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Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb\bhrl` fhtb Khrl` ?445Nejba Hs`wcrt`
HO\V_HLVENV_CFRLVECN9 Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb es h nburcpht`y lhusbf oy lckprbssecn cg t`b kbfehn nbrvb wet`en t`b lhrpha tunnba. @cwbvbr,t`b sbvbrety cg sykptcks hnf sejns fcbs nct cgtbn lcrrbahtb wbaa wet` t`b bxtbnt cg nbrvb fhkhjb. KBV@CF\ HNF CRVLCKB\9 Zblcnfultbf h systbkhtel rbvebw hnf hekbf tc hnswbr t`b gcaacwenj laenelha qubstecns9 Z`ht hrb t`b bggblts cg fruj trbhtkbnts, ncn-frujtrbhtkbnts, surjelha trbhtkbnts, hnf pcstcpbrhtevb trbhtkbnts gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3 Zb sbhrl`bf9 Kbfaenb, Bkohsb, V`b Lcl`rhnbAeorhry, hnf ct`br ekpcrthnt fhthohsbs up tc Khrl` ?445 (Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebws hrb upfhtbf pbrecfelhaay= pabhsb l`blm cur wbosetb gcrt`b kcst up-tc-fhtb vbrsecn cg t`es rbvebw). Zb enlaufbf hrks habrts grck rbabvhnt crjhneshtecns sul` hs t`b R\ Gccf hnf Fruj Hfkenes-trhtecn (GFH) hnf t`b RM Kbfelenbs hnf @bhat`lhrb prcfults _bjuahtcry Hjbnly (K@_H). _B\RAV\9 Zb gcunf 2< systbkhtel rbvebws,_LVs, cr cosbrvhtecnha stufebs t`ht kbt cur enlausecn lretbreh. Zb pbrgcrkbf h J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg t`b quhaety cg bvefbnlb gcr entbrvbntecns.LCNLAR\ECN\9 En t`es systbkhtel rbvebw wb prbsbnt engcrkhtecn rbahtenj tc t`b bggbltevbnbss hnf shgbty cg t`b gcaacwenj entbrvbntecns9hlupunlturb, lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry (cpbn hnf bnfcslcpel), feurbtels, entbrnha nburcayses, aclha hnf systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs, khsshjbt`brhpy, nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs, ncn-stbrcefha hnte-engahkkhtcry frujs (N\HEFs), pyrefcxenb, t`brhpbutel uatrhscunf, hnf wrestspaents.
XRB\VECN\
Z`ht hrb t`b bggblts cg fruj trbhtkbnts gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <
Z`ht hrb t`b bggblts cg ncn-fruj trbhtkbnts gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Z`ht hrb t`b bggblts cg surjelha trbhtkbnts gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8<
Z`ht hrb t`b bggblts cg pcstcpbrhtevb trbhtkbnts gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
ENVB_WBNVECN\
F_RJ V_BHVKBNV
Aembay tc ob obnbgeleha
Lcr telcstbrcefs (aclha enibltecn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <
Lcrtelcstbrcefs (systbkel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Rnmncwn bggbltevbnbss
Feurbtels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
N\HEFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Tyrefcxenb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
NCN-F_RJ V_BHVKBNV\
Rnmncwn bggbltevbnbss
Hlupunlturb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Khsshjb t brhpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
V`brhpbutel uatrhscunf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Zrest spaents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8?
Rnaembay tc ob obnbgeleha
Nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
\R_JB_U
Vrhfb cgg obtwbbn obnbgets hnf hrks
Bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb vbrsus cpbn lhrphatunnba rbabhsb (sbbk bquhaay bggbltevb en ekprcvenj
sykptcks out oct` hssclehtbf wet hfvbrsb bggblts) . .8 <
\urjbry vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn (unlabhrw`el` es kcst bggbltevb= oct` hssclehtbf wet` hfvbrsbbggblts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
\urjbry vbrsus wrest spaent (surjbry kcrb bggbltevb outhssclehtbf wet` hfvbrsb bggblts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Rnmncwn bggbltevbnbss
\urjbry (vbrsus nc trbhtkbnt cr pahlboc) . . . . . . . 82
Rnaembay tc ob obnbgeleha
Entbrnha nburcayses en lcniunltecn wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnbarbabhsb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:
TC\VCT V_BHVKBNV
Rnaembay tc ob obnbgeleha
Zrest spaents hgtbr lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry . . 80
Vc ob lcvbrbf en guturb upfhtbs
Ahsbr trbhtkbnt
L`ercprhltel/crt`cprhltel khnepuahtecn
Mby pcents
• Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb es h nburcpht`y lhusbf oy lckprbssecn cg t`b kbfehn nbrvb wet`en t`b lhrpha tunnba.
Lahssel sykptcks enlaufb nukonbss, tenjaenj, ournenj, cr phen en ht abhst twc cg t`b t`rbb fejets suppaebf oy t`b
kbfehn nbrvb (e.b., t`b t`uko hnf t`b enfbx hnf keffab genjbrs).
K u s l ua c sm ba b
t ha f e s cr f br s
© OKI Tuoaes`enj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laenelha Bvefbnlb ?484=4<98886
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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\ykptcks lhn rbscavb wet`en 7 kcnt`s en hocut cnb t`erf cg pbcpab ‖ phrteluahray ycunjbr pbcpab ‖ w`brbhspccr prcjncses es cgtbn enfelhtbf oy oeahtbrha sykptcks hnf h pcsetevb T`habn's tbst. @cwbvbr, t`b sbvbrety cgsykptcks hnf sejns fcbs nct cgtbn lcrrbahtb wbaa wet` t`b bxtbnt cg nbrvb fhkhjb.
• Lcrtelcstbrcef trbhtkbnt (bet`br aclha enibltecn cr systbkel) sbbks obnbgeleha en trbhtenj lhrpha tunnba synfrckb,hat`cuj` t`b bvefbnlb sujjbsts t`ht t`brb es jrbhtbr ekprcvbkbnt en cutlckbs wet` aclha enibltecns lckphrbf wet`systbkel hfkenestrhtecn.
_esms hssclehtbf wet` aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecns entc t`b lhrpha tunnba enlaufb tbnfcn rupturb hnf enibltecnentc t`b kbfehn nbrvb.
\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs lckkcnay lhusb nhusbh, hnxebty, hlnb, kbnstruha errbjuahretebs, ensckneh, bhfhl`bs,hnf kccf swenjs.V`by lhn hasc lhusb pbptel ualbr, lcrtelcstbrcef psyl`cses, cstbcpcrcses, hnf hfrbnha ensugge-lebnly.
• Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br feurbtels, ncn-stbrcefha hnte-engahkkhtcry frujs (N\HEFs), cr pyrefcxenb hrb bggbltevb entrbhtenj lhrpha tunnba synfrckb, oblhusb t`b _LVs efbntegebf `hvb obbn tcc skhaa tc frhw rbaehoab lcnlausecns.
• Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br t`brhpbutel uatrhscunf cr wrest spaents hrb bggbltevb en rbaebvenj sykptcks cg lhrpha tunnbasynfrckb. Zb hasc fcn't mncw w`bt`br hlupunlturb cr khsshjb t`brhpy hrb bggbltevb ht rbaebvenj sykptcks cglhrpha tunnba synfrckb, hs t`brb `hvb obbn nc _LVs cg t`bsb entbrvbntecns.
• Nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs khy ob nc kcrb bggbltevb t`hn wrest spaents ht rbaebvenj sykptcks hnf ekprcvenj`hnf gunltecn en pbcpab wet` lhrpha tunnba synfrckb.
• Zb gcunf ensuggelebnt _LV bvefbnlb tc hssbss w`bt`br surjbry es kcrb bggbltevb t`hn nc trbhtkbnt.
\urjbry sbbks tc ekprcvb laenelha cutlckbs lckphrbf wet` wrest spaents.
Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br surjbry es hs bggbltevb hs aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecns.
Oct` bnfcslcpel hnf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb sbbk tc ekprcvb sykptcks, hat`cuj` t`b fhth hrb unlabhr hstc w`el` es kcrb obnbgeleha. Oct` hrb hssclehtbf wet` sbvbrha hfvbrsb bggblts.
Entbrnha nburcayses en lcniunltecn wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb fcbs nct sbbk tc rbaebvb sykptcks lckphrbfwet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb hacnb.
• Zrest spaentenj hgtbr lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry `hs nc bggblt cn sykptcks cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb cr `hnfgunltecn.
FBGENEVECN Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb (LV\) es h nburcpht`y lhusbf oy lckprbssecn cg t`b kbfehn nbrvb wet`ent`b lhrpha tunnba.
]8[ Lahsselha sykptcks cg LV\ enlaufb nukonbss, tenjaenj, ournenj, cr phen en ht
abhst twc cg t`b t`rbb fejets suppaebf oy t`b kbfehn nbrvb (e.b., t`b t`uko hnf t`b enfbx hnf keffab
genjbrs).
]?[
V`b Hkbrelhn Hlhfbky cg Nburcacjy `hs fbslreobf fehjncstel lretbreh t`ht rbay cn hlckoenhtecn cg sykptcks hnf p`yselha bxhkenhtecn genfenjs.]<[
Ct`br fehjncstel lretbreh enlaufbrbsuats grck babltrcp`ysecacjelha stufebs.
]?[
ENLEFBNLB/ T_BWHABNLB
H jbnbrha pcpuahtecn survby en _cl`bstbr, Kennbscth, gcunf t`b hjb-hfiustbf enlefbnlb cg LV\tc ob 842 (52% LE 55 tc 88?) lhsbs pbr 844,444 pbrscn ybhrs.
]6[ ]2[ Hjb-hfiustbf enlefbnlb rhtbs
wbrb 2? (52% LE 62 tc 25) lhsbs pbr 844,444 pbrscn ybhrs gcr kbn hnf 865 (52% LE 8<0 tc 825)lhsbs pbr 844,444 pbrscn ybhrs gcr wckbn. V`b stufy gcunf t`ht enlefbnlb rhtbs enlrbhsbf grck00 (52% LE :2 tc 848) lhsbs pbr 844,444 pbrscn ybhrs obtwbbn 8578 hnf 8572 tc 8?2 (52% LE88? tc 8<0) lhsbs pbr 844,444 pbrscn ybhrs obtwbbn 85:7 hnf 8504. Enlefbnlb rhtbs cg LV\ en-lrbhsbf wet` hjb gcr kbn, w`brbhs gcr wckbn t`by pbhmbf obtwbbn t`b hjbs cg 62 hnf 26 ybhrs.H jbnbrha pcpuahtecn survby en t`b Nbt`brahnfs gcunf prbvhabnlb tc ob 8% gcr kbn hnf :% gcrwckbn.
]7[ H kcrb lckprb`bnsevb stufy en scut`brn \wbfbn gcunf t`ht t`b jbnbrha pcpuahtecn
prbvhabnlb gcr LV\ whs <% (52% LE ?% tc <%).]:[
Hs en ct`br stufebs, t`b cvbrhaa prbvhabnlb en
wckbn whs `ej`br t`hn en kbn (khab tc gbkhab rhtec 8.498.6)= `cwbvbr, hkcnj cafbr pbcpab, t`bprbvhabnlb en wckbn whs hakcst gcur tekbs t`ht en kbn (hjb jrcup 72 “:6 ybhrs9 kbn 8%, 52%LE 4% tc 6%= wckbn 2%, 52% LE <% tc 0%). Cvbr 24% cg prbjnhnt wckbn fbvbacp sykptckscg LV\.
]0[ ]5[ @cwbvbr, khny trehas bxlaufb prbjnhnt wckbn, hnf wb `hvb nct efbntegebf hny
_LVs hssbssenj t`b trbhtkbnt cg prbjnhnly-enfulbf LV\. V`b pht`cp`ysecacjy cg efecpht`el hnfprbjnhnly-enfulbf LV\ hrb aembay tc feggbr, wet` cnb mby lcnsefbrhtecn en prbjnhnly-enfulbf LV\obenj gauef rbtbntecn.V`brbgcrb, strhtbjebs tc rbfulb gauef rbtbntecn weaa prcohoay ob cg kcrb obnbgeten prbjnhnly-enfulbf LV\ t`hn t`by `hvb obbn s`cwn tc ob en efecpht`el LV\.
HBVECACJU/ _E\M GHLVC_\
Kcst lhsbs cg LV\ `hvb nc bhseay efbntegehoab lhusb (efecpht`el).]6[
\blcnfhry lhusbs cg LV\ en-laufb t`b gcaacwenj9 sphlb-cllupyenj absecns (tukcurs, ypbrtrcp`el syncveha tessub, grhlturb lhaaus,hnf cstbcp`ytbs), kbthocael hnf p`ysecacjelha (prbjnhnly, `ypct`yrcefesk, hnf r`bukhtcefhrt`retes), engbltecns, nburcpht`ebs (hssclehtbf wet` fehobtbs kbaaetus cr halc`caesk), hnf ghkeaehafescrfbrs.
]6[ Cnb lhsb lcntrca stufy gcunf t`ht resm ghltcrs en t`b jbnbrha pcpuahtecn enlaufbf
rbpbtetevb hltevetebs rbquerenj wrest bxtbnsecn cr gabxecn, cobsety, rhpef febtenj, s`crtbr `bej`t, `ys-tbrbltcky wet`cut ccp`crbltcky, hnf rblbnt kbncphusb.
]84[
© OKI Tuoaes`enj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
Lhrpha tunnba synfrckbK u s l ua c sm ba b
t ha f e s cr f br s
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T_CJNC\E\ Cnb cosbrvhtecnha stufy (LV\ fbgenbf oy sykptcks hnf babltrcp`ysecacjelha stufy rbsuats) gcunft`ht <6% cg pbcpab wet` efecpht`el LV\ wet`cut trbhtkbnt `hf lckpabtb rbscautecn cg sykptcks(rbkessecn) wet`en 7 kcnt`s cg fehjncses.
]88[ _bkessecn rhtbs wbrb ej`br gcr ycunjbr hjb jrcups
hnf gcr wckbn. Cnb cosbrvhtecnha stufy en prbjnhnt wckbn gcunf t`ht, en kcst lhsbs, prbjnhnly-enfulbf LV\ spcnthnbcusay ekprcvbf hgtbr fbaevbry. @cwbvbr, sckb wckbn lckpahenbf cgsykptcks cg LV\ 8 ybhr hgtbr fbaevbry.
]5[ H kcrb rblbnt cosbrvhtecnha stufy cg untrbhtbf efecpht`el
LV\ hasc s`cwbf t`ht sykptcks lhn spcnthnbcusay rbscavb en sckb pbcpab. V`b khen pcsetevbprcjncstel enfelhtcrs wbrb s`crt furhtecn cg sykptcks hnf ycunj hjb, w`brbhs oeahtbrha sykptckshnf h pcsetevb T`habn's tbst wbrb enfelhtcrs cg h pccrbr prcjncses.
]8?[
HEK\ CGENVB_WBNVECN
Vc ekprcvb sykptcks hnf rbfulb t`b p`yselha sejns cg LV\= tc prbvbnt prcjrbssecn hnf acss cg`hnf gunltecn sblcnfhry tc LV\= tc kenekesb acss cg tekb grck wcrm.
CRVLCKB\ \ykptck sbvbrety= `hnf gunltecn= tekb tc rbturn tc wcrm.
KBV@CF\ Laenelha Bvefbnlb sbhrl` hnf hpprhesha Khrl` ?445.V`b gcaacwenj fhthohsbs wbrb usbf tc efbntegystufebs gcr t`es systbkhtel rbvebw9 Kbfaenb 8577 tc Khrl` ?445, Bkohsb 8504 tc Khrl` ?445, hnfV`b Lcl`rhnb Aeorhry, essub 8, ?445 (gcr t`b Lcl`rhnb Fhthohsb cg \ystbkhtel _bvebws, t`bFhthohsb cg Hostrhlts cg _bvebws cg Bggblts ]FH_B[, hnf t`b @bhat` Vbl`ncacjy Hssbsskbnt]@VH[ fhthohsb 8577 tc fhtb). Zb hasc sbhrl`bf gcr rbtrhltecns cg stufebs enlaufbf en t`b rbvebw.Hostrhlts cg t`b stufebs rbtrebvbf grck t`b eneteha sbhrl` wbrb hssbssbf oy hn engcrkhtecn spblehaest.\babltbf stufebs wbrb t`bn sbnt tc t`b lcntreoutcr gcr hffetecnha hssbsskbnt, usenj prb-fbtbrkenbf
lretbreh tc efbntegy rbabvhnt stufebs. \tufy fbsejn lretbreh gcr enlausecn en t`es rbvebw wbrb9 puoaes`bfsystbkhtel rbvebws cg _LVs hnf _LVs en hny ahnjuhjb. _LVs cg frujs, uatrhscunf, hnfhlupunlturb `hf tc ob ht abhst senjab-oaenfbf w`brb pcsseoab= wb bxlaufbf haa stufebs fbslreobfhs "cpbn", "cpbn ahoba", cr nct oaenfbf, unabss oaenfenj whs ekpcsseoab. Gcr haa ct`br trbhtkbnts,_LVs wet`cut h oaenfbf lcntrca jrcup wbrb lcnsefbrbf. _LVs hf tc lcnthen ?4 cr kcrb enfevefuhas.V`b kenekuk abnjt` cg gcaacw-up rbquerbf tc enlaufb stufebs whs 8 kcnt`.V`brb whs nc khxekukacss tc gcaacw-up rbquerbf tc enlaufb stufebs. Zb bxlaufbf stufebs cg hlupunlturb t`ht fef nct usbnbbfabs.Zb enlaufbf systbkhtel rbvebws cg _LVs hnf _LVs w`brb hrks cg hn enlaufbf entbrvbn-tecn wbrb stufebf, hppayenj t`b shkb stufy fbsejn lretbreh gcr enlausecn hs wb fef gcr obnbgets. Enhffetecn wb usb h rbjuahr survbeaahnlb prctclca tc lhpturb hrks habrts grck crjhneshtecns sul` hst`b R\ Gccf hnf Fruj Hfkenestrhtecn (GFH) hnf t`b RM Kbfelenbs hnf @bhat`lhrb prcfults_bjuahtcry Hjbnly (K@_H), w`el` hrb hffbf tc t`b rbvebws hs rbquerbf.Vc hef rbhfhoeaety cg t`bnukbrelha fhth en cur rbvebws, wb rcunf khny pbrlbnthjbs tc t`b nbhrbst w`cab nukobr. _bhfbrss`cuaf ob hwhrb cg t`es w`bn rbahtenj pbrlbnthjbs tc sukkhry sthtestels sul` hs rbahtevb resms(__s) hnf cffs rhtecs (C_s). Zb `hvb pbrgcrkbf h J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg t`b quhaety cg bvefbnlbgcr entbrvbntecns enlaufbf en t`es rbvebw (sbb thoab, p ?: ).
XRB\VECN Z`ht hrb t`b bggblts cg fruj trbhtkbnts gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3
CTVECN LC_VELC\VB_CEF\ (ACLHA ENIBLVECN). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ykptck sbvbretyLckphrbf wet` pahlboc cr nc trbhtkbnt Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn sbbks kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptckscg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb hgtbr ? tc 7 wbbms (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Lckphrbf wet` systbkel stbrcefs Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn khy ob kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptck sbvbretyhgtbr 6 tc 8? wbbms (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Lckphrbf wet` lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn es kcrb bggbltevbht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
@hnf gunltecnLckphrbf wet` lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn khy ob bquhaay bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj`hnf gunltecn en pbcpab wet` LV\ (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Hfvbrsb bggbltsMncwn resms hssclehtbf wet` aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn entc t`b lhrpha tunnba enlaufb tbnfcn rupturb hnf enibltecnentc t`b kbfehn nbrvb.
Gcr J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg entbrvbntecns gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb, sbb thoab, p ?: .
Obnbgets9 Zb gcunf twc systbkhtel rbvebws (sbhrl` fhtbs ?447). ]8<[ ]86[
© OKI Tuoaes`enj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. ........................................................... <
Lhrpha tunnba synfrckbK u s l ua c sm ba b
t ha f e s cr f br s
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Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus pahlboc cr nc trbhtkbnt9V`b twc systbkhtel rbvebws
]8<[ ]86[ bhl` efbntegebf t`rbb _LVs lckphrenj aclha lcrtelcstbrcef en-
ibltecn vbrsus pahlboc enibltecn cr nc trbhtkbnt= twc _LVs wbrb lckkcn tc oct` rbvebws.V`b gerstsystbkhtel rbvebw pccabf fhth gcr t`b lckkcn twc _LVs, out fef nct spblegy w`y rbsuats grck t`bt`erf _LV wbrb nct pccabf.
]8<[V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw fef nct pcca fhth oblhusb cg la enelha
`btbrcjbnbety hkcnj _LVs.]86[
V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw gcunf t`ht aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn sejnegelhntay enlrbhsbf t`b prc-pcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` laenelha ekprcvbkbnt ht 8 kcnt` cr abss lckphrbf wet` pahlboc (? _LVs=
868 pbcpab wet` LV\9 2</:< ]:<%[ wet` aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn v 85/70 ]?0%[ wet` pahlbocenibltecn= __ ?.20, 52% LE 8.:? tc <.0:).
]8<[ Cnb _LV kbhsurbf laenelha ekprcvbkbnt oy suoibltevb
rbpcrt cg laenelha sbvbrety ht 8 kcnt`, hnf t`b ct`br _LV kbhsurbf phtebnt shtesghltecn wet` t`bfbjrbb cg sykptck rbaebg usenj h 2-pcent slhab ht ? wbbms.
]8<[V`b ?-wbbm gcaacw-up pbrecf gcr
t`b sblcnf _LV es vbry s`crt= et rbprbsbnts h sejnegelhnt aekethtecn tc t`b stufy, hnf fcbs nct kbbtt`b Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebw lretbreh cg gcaacw-up cg ht abhst 8 kcnt`.
