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7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i
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Rdl phrhs`ty hc r`vlr fjrr`lrs jib tdl
aukunjt`vl `kplb`klit th tdl
k`mrjt`hi hc Jtnjit`a Qjnkhi `i tdl
Chynl V`vlr Ajtadklit.
Ajrhnyi L. Fryal
Quplrv`shrs_rhc. Ahn`i JbjksBr. _jbby Fhynji
Ql tlkflr 6?:6
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7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i
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Qtjtlklit hc Ahpyr`mdt
Rdl ahitlit hc tdl @F@Q wlfs`tl*(`ianub`im, fut iht n`k`tlb th jnn tlxt jib jrtwhrg tdlrl`i)
`s prhtlatlb fy ahpyr`mdt. Rdl ahpyr`mdt `s hwilb fy @F@Q hr `s htdlrw`sl n`alislb crhk j
td`rb pjrty chr usl fy tdl pjrtilrs.
Phu kjy v`lw hr bhwinhjb jiy ahitlit hc tdl Q`tl chr pr`vjtl purphsls, fut yhu jrl ihtplrk`ttlb, w`tdhut hur plrk`ss`hi, th5
sthrl tdl Q`tl, hr jiy ahitlit hc tdl Q`tl, chr jiy htdlr purphsl7
pr`it ahp`ls hc tdl Q`tl, hr jiy ahitlit hc tdl Q`tl, chr jiy htdlr purphsl7 rlprhbual, ahpy hr trjisk`t tdl Q`tl, hr jiy ahitlit hc tdl Q`tl, `i jiy wjy, chr
jiy htdlr purphsl hr `i jiy htdlr klb`uk.
Jnn htdlr r`mdts wd`ad jrl iht spla`c`ajnny mrjitlb jrl rlslrvlb.
@F@Q kjgls jvj`njfnl hi `ts s`tls kjtlr`jns mlilrjtlb chr @F@Q fy jajblk`a whrg jt tdl\i`vlrs`ty hc Mnjsmhw jib jt Zulli's \i`vlrs`ty Flncjst, `itlr jn`j.
Lxtrjats kust iht fl quhtlb w`tdhut lxpn`a`t plrk`ss`hi. _lrk`ss`hi kjy fl shumdt fy
us`im tdl ahitjat chrk www.nhumds-jmliay.hrm/`f`s/ahitjat/
*Q`tl - www.nhumds-jmliay.hrm/@F@Q
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7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i
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```
Ihi-tladi`ajn Qukkjry
RDL _HVHQ@RP HC V@SLV FJVV@LVQ JIB RDL A\K\NJR@SL @K_LB@KLIR
RH RDL K@MVJR@HI HC JRNJIR@A QJNKHI @I RDL CHPNL V@SLV
AJRADKLIR
FJAGMVH\IB
D`sthr`ajnny, r`vlrs djvl flli sufelat th khb`c`ajt`hi jib ut`n`sjt`hi chr tdl flilc`t hc sha`lty,
w`tdhut rlmjrb th tdl nhajn, rlm`hijn jib nhim-tlrk ahislqulials th tdl lahsystlk. V`vlrs
djvl flli khb`c`lb chr j rjiml hc rljshis wd`ad `ianubl, fut `s iht rlstr`atlb th,
adjiiln`zjt`hi chr sd`pp`im7 ahistruat`hi hc bjks chr dybrhphwlr hr wjtlr rltlit`hi7 wjtlr
jfstrjat`hi jib jnsh th rlkhvl wjstl prhbuats. Rdlsl khb`c`ajt`his djvl rlsuntlb `i
iuklrhus skjnn jrt`c`a`jn r`vlr`il fjrr`lrs jarhss r`vlr ajtadklits jib djvl tdl phtlit`jn th
b`srupt c`sd k`mrjt`his.
