesummerflowers inthepark.

Itwas afew lovely days driving around,but thecloser to Londonwe got,themore intense was thetraffic.Thepeak

was whenwe weretrying to reach Heathrowrental car deport..Neveragain!!

Good byeEnglandfornow.See you again soon.

111

Summary:

Withthis PMwe hopetoinspireothers togoout there andseek informationthat ishidden inthebuildings.

Itwould bevery interesting tocontinuetheinvestigations andmakeadeeper comparison,withdetailed examinations,drawings andscale

models or3Dmodels,of belltowers,free standing andinsidecathedral towers,across theborders innorthern Europe.

Wehavealready awakened this thought inSweden,Denmark andNorway.Perhaps other countries could beinvolved inacrossoverborder

project inthefuture.

Referenser:

Andrews.David.(2003).Hadstock church.In SaffronWaldenHistorical JournalNo6

Bridge,Martin,&Miles,Daniel,(2012).Dendrochronologicallydated doorsinGreatBritain.InRegionalFurnitureXXVI2012.

Bridge,Martin,(2010&2012).Thetree-ringdatingof timbers fromthebelltower,BrooklandKent.OxfordDendrochronology laboratory report

2010/11&2012/05.

Geddes,Jane.(1999).MedievalDecorative ironworkinEngland.

Hallgren,Mattias,&Almevik,Gunnar,(2017).Thecraftmanship inconstruction andtransformationof historiccampaniles.InCampbell,Jameset

aleds.(2017).BuildingHistories.Theproceedings of thefourth conferenceof theConstructionhistory society.

Hewett,Cecil.(1982).Churchcarpentry.

Hewett.Cecil.(1985).Englisch CathedralandmonasticCarpentry.

Melin,Karl-Magnus(2017).Techniques of Cleavingwoodwithanaxeandamallet- Deconstructing presentcraft knowledge,inorderto

reconstructhistoric.InCampbell,Jamesetaleds.(2017).BuildingHistories.Theproceedings of thefourth conferenceof theConstruction

history society.

Miles,D.W.H.,Howard,R.E.,Simpson,W.G.,(2004).THetree-ringdatingof thetower andspireatSalisburyCathedralWiltshire.Centrefor

Archaelogy report44/2004.

Warwick,Rodwell,(1974).UnderHadstock Church.

Yeomans,David,etal.(2013).Repairing aMedievalDoor.InAdvancedMaterialsResearch,Vol.778,pp.739-746,2013