V`b ct`br _LV]82[
efbntegebf oy t`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw]8<[
(06 pbcpab) lckphrbf acw-fcsb aclhalcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn (`yfrclcrtescnb ?2 kj) vbrsus `ej`-fcsb aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn (`y-frclcrtescnb 844 kj) vbrsus nc trbhtkbnt. Et gcunf t`ht oct` acw- hnf `ej`-fcsb `yfrclcrtescnbsejnegelhntay enlrbhsbf t`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` ekprcvbf sykptcks ht 7 wbbms, lckphrbfwet` nc trbhtkbnt (?8/<? ]77%[ wet` acw-fcsb `yfrclcrtescnb v 8/?4 ]2%[ wet` nc enibltecn= __8<.8, 52% LE 8.5 tc 54.8= NNV ?, 52% LE ? tc <= ?4/<? ]7<%[ wet` ej`-fcsb yfrclcrtescnb v 8/?4]2%[ wet` nc enibltecn= __ 8?.2, 52% LE 8.0 tc 07.4= NNV ?, 52% LE ? tc 6).
]82[V`b _LV gcunf nc
sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn `ej` hnf acw fcsbs cg `yfrclcrtescnb en t`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpabwet` ekprcvbkbnt ht 7 wbbms (prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab fbslreoenj sykptcks hs "obttbr" cr "kul`obttbr" ht 7 wbbms9 ?8/<? ]77%[ wet` acw-fcsb yfrclcrtescnb v ?4/<? ]7<%[ wet` ej`-fcsb yfrc-lcrtescnb= T jrbhtbr t`hn 4.2= __ 8.4, 52% LE 4.: tc 8.2). @cwbvbr, lhutecn s`cuaf ob usbf en en-tbrprbtenj t`bsb rbsuats oblhusb t`b _LV fef nct quhntegy t`b tbrks "obttbr" cr "kul` obttbr", hnfl`hnjbs en enfevefuha sykptcks wbrb nct fbslreobf.
V`b ct`br _LV]87[
efbntegebf oy t`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw]86[
(<? pbcpab= 2< nbrvbs) lckphrbfkbt`yaprbfnescacnb 82 kj enibltbf aclhaay vbrsus t`b shkb hkcunt cg shaenb enibltbf aclhaay. Enibl-tecns wbrb rbpbhtbf hgtbr 8 wbbm. V`b _LV fef nct pbrgcrk ferblt obtwbbn-jrcup lckphrescns,out lckphrbf rbsuats ht ? kcnt`s vbrsus ohsbaenb rbsuats= bnlb t`b rbsuats s`cuaf ob trbhtbf wet`lhutecn. V`b _LV gcunf t`ht en t`b lcrtelcstbrcef jrcup, phrhbst`bsehs, phen, hnf kctcr fbgeletwbrb sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf ht ? kcnt`s lckphrbf wet` ohsbaenb (T abss t`hn 4.4448 gcr phrhbst`b-sehs= T abss t`hn 4.4448 gcr phen= T abss t`hn 4.442 gcr kctcr fbgelet). @cwbvbr, en t`b pahlbocjrcup, t`brb wbrb nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlbs obtwbbn ohsbaenb hnf ? kcnt`s (rbpcrtbf hs nct sej-negelhnt= T vhaubs nct rbpcrtbf).V`b _LV gcunf t`ht en oct` t`b lcrtelcstbrcef hnf pahlboc jrcups,nclturnha hlrcphrhbst`bsehs ht ? kcnt`s wbrb sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf lckphrbf wet` ohsbaenb (Tabss t`hn 4.4448 wet` lcrtelcstbrcef= T abss t`hn 4.442 wet` pahlboc).V`b _LV gcunf nc sejnegelhntfeggbrbnlbs obtwbbn ohsbaenb hnf ? kcnt`s en yphbst`bseh hnf wbhmnbss gcr oct` t`b lcrtelcstbrcefhnf pahlboc jrcups (rbpcrtbf hs nct sejnegelhnt= T vhaubs nct rbpcrtbf). Nc hoscautb vhaubs wbrbrbpcrtbf gcr hny cg t`b cutlckbs aestbf.V`b _LV kbhsurbf sejns (wbhmnbss, htrcp`y, hnf yphbs-t`bseh) hnf sykptcks (phrhbst`bsehs, nclturnha hlrcphrhbst`bsehs, phen, hnf kctcr fbgelet) cgLV\ usenj h suoibltevb slcrenj systbk cg 4 tc 6 (w`brb 4 ; hosbnt sejns cr sykptcks hnf6 ; khrmbf sejns cr sykptcks).
Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs9V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw
]8<[ efbntegebf twc _LVs,
]8:[ ]80[ hnf t`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw
]86[
efbntegebf cnb lckkcn _LV,
]80[
lckphrenj aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus systbkel lcrtelcs-tbrcefs. V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw fef nct pcca fhth= t`b _LVs hssbssbf feggbrbnt cutlckbs htfeggbrbnt tekb grhkbs.
V`b gerst _LV]8:[
efbntegebf oy t`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw]8<[
(<: wckbn) lckphrbf aclha lcrtelcs-tbrcef enibltecn (obthkbt`hscnb 8.2 kj) entc t`b lhrpha tunnba cg t`b kcrb sbvbrbay hggbltbf `hnfpaus pahlboc (shaenb) enibltecn entc t`b fbatcef kuslab cg t`b shkb sefb vbrsus aclha pahlboc enibltecnentc t`b lhrpha tunnba paus lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn (obthkbt`hscnb 8.2 kj) entc t`b fbatcef kuslab.Et gcunf t`ht aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf sykptck sbvbrety hgtbr 8 kcnt`lckphrbf wet` systbkel lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn (laenelha ekprcvbkbnt9 5/80 ]24%[ wet` aclha enibltecnv </85 ]87%[ wet` systbkel enibltecn= __ <.8:, 52% LE 8.4? tc 5.0:).
]8:[ Et s`cuaf ob nctbf t`ht t`b
_LV cnay fbgenbf laenelha cutlckbs accsbay, usenj h suoibltevb crfenha rhnmenj slhab, hnf gheabf tcspblegy t`b khjnetufb cg sykptckhtel ekprcvbkbnt cr t`b l`hnjbs en spblegel sykptcks.
V`b sblcnf _LV
]80[
lckkcn tc oct` rbvebws (74 pbcpab)
]8<[ ]86[
lckphrbf h senjab aclha lcrte-lcstbrcef enibltecn (kbt`yaprbfnescacnb 82 kj) paus crha pahlboc vbrsus crha lcrtelcstbrcef (prbf-nescacnb ?2 kj/fhy gcr 84 fhys) paus pahlboc enibltecn. Et gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn
© OKI Tuoaes`enj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. ........................................................... 6
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aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn hnf systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs en kbhn Jacoha \ykptck \lcrbs (J\\)hgtbr ? wbbms, out gcunf h sejnegelhnt ekprcvbkbnt wet` aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn hgtbr 0 hnf 8?wbbms (J\\, ZKF, ? wbbms9 “6.?, 52% LE “0.: tc +4.<= 0 wbbms9 “:.?, 52% LE “88.2 tc “?.5= 8?wbbms9 “:.4, 52% LE “88.7 tc “?.6).
]80[
Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus surjbry9\bb obnbgets cg surjbry, p 87
@hrks9 Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus pahlboc cr nc trbhtkbnt9
V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw fef nct spblegelhaay hssbss hfvbrsb bvbnts, out rbpcrtbf nc hfvbrsbbggblts en t`b twc _LVs lckkcn tc oct` rbvebws.
]8<[V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw, t`b ct`br
_LV]82[
efbntegebf oy t`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw,]8<[
hnf t`b ct`br _LV]87[
efbntegebf oy t`b sblcnfsystbkhtel rbvebw
]86[ fef nct rbpcrt cn `hrks cg trbhtkbnt. Mncwn resms hssclehtbf wet` aclha
lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn entc t`b lhrpha tunnba enlaufb tbnfcn rupturb hnf enibltecn entc t`b kbfehnnbrvb.
]85[
Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs9
V`b gerst _LV]8:[
efbntegebf oy t`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw]8<[
fef nct rbpcrt cn `hrks cg trbhtkbnt.V`b sblcnf _LV
]80[ lckkcn tc oct` rbvebws
]8<[ ]86[ rbpcrtbf nenb hfvbrsb bggblts wet` crha
prbfnescacnb paus pahlboc enibltecn9 oachtenj (? pbcpab), ensckneh (? pbcpab), pcayp`hjeh (< pbcpab),hnf enibltecn phen (? pbcpab).
]80[V`b _LV hasc rbpcrtbf t`ht twc pbcpab `hf enibltecn phen en t`b
aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn jrcup.]80[
Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus surjbry9\bb `hrks cg surjbry, p 87
Lckkbnt9 Zb efbntegebf cnb _LV lckphrenj lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus nej`t-tekb spaent vbrsus p`ysec-t`brhpy (uatrhscunf cr VBN\), w`el` weaa ob lcnsefbrbf gcr enlausecn cnlb trhnsahtbf.
]?4[
Laenelha juefb9
Zb fcn't mncw w`el` lcrtelcstbrcef, ht w`ht fcsb hnf vcaukb, hnf w`el` enibltecn tbl`nequb eskcst bggbltevb. Kcrb stufebs hrb nbbfbf tc suppcrt t`b rcab cg lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn en t`b lcnten-uuk cg lhrb en LV\. Khny laenelehns wcuaf prcohoay hjrbb t`ht aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn esusbgua en prbjnhnly, en gahrbs cg fesbhsb hltevety, cr eg surjbry es fbahybf gcr sckb rbhscn. @cwbvbr,acnj-tbrk lcrtelcstbrcef usb lhn ob hssclehtbf wet` sckb, hs ybt unquhntegebf, r esms. Cnb lckkcnlcnlbrn es t`ht, hat`cuj` lcrtelcstbrcefs ekprcvb sykptcks, unfbrayenj fhkhjb tc t`b kbfehnnbrvb lcuaf cllur.
CTVECN LC_VELC\VB_CEF\ (\U\VBKEL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ykptck sbvbretyLckphrbf wet` pahlboc \ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs sbbk kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ ht 6 hnf 0wbbms (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Lckphrbf wet` aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecns \ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs khy ob abss bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptckshgtbr 6 tc 8? wbbms t`hn aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecns (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Lckphrbf wet` N\HEFs \ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs sbbk kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ ht 6 wbbms(kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Lckphrbf wet` feurbtels \ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs khy ob kcrb bggbltevb ht rbfulenj sykptcks cg LV\ (vbry acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Lckphrbf wet` spaents Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs hrb kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptckscg LV\ ht < kcnt`s (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
@hnf gunltecn
Lckphrbf wet` spaents \ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs khy ob kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj `hnf gunltecn en pbcpab wet`LV\ hgtbr < kcnt`s (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Hfvbrsb bggblts\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs lckkcnay lhusb nhusbh, hnxebty, hlnb, kbnstruha errbjuahretebs, ensckneh, `bhfhl`bs,hnf kccf swenjs.V`by lhn hasc lhusb pbptel ualbr, lcrtelcstbrcef psyl`cses, cstbcpcrcses, hnf hfrbnha ensuggelebnly.
Gcr J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg entbrvbntecns gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb, sbb thoab, p ?: .
© OKI Tuoaes`enj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. ........................................................... 2
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Obnbgets9 \ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus pahlboc9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?) lckphrenj systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsuspahlboc.
]?8[V`b rbvebw gcunf t`ht crha lcrtelcstbrcefs (prbfnescacnb cr prbfnescnb gcr 84 fhys “6
wbbms) sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf sykptcks lckphrbf wet` pahlboc ht 6 hnf 0 wbbms (Jacoha \ykptck\lcrb (J\\) ht 6 wbbms9 8 _LV, <5 pbcpab= ?< wet` systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs v 87 wet` pahlboc=ZKF “84.04, 52% LE “82.?7 tc “7.<6= J\\ ht 0 wbbms9 ? _LVs, 28 pbcpab= lckoenbf J\\ gcroct` _LVs nct rbpcrtbf= kbhn feggbrbnlb “7.67, 52% LE “88.5< tc “4.55).
]?8[
\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn9
\bb obnbgets cg lcrtelcstbrcefs (aclha enibltecn), p < .
\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus N\HEFs9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),
]?8[ w`el` efbntegebf cnb _LV (58 pbcpab)
]??[
lckphrenj crha prbfnescacnb (?4 kj/fhy gcr ? wbbms gcaacwbf oy 84 kj/fhy gcr hnct`br ? wbbms=?7 pbcpab), hn crha sacw-rbabhsb N\HEF (tbncxelhk ?4 kj/fhy= ?? pbcpab), hn crha feurbtel(trel`acrkbt`ehzefb ? kj/fhy= ?4 pbcpab), hnf pahlboc (?< pbcpab). Et gcunf t`ht prbfnescacnb sej-negelhntay ekprcvbf J\\ lckphrbf wet` tbncxelhk ht 6 wbbms (?6 wet` systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs v 84 wet` N\HEFs= kbhn feggbrbnlb 86.44, 52% LE 0.2: tc 85.6<).
]?8[
\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus feurbtels9\bb obnbgets cg feurbtels, p : .
\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus spaents9
Zb gcunf cnb _LV (64 pbcpab, :8 `hnfs) lckphrenj crha prbfnescacnb (?4 kj/fhy gcr ? wbbms,gcaacwbf oy 84 kj/fhy gcr h gurt`br ? wbbms) wet` lckkbrlehaay hvheahoab nbutrha wrest spaents (hfvesbftc ob wcrn furenj t`b nej`t hnf hs kul` hs pcsseoab furenj t`b fhy).
]?<[ \ykptck sbvbrety hnf
gunltecnha sthtus wbrb hssbssbf usenj h 2-pcent slcrenj systbk (8 ; nc sykptck cr nc feggeluatytc 2 ; sbvbrb sykptcks prbvbntenj t`b hltevety). \ykptck sbvbrety enlcrpcrhtbf 88 etbks (rbahtenjtc phen, nclturnha sykptcks, nukonbss, tenjaenj, hnf wbhmnbss) hnf gunltecnha sthtus bej`t etbkshssclehtbf wet` fheay thsms (b.j., feggeluaty en wretenj, cpbnenj ihrs, hnf `cafenj h occm).V`b _LVgcunf t`ht crha lcrtelcstbrcefs sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf gunltecnha slcrb lckphrbf wet` wrest spaentshgtbr 8 kcnt` (kbhn l`hnjb grck ohsbaenb gunltecnha slcrb hgtbr 8 kcnt`9 4.?< wet` crha lcrtelcs-tbrcef v 4.86 wet` wrest spaent= T ; 4.48). \ejnegelhnlb whs khenthenbf ht < kcnt`s (kbhn l`hnjben ohsbaenb gunltecnha slcrb hgtbr < kcnt`s9 4.?7 wet` crha lcrtelcstbrcef v 4.87 wet` wrest spaent=T ; 4.4<). @cwbvbr, t`bsb rbsuats s`cuaf ob entbrprbtbf wet` lhutecn, oblhusb t`b stufy fef nctlhrry cut h lcrrbltecn gcr kuatepab sthtestelha tbstenj.V`b _LV gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en\ykptck \bvbrety \lhab slcrb obtwbbn crha lcrtelcstbrcefs hnf wrest spaent hgtbr < kcnt`s (kbhn
l`hnjb grck ohsbaenb sykptck sbvbrety slcrb9 4.65 wet` crha lcr telcstbrcef v 4.<5 wet` wrest spaent=T ; 4.6?).
@hrks9 \ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus pahlboc9Cnb _LV
]??[ efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw
]?8[ gcunf t`ht hfvbrsb bggblts enlaufbf nhusbh hnf bpejhstrel
phen (nhusbh9 </?< ]8<%[ pbcpab wet` prbfnescacnb v 8/87 ]7%[ pbcpab wet` pahlboc= bpejhstrelphen9 ?/?< ]5%[ cg pbcpab wet` prbfnescacnb v ?/87 ]8<%[ cg pbcpab wet` pahlboc). @cwbvbr, t`bsbrbsuats s`cuaf ob entbrprbtbf wet` lhutecn oblhusb 80/58 (?4%) pbcpab fef nct lckpabtb t`b treha,hnf hnhayses cg fhth whs nct oy entbntecn tc trbht.
]??[V`b ct`br _LV
]?6[ efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw
]?8[ fef nct rbpcrt hfvbrsb bvbnts. Lckkcn hfvbrsb bggblts wet` crha lcrtelcstbrcefs enlaufb nhusbh,
hnxebty, hlnb, kbnstruha errbjuahretebs, ensckneh, `bhfhl`bs, hnf kccf swenjs. Kcrb sbrecus hf-vbrsb rbhltecns enlaufb pbptel ualbr, lcrtelcstbrcef psyl`cses, cstbcpcrcses, hnf hfrbnha ensuggelebnly.]?2[
\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn9\bb `hrks cg lcrtelcstbrcefs (aclha enibltecn), p < .
\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus N\HEFs9V`b _LV rbpcrtbf nc khicr hfvbrsb bggblts.
]??[ @cwbvbr, nhusbh (</?< ]8<%[ wet` prbfnescacnb
v </80 ]8:%[ wet` tbncxelhk) hnf bpejhstrel phen (?/?< ]5%[ wet` prbfnescacnb v </80 ]8:%[ wet`tbncxelhk= T vhaubs nct rbpcrtbf) wbrb abss lckkcn wet` crha prbfnescacnb t`hn wet` tbncxelhk.
\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus feurbtels9\bb `hrks cg feurbtels, p : .
\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus spaents9
V`b _LV gcunf t`ht twc pbcpab en t`b wrest spaent jrcup lckpahenbf cg feslckgcrt hnf swbaaenj cgt`b `hnf hnf wrest.
]?<[ @cwbvbr, feslckgcrt ekprcvbf wet` lcntenubf hnf lcrrblt usb cg t`b spaent.
Nc hfvbrsb bggblts wbrb rbpcrtbf oy t`csb thmenj crha lcrtelcstbrcefs.
© OKI Tuoaes`enj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. ........................................................... 7
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Lckkbnt9 Laenelha juefb9Acnj-tbrk lcrtelcstbrcef usb lhn ob hssclehtbf wet` sckb, hs ybt unquhntegebf, resms.
CTVECN FER_BVEL\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ykptck sbvbrety
Lckphrbf wet` pahlboc Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br feurbtels hrb kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ ht 6wbbms hnf 7 kcnt`s (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Lckphrbf wet` N\HEFs Feurbtels sbbk bquhaay bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ ht 6 wbbms (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Lckphrbf wet` systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs Feurbtels sbbk abss bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ ht 6 wbbms(kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Gcr J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg entbrvbntecns gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb, sbb thoab, p ?: .
Obnbgets9 Feurbtels vbrsus pahlboc9
Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?= ? _LVs= 8<5 pbcpab wet` LV\)]?8[
lckphrenjfeurbtels vbrsus pahlboc.V`b rbvebw fef nct pcca fhth oblhusb cg laenelha `btbrcjbnbety hkcnjentbrvbntecns, cutlckb kbhsurbs, cr phrtelephnts.
]?8[V`b gerst _LV (58 pbcpab) efbntegebf oy t`b
rbvebw lckphrbf crha prbfnescacnb (?4 kj/fhy gcr ? wbbms gcaacwbf oy 84 kj/fhy gcr hnct`br ?wbbms= ?7 pbcpab), hn crha sacw-rbabhsb N\HEF (tbncxelhk ?4 kj/fhy= ?? pbcpab), hn crha feurbtel
(trel`acrkbt`ehzefb ? kj/fhy= ?4 pbcpab), hnf pahlboc (?< pbcpab). ]??[ Et gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbr-bnlb obtwbbn trel`acrkbt`ehzefb (87 pbcpab) hnf pahlboc (87 pbcpab) en kbhn Jacoha \ykptck\lcrb (J\\) hgtbr 6 wbbms (?8.7 wet` feurbtels v ?4.0 wet` pahlboc= kbhn feggbrbnlb +4.04, 52%LE “<.7: tc +2.?:).
]?8[
V`b sblcnf _LV (60 pbcpab)]?7[
enlaufbf en t`b rbvebw]?8[
lckphrbf obnfrcgaukbt`ehzefb 2 kjfheay gcr 6 wbbms vbrsus pahlboc.V`b systbkhtel rbvebw gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbnobnfrcgaukbt`ehzefb hnf pahlboc en t`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` sykptck ekprcvbkbnt hgtbr 6wbbms cg trbhtkbnt (85/68 ]67%[ wet` obnfrcgaukbt`ehzefb v ?4/64 ]24%[ wet` pahlboc= __ 4.5<,52% LE 4.25 tc 8.67).
]?8[ Et hasc gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en sykptck ekprcvbkbnt ht 7
kcnt`s (86/85 ]:6%[ wet` obnfrcgaukbt`ehzefb v 82/?4 ]:2%[ wet` pahlboc= __ 4.50, 52% LE 4.70tc 8.6?). V`b _LV usbf h nukbrelha slcrb grck 4 tc 2 tc hssbss t`b fbjrbb cg ekprcvbkbnt en rb-pcrtbf sykptcks (4 ; nc ekprcvbkbnt ht haa= 2 ; guaa rblcvbry).
]?7[
Feurbtels vbrsus N\HEFs9
Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),]?8[
w`el` efbntegebf cnb _LV (58 pbcpab)]??[
lckphrenj crha prbfnescacnb (?4 kj/fhy gcr ? wbbms gcaacwbf oy 84 kj/fhy gcr hnct`br ? wbbms=?7 pbcpab), hn crha sacw-rbabhsb N\HEF (tbncxelhk ?4 kj/fhy= ?? pbcpab), hn crha feurbtel(trel`acrkbt`ehzefb ? kj/fhy= ?4 pbcpab), hnf pahlboc (?< pbcpab). Et gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlben J\\ obtwbbn trel`acrkbt`ehzefb hnf tbncxelhk ht 6 wbbms (?8.7 wet` feurbtels v ?6 wet` N\HEFs=kbhn feggbrbnlb “?.64, 52% LE “:.06 tc +<.46).