Rdl n`cl-d`sthry hc jijbrhkhus Jtnjit`a sjnkhi `s rlnjt`vlny pnjst`a jib tdl t`kl spn`t
fltwlli crlsdwjtlr jib sjntwjtlr djf`tjts vjr`ls w`td tdl `ib`v`bujn jib tdl liv`rhiklitjn
ahib`t`his hc ljad n`cl-stjml. Jctlr j plr`hb hc t`kl `i tdl kjr`il jib lstujry liv`rhiklit,
tdl r`vlr`il k`mrjt`hi chnnhws j b`st`iat pjttlri kjbl up hc twh th tdrll pdjsls. Rdl c`rst
pdjsl `ivhnvls j stljby prhmrlss`hi upstrljk wd`ad jntlrijtls fltwlli t`kls hc sw`kk`im
jib plr`hbs hc rlst. Chnnhw`im td`s, khvlklits jrl kjbl `i fhtd upstrljk jib bhwistrljk
b`rlat`his th sljrad chr j phs`t`hi th fl dlnb iljr tdl spjwi`im mrhuibs wd`ad ahianubls `i
tdl c`ijn dhnb`im pdjsl. Js tdl spjwi`im plr`hb jpprhjadls, `ib`v`bujns nljvl tdl`r dhnb`im
phhns jib prhmrlss up th tdl spjwi`im mrhuibs. ]`td rlmjrb th tdl`r jijbrhkhus ijturl jib
lxtlis`vl usl hc r`vlrs, Jtnjit`a sjnkhi jrl pjrt`aunjrny slis`t`vl th jntlrjt`his `i tdl ijturjn
cnhw hc r`vlrs typ`ajnny jssha`jtlb w`td bjk ahistruat`hi jib dybrhphwlr stjt`his.
@i rlalit yljrs `t djs flahkl jppjrlit tdjt j vjst iukflr hc skjnn jitdrhphmli`a struaturlskjy jnsh slr`husny n`k`t hr fnhag tdl khvlklits hc c`sd. Js tdlrl `s j d`md iukflr hc
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7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i
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`v
fjrr`lrs jarhss tdl \i`tlb G`imbhk tdjt w`nn illb th fl jsslsslb `i ahkpn`jial th tdl
rlqu`rlklits hc tdl ]jtlr Crjklwhrg B`rlat`vl, j stjibjrb`slb tladi`qul wd`ad jnnhws rjp`b
jib ahst lcclat`vl jsslssklits jt j ijt`hijn sajnl illblb th fl blvlnhplb. Qahtnjib jib
Ihrtdlri @rlnjib Chruk chr Liv`rhiklitjn Vlsljrad (QI@CCLV) blvlnhplb j ahjrsl-
rlshnut`hi rjp`b jsslssklit thhn th prhv`bl tdl liv`rhiklitjn fhb`ls hc tdl \i`tlb G`imbhk
j stjibjrb`slb kltdhbhnhmy tdjt jnnhws chr tdl plrkljf`n`ty hc j fjrr`lr th fl qu`agny jib
lcc`a`litny jsslsslb. Rdl jsslssklit thhn wjs uslb th lvjnujtl tdl plrkljf`n`ty hc chur
fjrr`lrs hi j skjnn tr`futjry hc tdl Ajkhwli V`vlr, jib j khbln wjs ahistruatlb th kljsurl
dhw fjrr`lr plrkljf`n`ty adjimls uiblr b`cclrlit cnhw ahib`t`his (fltwlli :0=< jib 6?::).
\s`im tdl bjtj mjtdlrlb crhk tdl khbln, tdl iukflr hc bjys tdjt j tdlhrlt`ajn Jtnjit`a
sjnkhi `s blnjylb uiblr ljad fjrr`lr jib tdl thtjn aukunjt`vl blnjy lxplr`lialb bur`im `ts
spjwi`im k`mrjt`hi ljad yljr wjs ajnaunjtlb.
Rdl phrhs`ty sahrls ajnaunjtlb chr jnn chur fjrr`lrs whunb summlst tdjt uiblr tdl cnhw
ahib`t`his hc tdl jsslssklit, ljad struaturl wjs j ahkpnltl fjrr`lr th tdl khvlklit hc jt
nljst hil spla`ls mu`nb, spla`c`ajnny Jtnjit`a sjnkhi jib Aypr`i`bs. Hc tdl rlkj`i`im spla`ls
mu`nbs, tdlrl wlrl ih fjrr`lrs tdjt b`b iht `kplbl upstrljk khvlklit th jt nljst j prhphrt`hi
hc tdl phpunjt`hi.
Rdl thtjn iukflr hc bjys tdjt tdl tdlhrlt`ajn Jtnjit`a sjnkhi wjs blnjylb fy fjrr`lrs `i tdl
G`nnyanhmdlr Furi rjimlb fltwlli 1 jib 41 bjys.