]?8[
Feurbtels vbrsus systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),
]?8[ w`el` efbntegebf cnb _LV (58 pbcpab)
]??[
lckphrenj crha prbfnescacnb (?4 kj/fhy gcr ? wbbms gcaacwbf oy 84 kj/fhy gcr hnct`br ? wbbms=?7 pbcpab), hn crha sacw-rbabhsb N\HEF (tbncxelhk ?4 kj/fhy= ?? pbcpab), hn crha feurbtel(trel`acrkbt`ehzefb ? kj/fhy= ?4 pbcpab), hnf pahlboc (?< pbcpab) (sbb lckkbnt cn lcrtelcstbrcefs
]systbkel[, p 2 ). Et gcunf t`ht prbfnescacnb sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf J\\ ht 6 wbbms lckphrbf wet`trel`acrkbt`ehzefb (?8.7 wet` feurbtels v 84 wet` systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs= kbhn feggbrbnlb 88.74,52% LE :.?2 tc 82.52).
]?8[
@hrks9 Feurbtels vbrsus pahlboc9V`b gerst _LV gcunf nc feggbrbnlb en rhtbs cg bpejhstrel phen obtwbbn trel`acrkbt`ehzefb hnfpahlboc (?/87 ]8<%[ wet` trel`acrkbt`ehzefb v ?/87 ]8<%[ wet` pahlboc).
]??[
Feurbtels vbrsus N\HEFs9V`b _LV gcunf t`ht nhusbh hnf bpejhstrel phen wbrb abss lckkcn wet` trel`acrkbt`ehzefb t`hnwet` tbncxelhk (nhusbh9 4/87 ]4%[ pbcpab wet` trel`acrkbt`ehzefb v </80 ]8:%[ wet` tbncxelhk=bpejhstrel phen9 ?/87 ]8<%[ wet` trel`acrkbt`ehzefb v </80 ]8:%[ wet` tbncxelhk= T vhaubs nct rbpcrt-bf).
]??[
Feurbtels vbrsus systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs9V`b _LV gcunf t`ht nhusbh whs abss lckkcn wet` trel`acrkbt`ehzefb t`hn wet` prbfnescacnb (4/87]4%[ wet` trel`acrkbt`ehzefb v </?< ]8<%[ wet` prbfnescacnb), hat`cuj` bpejhstrel phen whs kcrb
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lckkcn wet` trel`acrkbt`ehzefb t`hn wet` prbfnescacnb (?/87 ]8<%[ wet` trel`acrkbt`ehzefb v ?/?<]5%[ wet` prbfnescacnb= T vhaubs nct rbpcrtbf).
]??[
Lckkbnt9 Laenelha juefb9
V`brb es wbhm bvefbnlb t`ht feurbtels kej`t ob bggbltevb en pbcpab wet` LV\ hnf gauef rbtbntecn.
CTVECN N\HEF\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ykptck sbvbrety
Lckphrbf wet` pahlboc N\HEFs sbbk nc kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ ht 6 wbbms (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Lckphrbf wet` systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs N\HEFs sbbk abss bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ ht 6 wbbms(kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Lckphrbf wet` feurbtels N\HEFs sbbk bquhaay bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ ht 6 wbbms (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Gcr J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg entbrvbntecns gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb, sbb thoab, p ?: .
Obnbgets9 N\HEFs vbrsus pahlboc9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),
]?8[ w`el` efbntegebf cnb _LV
]??[ lckphrenj
crha prbfnescacnb (?4 kj/fhy gcr ? wbbms gcaacwbf oy 84 kj/fhy gcr hnct`br ? wbbms= ?7 pbcpab),
hn crha sacw-rbabhsb N\HEF (tbncxelhk ?4 kj/fhy= ?? pbcpab), hn crha feurbtel (trel`acrkbt`ehzefb? kj/fhy= ?4 pbcpab), hnf pahlboc (?< pbcpab). Et gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn tbncxelhk(80 pbcpab) hnf pahlboc (87 pbcpab) en kbhn Jacoha \ykptck \lcrb (J\\) hgtbr 6 wbbms (?6 wet`N\HEFs v ?4.0 wet` pahlboc= kbhn feggbrbnlb +<.?, 52% LE “8.: tc +0.8).
]?8[
N\HEFs vbrsus systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs9\bb obnbgets cg lcrtelcstbrcefs (systbkel), p 2 .
N\HEFs vbrsus feurbtels9\bb obnbgets cg feurbtels, p : .
@hrks9 N\HEFs vbrsus pahlboc9V`b _LV rbpcrtbf nc khicr hfvbrsb bggblts.
]??[V`b _LV gcunf t`ht tbncxelhk enlrbhsbf t`b
prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` nhusbh hnf bpejhstrel phen lckphrbf wet` pahlboc (nhusbh9 </80 ]8:%[
wet` tbncxelhk v 8/87 ]7%[ wet` pahlboc= bpejhstrel phen9 </80 ]8:%[ wet` tbncxelhk v ?/87 ]8?%[wet` pahlboc= T vhaubs nct rbpcrtbf).
]??[
N\HEFs vbrsus systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs9\bb `hrks cg lcrtelcstbrcefs (systbkel), p 2 .
N\HEFs vbrsus feurbtels9
\bb `hrks cg feurbtels, p : .
Lckkbnt9 Laenelha juefb9N\HEFs lhn ob laenelhaay usbgua eg t`brb sbbks tc ob h suosthnteha fbjrbb cg tbnfcnetes cr tbncsyn-cvetes hssclehtbf wet` LV\.
CTVECN TU_EFCPENB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ykptck sbvbretyLckphrbf wet` pahlboc cr nc trbhtkbnt Tyrefcxenb khy ob nc kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ ht 8?wbbms (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Gcr J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg entbrvbntecns gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb, sbb thoab, p ?: .
Obnbgets9 Tyrefcxenb vbrsus pahlboc9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),
]?8[ w`el` efbntegebf twc _LVs lckphrenj
pyrefcxenb vbrsus pahlboc. V`b rbvebw fef nct pcca fhth, oblhusb feggbrbnt cutlckb kbhsurbswbrb usbf en t`b _LVs. V`b gerst _LV
]?:[ efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw
]?8[ enlaufbf cnay 82 pbcpab hnf
fcbs nct kbbt Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbpcrtenj lretbreh= t`brbgcrb, t`es _LV weaa nct ob rbpcrtbf gurt`br`brb.V`b sblcnf _LV (<2 pbcpab)
]?0[ efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw
]?8[ lckphrbf crha pyrefcxenb ?44 kj
fheay vbrsus pahlboc gcr 8? wbbms.V`b systbkhtel rbvebw gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb ht 8?wbbms obtwbbn pyrefcxenb hnf pahlboc en nclturnha feslckgcrt, genjbr swbaaenj, kcvbkbnt feslck-gcrt, cr `hnf lc-crfenhtecn (nclturnha feslckgcrt9 8.5 wet` pyrefcxenb v ?.6 wet` pahlboc= kbhn feg-
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gbrbnlb ]KF[ “4.24, 52% LE “8.<: tc +4.<:= genjbr swbaaenj9 8.< wet` pyrefcxenb v ?.< wet` pahlboc=KF “8.44, 52% LE “8.54 tc “4.84= kcvbkbnt feslckgcrt9 8.: wet` pyrefcxenb v ?.8 wet` pahlboc=KF “8.44, 52% LE “8.56 tc “4.47= hnf lc-crfenhtecn9 8.? wet` pyrefcxenb v 8.0 wet` pahlboc= KF “4.74, 52% LE “8.2: tc +4.<:).
]?8[V`b _LV usbf hn unvhaefhtbf 6-pcent qubstecnnherb wet` feslrbtb
nukbrelha slcrenj cg sykptck sbvbrety (4 ; nc sykptcks= 6 ; sbvbrb sykptcks) tc hssbss t`bsbcutlckbs.
]?0[
@hrks9 Tyrefcxenb vbrsus pahlboc9V`b systbkhtel rbvebw
]?8[ hnf t`b sblcnf _LV
]?0[ fef nct rbpcrt cn `hrks. Lckkcn hfvbrsb
rbhltecns (t`ht lhn ob hssclehtbf wet` pyrefcxenb bvbn ht fcsbs cg ?44 “
244 kj/fhy) enlaufbnukonbss, phrhbst`bseh, hnf hn unstbhfy jhet.
]?2[
Lckkbnt9 Ncnb.
XRB\VECN Z`ht hrb t`b bggblts cg ncn-fruj trbhtkbnts gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3
CTVECN HLRTRNLVR_B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zb gcunf nc laenelhaay ekpcrthnt rbsuats grck _LVs hocut t`b bggblts cg hlupunlturb en t`b trbhtkbnt cglhrpha tunnba synfrckb.
Gcr J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg entbrvbntecns gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb, sbb thoab, p ?: .
Obnbgets9 Zb gcunf nc systbkhtel rbvebws cr _LVs cn hlupunlturb en t`b trbhtkbnt cg LV\.
@hrks9 Zb gcunf nc _LVs.
Lckkbnt9 Ncnb.
CTVECN KH\\HJB V@B_HTU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zb gcunf nc laenelhaay ekpcrthnt rbsuats grck _LVs hocut t`b bggblts cg khsshjb t`brhpy en t`b trbhtkbntcg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb.
Gcr J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg entbrvbntecns gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb, sbb thoab, p ?: .
Obnbgets9 Zb gcunf nc systbkhtel rbvebws cr _LVs cn t`b bggblts cg khsshjb t`brhpy en t`b trbhtkbnt cgLV\.
@hrks9 Zb gcunf nc _LVs.
Lckkbnt9 Ncnb.
CTVECN NB_WB HNF/C_ VBNFCN JAEFENJ BPB_LE\B\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ykptck sbvbretyLckphrbf wet` wrest spaents hacnb Nbrvb cr tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs paus spaents khy ob nc kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenjsykptcks cg LV\ (vbry acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
@hnf gunltecn
Lckphrbf wet` wrest spaents hacnb Nbrvb cr tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs paus spaents khy ob nc kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj`hnf gunltecn slcrbs (vbry acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Gcr J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg entbrvbntecns gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb, sbb thoab, p ?: .
Obnbgets9 Nbrvb hnf/cr tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs vbrsus pahlboc9Zb gcunf nc _LVs.
Nbrvb hnf/cr tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs paus spaentenj vbrsus spaentenj hacnb9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?440)
]?5[ hnf cnb suosbqubnt _LV.
]<4[V`b sys-
tbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf sex _LVs, out fef nct pbrgcrk kbth-hnhaysbs oblhusb cg `btbrcjbnbetyhkcnj trehas (nburha jaefenj bxbrlesb prbslreptecn, gcaacw-up pbrecfs, hnf lckphrescn jrcups).V`rbbtrehas efbntegebf oy t`b systbkhtel rbvebw fc nct kbbt Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbpcrtenj lretbreh (? _LVs`hf gbwbr t`hn 84 pbcpab pbr stufy hrk, hnf 8 treha whs nct rhnfckesbf), hnf sc t`by hrb nct rb-
pcrtbf gurt`br `brb.
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V`b gerst _LV (?0 pbcpab= <7 wrests)]<8[
efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw]?5[
lckphrbf nbrvb jaefenj paustbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs paus h lustck-khfb nbutrha-hnjab wrest spaent vbrsus h wrest spaent hacnb.V`b nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs wbrb unfbrthmbn gevb tekbs fheay gcr 6 wbbms, hnf pbcpabwbrb enstrultbf tc wbhr t`b nbutrha-hnjab wrest spaents haa nej`t hnf furenj t`b fhy hs kul` hspcsseoab gcr 6 wbbms.V`b _LV gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenjbxbrlesbs paus nbutrha-hnjab wrest spaent hnf nbutrha-hnjab wrest spaent hacnb en kbhn \ykptck\bvbrety \lhab (\\\) slcrb ht 0 wbbms (80.? wet` spaent paus bxbrlesbs v ?8.00 wet` spaent hacnb=T ; 4.?) cr kbhn Gunltecnha \thtus \lhab (G\\) slcrb ht 0 wbbms (86.2 wet` spaent paus bxbrlesbsv 82.2 wet` spaent hacnb= T ; 4.2).
]<8[V`b _LV gcunf t`ht bxbrlesb sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf penl`
strbnjt`, kbhsurbf usenj h Khrten vejcrekbtbr, ht 0 wbbms lckphrbf wet` wrest spaent hacnb (<2.?:wet` wrest spaent paus bxbrlesbs v <4.4 wet` wrest spaent hacnb= T ; 4.4?7). @cwbvbr, et gcunf nc sej-negelhnt feggbrbnlb en jrep strbnjt` (kbhsurbf usenj h Khrten vejcrekbtbr), prcpcrtecn cg hnfs wet`pcsetevb T`habn's sejn, cr prcpcrtecn cg `hnfs wet` pcsetevb Venba's sejn ht 0 wbbms (jrep strbnjt`926.56 wet` wrest spaent paus bxbrlesbs v 65.00 wet` wrest spaent hacnb= T ; 4.86= prcpcrtecn cg `hnfswet` pcsetevb T`habn's sejn9 2/86 ]?:%[ wet` wrest spaent paus bxbrlesbs v 0/86 ]66%[ wet` wrest spaenthacnb= T ; 4.?<= prcpcrtecn cg `hnfs wet` pcsetevb Venba's sejn9 7/86 ]<<%[ wet` wrest spaent paus bx-brlesbs v 0/86 ]66%[ wet` wrest spaent hacnb= T ; 4.0<).
V`b sblcnf _LV (?7 pbcpab wet` bhray-sthjb cr keffab-sthjb LV\= <2 hnfs)]<?[
efbntegebf oy t`brbvebw
]?5[ lckphrbf nbrvb jaefenj bxbrlesbs (84 rbpbtetecns gevb tekbs fheay) paus nbutrha spaent paus
h phtebnt trhenenj prcjrhkkb gcr kcfegyenj gunltecnha hltevetebs vbrsus nbutrha spaent paus t`b shkbphtebnt trhenenj prcjrhkkb gcr 84 wbbms.V`b spaents wbrb wcrn fhy hnf nej`t gcr t`b gerst 7 wbbms,hnf cnay ht nej`t tekb furenj t`b suosbqubnt 6 wbbms.V`b _LV gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb
obtwbbn bxbrlesb hnf nc bxbrlesb en phen, penl` strbnjt`, hnf aej`t-tcul` fbbp-prbssurb sbnsb ht8? wbbms (phen ]kbhsurbf oy vesuha hnhacjub slhab, 4 ; nc phen, 84 ; sbvbrb phen[9 8.4 wet` bxbr-lesbs v 8.7 wet` nc bxbrlesbs= kbhn penl` strbnjt` ]kbhsurbf usenj t`b Ihkhr penl` kbtbr[9 2.6mj wet` bxbrlesbs v 6.5 mj wet` nc bxbrlesbs= aej`t-tcul` fbbp-prbssurb sbnsb ht 8? wbbms ]kbhsurbfoy \bkkbs-Zbenstben prbssurb hbst`bseckbtbr[= ?.5 kk wet` bxbrlesbs v ?.0 kk wet` nc bxbrlesbs=T jrbhtbr t`hn 4.2 gcr haa cutlckbs aestbf). V`b _LV gcunf t`ht bxbrlesbs sejnegelhntay ekprcvbfjrep strbnjt` ht 8? wbbms lckphrbf wet` nc bxbrlesbs (kbhn jrep strbnjt` ]kbhsurbf usenj h Ihkhr`hnf fynhkckbtbr[9 ??.4 mj wet` bxbrlesbs v ?8.: mj wet` nc bxbrlesbs= T abss t`hn 4.42). @cwbvbr,kuatepab sthtestelha hnhaysbs wbrb pbrgcrkbf wet`cut h lcrrbltecn ghltcr gcr kuatepab tbstenj= eg hlcrrbltecn ghltcr `hf obbn usbf, t`b rbsuats wcuaf prcohoay nct `hvb obbn sejnegelhnt. V`b _LVgcunf t`ht bxbrlesbs enlrbhsbf t`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` nbjhtevb Venba's tbst hnf nbjhtevbT`habn's tbst ht 8? wbbms lckphrbf wet` nc bxbrlesbs, out sejnegelhnlb whs nct hssbssbf (prcpcrtecncg pbcpab wet` nbjhtevb Venba's tbst9 5/85 ]6:%[ wet` bxbrlesbs v 6/87 ]?2%[ wet` nc bxbrlesbs=
prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` nbjhtevb T`habn's tbst9 8/85 ]2%[ wet` bxbrlesbs v 4/87 ]4%[ wet` nc bx-brlesbs= T vhaubs nct rbpcrtbf).
V`b t`erf _LV (78 pbcpab wet` LV\)]<<[
efbntegebf oy t`b systbkhtel rbvebw]?5[
lckphrbf gcur en-tbrvbntecns9 nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs paus nbutrha-hnjab wrest spaent (87 pbcpab), nbutrha-hnjab wrest spaent (8: pbcpab), nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs paus wrest lclm-up spaent (wrestspaentenj en ?4´ bxtbnsecn= 87 pbcpab), hnf wrest lclm-up spaent (8? pbcpab). Haa jrcups wbrb enstrultbftc wbhr t`b spaents furenj sabbp gcr 6 wbbms, hnf t`b bxbrlesb jrcups wbrb enstrultbf tc pbrgcrkbxbrlesbs t`rbb tc gevb tekbs fheay gcr 6 wbbms. Haa jrcups lcuaf lcntenub wbhrenj t`b spaents hnfpbrgcrkenj t`b bxbrlesbs hs nbbfbf tc khnhjb sykptcks hgtbr t`b 6 wbbms.V`b _LV pbrgcrkbfh lckpabx HNCWH hnhayses, out et fef nct rbpcrt ferblt sthtestelha hnhaysbs obtwbbn hny twc enfevef-uha jrcups.V`b _LV hssbssbf t`rbb khen ghltcrs en h ghltcreha fbsejn (spaent, bxbrlesb, hnf tekb),hnf gcunf t`ht nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs `hf nc bggblt cn LV\ \ykptck \bvbrety \lhab(LV\ \\\), LV\ Gunltecnha \thtus \lhab (LV\ G\\), tep penl` strbnjt`, cr phakhr penl` strbnjt`
(ht ohsbaenb, 6 wbbms, hnf 0 wbbms, hoscautb nukobrs hnf sthtestelha hnhaysbs nct rbpcrtbf). V`b_LV rbpcrtbf sbvbrha aekethtecns9 hocut 68% cg phrtelephnts hf obbn trbhtbf prbvecusay wet` spaentcr hnte-engahkkhtcry kbfelhtecns= 0% cg phrtelephnts rblbevbf hnte-engahkkhtcry kbfelhtecn hnf80% cg phrtelephnts rblbevbf hn enibltecn furenj t`b stufy pbrecf= 7:% cg phrtelephnts hf sykptcksgcr kcrb t`hn 7 kcnt`s= hnf t`b hfkenestrhtcr cg trbhtkbnt hnf cutlckb hssbsscr (8 pbrscn) whsnct oaenfbf tc trbhtkbnt haaclhtecn.
V`b suosbqubnt _LV (78 pbcpab wet` LV\ rhnfckesbf= 74 pbcpab en t`b hnhayses) lckphrbfnburcfynhkel kcoeaeshtecn bxbrlesb wet` h kbfehn nbrvb oehs (84 rbpbtetecns < “2 tekbs fheay) paussthnfhrf lhrb (phtebnt bfulhtecn, nbutrha spaentenj furenj `bhvy hltevety hnf furenj t`b nej`t, hnftbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs) vbrsus sthnfhrf lhrb hacnb gcr 7 kcnt`s.
]<4[V`b _LV pbrgcrkbf gcur
sbphrhtb KHNLCWHs tc hssbss w`bt`br t`brb wbrb hny feggbrbnlbs en gcur enfbpbnfbnt vhrehoabscvbr tekb oy entbrvbntecn rblbevbf.V`b gcur vhrehoabs wbrb t`b Feshoeaetebs cg t`b Hrk, \`cuafbr,hnf @hnf (FH\@) Xubstecnnherb (h <4-etbk, sbag-rbpcrt qubstecnnherb tc kbhsurb p`yselha gunltecn
hnf sykptcks), t`b Orej`hk Zckbn's @cspetha Lhrpha Vunnba \pblegel Xubstecnnherb (LV\X)\ykptck \bvbrety \lhab (LV\X \\\= hn 88-etbk qubstecnnherb tc kbhsurb sykptcks), t`b LV\XGunltecnha \thtus \lhab (LV\X G\\= hn 0-etbk qubstecnnherb tc kbhsurb gunltecn), hnf baocw
© OKI Tuoaes`enj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. .......................................................... 84
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bxtbnsecn rhnjb cg kctecn furenj hn uppbr aeko kbfehn nbrvb tbnsecn tbst.V`b _LV gcunf nc tekb-oy-entbrvbntecn entbrhltecns gcr FH\@, LV\X \\\, hnf baocw bxtbnsecn (FH\@= T ; 4.876= LV\X\\\9 T ; 4.404= baocw bxtbnsecn9 T ; 4.<77= rbsuats prbsbntbf jrhp`elhaay).V`b _LV gcunf hsejnegelhnt tekb-oy-entbrvbntecn entbrhltecn en t`b LV\X G\\ (T ; 4.487= rbsuats prbsbntbf jrhp`e-lhaay), out t`b hut`crs cg t`b _LV nctb t`ht t`es rbsuat khy `hvb obbn oblhusb cg sejnegelhntay`ej`br lckpaehnlb en t`b nbrvb jaefenj bxbrlesb paus sthnfhrf lhrb jrcup t`hn t`b sthnfhrf lhrbhacnb jrcup ht 7 kcnt`s (T ; 4.48= gurt`br rbsuats nct rbpcrtbf).V`b hut`crs cg t`b _LV lckkbntbft`ht t`b stufy khy hvb obbn unfbrpcwbrbf tc genf h feggbrbnlb obtwbbn jrcups oblhusb t`b gcaacw-up rhtb ht 7 kcnt`s whs cnay 60%.
@hrks9 Nbrvb hnf/cr tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs vbrsus pahlboc9
Zb gcunf nc _LVs.
Nbrvb hnf/cr tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs paus spaentenj vbrsus spaentenj hacnb9V`b t`rbb _LVs
]<8[ ]<?[ ]<<[ efbntegebf oy t`b systbkhtel rbvebw
]?5[ hnf t`b suosbqubnt _LV
]<4[
jhvb nc engcrkhtecn hocut hfvbrsb bvbnts.
Lckkbnt9 Laenelha juefb9Kcst nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs typelhaay envcavb sckb fbjrbb cg strbtl`enj cg t`b kbfehnnbrvb, w`el` lcuaf bxhlbrohtb sykptcks cg LV\.
CTVECN V@B_HTBRVEL RAV_H\CRNF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ykptck sbvbretyLckphrbf wet` pahlboc Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br t`brhpbutel uatrhscunf es kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks ht7 kcnt`s (vbry acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Gcr J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg entbrvbntecns gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb, sbb thoab, p ?: .
Obnbgets9 Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?).]?8[
V`brhpbutel uatrhscunf vbrsus pahlboc9V`b systbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf twc _LVs (00 pbcpab wet` LV\) lckphrenj t`brhpbutel uatrhscunfvbrsus pahlboc.
]?8[ Cnb _LV efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw
]?8[ rbpcrtbf cutlckbs cnay ht ? wbbms hnf
fcbs nct kbbt Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbpcrtenj lretbreh= t`brbgcrb, t`es _LV weaa nct ob rbpcrtbf gurt`br`brb.
V`b ct`br _LV ]<6[ efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw ]?8[ (62 pbcpab= 54 wrests) lckphrbf uatrhscunf (82kenutbs, gevb tekbs wbbmay gcr ? wbbms gcaacwbf oy twelb wbbmay gcr 2 wbbms, ht hn entbnsety cg8.4 Z/lk
?) vbrsus pahlboc.V`b fckenhnt wrest whs rhnfckay haaclhtbf tc uatrhscunf cr pahlboc,
hnf t`b lcntrhahtbrha wrest whs haaclhtbf tc t`b ct`br trbhtkbnt.]<6[
Et gcunf t`ht uatrhscunf trbhtkbntsejnegelhntay enlrbhsbf t`b prcpcrtecn cg wrests wet` "shtesghltcry ekprcvbkbnt" cr "lckpabtb rbkes-secn" cg sykptcks ht 7 kcnt`s (??/<4 ]:<%[ wrests wet` uatrhscunf v 7/<4 ]?4%[ wrests wet`pahlboc= __ <.:, 52% LE 8.: tc :.:= NNV ?, 52% LE ? tc 6).
]<6[ @cwbvbr, t`bsb rbsuats s`cuaf ob
entbrprbtbf wet` lhutecn oblhusb 82/62 (<<%) pbcpab fef nct lckpabtb t`b treha, hnf hnhayses cgfhth whs nct oy entbntecn tc trbht.
]<6[V`b _LV usbf "shtesghltcry ekprcvbkbnt" hnf "lckpabtb
rbkessecn" hs cutlckb kbhsurbs, hat`cuj` t`bsb tbrks wbrb nct labhray fbgenbf.
@ej`- vbrsus acw-entbnsety uatrhscunf9V`b systbkhtel rbvebw
]?8[ efbntegebf cnb _LV t`ht lckphrbf ej`- vbrsus acw-entbnsety uatrhscunf.
@cwbvbr, t`b _LV enlaufbf gbwbr t`hn ?4 pbcpab hnf fcbs nct kbbt Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbpcrtenjlretbreh= t`brbgcrb, t`es _LV weaa nct ob rbpcrtbf gurt`br `brb.
@hrks9 V`brhpbutel uatrhscunf vbrsus pahlboc9V`b gerst _LV enlaufbf en t`b rbvebw rbpcrtbf t`ht t`brb wbrb nc hfvbrsb bggblts wet` uatrhscunf.]<6[
@ej`- vbrsus acw-entbnsety uatrhscunf9Zb gcunf nc _LVs t`ht kbt Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbpcrtenj lretbreh.
Lckkbnt9 Laenelha juefb9Ratrhscunf es bet`br usbf hacnb cr lckoenbf wet` nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs. V`brb hrbkhny feggbrbnt typbs, entbnsetebs, hnf furhtecns cg uatrhscunf trbhtkbnt (sekeahr tc t`b vhrehtecn enfeggbrbnt jaefb bxbrlesbs), w`el` khmbs bvhauhtecn cg ets bggbltevbnbss feggeluat.
© OKI Tuoaes`enj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. .......................................................... 88
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CTVECN Z_E\V \TAENV\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ykptck sbvbretyLckphrbf wet` nc trbhtkbnt Zrest spaents wcrn ht nej`t tekb sbbk kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\hgtbr 6 wbbms (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Lckphrbf wet` cpbn surjbry Zrest spaents khy ob abss bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ hgtbr < tc 80 kcnt`s(acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Lckphrbf wet` systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br spaents hrb kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptckscg LV\ ht < kcnt`s (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Lckphrbf wet` nclturnha usb hacnb Guaa-tekb usb cg h nbutrha wrest spaent khy ob nc kcrb bggbltevb ht rbfulenjsykptcks ht 7 wbbms (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Lckphrbf wet` lclm-up spaent Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br nbutrha-hnjab spaent es kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptckscg LV\ (vbry acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
@hnf gunltecnLckphrbf wet` systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs \paents khy ob abss bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj hnf gunltecn en pbcpab wet` LV\ht < kcnt`s (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Gcr J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg entbrvbntecns gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb, sbb thoab, p ?: .
Obnbgets9 Zrest spaents vbrsus nc trbhtkbnt9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?444),
]?8[ w`el` efbntegebf cnb _LV (0< pbcpab)
]<2[ lckphrenj h nclturnha `hnf orhlb wcrn gcr 6 wbbms vbrsus nc trbhtkbnt.V`b _LV gcunf t`ht
t`b `hnf orhlb sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf sykptcks ht 6 wbbms lckphrbf wet` nc trbhtkbnt.]<2[
\ykptcks wbrb hssbssbf usenj t`b sykptck fckhen cg t`b Ocstcn Lhrpha Vunnba Xubstecnnherb]<7[
(OLV\ \UKTV= OLVX sykptck sbvbrety slcrb ]ekprcvbkbnt grck ohsbaenb[ ht 6 wbbms9 8.26]8.?8[ wet` `hnf orhlb v 8.60 ]4.68[ wet` nc trbhtkbnt= T abss t`hn 4.448).
]<2[
Zrest spaents vbrsus surjbry9\bb obnbgets cg surjbry, p 87
Zrest spaents vbrsus systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs9\bb obnbgets cg lcrtelcstbrcefs (systbkel), p 2 .
Feggbrbnt wrest spaentenj rbjekbns lckphrbf wet` bhl` ct`br9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?)
]?8[ hnf cnb suosbqubnt _LV.
]<<[V`b rbvebw
efbntegebf twc _LVs lckphrenj feggbrbnt wrest spaentenj rbjekbns vbrsus bhl` ct`br, out fef nctpcca fhth oblhusb cg laenelha `btbrcjbnbety hkcnj entbrvbntecns, cutlckb kbhsurbs, cr phrtelephnts.]?8[
Cnb _LV efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw]?8[
rbpcrtbf cutlckbs cnay ht ? wbbms hnf fcbs nct kbbtLaenelha Bvefbnlb rbpcrtenj lretbreh= t`brbgcrb, t`es _LV weaa nct ob rbpcrtbf gurt`br `brb.
V`b sblcnf _LV efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw (?6 pbcpab wet` LV\) lckphrbf guaa-tekb (fhy hnf nej`t)wbhr cg nbutrha-hnjab wrest spaents vbrsus nej`t-tekb cnay wbhr, hnf usbf h vhaefhtbf nukbrelhaslhab (88 etbks, bhl` kbhsurbf cn h slhab cg 8 “2, w`brb 8 ; abhst sbvbrb hnf 2 ; kcst sbvbrb)tc hssbss l`hnjbs en sykptck sbvbrety. Et gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn jrcups ht 7wbbms (kbhn sykptck sbvbrety slcrb ]ekprcvbkbnt grck ohsbaenb[ ht 7 wbbms9 ?.45 ] “4.68[ wet`guaa-tekb spaent v ?.<4 ] “4.25[ wet` nej`t-tekb spaent= T ; 4.2<).
]<:[V`b usb cg h nej`t-tekb spaent whs
lckpabtb cr nbhray lckpabtb en 02% cg pbcpab haaclhtbf tc nej`t-tekb spaentenj cnay, out ?<% rbpcrtbfaeketbf hffetecnha fhytekb usb. Lckpabtb cr nbhray lckpabtb fhytekb wbhr whs rbpcrtbf oy cnay?:% cg pbcpab haaclhtbf tc guaa-tekb wbhr. Kcrb kbn t`hn wckbn wbrb enlaufbf en t`b treha t`hnwcuaf `hvb obbn bxpbltbf grck t`b usuha sbx festreoutecn cg LV\.
V`b suosbqubnt _LV (78 pbcpab wet` LV\ rhnfckesbf= 74 pbcpab hnhaysbf, kcst wet` sykptckscvbr 7 kcnt`s' furhtecn= 68% prbvecusay trbhtbf wet` spaent cr hnte-engahkkhtcry) lckphrbf gcurentbrvbntecns9 nbutrha-hnjab spaent (8: pbcpab), nbutrha-hnjab spaent wet` nbrvb jaefenj bxbrlesbs (87pbcpab), wrest lclm-up spaent (wrest spaentenj en ?4´ bxtbnsecn= 8? pbcpab), vbrsus wrest lclm-up spaentwet` nbrvb jaefenj bxbrlesbs (87 pbcpab).
]<<[ Haa jrcups wbrb enstrultbf tc wbhr t`b spaents furenj
sabbp gcr 6 wbbms, hnf t`b bxbrlesb jrcups wbrb enstrultbf tc pbrgcrk bxbrlesbs t`rbb tc gevb tekbsfheay gcr 6 wbbms. Haa jrcups lcuaf lcntenub wbhrenj t`b spaents hnf pbrgcrkenj t`b bxbrlesbs hsnbbfbf tc khnhjb sykptcks hgtbr t`b 6 wbbms. V`b _LV pbrgcrkbf h lckpabx HNCWH hnhayseshkcnj haa gcur jrcups, out et fef nct rbpcrt ferblt sthtestelha hnhaysbs obtwbbn hny twc enfevefuhajrcups.V`b _LV rbpcrtbf hoscautb sykptck slcrbs gcr pbcpab wbhrenj feggbrbnt typbs cg spaent=`cwbvbr, et es unlabhr w`bt`br pbcpab pbrgcrkenj bxbrlesbs wbrb enlaufbf en t`b slcrbs gcr t`b
© OKI Tuoaes`enj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. .......................................................... 8?
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nbutrha-hnjab spaent hnf wrest lclm-up spaent jrcups.V`b _LV gcunf t`ht pbcpab wbhrenj t`b nbutrha-hnjab spaent `hf jrbhtbr ekprcvbkbnts en sykptcks t`hn pbcpab wbhrenj t`b wrest lclm-up spaent(kbhn LV\ \ykptck \bvbrety \lhab slcrb ]h `ej`br slcrb fbnctbs wcrsb sykptcks[9 ?.4 wet`nbutrha spaent v ?.2 wet` wrest lclm-up spaent= tekb grhkb unlabhr, hoscautb nukobrs en hnhayses nctrbpcrtbf, sthtestelha hnhaysbs obtwbbn jrcups nct rbpcrtbf).V`b _LV rbpcrtbf t`ht sckb phrtelephntsrblbevbf hnte-engahkkhtcry kbfelhtecn (0%) cr hn enibltecn (80%) furenj t`b stufy pbrecf, w`el`khy `hvb hggbltbf t`b rbsuats, hnf t`ht t`b hfkenestrhtcr cg trbhtkbnt hnf cutlckb hssbsscr (t`bshkb pbrscn) whs nct oaenfbf tc trbhtkbnt haaclhtecn.
@hrks9 Zrest spaents vbrsus nc trbhtkbnt9En t`b _LV lckphrenj nclturnha hnf orhlb wet` nc trbhtkbnt, gcur pbcpab en t`b hnf orhlb jrcupbxpbrebnlbf trhnsebnt phrhbst`bsehb hgtbr t`b `hnf orhlb whs rbkcvbf.
]<2[
Zrest spaents vbrsus surjbry9\bb `hrks cg surjbry, p 87
Zrest spaents vbrsus systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs9
\bb `hrks cg lcrtelcstbrcefs (systbkel), p 2 .
Feggbrbnt wrest spaentenj rbjekbns lckphrbf wet` bhl` ct`br9V`b _LVs jhvb nc engcrkhtecn hocut hfvbrsb bggblts.
]<:[ ]<<[
Lckkbnt9 Zb efbntegebf cnb stufy lckphrenj lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus nej`t-tekb spaent vbrsus p`ysec-
t`brhpy (uatrhscunf cr VBN\), w`el` weaa ob lcnsefbrbf gcr enlausecn cnlb trhnsahtbf.]?4[
Laenelha juefb9V`brb es aeketbf bvefbnlb t`ht wbhrenj h spaent guaa tekb (e.b., ?6 `curs h fhy) vbrsus iust nej`t-tekbusb es obnbgeleha. V`brb sbbks nc feggbrbnlb en bggbltevbnbss obtwbbn spaents t`ht `caf t`b icent enh nbutrha pcsetecn cr t`csb `cafenj et ht hn hnjab cg hpprcxekhtbay ?4´.
XRB\VECN Z`ht hrb t`b bggblts cg surjelha trbhtkbnts gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3
CTVECN BNFC\LCTEL LH_THA VRNNBA _BABH\B WB_\R\ CTBN LH_THA VRNNBA _BABH\B. .
\ykptck sbvbretyBnfcslcpel lckphrbf wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb Bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb sbbks bquhaay bggbltevb ht
ekprcvenj sykptcks en pbcpab wet` LV\ en t`b s`crt cr acnj tbrk ( kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).
@hnf gunltecn
Bnfcslcpel lckphrbf wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb Bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb sbbks bquhaay bggbltevbht ekprcvenj `hnf gunltecn en pbcpab wet` LV\ en t`b s`crt cr acnj tbrk (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Vekb tc rbturn tc wcrmBnfcslcpel lckphrbf wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb Bnfcslcpel surjbry khy ob kcrb bggbltevb ht rbfulenj tekbtc rbturn tc wcrm en pbcpab wet` LV\ (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Hfvbrsb bggbltsHfvbrsb bggblts cg lhrpha tunnba surjbrebs hrb usuhaay kencr out lhn enlaufb nbrvb eniurebs, hbkcrr`hjb hnf engbltecn,pbrsestbnt phen (en wrest cr cvbr slhr), hnf pbrsestbnlb/rblurrbnlb cg sykptcks cg LV\. Bnfcslcpel rbabhsb es kcrbrbscurlb-entbnsevb t`hn cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb, hnf rbquerbs h `ej`br fbjrbb cg surjelha smeaa.
Gcr J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg entbrvbntecns gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb, sbb thoab, p ?: .
Obnbgets9 Bnfcslcpel vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb9Zb gcunf twc systbkhtel rbvebws (sbhrl` fhtb ?448/?44?
]<0[ hnf sbhrl` fhtb ?447)
]<5[ hnf cnb
suosbqubnt _LV.]64[
V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw lckphrbf bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb (hnytbl`nequb) vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb (hny tbl`nequb). Et efbntegebf 8? _LVs cg vhrehoabquhaety hnf pccabf fhth.
]<0[V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw lckphrbf hny surjelha tbl`nequb vbrsus
hny ct`br surjelha tbl`nequb en pbcpab wet` LV\.]<5[
Et efbntegebf 85 _LVs lckphrenj bnfcslcpelvbrsus sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb cr cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb wet` h kcfegebf enlesecn.V`b sblcnf rbvebw pccabf fhth gcr sckb _LVs gcr sckb cutlckbs.V`b twc systbkhtel rbvebws`hf 84 _LVs en lckkcn.V`b suosbqubnt _LV lckphrbf bnfcslcpel vbrsus sthnfhrf cpbn lhrphatunnba rbabhsb.
]64[
\`crt-tbrk cutlckbs (< kcnt`s cr abss)9V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en phen cutlckbs ht 8? wbbms obtwbbnbnfcslcpel hnf cpbn surjbry (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).
]<0[ @cwbvbr, et gcunf t`ht bnfcslcpel surjbry
© OKI Tuoaes`enj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. .......................................................... 8<
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sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf oct` jrep hnf penl` strbnjt` ht 8? wbbms lckphrbf wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnbarbabhsb (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).
]<0[ Thrteluahr lhutecn s`cuaf ob hppaebf tc t`b entbrprbthtecn cg t`b
rbsuats gcr jrep strbnjt`, oblhusb cg sejnegelhnt `btbrcjbnbety obtwbbn trehas (sbb lckkbnt obacw).
V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf 88 _LVs hssbssenj s`crt-tbrk cutlckbs cg bnfcslcpelvbrsus sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb.
]<5[ Et pbrgcrkbf kbth-hnhaysbs cg t`rbb _LVs hnf
gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en sykptck sbvbrety obtwbbn bnfcslcpel hnf sthnfhrf cpbn lhrphatunnba rbabhsb ht < kcnt`s cr abss, hnf gcunf t`ht cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb sejnegelhntay wcrsbnbfgunltecn ht < kcnt`s cr abss lckphrbf wet` bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb ( sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).
@cwbvbr t`b hut`crs cg t`b rbvebw nctbf sejnegelhnt sthtestelha btbrcjbnbety gcr t`bsb twc cutlckbs(sbb thoab 8, p ?< ), w`el` es pcsseoay httreouthoab tc cnb _LV.
]<5[ Cg t`b rbkhenenj bej`t _LVs
hssbssenj s`crt-tbrk cutlckbs, sbvbn gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlbs obtwbbn bnfcslcpel hnfsthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb en s`crt-tbrk sykptcks,
]68[ ]6?[ ]6<[ ]66[ ]62[ ]67[ (fhth gcr
cnb _LV bxtrhltbf grck t`b systbkhtel rbvebw]<5[
) hnf cnb fef nct rbpcrt sejnegelhnlb (sbb thoab8, p ?< ).
]6:[
V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf twc _LVs hssbssenj s`crt-tbrk cutlckbs cg bnfcslcpelvbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb wet` h kcfegebf enlesecn= et fef nct pbrgcrk h kbth-hnhayses.
]<5[
Cnb _LV fef nct kbbt Laenelha Bvefbnlb lretbreh (cnay 84 pbcpab wbrb enlaufbf), hnf t`brbgcrb etes nct rbpcrtbf gurt`br `brb. V`b ct`br _LV gcunf t`ht cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb wet` h kcfegebfenlesecn sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf wcunf phen ht 6 wbbms, hnf rhfeha/uanhr peaahr phen ht 0 wbbms,lckphrbf wet` bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb. @cwbvbr, et gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbnjrcups en wcunf phen ht 0 wbbms (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).
]60[
V`b suosbqubnt _LV gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en ?-pcent feslrekenhtecn (grck ohsbaenb tcpcst-cpbrhtecn= tekb cg pcstcpbrhtevb hssbsskbnt nct labhr) obtwbbn bnfcslcpel hnf sthnfhrfcpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).
]64[ @cwbvbr, et gcunf t`ht bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba
rbabhsb sejnegelhntay rbfulbf slhr tbnfbrnbss ht t`b kcst "sejnegelhnt pcent" (typb cg kbhsurbkbnthnf tekb grhkb nct rbpcrtbf) lckphrbf wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb ( sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).
Acnj-tbrk cutlckbs (kcrb t`hn < kcnt`s)9
V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw fef nct hssbss acnj-tbrk cutlckbs cg bnfcslcpel vbrsus cpbn lhrphatunnba rbabhsb.
]<0[
V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf bej`t _LVs hssbssenj acnj-tbrk cutlckbs cg bnfcslcpelvbrsus sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb.
]<5[ Et pbrgcrkbf kbth-hnhaysbs cg twc _LVs hnf
gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en sykptck sbvbrety cr gunltecn ht kcrb t`hn < kcnt`s obtwbbn
bnfcslcpel hnf sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ). Cg t`b rbkhenenj sex_LVs
]6?[ ]6<[ ]66[ ]62[ ]6:[ (fhth gcr cnb _LV bxtrhltbf grck t`b systbkhtel rbvebw
]<5[) hssbssenj
acnj-tbrk cutlckbs, t`b rbvebw rbpcrtbf t`ht haa sex gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn bnfc-slcpel hnf sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb en acnj-tbrk sykptcks (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).
]<5[
Hn bxtbnfbf gcaacw-up (8?7 pbcpab)]65[
gcr cnb cg t`b crejenha _LVs lckphrenj bnfcslcpel vbrsussthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb (8?0 pbcpab)
]24[ gcunf t`ht sykptck sbvbrety hnf gunltecn,
hs kbhsurbf oy t`b Ocstcn Lhrpha Vunnba Xubstecnnherb,]<7[
wbrb sekeahr en oct` t`b bnfcslcpelhnf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb jrcups ht 2 ybhrs (sykptck sbvbrety9 8.62 wet` bnfcslcpel v 8.6?wet` cpbn= sejnegelhnlb obtwbbn jrcups nct rbpcrtbf= gunltecnha sthtus9 8.<4 wet` bnfcslcpel v 8.?5 wet` cpbn= sejnegelhnlb obtwbbn jrcups nct rbpcrtbf).
V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf cnb _LV t`ht hssbssbf acnj-tbrk cutlckbs cg bnfcslcpellhrpha tunnba rbabhsb vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb wet` h kcfegebf enlesecn. Et gcunf nc sejneg-elhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn t`b twc jrcups en cvbrhaa sykptck ekprcvbkbnt (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ). ]<5[
V`b suosbqubnt _LV gcunf t`ht t`brb whs nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en phtebnt shtesghltecn ht hpprcx-ekhtbay ? ybhrs' gcaacw-up (80 “60 kcnt`s) obtwbbn bnfcslcpel hnf sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnbarbabhsb.
]64[
Vekb tc rbturn tc wcrm cr hltevetebs cg fheay aevenj9V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en tekb thmbn tc rbturn tc wcrm obtwbbnbnfcslcpel hnf cpbn surjbry (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).