Vlc`i`im tdl khbln w`td `iarljslb rlshnut`hi hc kljsurlklits jib tdl ahnnlat`hi hc vlnha`ty
jib blptd ahib`t`his jt cnhw lxtrlkls whunb `iarljsl tdl jaaurjay hc tdl khbln. @t whunb
jnsh fl d`mdny jbvjitjmlhus th hftj`i prlslial/jfslial hr jfuibjial bjtj jfhvl tdl slt hc
fjrr`lrs jsslsslb th prhv`bl curtdlr `ib`ajt`hi hc tdl jaaurjay hc tdl phrhs`ty rlsunts. ]dlrl
phss`fnl d`sthr`ajn c`sd bjtj, flchrl tdl `istjnnjt`hi hc tdl fjrr`lrs sdhunb jnsh fl hftj`ilb.
Rd`s whunb jnnhw j b`rlat ahuit hc tdl rlbuat`hi `i sjnkhi rlturi`im th tdl`r spjwi`im
mrhuibs jfhvl j fjrr`lr, hr qujit`cy tdl nhss `i sjnkhi prhbuat`hi rlnjtlb th k`mrjt`hi
fjrr`lrs.
Rdl rlkhvjn hc hfstruat`im fjrr`lrs `s bllklb js tdl khst lcclat`vl kltdhb hc `iarljs`im c`sd
prhbuat`hi. Js tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi `s j skjnn tr`futjry `t `s uin`glny tdjt sufstjit`jn
cuib`im whunb fl b`rlatlb thwjrbs tdl rlkhvjn hr k`t`mjt`hi hc tdl fjrr`lrs, dhwlvlr `t `s
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7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i
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v
prhphslb tdjt s`kpnl khb`c`ajt`his th fjrr`lrs J6 jib J1 whunb `iarljsl pjssjml. Rdl
`istjnnjt`hi hc fjccnls `s j ahkkhi kltdhb th b`ss`pjtl d`md wjtlr vlnha`t`ls jib `iarljsl tdl
wjtlr blptd tdrhumd aunvlrts.
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7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i
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v`
Rdl phrhs`ty hc r`vlr fjrr`lrs jib tdl
aukunjt`vl `kplb`klit th tdl k`mrjt`hi hc
Jtnjit`a Qjnkhi `i tdl Chynl V`vlr
Ajtadklit.
_`aturl ahurtlsy hc tdl Nhumds Jmliay.
Ajrhnyi Lnj`il Fryal
?=?
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7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i
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v``
JFQRVJAR
Qkjnn jrt`c`a`jn r`vlr`il fjrr`lrs jrl iuklrhus jarhss r`vlr ajtadklits jib djvl tdl phtlit`jn
th b`srupt c`sd k`mrjt`his. Vlalitny, j ahjrsl-rlshnut`hi nlvln jsslssklit thhn wjs blvlnhplb
th prhv`bl tdl liv`rhiklitjn fhb`ls hc tdl \i`tlb G`imbhk w`td j kljis hc anjss`cy`im r`vlr
ajtadklits `i tlrks hc c`sd khvlklit th kllt tdl hfelat`vls slt fy tdl ]jtlr Crjklwhrg
B`rlat`vl. Rdl ahursl-rlshnut`hi rjp`b jsslssklit5 nlvln J jsslssklit wjs uslb th blc`il
tdl phrhs`ty hc chur struaturls hi j skjnn tr`futjry `i tdl Chynl systlk, Ihrtdlri @rlnjib th
tdl khvlklit hc chur c`sd spla`ls mu`nbs. Rdl rlsunts `ib`ajtlb tdjt jnn chur fjrr`lrs prlslitlb
j adjnnliml th tdl khvlklit hc jnn chur spla`ls mu`nbs. J phrhs`ty sahrl hc ?.? chr ljad
fjrr`lr `ib`ajtlb tdjt tdl upstrljk khvlklit hc jbunt Jtnjit`a sjnkhi wjs ahkpnltlny
hfstruatlb dhwlvlr js wjtlr blptd wjs tdl n`k`t`im cjathr `t wjs ahianublb tdjt plrkljf`n`ty
wjs n`glny th adjiml uiblr cnuatujt`im r`vlr cnhws. J khrl `i-blptd hc `ivlst`mjt`hi hc fjrr`lr
phrhs`ty th tdl upstrljk Jtnjit`a sjnkhi spjwi`im k`mrjt`hi wjs ahibuatlb fy khblnn`im
tdl dybrjun`a ahib`t`his hvlr ljad fjrr`lr jib jss`mi`im tdl jpprhpr`jtl phrhs`ty sahrl. Rdl
rlnjt`hisd`p fltwlli r`vlr wjtlr cnhw (rlahrblb jt j mjum`im stjt`hi hi tdl kj`i r`vlr stlk)
jib kljsurlklits hc wjtlr blptd jib wjtlr vlnha`ty hc ljad fjrr`lr wjs blc`ilb w`td n`iljr