]<0[
V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf 86 _LVs hssbssenj rbturn tc wcrm cr rbsukptecn cg hltev-etebs cg fheay aevenj (HFA) gcr rbabhsb vbrsus sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb.
]<5[ Et pbrgcrkbf
h kbth-hnhayses cg t`rbb _LVs]67[ ]24[ ]28[
hnf gcunf t`ht pbcpab rblbevenj sthnfhrf cpbn lhrphatunnba rbabhsb tccm sejnegelhntay acnjbr tc rbturn tc wcrm hnf rbsukb HFA t`hn pbcpab rblbevenjbnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ). Cg t`b rbkhenenj 88 _LVs hssbssenj tekbtc rbturn tc wcrm cr rbsukptecn cg HFA, sex _LVs (8 _LV rbpcrtbf en ? puoaelhtecns) gcunf t`ht
© OKI Tuoaes`enj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. .......................................................... 86
Lhrpha tunnba synfrckbK u s l ua c sm ba b
t ha f e s cr f br s
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bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb sejnegelhntay fblrbhsbf t`b tekb tc rbturn tc wcrm cr rbsukb HFAlckphrbf wet` sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb=
]2?[ ]2<[ ]26[ ]68[ ]6<[ ]6:[ ]22[ cnb _LV gcunf
t`ht cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb sejnegelhntay fblrbhsbf t`b tekb tc rbturn tc wcrm cr rbsukb HFAlckphrbf wet` bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb=
]6?[ hnf gcur _LVs
]27[ ]2:[ ]62[ (fhth gcr 8 _LV
bxtrhltbf grck t`b systbkhtel rbvebw]<5[
) gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlbs obtwbbn bnfcslcpel hnfsthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb en acnj-tbrk sykptcks (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).
V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf nc _LVs hssbssenj rbturn tc wcrm cr HFA gcr t`b lckphr-escn cg bnfcslcpel vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb wet` h kcfegebf enlesecn.
]<5[
V`b suosbqubnt _LV gcunf t`ht bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb sejnegelhntay rbfulbf t`b tekbtc rbturn tc wcrm lckphrbf wet` sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb ( sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).
]64[
@hrks9 Bnfcslcpel vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb9V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw gcunf t`ht rbvbrseoab nbrvb eniury whs sejnegelhntay kcrb lckkcn (oyhocut < tekbs) en t`b bnfcslcpel jrcup (7 _LVs, pccabf C_ 4.<<7, 52% LE 4.88: tc 4.540= ckc-jbnbety T ; 4.5:2).
]<0[ @cwbvbr, et gcunf sejnegelhntay kcrb slhr tbnfbrnbss wet` cpbn t`hn bnfc-
slcpel surjbry (pccabf C_ <.:0, 52% LE ?.87 tc 7.25= `ckcjbnbety T ; 4.4887).]<0[
V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf 82 _LVs rbpcrtenj cn lckpaelhtecns cg bnfcslcpel vbrsussthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb.
]<5[ Et gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en nbbf gcr rbpbhtbf
surjbry obtwbbn bnfcslcpel hnf sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb (7 _LVs, 00< pbcpab9 8?/28<]?%[ wet` bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb v 2/<:4 ]8%[ wet` sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb=
__ 8.?6, 52% LE 4.24 tc <.4:).V`b sblcnf rbvebw hasc efbntegebf cnb _LV lckphrenj bnfcslcpellhrpha tunnba rbabhsb vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb wet` h kcfegebf enlesecn, hssbssenj rbpbhtsurjbry. V`b rbvebw gcunf t`ht rbpbht surjbry whs sejnegelhntay abss lckkcn wet` bnfcslcpellhrpha tunnba rbabhsb t`hn cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb wet` h kcfegebf enlesecn (?/8?0 ]?%[ wet`bnfcslcpel v 7/72 ]5%[ wet` kcfegebf cpbn= __ 4.8:, 52% LE 4.46 tc 4.0?). V`b rbvebw rbpcrtbft`ht nc khicr lckpaelhtecns cllurrbf rbsuatenj en pbrkhnbnt fhkhjb cr khicr ekpherkbnts, hnfsthtbf t`ht "Et sbbks t`ht bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb jevbs kcrb trhnsebnt nbrvb prcoabks(gcr bxhkpab nburhprhxeh, nukonbss, phrhbst`bsehb) hnf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb kcrb wcunfprcoabks (gcr bxhkpab, engbltecn, `ypbrtrcp`el slhrrenj, slhr tbnfbrnbss)."
@hrks rbsuatenj grck bnfcslcpel hnf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb vhry obtwbbn _LVs, hat`cuj`rhtbs cg lckpaelhtecns gcr oct` prclbfurbs hrb jbnbrhaay acw.
]20[ ]2<[ ]6:[ ]68[ ]6<[ ]27[ ]2?[ ]25[
V`b suosbqubnt _LV rbpcrtbf t`ht nc nburcvhsluahr cr engbltecn lckpaelhtecns cllurrbf hs h rbsuat
cg bnfcslcpel cr cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb. ]64[ Et gcunf t`ht slhr tbnfbrnbss (typb cg kbhsurbkbntnct rbpcrtbf) ht "t`b kcst sejnegelhnt pcent" (tekb grhkb nct labhr) whs sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf wet`bnfcslcpel lckphrbf wet` sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb (<7% wet` bnfcslcpel v 72% wet`cpbn= hoscautb nukobrs nct rbpcrtbf= T abss t`hn 4.42). \urjbry whs rbpbhtbf en </<4 (84%)pbcpab wet` bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb vbrsus 4/<? (4%) pbcpab wet` sthnfhrf cpbn lhrphatunnba rbabhsb= sejnegelhnlb nct hssbssbf.
Lckkbnt9 V`b ahlm cg sejnegelhnt `ckcjbnbety obtwbbn trehas usenj penl` strbnjt` hs hn cutlckb lcuaf nctob bxpahenbf oy feggbrbnlbs en ohsbaenb l`hrhltbrestels, surjelha tbl`nequb, fbgenetecns cg cutlckbs,cr kbt`cfs.V`es lcuaf sujjbst t`b bxestbnlb cg hn unfbgenbf suojrcup cg pbcpab w`c kej`tobnbget grck, cr lcnvbrsbay ob `hrkbf oy, bnfcslcpel rbabhsb surjbry. Bnfcslcpel rbabhsb tbl`-nequbs vhry obtwbbn _LVs, w`el` kej`t hllcunt gcr sckb cg t`b vhrehtecn sbbn en cutlckbs.
]74[
]<5[
Laenelha juefb9Bnfcslcpel surjbry es kcrb rbscurlb-entbnsevb hnf fbkhnfs h `ej`br surjelha smeaa abvba t`hn t`bcpbn tbl`nequb.
CTVECN \R_JB_U WB_\R\ NC V_BHVKBNV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zb gcunf nc laenelhaay ekpcrthnt rbsuats grck _LVs hocut t`b bggblts cg surjbry lckphrbf wet` nc trbhtkbntcr pahlboc.
Gcr J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg entbrvbntecns gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb, sbb thoab, p ?: .
Obnbgets9 \urjbry vbrsus nc trbhtkbnt9Zb gcunf nc _LVs lckphrenj surjbry vbrsus pahlboc cr nc trbhtkbnt.
@hrks9 \urjbry vbrsus nc trbhtkbnt9Zb gcunf nc _LVs.
© OKI Tuoaes`enj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. .......................................................... 82
Lhrpha tunnba synfrckbK u s l ua c sm ba b
t ha f e s cr f br s
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Lckkbnt9 Laenelha juefb9V`brb es nc lcnsbnsus hs tc t`b cptekha tekenj cg w`bn tc cpbrhtb cn t`b lhrpha tunnba. Kcst laen-elehns obaebvb t`ht t`csb w`c `hvb nct obnbgetbf grck lcnsbrvhtevb khnhjbkbnt (b.j., h treha cgwrest spaents cr lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn) s`cuaf ob lcnsefbrbf gcr surjbry. Babltrcfehjncstel tbstenj(babltrckybacjrhk) lhn efbntegy pbcpab wet` sbvbrb LV\ w`c s`cuaf prcohoay ob rbgbrrbf gcrsurjbry, hnf t`csb en t`b keaf hnf kcfbrhtb lhtbjcrebs w`c lhn ob jevbn h treha cg lcnsbrvhtevbtrbhtkbnt(s). Tbcpab wet` prbfespcsenj lcnfetecns, sul` hs fehobtbs cr prbvecus wrest grhlturb,s`cuaf pcsseoay ob khnhjbf kcrb hjjrbssevbay, wet` bhraebr rbgbrrha gcr surjbry.
CTVECN \R_JB_U WB_\R\ Z_E\V \TAENV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ykptck sbvbretyLckphrbf wet` wrest spaents \urjbry khy ob kcrb bggbltevb ht rbfulenj sykptcks cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb hgtbr< tc 80 kcnt`s (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Gcr J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg entbrvbntecns gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb, sbb thoab, p ?: .
Obnbgets9 \urjbry vbrsus wrest spaent9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?440) lckphrenj hny typb cg surjbry wet` hny ncn-surjelha entbrvbntecn.
]78[V`b rbvebw efbntegebf twc _LVs lckphrenj surjbry vbrsus spaents, hnf
twc _LVs lckphrenj surjbry vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn (sbb obnbgets cg surjbry vbrsusaclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn, p 87 ).
V`b systbkhtel rbvebw gcunf t`ht surjbry sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf laenelha cutlckb ht 8 ybhr lckphrbfwet` spaents (? _LVs,850 pbcpab wet` lhrpha tunnba synfrckb9 ::/50 ]:5%[ wet` surjbry v 7?/844]7?%[ wet` spaent= __ 8.?:, 52% LE 8.42 tc 8.2<).
]78[V`b rbvebw nctbf sbvbrha kbt`cfcacjelha
gahws en t`b gerst _LV, enlaufenj t`ht et whs nct oaenfbf, t`brb whs nc engcrkhtecn cn ohsbaenb laenelhahnf babltrcp`ysecacjelha sthtus cg t`b twc jrcups, hnf t`b kbt`cf cg rhnfckeshtecn whs nct fb-slreobf.
V`b sblcnf _LV]7?[
efbntegebf oy t`b systbkhtel rbvebw]78[
(8:7 pbcpab, enlaufenj 86< wckbn=furhtecn cg sykptcks 87 “846 wbbms) hasc rbpcrtbf cn laenelha ekprcvbkbnt ht < hnf 80 kcnt`s.V`b _LV lckphrbf cpbn lhrpha tunnba surjbry wet` wrest spaentenj gcr ht abhst 7 kcnt`s. Et gcunft`ht surjbry sejnegelhntay enlrbhsbf sullbss rhtbs (fbgenbf hs "lckpabtbay rblcvbrbf" cr "kul`ekprcvbf" cn h 7-pcent slhab) lckphrbf wet` spaentenj ht < hnf 80 kcnt`s (< kcnt`s9 7?/:0 ]04%[wet` surjbry v 67/07 ]26%[ wet` spaentenj= T abss t`hn 4.448= 80 kcnt`s9 78/70 ]54%[ wet` surjbry
v 25/:5 ]:2%[ wet` spaentenj= T ; 4.4?). Oy 80 kcnt`s, 68% cg t`b pbcpab haaclhtbf tc spaentenj hf`hf surjbry.]7?[
V`es sblcnf _LV whs ahrjbr, cg kul` obttbr quhaety, hnf hf acnjbr gcaacw-up (uptc 80 kcnt`s) t`hn t`b gerst skhaabr _LV efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw.
]78[
@hrks9 \urjbry vbrsus wrest spaent9V`b gerst _LV efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw fef nct rbpcrt cn `hrks cg trbhtkbnt.
]78[V`b sblcnf _LV
]7?[ efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw
]78[ gcunf t`ht t`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` hfvbrsb bggblts whs ej`br
en t`b surjbry jrcup t`hn t`b spaent jrcup, out t`b feggbrbnlb whs cg ocrfbraenb sejnegelhnlb (20/0:]7:%[ wet` surjbry v 67/05% ]2?%[ wet` spaentenj= __ 8.?5, 52% LE 8.44 tc 8.77).
]78[ @cwbvbr,
t`b systbkhtel rbvebw nctbf t`ht h nukobr cg hfvbrsb bvbnts rbpcrtbf en t`b ncn-surjelha jrcupwbrb hltuhaay lhusbf oy surjbry furenj gcaacw-up. Hfvbrsb bggblts enlaufbf phengua cr ypbrtrcp`elslhr, wcunf `hbkhtckh hnf engbltecn, steggnbss, swbaaenj cr feslckgcrt cg t`b wrest, hnf rbgabxsykpht`btel fystrcp`y. V`b rbvebw fef nct fbslreob khicr lckpaelhtecns sul` hs fhkhjb tc hnbrvb.
]78[
Lckkbnt9 Laenelha juefb9
V`brb es nc lcnsbnsus hs tc t`b cptekha tekenj cg w`bn tc cpbrhtb cn t`b lhrpha tunnba. Kcst laen-elehns obaebvb t`ht t`csb w`c `hvb nct obnbgetbf grck lcnsbrvhtevb khnhjbkbnt (b.j., h treha cgwrest spaents, cr lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn) s`cuaf ob lcnsefbrbf gcr surjbry. Babltrcfehjncstel tbstenj(babltrckybacjrhk) lhn efbntegy pbcpab wet` sbvbrb LV\ w`c s`cuaf prcohoay ob rbgbrrbf gcrsurjbry, hnf t`csb en t`b keaf hnf kcfbrhtb lhtbjcrebs w`c lhn ob jevbn h treha cg lcnsbrvhtevbtrbhtkbnt(s). Tbcpab wet` prbfespcsenj lcnfetecns, sul` hs fehobtbs cr prbvecus wrest grhlturb,s`cuaf pcsseoay ob khnhjbf kcrb hjjrbssevbay, wet` bhraebr rbgbrrha gcr surjbry.
CTVECN \R_JB_U WB_\R\ ACLHA LC_VELC\VB_CEF ENIBLVECN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ykptck sbvbretyLckphrbf wet` aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry es kcrb bggbltevb
ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
© OKI Tuoaes`enj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. .......................................................... 87
Lhrpha tunnba synfrckbK u s l ua c sm ba b
t ha f e s cr f br s
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@hnf gunltecnLckphrbf wet` aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn Lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry khy ob bquhaay bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj`hnf gunltecn en pbcpab wet` LV\ (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Gcr J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg entbrvbntecns gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb, sbb thoab, p ?: .
Obnbgets9 \urjbry vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?440) lckphrenj hny typb cg surjbry wet` hny ncn-surjelha entbrvbntecn.
]78[V`b rbvebw efbntegebf twc _LVs lckphrenj surjbry vbrsus aclha lcrtelcs-
tbrcef enibltecn hnf twc _LVs lckphrenj surjbry vbrsus spaents (sbb obnbgets cg surjbry vbrsuswrest spaent, p 87 ). V`b systbkhtel rbvebw fef nct pbrgcrk h kbth-hnhayses bxlausevbay gcr t`blckphrescn cg surjbry vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn= t`brbgcrb, wb rbpcrt t`b _LVs enfevefu-haay `brb.
V`b gerst _LV efbntegebf oy t`b systbkhtel rbvebw (848 pbcpab, 5< wckbn= kbhn furhtecn cgsykptcks <8 “<< wbbms)
]7<[ ]78[ lckphrbf lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry (usenj h aeketbf phakhr
enlesecn tbl`nequb) vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn (phrhkbt`hscnb ?4 kj).V`b systbkhtelrbvebw gcunf t`ht surjbry whs sejnegelhntay abss bggbltevb t`hn aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn ht ek-prcvenj nclturnha phrhbst`bseh ht < kcnt`s (prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` :4% ekprcvbkbnt9 ?5/<<]00%[ wet` enibltecn v ?8/<7 ]20%[ wet` surjbry= __ 4.77, 52% LE 4.65 tc 4.54)= `cwbvbr, et gcunfnc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlbs obtwbbn t`b jrcups ht 7 kcnt`s (?6/<< ]:<%[ wet` enibltecn v ?2/<7 ]75%[wet` surjbry= __ 4.52, 52% LE 4.:8 tc 8.?5).
]78[
V`b sblcnf _LV efbntegebf oy t`b systbkhtel rbvebw (24 pbcpab wet` LV\) ]78[ lckphrbf surjelhafblckprbssecn (veh cpbn tbl`nequb unfbr aclha hnhbst`bseh) vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn(82 kj kbt`yaprbfnescacnb).V`b _LV gcunf t`ht surjbry sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf laenelha cutlckbht ?4 wbbms lckphrbf wet` aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn (prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` ekprcvbkbntoy ht abhst 24% en t`b Jacoha \ykptck \lcrb9 ?6/82 ]57%[ wet` surjbry v 88/?2 ]66%[ wet` lcrte-lcstbrcef enibltecn= __ ?.80, 52% LE 8.<5 tc <.6?).
]78[ @cwbvbr, t`b _LV gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feg-
gbrbnlb obtwbbn t`b jrcups en t`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` ekprcvbf jrep strbnjt` ht ?4 wbbms(hs kbhsurbf oy h IHKH_ `yfrhuael `hnf fynhkckbtbr9 8?/?2 ]60%[ wet` surjbry v 8:/?2 ]70%[wet` lcrtelcstbrcef= __ 4.:8, 52% LE 4.6< tc 8.82).
]78[
@hrks9 \urjbry vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn9V`b gerst _LV
]7<[ efbntegebf oy t`b systbkhtel rbvebw
]78[ gcunf t`ht t`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet`
hfvbrsb bggblts en bhl` jrcup whs sekeahr en bhl` jrcup (0/27 ]86%[ wet` surjbry v 0/65 ]87%[ wet`lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn= T vhaub nct rbpcrtbf). Hfvbrsb bvbnts enlaufbf aclha wrest phen ht ? wbbms,
w`el` rbscavbf wet`en "fhys". Lcaabs' grhlturb abhfenj tc wet`frhwha whs rbpcrtbf en twc pbcpab w`crblbevbf lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn, hnf fbht` grck `bphtclhrlenckh ht 8< kcnt`s whs rbpcrtbf encnb pbrscn en t`b surjbry jrcup.
]7<[
V`b sblcnf _LV efbntegebf oy t`b systbkhtel rbvebw]78[
gcunf t`ht surjbry sejnegelhntay enlrbhsbft`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` hfvbrsb bvbnts lckphrbf wet` lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn (88/?2 ]66%[wet` surjbry v 2/?2 ]?4%[ wet` lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn= __ 8.<0, 52% LE 8.40 tc 8.:7).
]78[ Hfvbrsb
bggblts en t`b surjbry jrcup wbrb wcunf hbkhtckh (? pbcpab) hnf keaf tc kcfbrhtb wcunf phen(5 pbcpab), hnf en t`b lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn jrcup wbrb lbaauaetes (8 pbrscn) hnf phen ht t`b enibltecnsetb (6 pbcpab).
]78[
Lckkbnt9 Laenelha juefb9V`brb es nc lcnsbnsus hs tc t`b cptekha tekenj cg w`bn tc cpbrhtb cn t`b lhrpha tunnba. Kcst laen-elehns obaebvb t`ht t`csb w`c `hvb nct obnbgetbf grck lcnsbrvhtevb khnhjbkbnt (b.j., h treha cgwrest spaents, cr lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn) s`cuaf ob lcnsefbrbf gcr surjbry. Babltrcfehjncstel tbstenj(babltrckybacjrhk) lhn efbntegy pbcpab wet` sbvbrb LV\ w`c s`cuaf ob rbgbrrbf gcr surjbry, hnft`csb en t`b keaf hnf kcfbrhtb lhtbjcrebs w`c lhn ob jevbn h treha cg lcnsbrvhtevb trbhtkbnt(s).Tbcpab wet` prbfespcsenj lcnfetecns, sul` hs fehobtbs cr prbvecus wrest grhlturb, s`cuaf pcsseoayob khnhjbf kcrb hjjrbssevbay, wet` bhraebr rbgbrrha gcr surjbry.
CTVECN ENVB_NHA NBR_CAU\E\ EN LCNIRNLVECN ZEV@ CTBN LH_THA VRNNBA _BABH\B. . . . .
\ykptck sbvbretyLckphrbf wet` lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb hacnb Entbrnha nburcayses khy nct rbfulb sykptcks cg LV\ w`bn pbrgcrkbfht cpbn surjbry (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Gcr J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg entbrvbntecns gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb, sbb thoab, p ?: .
© OKI Tuoaes`enj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. .......................................................... 8:
Lhrpha tunnba synfrckbK u s l ua c sm ba b
t ha f e s cr f br s
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Obnbgets9 Entbrnha nburcayses en lcniunltecn wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?447), w`el` efbntegebf t`rbb _LVs lckphrenj cpbnlhrpha tunnba rbabhsb hacnb vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb paus entbrnha nburcayses.
]<5[V`b
rbvebw fef nct pbrgcrk kbth-hnhayses oblhusb cg t`b usb cg feggbrbnt cutlckb kbhsurbs cr feggbrbntslhabs. V`b t`rbb _LVs gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb hacnbhnf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb paus entbrnha nburcayses.
]76[ ]72[ ]77[
V`b gerst _LV (25 pbcpab= 7< wrests) gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn trbhtkbnts en t`bprcpcrtecn cg pbcpab rbpcrtenj rbaebg grck haa cr kcst cg t`ber sykptcks hgtbr 8? kcnt`s (?0/<? ]00%[
wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb hacnb v ?2/<8 ]08%[ wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb paus entbrnhanburcayses= __ 8.8, 52% LE 4.5 tc 8.<).
]76[
V`b sblcnf _LV (60 pbcpab= 60 wrests) gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn trbhtkbnts en t`bprcpcrtecn cg pbcpab w`c rbpcrtbf lckpabtb rbaebg cg sykptcks hgtbr 7 kcnt`s (?</?6 ]57%[ wet`cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb hacnb v ?</?6 ]57%[ wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb paus entbrnha nbu-rcayses= __ 8.4, 52% LE 4.5 tc 8.8).
]72[
V`b t`erf _LV (68 pbcpab= 6: wrests wet` sbvbrb LV\= sbb lckkbnt obacw) gcunf nc sejnegelhntfeggbrbnlb hgtbr < kcnt`s obtwbbn trbhtkbnts en t`b prcpcrtecn cg wrests wet` h "jccf" (rbscautecncg phen, ekprcvbkbnt en sbnscry fbgelet, hnf nc surjelha lckpaelhtecns) cr "bxlbaabnt" (rbscautecncg phen, rbscautecn cg sbnscry fbgelet, hnf nc surjelha lckpaelhtecns) laenelha rbspcnsb (82/?< ]72%[wrests wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb hacnb v 87/?6 ]7:%[ wrests wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsbpaus entbrnha nburcayses= __ 8.4, 52% LE 4.7 tc 8.2).
]77[
@hrks9 Entbrnha nburcayses en lcniunltecn wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb9V`b gerst _LV fef nct rbpcrt cn hrks.
]76[V`b sblcnf _LV sthtbf t`ht t`brb wbrb nc lckpaelhtecns
httreouthoab tc entbrnha nburcayses.]72[
V`b t`erf _LV gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbntrbhtkbnts en t`b prcpcrtecn cg wrests wet` pbrsestbnt enlesecnha phen, w`el` whs t`b kcst lckkcnlckpaelhtecn rbpcrtbf en t`b treha (</?< ]8<%[ wrests wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb hacnb v 6/?6]8:%[ wrests wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb paus entbrnha nburcayses= __ 4.0, 52% LE 4.? tc <.8).]77[
Ct`br lckpaelhtecns enlaufbf 8/?6 (6%) wrests wet` `hnf swbaaenj hnf 8/?6 (6%) wrests wet`hf`bsevb lhpsuaetes en t`b cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb paus entbrnha nburcayses jrcup hnf 8/?< (6%)wrests wet` lhushajeh en t`b cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb hacnb jrcup.
Lckkbnt9 V`b tbrks "bpenburbltcky" hnf "nburcayses" hrb sckbtekbs usbf entbrl`hnjbhoay en t`b kbfelhaaetbrhturb, hnf ybt t`by kej`t hvb obbn rbgbrrenj tc feggbrbnt surjelha prclbfurbs. V`es lcuaf rbsuaten lcnsefbrhoab `btbrcjbnbety obtwbbn stufebs, hnf lhaas entc qubstecn t`b vhaefety cg lckoenenj
t`b rbsuats en h kbth-hnhayses. En t`es rbvebw wb `hvb enlaufbf _LVs t`ht spblegelhaay rbgbr tc"nburcayses".
XRB\VECN Z`ht hrb t`b bggblts cg pcstcpbrhtevb trbhtkbnts gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3
CTVECN Z_E\V \TAENV\ HGVB_ LH_THA VRNNBA _BABH\B \R_JB_U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ykptck ekprcvbkbntLckphrbf wet` nc kcvbkbnt rbstreltecn Zrest spaentenj hgtbr surjbry khy ob nc kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks(vbry acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
@hnf gunltecnLckphrbf wet` nc kcvbkbnt rbstreltecn Zrest spaentenj hgtbr surjbry khy ob nc kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj jrep
strbnjt` (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).
_bturn tc wcrm
Lckphrbf wet` nc kcvbkbnt rbstreltecn Zrest spaentenj hgtbr surjbry sbbks abss bggbltevb ht rbfulenj t`b tekb tcrbturn tc wcrm (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).
Gcr J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg entbrvbntecns gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb, sbb thoab, p ?: .
Obnbgets9 Zrest spaents hgtbr lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry vbrsus unrbstreltbf rhnjb cg kctecn9
Zb gcunf nc systbkhtel rbvebw, out wb gcunf t`rbb _LVs.]7:[ ]70[ ]75[
V`b gerst _LV (:6 pbcpab=0? wrests) lckphrbf rejef wrest spaentenj gcr 6 wbbms hgtbr surjbry vbrsus nc spaentenj paus hfvelbtc kcoeaesb t`b hggbltbf wrest cr wrests.
]7:[ Et gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn trbhtkbnts en
kbfehn jrep strbnjt` ht 7 kcnt`s (hs h pbrlbnthjb cg kbfehn prb-cpbrhtevb jrep strbnjt`9 unspaentbf846%, 52% LE 56% tc 882% v spaentbf 840%, 52% LE 844% tc 887%= rbpcrtbf hs nct sejnegelhnt=
T vhaubs nct rbpcrtbf).
© OKI Tuoaes`enj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. .......................................................... 80
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V`b sblcnf _LV (6: pbcpab= 28 wrests) lckphrbf rejef wrest spaentenj gcr ? wbbms hgtbr surjbryvbrsus nc spaentenj.
]70[ Et gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en t`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab w`c lcnsefbrbf
t`bksbavbs "lurbf" ht gcaacw-up (8?/?7 ]67%[ wet` spaentenj v 0/8: ]6:%[ wet` nc spaentenj= __ 8.4,52% LE 4.2 tc 8.5). En t`b sblcnf _LV, hat`cuj` t`b tbrk "lurbf" whs usbf hs hn cutlckb kbhsurb,ets kbhnenj whs nct fbgenbf en t`b lcntbxt cg t`b treha, hnf t`b abnjt` cg gcaacw-up whs nct spblegebf.Et gcunf t`ht :/6: (82%) pbcpab wbrb acst tc gcaacw-up, out hnhayses cg fhth whs nct oy entbntecn tctrbht.
]70[
V`b t`erf _LV (24 pbcpab= 24 wrests) lckphrbf rejef wrest spaentenj gcr ? wbbms hgtbr surjbry vbrsus
nc spaentenj. ]75[ Et gcunf t`ht t`b hvbrhjb nukobr cg fhys thmbn tc rbturn tc wcrm whs sejnegelhntayacwbr en t`b unspaentbf jrcup (?: fhys wet` spaentenj v 8: fhys wet` nc spaentenj= T ; 4.442).
]75[
@hrks9 Zrest spaents hgtbr lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry vbrsus unrbstreltbf rhnjb cg kctecn9V`b gerst _LV gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn trbhtkbnts en t`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab rbpcrtenjslhr phen hgtbr 7 kcnt`s (7/<: ]87%[ wet` spaentenj v 7/66 ]86%[ wet` nc spaentenj= __ 8.?, 52% LE4.6 tc <.6).
]7:[V`b sblcnf _LV rbpcrtbf lckpaelhtecns gcr cnb pbrscn en t`b unspaentbf jrcup,
w`c `hf pbrsestbnt sykptcks hnf rbquerbf rb-cpbrhtecn.]70[
V`b t`erf _LV gcunf t`ht spaentenjsejnegelhntay enlrbhsbf peaahr phen hnf slhr tbnfbrnbss ht 8 kcnt`, out gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlbobtwbbn trbhtkbnts en phen ht < cr 7 kcnt`s hgtbr surjbry (peaahr phen9 T ; 4.4?= slhr tbnfbrnbss9T ; 4.46= phen9 fhth nct rbpcrtbf).
]75[
Lckkbnt9 V`b _LVs wbrb tcc skhaa tc bxlaufb t`b pcsseoeaety cg h laenelhaay ekpcrthnt enlrbhsb en t`b resm cgsckb lckpaelhtecns (b.j., trhnsebnt uanhr nbrvb eniury) wet` spaentenj lckphrbf wet` nc spaentenj.
JAC\\H_UHf`bsevb lhpsuaetes H lcnfetecn en w`el` t`b icent lhpsuab oblckbs lcntrhltbf hnf t`elmbnbf, lhusenj rbstreltecnen t`b rhnjb cg kcvbkbnt.Hkbrelhn Hlhfbky cg Nburcacjy fehjncstel lretbreh
]<[V`b aembae`ccf cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb enlrbhsbs wet`
t`b nukobr cg sthnfhrf sykptcks hnf prcvclhtevb ghltcrs. \ykptcks enlaufb fuaa hl`enj feslckgcrt en t`b `hnf,gcrbhrk, cr uppbr hrk= phrhbst`bseh en t`b `hnf= wbhmnbss cr lauksenbss cg t`b `hnf= fry smen, swbaaenj, cr lcacurl`hnjbs en t`b `hnf= cr cllurrbnlb cg hny cg t`bsb sykptcks en t`b festreoutecn cg t`b kbfehn nbrvb. Trcvclhtevbghltcrs enlaufb sabbp, susthenbf hrk cr `hnf pcsetecns, cr rbpbtetevb hltecns cg t`b `hnf cr wrest. _baebvenj ghltcrsenlaufb l`hnjbs en `hnf pcsturb hnf s`hmenj t`b `hnf. T`yselha bxhkenhtecn khy ob ncrkha, cr sykptcks khy obbaeletbf oy thppenj cr ferblt prbssurb cvbr t`b kbfehn nbrvb ht t`b wrest cr wet` gcrlbf gabxecn cr bxtbnsecn cg t`bwrest. T yselha sejns enlaufb sbnscry acss en t`b kbfehn nbrvb festreoutecn= wbhmnbss cr htrcp`y en t`b t`bnhr kuslabs=hnf fry smen cn t`b t`uko, enfbx, cr keffab genjbrs. Babltrckycjrhp`y hnf nbrvb lcnfultecn stufebs lhn lcngerk,
out nct bxlaufb, t`b fehjncses cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb.Entbrnha nburcayses Fblckprbssecn wet`en t`b nbrvb hllckpaes`bf oy pbrgcrkenj hn bpenburctcky hnf t`bn fevefenjt`b nbrvb entc kuatepab ghsleluahr jrcups.
]77[
Nbrvb jaefenj bxbrlesbs Bxbrlesb t`brhpy ferbltbf ht rbstcrenj hnf khxekesenj bxlursecn cg t`b kbfehn nbrvbt`rcuj` t`b lhrpha tunnba.
]:8[
T`habn's tbst/sejn Venjaenj en t`b kbfehn nbrvb festreoutecn es enfulbf oy guaa gabxecn (cr guaa bxtbnsecn gcr rbvbrsbT`habn) cg t`b wrests gcr up tc 74 sblcnfs.Teaahr phen Then ht t`b rhfeha cr uanhr ocrfbr cg t`b lhrpha tunnba.Vbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs Bxbrlesb t`brhpy ferbltbf ht rbstcrenj hnf khxekesenj bxlursecn cg t`b genjbr gabxcr tbnfcnst`rcuj` t`b lhrpha tunnba.
]:8[
Ocstcn Lhrpha Vunnba Xubstecnnherb (OLVX) H vhaefhtbf sbag-hfkenestbrbf qubstecnnherb bvhauhtenj twc fckhens9OLVX \UKTV hssbssbs sykptck sbvbrety usenj hn 88-pcent slhab, hnf OLVX GRNLV hssbssbs gunltecn usenjbej`t etbks t`ht hrb bhl` rhtbf cn h slhab cg 8 (obst slcrb) tc 2 (wcrst slcrb).Feshoeaetebs cg Hrk \`cuafbr hnf @hnf (FH\@) gunltecnha enfbx es h <4-etbk qubstecnnherb fbsejnbf tc hssbss
gunltecn en pbcpab wet` kusluacsmbabtha fescrfbrs cg t`b uppbr aeko. Bhl` etbk es slcrbf grck 8 “
2, hnf t`b tctha slcrbes lcnvbrtbf tc h 8 “844 slhab.Gunltecnha \thtus \lhab (G\\) Kbhsurbs bej`t etbks, enlaufenj feggeluaty en wretenj, outtcnenj lact`bs, cpbnenj ihrs,`cafenj h occm, jreppenj h tbabp`cnb `hnfab, `cusb`caf l`crbs, lhrryenj jrclbry ohjs, oht`enj, hnf frbssenj.
]<8[
Jacoha \ykptck \lcrb (J\\) V`b nukbrelha suk cg gevb lckkcn lhrpha tunnba synfrckb sykptcks (phen,nukonbss, phrhbst`bseh, wbhmnbss/lauksenbss, hnf nclturnha whmbnenj), w`el` hrb bhl` rhtbf grck 4 (nc sykptcks)tc 84 (sbvbrb sykptcks), tc jevb h slcrb cg obtwbbn 4 hnf 24.
]:4[ ]??[
Acw-quhaety bvefbnlb Gurt`br rbsbhrl` es vbry aembay tc hvb hn ekpcrthnt ekphlt cn cur lcngefbnlb en t`b bstekhtbcg bggblt hnf es aembay tc l`hnjb t`b bstekhtb.Kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb Gurt`br rbsbhrl` es aembay tc hvb hn ekpcrthnt ekphlt cn cur lcngefbnlb en t`b bstekhtbcg bggblt hnf khy l`hnjb t`b bstekhtb.\ykptck \bvbrety \lhab (\\\) @hs 88 etbks lcnlbrnenj phen, nclturnha sykptcks, nukonbss, tenjaenj, hnfwbhmnbss.
]<8[
Venba's tbst/sejn Venjaenj en t`b kbfehn nbrvb festreoutecn es enfulbf oy pbrlussenj t`b kbfehn nbrvb.
Wbry acw-quhaety bvefbnlb Hny bstekhtb cg bggblt es vbry unlbrthen.
© OKI Tuoaes`enj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. .......................................................... 85
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\RO\VHNVEWB L@HNJB\Lcrtelcstbrcefs (aclha enibltecn) Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw upfhtbf (sbhrl` fhtb ?447)
]8<[ hnf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw
hffbf (sbhrl` fhtb ?447).]86[
V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw gcunf t`ht aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn enlrbhsbf t`bprcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` laenelha ekprcvbkbnt ht 8 kcnt` cr abss, hnf ekprcvbf sykptcks ht 7 wbbms, lckphrbfwet` pahlboc. Et hasc gcunf t`ht aclha lcrtelcstbrcefs ekprcvbf sykptck sbvbrety hgtbr 8 kcnt`, 0 wbbms, hnf 8?wbbms, lckphrbf wet` systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs.V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf cnb hffetecnha _LV lck-phrenj lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus pahlboc cr nc trbhtkbnt, out t`b _LV fef nct pbrgcrk obtwbbn-jrcup lckphr-escns. Lhtbjcreshtecn unl`hnjbf (Aembay tc ob obnbgeleha).Lcrtelcstbrcefs (systbkel) Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw hffbf (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),
]?8[w`el` efbntegebf nc nbw _LVs tc
t`csb prbvecusay rbpcrtbf en t`es Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebw. Lhtbjcreshtecn unl`hnjbf (Aembay tc ob obnbgeleha).Feurbtels Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw hffbf (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),
]?8[ w`el` efbntegebf nc nbw _LVs tc t`csb prbvecusay
rbpcrtbf en t`es Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebw. Lhtbjcreshtecn unl`hnjbf (Rnmncwn bggbltevbnbss).Bnfcslcpel vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?447)
]<5[ upfhtbf hnf cnb
suosbqubnt _LV]64[
hffbf. V`b systbkhtel rbvebw hnf suosbqubnt _LV gcunf t`ht bnfcslcpel hnf cpbn lhrphatunnba rbabhsb khy ob bquhaay bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ hnf ekprcvenj hnf gunltecn, hnf t`ht bnfc-slcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb khy s`crtbn t`b tekb tc rbturn tc wcrm cr hltevetebs cg fheay aevenj lckphrbf wet` cpbnlhrpha tunnba rbabhsb. @cwbvbr, oct` typbs cg surjbry hrb hssclehtbf wet` hfvbrsb bggblts. Lhtbjcreshtecn unl`hnjbf(Vrhfb-cgg obtwbbn obnbgets hnf hrks).Entbrnha nburcayses en lcniunltecn wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw upfhtbf (sbhrl` fhtb?447),
]<5[ w`el` efbntegebf nc nbw _LVs tc t`csb prbvecusay rbpcrtbf en t`es Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebw. Lhtbjcreshtecn
unl`hnjbf (Rnaembay tc ob obnbgeleha).N\HEFs Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw hffbf (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),
]?8[ w`el` efbntegebf nc nbw _LVs tc t`csb prbvecusay
rbpcrtbf en t`es Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebw. Lhtbjcreshtecn unl`hnjbf (Rnmncwn bggbltevbnbss).Tyrefcxenb Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw hffbf (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),]?8[
w`el` efbntegebf nc nbw _LVs tc t`csb prbvecusayrbpcrtbf en t`es Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebw. Lhtbjcreshtecn unl`hnjbf (Rnmncwn bggbltevbnbss).\urjbry vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?440) upfhtbf.
]78[V`b rbvebw
efbntegebf twc _LVs wet` lcngaeltenj rbsuats. V`b gerst _LV gcunf t`ht aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn whs kcrb bggbltevbt`hn surjbry ht ekprcvenj nclturnha phrhbst`bseh ht < kcnt`s, out t`b feggbrbnlb whs nct sejnegelhnt ht 7 kcnt`s.V`b sblcnf _LV gcunf t`ht surjbry ekprcvbf laenelha cutlckb ht ?4 wbbms lckphrbf wet` aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn=`cwbvbr, t`b rbvebw gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn t`b jrcups en jrep strbnjt` ht ?4 wbbms. Lhtbjcreshtecnunl`hnjbf (Vrhfb-cgg obtwbbn obnbgets hnf `hrks).\urjbry vbrsus wrest spaent Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw upfhtbf (sbhrl` fhtb ?440),
]78[w`el` efbntegebf nc nbw _LVs
tc t`csb prbvecusay rbpcrtbf en t`es Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebw. Lhtbjcreshtecn unl`hnjbf (Vrhfb-cgg obtwbbn obnbgetshnf `hrks).V`brhpbutel uatrhscunf Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw hffbf (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),
]?8[ w`el` efbntegebf nc nbw _LVs tc
t`csb prbvecusay rbpcrtbf en t`es Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebw. Lhtbjcreshtecn unl`hnjbf (Rnmncwn bggbltevbnbss).
Zrest spaents Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?)]?8[
hnf cnb suosbqubnt _LV]<<[
hffbf. V`b systbkhtelrbvebw efbntegebf nc nbw _LVs tc t`csb prbvecusay rbpcrtbf en t`es Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebw. V`b suosbqubnt _LVlckphrbf nbutrha-hnjab spaent, nbutrha-hnjab spaent wet` nbrvb jaefenj bxbrlesbs, wrest lclm-up spaent, hnf wrest lclm-up spaent wet` nbrvb jaefenj bxbrlesbs= `cwbvbr, t`b _LV fef nct pbrgcrk obtwbbn-jrcup lckphrescns hnf es cg acwquhaety, hnf t`brbgcrb rbsuats hrb feggeluat tc entbrprbt.
]<<[ Lhtbjcreshtecn unl`hnjbf (Rnmncwn bggbltevbnbss).
Nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?440)]?5[
hnf cnb suosbqubnt _LV]<4[
hffbf, w`el` lckphrbf nbrvb hnf/cr tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs paus wrest spaents vbrsus wrest spaents hacnb. V`b sys-tbkhtel rbvebw hnf suosbqubnt _LV gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlbs obtwbbn nbrvb hnf/cr tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbspaus wrest spaents hnf wrest spaents hacnb en kcst cutlckbs gcr sykptck sbvbrety hnf `hnf gunltecn. Lhtbjcreshtecnt`brbgcrb l`hnjbf grck "Rnmncwn bggbltevbnbss" tc "Rnaembay tc ob obnbgeleha".\urjbry vbrsus pahlboc Bvefbnlb rbhssbssbf= entbrvbntecn rblhtbjcresbf grck "Vrhfb-cgg obtwbbn obnbgets hnf`hrks" tc "Rnmncwn bggbltevbnbss".
_BGB_BNLB\8. _czkhryn AK. Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb9 h lckprb bnsevb rbvebw.Lurr Cpen
Crt`cp 855:=09<< “6<.
?. _bkpba F, Bvhncgg O, Hkhfec TL, bt ha. Lcnsbnsus lretbreh gcr t b lahssegelhtecncg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb en bpefbkecacjel stufebs. Hk I Tuoael @bhat` 8550=009866: “8628. ]TuoKbf[
<. _bpcrt cg t`b Xuhaety \thnfhrfs \uolckkettbb cg t`b Hkbrelhn Hlhfbky cgNburcacjy. Trhltelb phrhkbtbr gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb (sukkhry sthtbkbnt).Nburcacjy 855<=6<9?647 “?645. ]TuoKbf[
6. vcn \l`rcbfbr @, Octtb KI. Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb.@hnf Laen 8557=8?976< “722.]TuoKbf[
2. \tbvbns IL, \un \, Obhrf LK, bt ha. Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb en _cl`bstbr,Kennbscth, 8578 tc 8504. Nburcacjy 8500=<098<6 “8<0. ]TuoKbf[
7. Fuketru F. Vbxtoccm cg babltrcfehjncstel kbfelenb . @hnaby hnf Obagus, bfs.T`eahfbap`eh, TH9 Kcsoy Tuoaelhtecns= 8552.
:. Htrcs e E, Jukkbsscn L, Ic`nsscn _, bt ha. Trbvhabnlb cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb
en h jbnbrha pcpuahtecn. IHKH 8555=?0?982< “820.]TuoKbf[
0. Wcetm HI, Kubaabr IL, Ghraenjbr FB, bt ha. Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb en prbjnhnly.Lhn Kbf Hsscl I 850<=8?09?:: “?08.]TuoKbf[
5. Thzzhjaeh L, Lhaehnfrc T, Hpreab E, bt ha. Kuatelbntbr stufy cn lhrpha tunnba syn-frckb hnf prbjnhnly enlefbnlb hnf nhturha lcursb. Hlth Nburcl`er \uppa ?442=5?9<2 “<5.]TuoKbf[
84. Fb Mrck KLVG, Mbstbr H, Mnepsl`eaf T, bt ha. _esm ghltcrs gcr lhrpha tunnba syn-frckb. Hk I Bpefbkeca 8554=8<?9884? “8884. ]TuoKbf[
88. Ghthke V, Mcohyhs`e H, Rtemh V, bt ha. Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb= ets nhturha estcry.@hnf \urj 855:=?98?5 “8<4.