rlmrlss`hi jijnysls jib `iahrphrjtlb `ith tdl khbln. Bj`ny r`vlr cnhw bjtj rlahrblb fltwlli
Hathflr jib Ejiujry chr ljad yljr fjag th :0=< wjs `iahrphrjtlb `ith tdl khbln th ajnaunjtl
bj`ny phrhs`ty sahrls hc ljad fjrr`lr jib tdl aukunjt`vl `kplb`klit tdjt tdl chur fjrr`lrs
arljtl th tdl spjwi`im k`mrjt`hi ljad yljr. Ljad fjrr`lr chrklb fhtd j tlkphrjn jib pjrt`jn
fjrr`lr th tdl spjwi`im phpunjt`hi hc Jtnjit`a sjnkhi. Blnjys hc up th 3? bjys wlrl rlahrblb
flnhw tdl fr`bml chht`im. Rdl aukunjt`vl blnjy arljtlb fy tdl chur fjrr`lrs rjimlb fltwlli 1
th 41 bjys. Jntdhumd `t wjs iht phss`fnl th `blit`cy hil fjrr`lr wd`ad wjs khst jt cjunt, js
tdl phrhs`ty hc j fjrr`lr wjs blpliblit hi r`vlr cnhw, `ts `kphrtjit th ihtl tdjt td`s stuby djs
sdhwi r`vlr fjrr`lrs djv`im j b`rlat lcclat hi c`sd spjwi`im k`mrjt`his jib suaalss.
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7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i
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v```
AHIRLIRQ
: @IRVHB\AR@HI :
6 KLRDHBHNHMP
6.: - Qtuby Jrlj jib Fjrr`lr Blsar`pt`his
6.6 - Nlvln J jsslssklit
6.1 - Blvlnhpklit hc Fjrr`lr _hrhs`ty Khbln
6.2 - Djf`tjt Qurvlys
6.< - Jbb`t`hijn @ichrkjt`hi
::
::
:6
:=
:4
:0
1 VLQ\NRQ
1.: - Nlvln J jsslssklit _hrhs`ty Qahrls
1.6 - N`iljr Vlmrlss`hi Jijnysls
1.1 - Jsslssklit hc Aukunjt`vl Blnjy
1.2 - Djf`tjt Qurvlys
6?
6?
66
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7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i
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`x
N@QR HC RJFNLQ
6.: - _hrhs`ty sahrls jib tdl ahrrlsphib`im blsar`pt`his chr ljad sahrl m`vli th
fjrr`lrs jsslsslb us`im j Nlvln J jsslssklit blvlnhplb. Blsar`pt`his
prhv`blb fy QI@CCLV (6?:?j).
:3
6.6 - Kljsurlklits hc tdl pdys`ajn jttr`futls hc ljad fjrr`lr rlahrblb hi tdl
6:/?3/:6 chr fjrr`lr J: jib hi tdl 62/?3/:6 chr fjrr`lrs J6, J1 jib J2.
- Rrjisvlrsjn slat`hi - J slat`hi hc tdl struaturl `i qulst`hi wdlrl tdl
dybrjun`a cnhw ahib`t`his, vlnha`ty jib blptd, jrl ahis`stlit jarhss `ts w`btd.
- Qnhpl - @s tdl plralitjml hc tdl snhpl crhk tdl inlt th tdl hutnlt hc tdl
struaturl. Qnhpl % ; Dybrjun`a Dljb/Lcclat`vl Nlimtd x :??.
- Slrt`ajn Dybrjun`a Dljb - Slrt`ajn b`stjial crhk thp hc wjtlr hi hutnlt th tdl
thp hc tdl wjtlr nlvln `i tdl phhn.
:3
1.: - Rdl c`ijn phrhs`ty sahrls hc ljad fjrr`lr hi tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi chr ljad
spla`ls/n`cl-stjml jsslsslb us`im tdl nlvln J jsslssklit.6:
1.6 - Rdl hutput crhk tdl n iljr rlmrlss`hi jijnysls fltwlli blptd jib r`vlr cnhw
chr ljad trjislat ph`it (:-
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7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i
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x
1.::
-
Rdl c`rst bjtl wdlrl tdl phrhs`ty sahrl jad`lvlb `s !?.1, tdl iukflr hc bjys
blnjylb, tdl rjiml hc phrhs`ty sahrls jad`lvlb chr ljad yljr jib tdl plralit
hc v`jfnl bjys hc pjssjml crhk Hat-Eji chr tdl yljrs :0=
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7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i
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x`
N@QR HC C@M\VLQ
6.: - _hs`t`hi hc tdl fjrr`lrs jib slk`-qujit`tjt`vl lnlatrhc`sd`im s`tls hi tdlG`nnyanhmdlr Furi. V`vlr cnhw `s ihrtd th shutd.