8?. Thfuh A, Thfuh _, Hpreab E, bt ha. Kuatepbrspbltevb gcaacw-up cg untrbhtbf lhrphatunnba synfrckb. H kuatelbntbr stufy. Nburcacjy ?448=2798625 “8677. ]TuoKbf[
8<. Khrs`haa \L, Vhrfeg J, Hs`wcrt` NA. Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn gcr lhrphatunnba synfrckb. En9V`b Lcl`rhnb Aeorhry, Essub 8, ?445. L`el`bstbr, RM9 Ic`nZeaby & \cns, Atf. \bhrl` fhtb ?447.]TuoKbf[
86. Tehzzene FO, Hpreab E, Gbrrhrh TB, bt ha. H systbkhtel rbvebw cg lcnsbrvhtevbtrbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. Laen _b`hoea ?44:=?89?55 “<86.]TuoKbf[
82. C'Jrhfhej` F, Kbrry T. Lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn gcr t`b trbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnbasynfrckb. Hnn _`buk Fes ?444=259580 “585. ]TuoKbf[
87. Jerahnfh T, Fhttcah _, Wbnutc L, bt ha. Aclha stbrcef trbhtkbnt en efecpht`el lhrphatunnba synfrckb9 s`crt- hnf acnj-tbrk bggelhly. I Nburca
855<=?64980: “854.]TuoKbf[
8:. Czfcjhn @, Uhzele @.V`b bggelhly cg aclha stbrcef enibltecns en efecpht`el lhrphatunnba synfrckb9 h fcuoab-oaenf stufy. Or I _`bukhtca 8506=?<9?:? “?:2.
]TuoKbf[80. Zcnj \K, @ue HLG, Vhnj H, bt ha. Aclha vs systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs en t`b
trbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. Nburcacjy ?448=2798272 “827:. ]TuoKbf[
© OKI Tuoaes`enj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. .......................................................... ?4
Lhrpha tunnba synfrckbK u s l ua c sm ba b
t ha f e s cr f br s
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85. Ohou \_, Orettcn IK. V`b rcab cg stbrcef enibltecn en t`b khnhjbkbnt cg lhrphatunnba synfrckb. I Crt`cp _`bukhtca 8556=:925 “74.
?4. Vhspenhr \, \h en G, Hatunhohs U. Lckphrescn cg t`b bggelhly cg lcrtelcstbrcefenibltecn, nej`t spaent hnf p`ysect`brhpy en fehobtel lhrpha tunnba synfrckb.Vurmeyb Gezemsba Vep vb _b`hoeaethsycn Fbrjese (Vurmes` Icurnha cg T`yselha Kbfelenb hnf _b`hoeaethtecn) ?44:=2<926 “74.
?8. C'Lcnncr F, Khrs haa \L, Khssy-Zbstrcpp N. Ncn-surjelha trbhtkbnt (ct`brt`hn stbrcef enibltecn) gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. En9V`b Lcl`rhnb Aeorhry, Essub8, ?445. L`el`bstbr, RM9 Ic`n Zeaby & \cns, Atf. \bhrl` fhtb ?44?.
??. L`hnj K@, L ehnj @V, Abb \\, bt ha. Crha fruj cg l`celb en lhrpha tunnba syn-frckb. Nburcacjy 8550=289<54 “<5<.]TuoKbf[
?<. Kes`rh \, Trho`hmhr \, Aha W, bt ha. Bggelhly cg spaentenj hnf crha stbrcefs en t btrbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb9 h prcspbltevb rhnfckezbf laenelha hnfbabltrcp`ysecacjelha stufy. Nburca Enfeh ?447=269?07 “?54.]TuoKbf[
?6. @eu HLG, Zcnj \K, Zcnj M\, bt ha. Crha stbrcef en t b trbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnbasynfrckb. Hnn _`buk Fes ?448=74908< “086. ]TuoKbf[
?2. Oretes` Nhtecnha Gcrkuahry , 67t` rbv bf. Oretes` Kbfelha Hssclehtecn hnf _cyhaT`hrkhlbutelha \clebty cg Jrbht Orethen.
?7. Tha O, Khnjecn T, @csshen KH, bt ha. \`cuaf feurbtels ob prbslreobf gcr efecpht ellhrpha tunnba synfrckb3 _bsuats cg h lcntrcaabf treha. Laen _b`ho 8500=?9?55 “<48.
?:. \trhnsmy K, _uoen H, Ahvh N\, bt ha.Vrbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb wet`vethken O79 h fcuoab-oaenf stufy. \cut` Kbf I 8505=0?9068 “06?. ]TuoKbf[
?0. \pccnbr J_, Fbshe @O, Hnjba IG, bt ha. Rsenj pyrefcxenb tc trbht lhrpha tunnbasynfrckb. _hnfckezbf lcntrca treha. Lhn Ghk T`yselehn 855<=<59?8?? “?8?:.]TuoKbf[
?5. Kbfenh KlMbcn IK, Uhnlcsbm MB. Nburha jaefenj tbl`nequbs gcr t`b trbhtkbntcg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb9 h systbkhtel rbvebw. I \pcrt _b`hoea ?440=8:9<?6 “<68.]TuoKbf[
<4. @bbonbr KA, _cffby V\.V`b bggblts cg nburha kcoeaezhtecn en hffetecn tc sthnfhrflhrb en pbrscns wet` lhrpha tunnba synfrckb grck h lckkunety `cspetha. I @hnf V`br ?440=?89??5 “?64.]TuoKbf[
<8. Hmhaen B, Ba C, Tbmbr C, bt ha.Vrbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb wet` nbrvbhnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs. Hk I T`ys Kbf _b`hoea ?44?=089840 “88<.]TuoKbf[
<?. Tenhr A, Bn cs H, Hfh \, bt ha. Lhn wb usb nbrvb jaefenj bxbrlesbs en wckbnwet` lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3 Hfv V`br ?442=??967: “6:2.]TuoKbf[
<<. Orenenjbr VA, _cjbrs IL, @cak KO, bt ha. Bggelhly cg h ghorelhtbf lustckezbfspaent hnf tbnfcn hnf nbrvb jaefenj bxbrlesbs gcr t`b trbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnbasynfrckb9 h rhnfckezbf lcntrcaabf treha. Hrl` T`ys Kbf _b`hoea ?44:=00986?5 “86<2.
<6. Bobnoel abr J_, _bsl` MA, Nelcahmes T, bt ha. Ratrhscunf trbhtkbnt gcr trbhtenjt`b lhrpha tunnba synfrckb9 rhnfckesbf "s`hk" lcntrcaabf treha. OKI 8550=<879:<8 “:<2. ]TuoKbf[
<2. Khnbntb J, Vcrrebre G, Fe Oahsec G, bt ha. Hn enncvhtevb `hnf orhlb gcr lhrphatunnba synfrckb9 h rhnfckesbf lcntrcaabf treha. Kuslab Nbrvb ?448=?6984?4 “84?2.]TuoKbf[
<7. Abvenb FZ, \ekkcns OT, Mcres KI, bt ha. H sbag-hfkenestbrbf qubstecnnherb gcrt`b hssbsskbnt cg sbvbrety cg sykptcks hnf gunltecnha sthtus en lhrpha tunnbasynfrckb. I Ocnb Icent \urj Hk 855<=:298202 “825?. ]TuoKbf[
<:. Zhambr ZL, Kbtzabr K, Legu FP, bt ha. Nbutrha wrest spaentenj en lhrpha tunnba
synfrckb9 h lckphrescn cg nej`t-cnay vbrsus guaa-tekb wbhr enstrultecns. Hrl` T`ys Kbf _b`hoea ?444=0896?6 “6?5. ]TuoKbf[
<0. V`ckh H, Wbatre M, @henbs V, bt ha. H kbth-hnhayses cg rhnfckezbf lcntrcaabf trehaslckphrenj bnfcslcpel hnf cpbn lhrpha tunnba fblckprbssecn. Tahst _blcnstrultr \urj ?446=886988<: “8867.
<5. \l`catbn _I, Kenm vhn fbr Kcabn H, Retfb`hhj OK, bt ha. \urjelha trbhtkbntcptecns gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. En9 V`b Lcl`rhnb Aeorhry, Essub 8, ?445.L`el`bstbr, RM9 Ic`n Zeaby & \cns, Atf. \bhrl` fhtb ?447.
64. Vehn U, Y`hc @, Zhnj V. Trcspbltevb lckphrescn cg bnfcslcpel hnf cpbn sur-jelha kbt`cfs gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. L`en Kbf \le I ?44:=??9846 “84:.]TuoKbf[
68. Orcwn _H, Jbaobrkhn _@, \beabr IJ EEE, bt ha. Lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb. Hprcspbltevb, rhnfckezbf hssbsskbnt cg cpbn hnf bnfcslcpel kbt`cfs. I Ocnb Icent \urj Hk 855<=:298?72 “8?:2. ]TuoKbf[
6?. Fukcntebr L, \cmcacw L, Ablabrlq L, bt ha. Bhray rbsuats cg lcnvbntecnha vbrsustwc-pcrtha bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb. H prcspbltevb stufy. I @hnf \urj ]Or[ 8552=?49720 “77?.]TuoKbf[
6<. Brfkhnn KZ@. Bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba fblckprbssecn. I @hnf \urj ]Or[ 8556=8592 “8<. ]TuoKbf[
66. Gbrfenhnf _F, KhlAbhn IJO. Bnfcslcpel vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb enoeahtbrha lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. H prcspbltevb, rhnfckesbf, oaenfbf hssbsskbnt.I Ocnb Icent \urj ?44?=06O9<:2 “<:5.
62. KhlFbrkef IL, _el`hrfs _\, _ct` I@, bt ha. Bnfcslcpel vbrsus cpbn lhrphatunnba rbabhsb9 h rhnfckezbf treha.I @hnf \urj ]Hk[ ?44<=?096:2 “604. ]TuoKbf[
67. \hw NA, Icnbs \, \`bpstcnb A, bt ha. Bhray cutlckb hnf lcst-bggbltevbnbss cgbnfcslcpel vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb9 h rhnfckezbf prcspbltevb treha.I @hnf \urj ]Or[ ?44<=?0929666 “665.
6:. \thrm O, Bnjmvest-Acgkhrm L. Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. Bnfcslcpel rbabhsb crlcnvbntecnha surjbry.@hnfl`er Kemrcl`er Tahst L`er 8557=?098?0 “8<?. ]En Jbrkhn[]TuoKbf[
60. Zcnj ML, @unj AM, @c TL bt ha. Lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb. H prcspbltevb, rhnfck-ezbf stufy cg bnfcslcpel vbrsus aeketbf-cpbn kbt`cfs. I Ocnb Icent \urj Or ?44<=02907< “070. ]TuoKbf[
65. Htrcs`e E, @cgbr K, Ahrsscn JR, bt ha. Cpbn lckphrbf wet` ?-pcrtha bnfcslcpellhrpha tunnba rbabhsb9 h 2-Ubhr gcaacw-up cg h rhnfckezbf lcntrcaabf treha. I @hnf \urj Hk ?445=<69?77 “?:?.]TuoKbf[
24. Htrcs`e E, Ahrsscn JR, Crnstben B, bt ha. Cutlckbs cg bnfcslcpel surjbry lck-phrbf wet` cpbn surjbry gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb hkcnj bkpacybf phtebnts9rhnfckesbf lcntrcaabf treha. OKI ?447=<<?986:<.]TuoKbf[
28. Ihlcosbn KO, _h`kb @. H prcspbltevb, rhnfckezbf stufy wet hn enfbpbnfbntcosbrvbr lckphrenj cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb wet` bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnbarbabhsb. I @hnf \urj ]Or[ 8557=?89?4? “?46. ]TuoKbf[
2?. Hjbb IK, KlLhrrcaa I, Vcrtcsh _F, bt ha. Bnfcslcpel rbabhsb cg t`b lhrpha tunnba9h rhnfckezbf prcspbltevb kuatelbntbr stufy.I @hnf \urj ]Hk[ 855?=8:950: “552.]TuoKbf[
2<. Obnbfbtte W_, \bnnwhaf J. Hjbb bnfcslcpel fblckprbssecn cg t`b kbfehnnbrvb9 prcspbltevb stufy wet` lckphrescn tc cpbn fblckprbssecn. @hnfl`er Kemrcl`er Tahst L`er 8557=?09828 “822. ]En Jbrkhn[ ]TuoKbf[
26. \bnnwhaf J_, Obnbfbtte _.V`b vhaub cg cnb-pcrtha bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnbarbabhsb9 h prcspbltevb rhnfckezbf stufy. Mnbb \urj \pcrts Vrhukhtca Hrt`rcsl 8552=<988< “887. ]TuoKbf[
22. Vrukoab VB, Fehc B, Horhks _H, bt ha. \enjab-pcrtha bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnbarbabhsb lckphrbf wet` cpbn rbabhsb9 h prcspbltevb, rhnfckezbf treha. I Ocnb Icent \urj Hk ?44?=06H9884: “8882.
27. Gcul`br J, Oul` N, Whn Cvbrstrhbtbn A, bt ha. Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. Lhn etsteaa ob h lcntrcvbrseha tcpel3 L`erurjeb 855< “8556=885904 “06. ]En Grbnl`[
2:. @cbgnhjbas ZHI, Whn Mabbg IJG, Khstbnorcbm JJH, bt ha. \urjelha trbhtkbntcg t`b lhrpha tunnba synfrckb9 bnfcslcpel cr lahsselha (cpbn) surjbry3 Hprcspbltevb rhnfckesbf stufy. Nbf Veifsl`r Jbnbbsmf 855:=86890:0 “00?. ]EnFutl`[ ]TuoKbf[
20. Khlmbnzeb FI, @henbr _, Z`bhtaby KI. Bhray rblcvbry hgtbr bnfcslcpel vs. s`crt-enlesecn cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb. Hnn Tahstel \urj ?444=669748 “746.
25. @brrbn FO, \ekkbn O_. Lckpaelhtecns hgtbr bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba fblck-prbssecn.Y Rnghaal`er Wbrsel`brunjskbf 8556=0:98?4 “8?:. ]En Jbrkhn[ ]TuoKbf[
74. Iekbnbz FG, Jeoos \_, Lahppbr HV. Bnfcslcpel trbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnba syn-frckb9 h lretelha rbvebw. I Nburcsurj 8550=00908: “0?7. \bhrl` fhtb 855:.]TuoKbf[
78. Wbrfujc _I, \haenhs _H, Lhsteaac IA, bt ha. \urjelha vbrsus ncn-surjelha trbhtkbntgcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. En9V`b Lcl`rhnb Aeorhry, Essub 8, ?445. L`el`bstbr,RM9 Ic`n Zeaby & \cns, Atf. \bhrl` fhtb ?440.
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[
K b h n 9
? 6 f h y s w e
t ` B L V _ v
6 ? f h y s w
e t `
C L V _ = r b p c r t b
f h
s s
e j n
e g e l h n
t
N H
N H
_ L V =
6 2 p b c p
a b =
: 5 % g b -
k h
a b = k b h n
f u r h
t e c n c
g
s y k p
t c k s
5 k c n
t ` s
] 2 <
[
] 2 6 [
K b h n 9
? 4 f h y s w e
t ` B L V _ v
< 4 f h y s w
e t `
C L V _ = r b p c r t b
f h
s s
e j n
e g e l h n
t
T h
e n l c k p
a b t b a y r b
a e b v b f h
g t b r
0 k c n
t ` s 9
? 4 / ? 4
( 8 4 4 % ) ` h n
f s w
e t ` B L V
_ v
8 5 / ? 4 ( 5 2 % ) ` h n
f s
w e t ` C L V _ = s
e j n
e g e l h n l b h s s b s s k b n
t N _
T h
e n l c k p
a b t b a y r b
a e b v b
f h
t < k c n
t ` s 9
? 4 / ? 4 ( 8 4 4 % ) ` h n
f s w
e t `
B L V _ v
8 2 / ? 4 ( : 2 % ) ` h n
f s w
e t ` C L V _ = s
e j n e g e l h n l b h s s b s s k b n
t
N _
_ L V =
6 4 ` h n
f s =
? 4 k h
t l ` b
f
p h
e r s
] 6 :
[
T b r s
e s t e n j p h r h b s
t ` b s e h
b h
g t b r
0 k c n
t ` s 9
8 / ? 4
( 2 % ) ` h n
f s w
e t ` B L V _
v
8 / ? 4 ( 2 % ) ` h n
f s w
e t `
C L V _ = s
e j n
e g e l h n l b h s s
b s s k b n
t N _ = r b p c r t b
f
h s
N \ o y r b v
e b w
] < 5 [
T b r s
e s t e n j p h r h b s
t ` b s
e h b h
t < k c n
t ` s 9
8 / ? 4 ( 2 %
) ` h n
f s w
e t ` B L V _
v
8 / ? 4 ( 2 % ) ` h n
f s w
e t ` C L V _ = s
e j n
e g e l h n l b h s s
b s s k b n
t N _
K b
f e h n 9
8 6 f h y s w
e t ` B L V _ v
? 0 f h y s w
e t `
C L V _ = r b p c r t b
f h
s s
e j n
e g e l h n
t
N H
E k
p r c v b k b n
t e n p h r h b s
t ` b s
e h b h n
f n u k
o n b s s h
g t b r
8 ? w b b
m s 9 5
5 %
w e t ` B L V _ v 5 0 % w
e t ` C L V _ = f
e g g b r b n l b +
8 %
, 5
2 % L E !
< % t c +
2 %
_ L V = 8
6 2 p b c p
a b = 8
7 5 ` h n
f s
] 6 8
[
K b h n 9
8 6 f h y s w e
t ` B L V _ v
< 5 f h y s w
e t `
C L V _ = r b p c r t b
f h
s s
e j n
e g e l h n
t
E k p r c v b k b n
t e n p h
e n h g
t b r
7 k c n
t ` s 9 h
o s c
a u t b
n u k
o b r s
N _ = r b p c r t b f h s
N \
E k
p r c v b k b n
t e n p h
e n h
g t b r
8 ,
? ,
h n
f 6 w b b
m s 9 B
L V _ j r b h
t b r
t ` h n
C
L V _ = h
o s c
a u t b n u k
o b r s
N _ = r b p c r t b
f h s s
e j n
e g e l h n
t
_ L V =
: 8 p b c p
a b =
8 4 6 ` h n
f s
] 6 <
[
E k p r c v b k b n
t e n p h
e n h g
t b r
8 ? k c n
t ` s 9 h
o s c
a u t b
n u k
o b r s
N _ = r b p c r t b f h s
N \
E k
p r c v b k b n
t e n p h
e n h
t < k c n
t ` s 9 h
o s c
a u t b n u k
o b r s
N _ = r b p c r t b
f
h s
N \
K b h n 9
8 : f h y s w e
t ` B L V _ v
8 5 f h y s w
e t `
C L V _ = r b p c r t b
f h
s N \
N H
N H
_ L V =
? 5 p b c p
a b =
< ? ` h n
f s
] 2 8
[
© O K I
T u
o a e s ` e n j
J r c u p
A t f ? 4 8 4
. H a a r e j
` t s r b s b r v b
f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
? 6
L h r p h a t u n n b a s y n f r c k b
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_ b
t u r n
t c w c r m
/ h l
t e v e t e b s c
g f h
e a y a e g b
\ y k p
t c k s h
t k c
r b t ` h n
< k c n
t ` s
\ y k p
t c k s h
t < k c n
t ` s c r
a b s s
\ t u f y p c p u
a h t e c n
_ b
g
8 : f h y s w
e t ` B L V _ v
8 : f h y s w
e t ` C L V _ =
r b p c r t b
f h s
N \
N _
N _
_ L V =
? 6 5 p b c p
a b =
? 2 8
` h n
f s =
2 6 w
e t ` B L V _ v
8 5 :
w e t ` C L V _
] 2 7
[
T r c p c r t e c n c
g p b c p
a b h
o s b n
t g r c k w c r m k c r b
t ` h n
6 w b b
m s 9
8 7 %
w e t ` B L V _ v
8 < % w
e t `
C L V _ =
f e g g b r b n l b 9 +
< %
, 5 2 % L E !
: % t c
+ 8 6 %
N H
K
b h n s y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y s l c r b h
t < k c n
t ` s 9
8 . 7
w e t ` B L V _ v
8 . 2
w e t ` C L V _ = r b p c r t b
f h s
N \
_ L V =
8 : 0 p b c p
a b
] 2 :
[
K b
f e h n 9
? 2
. 4 f h y s
w e t ` B L V _ v
6 7
. 2 f h y s
w e t ` C L V _ = r b p c r
t b f h s s
e j n
e g e l h n
t
F h
t h n c
t r b p c r t b
f s b p h
r h t b a y
F h
t h n c
t r b p c r t b
f s b p h r h
t b a y
_ L V = 8
? ? p b c p
a b = 8
6 : ` h n
f s
] 2 ?
[
T r c p c r t e c n c
g p b c p
a b r b
t u r n b
f t c w c r m h
t 8
k c n
t ` 9
6 2 % w
e t ` B
L V _ v
: ? % w
e t ` C L V _ =
T ;
4 . 8
<
T r c p c r t e c n c
g p b c p
a b w
e t ` p h r h b s
t ` b s
e h b h
g t b r
7
k c n
t ` s 9
4 % w
e t ` B L V _
v 4 % w
e t ` C L V _ = s
e j n
e g -
e l h n l b h s s b s s k b n
t N _ = r b p c r t b
f h s
N \ o y r b -
v e b w
] < 5 [
T b r s
e s t e n j p h r h b s
t ` b s
e h b h
t < k c n
t ` s 9
8 ? % w e t
` B L V _ v
: % w
e t `
C
L V _ = s
e j n
e g e l h n l b h s s b s s k b n
t N _
_ L V =
8 4 < p b c p
a b =
7 4 w
e t `
B L V _ v
6 < w
e t ` C L V _
] 6 ?
[
T r c p c r t e c n c
g p b c p
a b r b
t u r n b
f t c w c r m h
t <
k c n
t ` s 9
: ? % w
e t `
B L V _ v 5 4 % w
e t ` C L V _ =
r b p c r t b
f h s
N \
T r c p c r t e c n c
g p b c p
a b w
e t ` p b r s
e s t e n j p h
e n h
g t b r
7
k c n
t ` s 9
? 2 % w
e t ` B L V _ v
? 0 % w
e t ` C L V _ =
s e j n
e g e l h n l b h s s b s s k b n
t N _
T b r s
e s t e n j p h
e n h
t < k c n
t ` s 9 <
0 . 2
% w
e t ` B L V _ v
6 <
. < % w
e t ` C L V _ =
T
; 4
. : 8
N H
I b
o s c n s l c r b s h
g t b r
8 ?
k c n
t ` s 9
2 5 w
e t ` B L V _
v
6 0 w
e t ` C L V _ = s
e j n e g e l h n l b h s s b s s k b n
t N _ =
r b p c r t b
f h s
N \ o y r b v e b
w ] < 5 [
I b
o s c n s l c r b s h
t < k c n
t ` s 9 :
2 w
e t ` B L V _ v 7 2 w
e t ` C L V _ = r b p c r t b
f
h s
N \
_ L V =
? 2 p b c p
a b =
2 4 ` h n
f s
] 6 6
[
H o s c
a u t b n u k
o b r s
N _ = r b p c r t b
f h s
N \
T h
t e b n
t s h
t e s g h l
t e c n s l c r b s h
g t b r h k b h n
< . ?
y b h r s 9 0
2 % w
e t ` B L V _ v 5 < % w
e t ` C L V _ = s
e j n
e g -
e l h n l b h s s b s s k b n
t N _ = r b p c r t b
f h s
N \ o y r b -
v e b w
] < 5 [
T h
e n ( K l
J e a a s l c r b
) h
g t b r
8 ? w b b
m s 9
0 w
e t ` B L V _ v
8 ? w
e t ` C L V _ =
r b
p c r t b
f h s
N \
_ L V =
8 ? < p b c p
a b
] 6 2
[
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
( A b v
e n b s l c r b
) h
g t b r
8 ? w b b m
s 9
8 . 0
w e t ` B L V _ v
? . 4
w e t ` C L V _ = r b p c r t b
f h s
N \
G u n l
t e c n h
a s
t h t u s
( \ G - <
7 s l c r b
) h
g t b r
8 ? w b b m s
9 6 : w
e t ` B L V _ v
6 ? w
e t ` C L V _ = r b p c r t b
f h s
N \
K b
f e h n 9
8 0 f h y s w
e t ` B L V _ v
< 0 f h y s w
e t `
C L V _ = r b p c r t b
f h
s s
e j n
e g e l h n
t
T h
t e b n
t s h
t e s g h l
t e c n s l c r b h
g t b r
8 ? k c n
t ` s 9
6 . 7
w e t ` B L V _ v
6 . 2
w e t ` C
L V _ = r b p c r t b
f h s
N \
T h
t e b n
t s h
t e s g h l
t e c n s l c r b h
t < k c n
t ` s 9
6 . 6
w e t `
B L V _ v
6 . 4
w e t `
C
L V _ = r b p c r t b
f h s
N \
_ L V = 8
6 : p b c p
a b = 8
5 ? ` h n
f s
] 2 2
[
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
( A b v
e n b s l h
a b ) h
g t b r
8 ?
k c n
t ` s 9 8 . 0
w e t ` B L V _
v 8
. 0 w
e t ` C L V _ = r b p c r t -
b f h s
N \
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
( A b v
e n b s l h
a b ) h
t < k c n
t ` s 9 8
. 0 w
e t ` B L V _ v ?
. 2
w e t ` C L V _ = r b p c r t b
f h s s
e j n
e g e l h n
t
G u n l
t e c n h
a s t h t u s
( A b v e n
b s l h
a b ) h
g t b r
8 ? k c n
t ` s 9
8 . :
w e t ` B L V _ v 8
. : w e t
` C L V _ = r b p c r t b
f h s
N \
G u n l
t e c n h
a s
t h t u s
( A b v
e n b s l h
a b ) h
t < k c n
t ` s 9 8 . :
w e t ` B L V _ v
? . 6
w e t ` C L V _ = r b p c r t b
f h s s
e j n
e g e l h n
t
K b h n 9
< 6
. 2 f h y s w
e t ` B L V _ v
< 7 f h y s w
e t `
C L V _ = r b p c r t b
f h
s N \
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y s l c r b
( v h r e h n
t c
g A b v
e n b
) h t <
k c n
t ` s 9
8 8
. 4 w
e t `
B L V _ v
8 4
. 7 w
e t ` C L V _ = r b p c r t b
f h s
N \
_ L V =
0 4 p b c p
a b =
0 4 ` h n
f s
F h t h
g c r
t ` e s
_ L V
b x
t r h l
t -
b f g r c k s y s -
t b k h
t e l r b -
v e b w
] < 5 [
K
b h n
g u n l
t e c n h
a s
t h t u s s l c r b
( v h r e h n
t c
g A b v
e n b
) h
t < k c n
t ` s 9
8 4
. ?
w e t ` B L V _ v
5 . 0
w e t ` C L V _ = r b p c r t b
f h s
N \
© O K I
T u
o a e s ` e n j
J r c u p
A t f ? 4 8 4
. H a a r e j
` t s r b s b r v b
f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
? 2
L h r p h a t u n n b a s y n f r c k b
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_ b
t u r n
t c w c r m
/ h l
t e v e t e b s c
g f h
e a y a e g b
\ y k p
t c k s h
t k c
r b t ` h n
< k c n
t ` s
\ y k p
t c k s h
t < k c n
t ` s c r
a b s s
\ t u f y p c p u
a h t e c n
_ b
g
N H
K b h n c v b r h
a a s b v b r e t y s l
c r b u s
e n j h s l h
a b c
g 8 “
7
h g t b r k c r b
t ` h n
8 y b h r 9
? . 8
w e t ` B L V _ v ?
. ? w
e t `
C L V _ = r b p c r t b
f h s
N \
N H
_ L V = ?
? : p b c p
a b . V
` r b b - h r k
t r e h a l c k p h r e n j
B L V _ ( 8 8 4
p b c p
a b =
8 ? 2 ` h n
f s
) v
C L V _
( 2 6 p b c p
a b ,
7 4 ` h n
f s
) v C L -
V _ w
e t ` k c
f e g e b f e n l
e s e c n
( 7 <
p b c p
a b =
7 2 ` h n
f s
)
F h t h
g c r
t ` e s
_ L V
b x
t r h l
t -
b f g r c k s y s -
t b k h
t e l r b -
v e b w
] < 5 [
K b h n c v b r h
a a s b v b r e t y s l
c r b u s
e n j h s l h
a b c
g 8 “
7
h g t b r k c r b
t ` h n
8 y b h r 9
? . 8
w e t ` B L V _ v ?
. ? w
e t `
C L V _ w
e t ` k c
f e g e b f e n l
e s e c n = r b p c r t b
f h s
N \
V e k b
t c r b
t u r n
t c w
c r m 9
8 ? f h y s w
e t ` B L V _
v
? 0 f h y s w
e t ` C L
V _ =
T a b s s
t ` h n
4 . 4
8
T r c p c r t e c n c
g p b c p
a b r h
t e n j
t ` b
e r s h
t e s g h l
t e c n h s
b x l b
a a b n
t c r j c c
f h
t h o c u
t ? y b h r s 9
5 <
. ? % w
e t `
B L V _ v 5 8
. 2 % w
e t ` C L V _ ( h o s c
a u t b r b s u
a t s N _ ) =
T j r b h
t b r
t ` h n
4 . 4
2
E k
p r c v b k b n
t e n ? - p c
e n t f e s l r e k
e n h
t e c n
g r c k p r b - c p b r h
t e c n
t c p c s
t -
c p b r h
t e c n
( t e k b c
g p c s
t c p b r h
t e v b h s s b s s k b n
t n c
t l
a b h r ) 9
4 . 7
k k
w e t ` B L V _ v
8 . 5
k k w
e t ` C L V _ =
T j r b h
t b r
t ` h n
4 . 4
2
_ L V =
7 ? p b c p
a b ,
: ? ` h n
f s
] 6 4 [
B L V
_ ,
b n
f c s l c p
e l l h r p h
a t u n n b
a r b a b h s b s u r j b r y =
N H
, n c
t h s s b s s b
f = N
_ ,
n c
t r b p c r t b
f = N
\ ,
r b p c r t b
f h s n c
t s
e j n
e g e l h n
t = C L V _
, c p b n l h r p h
a t u n n b
a r b a b h s b s u r j b r y = _ b
g , r b
g b r b n l b = \
G , s
` c r t g c r k = W
H \
, v
e s u h
a h n h
a c j u b
s l h a b .
© O K I
T u
o a e s ` e n j
J r c u p
A t f ? 4 8 4
. H a a r e j
` t s r b s b r v b
f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
? 7
L h r p h a t u n n b a s y n f r c k b
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V H O
A B
J _ H F B b v h a u h t e c n c g e n t
b r v b n t e c n s g c r l h r p h a t u n n b a s y n f r c
k b
\ y k p
t c k s c
g l h r p h
a t u n n b
a s y n
f r c k b ,
` h n
f g u n l
t e c n ,
t e k b
t c r b t u
r n t c w c r m ,
h f v b r s b b
g g b l
t s
E k
p c r t h n
t c u
t l c k b s
L c
k k b n
t
J _ H F B
B g g b l
t
s e z b
F e r b l
t -
n b s s
L c n s
e s -
t b n l y
X u h
a e t y
V y p b
c g
b v e -
f b n l b
L c k p h r e s c n
C u
t l c k b
N u k
o b r c
g s
t u f e b s
( p h r -
t e l e p h n
t s )
Z ` h
t h r b
t ` b b
g g b l
t s c
g f r u j
t r b h
t k b n
t s g c r l h r p h
a t u n n b
a s y n
f r c k b
3
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t f b
f u l
t b f g c r u s b c
g h n u n v h
a e f h
t -
b f c u
t l c k b s l h
a b
K c
f b r h
t b
4
4
4
“ 8
6
A c l h
a l c r t e l c s
t b r c
e f e n i b l
t e c n v
p a h l b
o c
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
6 ( ? 2 : )
] 8 < [
] 8 2 [
] ? 8 [
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t s f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h h n
f
u s b c
g h n u n v h
a e f h t b
f c u
t l c k b s l h
a b
A c w
4
4
4
“ ?
6
A c l h
a l c r t e l c s
t b r c
e f e n i b l
t e c n v
s y s
t b k
e l l c r t e l c s
t b r c
e f s
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
? ( 5 : )
] 8 : [
] 8 0 [
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h .
L c n -
s e s t b n l y p c
e n t f b
f u l
t b f g c r l c n
g a e l t e n j r b s u
a t s
A c w
4
4
“ 8
“ 8
6
A c l h
a l c r t e l c s
t b r c
e f e n i b l
t e c n v
l h r p h
a t u n n b
a r b
a b h s b s u r j b r y
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
? ( 8 2 8 )
] 7 8 [
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h
K c
f b r h
t b
4
4
4
“ 8
6
A c l h
a l c r t e l c s
t b r c
e f e n i b l
t e c n v
l h r p h
a t u n n b
a r b
a b h s b s u r j b r y
@ h n
f g u n l
t e c n
8 ( 2 4 )
] 7 8 [
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h
K c
f b r h
t b
4
4
4
“ 8
6
\ y s
t b k
e l l c r t e l c s
t b r c
e f s v
p a h l b -
o c
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
< ( 5 4 )
] ? 8 [
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h
K c
f b r h
t b
4
4
4
“ 8
6
\ y s
t b k
e l l c r t e l c s
t b r c
e f s v
N \ H E F s
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
8 ( 6 0 )
] ? ? [
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h
K c
f b r h
t b
4
4
4
“ 8
6
\ y s
t b k
e l l c r t e l c s
t b r c
e f s v f e u r b
t -
e l s
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
8 ( 6 7 )
] ? ? [
] ? 8 [
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t s f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h h n
f
s t h t e s t e l h
a g a h w s
A c w
4
4
4
“ ?
6
\ y s
t b k
e l l c r t e l c s
t b r c
e f s v s p
a e n t s
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
8 ( 6 4 )
] ? < [
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t s f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h h n
f
s t h t e s t e l h
a g a h w s
A c w
4
4
4
“ ?
6
\ y s
t b k
e l l c r t e l c s
t b r c
e f s v s p
a e n t s
@ h n
f g u n l
t e c n
8 ( 6 4 )
] ? < [
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t s f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h h n
f
u s b c
g h n u n v h
a e f h t b
f c u
t l c k b s l h
a b
A c w
4
4
4
“ ?
6
F e u r b
t e l s v
p a h l b
o c
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
? ( 5 8 )
] ? ? [
] ? 7 [
] ? 8 [
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h
K c
f b r h
t b
4
4
4
“ 8
6
F e u r b
t e l s v
N \ H E F s
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
8 ( 6 ? )
] ? ? [
] ? 8 [
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h
K c
f b r h
t b
4
4
4
“ 8
6
N \ H E F s v
p a h l b
o c
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
8 ( 6 2 )
] ? ? [
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t s f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h h n
f
u s b c
g h n u n v h
a e f h t b
f c u
t l c k b s l h
a b
A c w
4
4
4
“ ?
6
T y r e f c x
e n b v
p a h l b
o c
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
8 ( < 2 )
] ? 0 [
Z ` h
t h r b
t ` b b
g g b l
t s c
g n c n - f r u j
t r b h
t k b n
t s g c r l h
r p h
a t u n n b
a s y n
f r c k b
3
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t s f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h h n
f
e n l c k p
a b t b r b p c r t e n j c
g r b s u
a t s .
L c n s
e s t b n l y
W b r y
a c w
4
4
“ 8
“ ?
6
N b r v b
/ t b n
f c n j
a e f e n j b x b r l
e s b p
a u s
s p
a e n t v
s p
a e n t h
a c n b
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
6 ( 8 : 7 )
] < 8 [
] < ? [
] < < [
] < 4 [
p c
e n t f b
f u l
t b f g c r f
e g g b r b n l b s
e n e n t b r v b n
t e c n
t y p b h n
f f u r h
t e c n
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t s f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h h n
f
e n l c k p
a b t b r b p c r t e n j c
g r b s u
a t s .
L c n s
e s t b n l y
W b r y
a c w
4
4
“ 8
“ ?
6
N b r v b
/ t b n
f c n j
a e f e n j b x b r l
e s b p
a u s
s p
a e n t v
s p
a e n t h
a c n b
@ h n
f g u n l
t e c n
8 ( 8 : 7 )
] < 8 [
] < ? [
] < < [
] < 4 [
p c
e n t f b
f u l
t b f g c r f
e g g b r b n l b s
e n e n t b r v b n
t e c n
t y p b h n
f f u r h
t e c n
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t s f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h ,
u s b
c g h n u n v h
a e f h
t b f c u
t l c k b s l h
a b ,
h n
f s
t h t e s t e -
l h
a g a h w s
W b r y
a c w
4
4
4
“ <
6
V ` b r h p b u
t e l u
a t r h s c u n
f v p
a h l b
o c
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
8 ( 6 2 )
] < 6 [
© O K I
T u
o a e s ` e n j
J r c u p
A t f ? 4 8 4
. H a a r e j
` t s r b s b r v b
f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
? :
L h r p h a t u n n b a s y n f r c k b
Kusluacsmbabtha fescrfbrs
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\ y k p
t c k s c
g l h r p h
a t u n n b
a s y n
f r c k b ,
` h n
f g u n l
t e c n ,
t e k b
t c r b t u
r n t c w c r m ,
h f v b r s b b
g g b l
t s
E k
p c r t h n
t c u
t l c k b s
L c
k k b n
t
J _ H F B
B g g b l
t
s e z b
F e r b l
t -
n b s s
L c n s
e s -
t b n l y
X u h
a e t y
V y p b
c g
b v e -
f b n l b
L c k p h r e s c n
C u
t l c k b
N u k
o b r c
g s
t u f e b s
( p h r -
t e l e p h n
t s )
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h
K c
f b r h
t b
4
4
4
“ 8
6
Z r e s
t s p
a e n t v
n c
t r b h
t k b n
t
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
8 ( 0 < )
] < 2 [
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t s f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h h n
f
k b
t ` c
f c
a c j
e l h
a g a h w
s
A c w
4
4
4
“ ?
6
Z r e s
t s p
a e n t s v
l h r p h
a t u n n b
a
s u r j b r y
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
? ( 8 5 0 )
] 7 8 [
] 7 ? [
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t s f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h h n
f
p c c r l c k p
a e h n l b w e
t ` t r b h
t k b n
t
A c w
4
4
4
“ ?
6
G u
a a - t e k b u s b c
g s p
a e n t v
n c l
t u r n h
a
u s b h
a c n b
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
8 ( ? 6 )
] < : [
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t s f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h h n
f
s t h t e s t e l h
a g a h w s . F e r b
l t n b s s p c
e n t f b
f u l
t b f g c r
u s b c
g l c - e n
t b r v b n t e c n s
W b r y
a c w
4
“ 8
4
“ ?
6
N b u
t r h a s p
a e n t v l c l
m - u p s p
a e n t
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
8 ( 7 8 )
] < < [
Z ` h
t h r b
t ` b b
g g b l
t s c
g s u r j
e l h
a t r b h
t k b n
t s g c r l h r
p h
a t u n n b
a s y n
f r c k b
3
F e r b l
t n b s s p c
e n t f b f u l
t b f g c r
` b
t b r c j b n b
e t y
h k c n j s
t u f e b s
K c
f b r h
t b
4
“ 8
4
4
6
B n
f c s l c p
e l v
c p b n s u r j b r y
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
H t a b
h s
t 8 < _ L V s
( h t a b h s
t
8 6 2 : p b c p
a b )
] < 0 [
] < 5 [
] 6 8 [
] 6 ? [
] 6 < [
] 6 2 [
] 6 7 [
] 6 : [
] 6 0 [
] 6 4 [
] 2 2 [
] 2 : [
F e r b l
t n b s s p c
e n t f b f u l
t b f g c r
` b
t b r c j b n b
e t y
h k c n j s
t u f e b s
K c
f b r h
t b
4
“ 8
4
4
6
B n
f c s l c p
e l v
c p b n s u r j b r y
@ h n
f g u n l
t e c n
H t a b
h s
t 7 _ L V s
( h
t a b h s
t
7 4 0
p b c p
a b )
] < 0 [
] < 5 [
] 6 6 [
] 6 2 [
] 6 7 [
] 6 4 [
] 2 2 [
F e r b l
t n b s s p c
e n t f b f u l
t b f g c r
` b
t b r c j b n b
e t y
h k c n j s
t u f e b s
K c
f b r h
t b
4
“ 8
4
4
6
B n
f c s l c p
e l v
c p b n s u r j b r y
V e k b
t c r b
t u r n
t c w c r
m
H t a b
h s
t 8 2 _ L V s
( h t a b h s
t
8 7 6 2 p b c p
a b )
] < 0 [
] < 5 [
] 6 8 [
] 6 ? [
] 6 < [
] 6 2 [
] 6 7 [
] 6 : [
] 6 4 [
] 2 ? [
] 2 < [
] 2 6 [
] 2 2 [
] 2 7 [
] 2 : [
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t f b
f u l t
b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h . F
e r b l
t -
n b s s p c
e n t f b
f u l t b f
g c r u n l b r t h
e n t y h
o c u
t e n -
t b r v b n
t e c n s
A c w
4
“ 8
4
“ 8
6
E n t b r n h
a n b u r c
a y s
e s p
a u s c p b n
l h r p h
a t u n n b
a r b
a b h s b v
c p b n
l h r p h
a t u n n b
a r b
a b h s b h
a c n b
\ y k p
t c k s b v b r e t y
< ( 8 6 0 )
] 7 6 [
] 7 2 [
] 7 7 [
Z ` h
t h r b
t ` b b
g g b l
t s c
g p c s
t c p b r h
t e v b
t r b h
t k b n
t s g c r l h r p h
a t u n n b
a s y n
f r c k b
3
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t s f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h h n
f
p c c r
g c a a c w - u p .
F e r b l
t n b s s p c
e n t f b
f u l
t b f g c r
u n l b r t h
e n c u
t l c k b k b h s u r b
W b r y
a c w
4
“ 8
4
“ ?
6
Z r e s
t s p
a e n t s h
g t b r s u r j b r y v
n c
k c v b k b n
t r b s
t r e l t e c n
\ y k p
t c k
e k p r c v b -
k b n
t
8 ( 6 : )
] 7 0 [
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t s f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h h n
f
e n l c k p
a b t b r b p c r t e n j c
g r b s u
a t s
A c w
4
4
4
“ ?
6
Z r e s
t s p
a e n t s h
g t b r s u r j b r y v
n c
k c v b k b n
t r b s
t r e l t e c n
@ h n
f g u n l
t e c n
8 ( : 6 )
] 7 : [
X u h
a e t y p c
e n t f b
f u l
t b f g c r s p h r s b
f h
t h
K c
f b r h
t b
4
4
4
“ 8
6
Z r e s
t s p
a e n t s h
g t b r s u r j b r y v
n c
k c v b k b n
t r b s
t r e l t e c n
_ b
t u r n
t c w c r m
8 ( 2 4 )
] 7 5 [
V y p b
c g b v
e f b n l b 9
6 ;
_ L V =
? ;
C o s b r v h
t e c n h
a = 8 ;
N c n - h n h
a y t e l h
a / b x p b r t c p
e n e c n .
L c n s
e s t b n l y 9 s
e k e a h r e t y c
g r b s u
a t s h l r c s s s
t u f e b s .
F e r b l
t n b s s 9 j b n b r h
a e s h
o e a e t y c
g p c p u
a h t e c n c r c u
t l c k b s .
B g g b l
t s
e z b 9
o h s b
f c n r b
a h t e v b r e s
m c r c
f f s r h
t e c .
© O K I
T u
o a e s ` e n j
J r c u p
A t f ? 4 8 4
. H a a r e j
` t s r b s b r v b
f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
? 0
L h r p h a t u n n b a s y n f r c k b
Kusluacsmbabtha fescrfbrs