:1
6.6 - Rdl phs`t`hi hc tdl c`vl trjislat ph`its wdlrl ljad blptd jib vlnha tykljsurlklit wjs tjgli jarhss ljad hc tdl `inlt, k`bph`it jib hutnlt trjislats.B`jmrjk tjgli crhk ]CB ::: (6j) - Rdl ahursl rlshnut`hi rjp`b-jsslssklitkltdhbhnhmy th jsslss hfstjanls th c`sd k`mrjt`hi5 C`lnb kjiujn nlvln Jjsslssklit (QI@CCLV, 6?:?j).
:2
1.: - N`iljr rlmrlss`hi jijnysls hc cnhw vlrsus nhm(blptd +?.
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7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i
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:
: @IRVHB\AR@HI
D`sthr`ajnny, r`vlrs djvl flli sufelat th khb`c`ajt`hi jib ut`n`sjt`hi chr tdl flilc`t hc sha`lty,
w`tdhut rlmjrb th tdl nhajn, rlm`hijn jib nhim-tlrk ahislqulials th tdl lahsystlk (Cry`rs &KaIjf, i.b7 Ihrr`s lt jn, 6??=). V`vlrs djvl flli khb`c`lb chr j rjiml hc rljshis wd`ad
`ianubl, fut `s iht rlstr`atlb th, adjiiln`zjt`hi chr sd`pp`im (K`nn`kji & Kl`-l, :00
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7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i
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6
lxallb`im tdl 6
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7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i
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1
kunt`-slj w`itlr (KQ]) sjnkhi (Dlibry & Arjmm-D`il, 6??1). Rdl t`k`im hc tdl r`vlr litry
b`cclrs w`td`i jib fltwlli phpunjt`his (Rdhrstjb lt jn, 6??4) w`td r`vlr litry haaurr`im jnn
yljr rhuib th tdl r`vlrs hc tdl \i`tlb G`imbhk, @rlnjib jib shkl r`vlrs `i Blikjrg
(Gnlkltsli lt jn, 6??17 Ehisshi & Ehisshi, 6?::). Dhwlvlr `i Ihrwjy, @alnjib, jib Ajijbj
spjwi`im jbunts typ`ajnny stjrt litlr`im r`vlrs fltwlli Kjy jib Hathflr (Gnlkltsli lt jn,
6??17 Rdhrstjb lt jn, 6??47 Htlrh lt jn, 6?::) w`td litry flm`ii`im js ljrny js Clfrujry th tdl
r`vlrs hc Fr`ttjiy, Crjial (Chitlilnnl lt jn, :04?). @i Ihrtdlri @rlnjib, litry th tdl kjehr
r`vlrs hc tdl Chynl systlk rjimls crhk Euil th Jumust dhwlvlr `ib`v`bujns djvl jnsh flli
rlahrblb th litlr js njtl js Blalkflr (Fhynji, 6??2). @ib`v`bujns rlturi th tdl`r ijtjn r`vlrs
w`td `iarlb`fnl prla`s`hi (Djrbli Ehils, :0347 Qtjsgh lt jn, :0=17 Jjs lt jn, 6?::) w`td
rlahrbs hc spjwilrs lvli rlturi`im th tdl sjkl r`vlr strltad haaup`lb bur`im tdl`r euvli`nl
iurslry stjmls. Dhwlvlr j skjnn prhphrt`hi (:-
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7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i
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2
k`mrjt`hi rjimls fltwlli
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7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i
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6k) ahianublb tdjt jppjrlitny b`cc`aunt fjrr`lrs wlrl pjsslb w`td
rlnjt`vl ljsl, wd`nl tdhsl ahis`blrlb th fl pjssjfnl hfstruat`im tdl khvlklit hc j iukflr
hc spla`ls. Hv`b`h & _d`n`ppjrt (6??6) chuib tdjt struaturls w`td j dybrjun`a dljb js skjnn js
?.2
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4
Furchrb lt jn, 6??0). C`sdx`im `s j shctwjrl prhmrjkkl tdjt wjs blvlnhplb th prlb`at pjssjml
suaalss tdrhumd j aunvlrt, fy ahkpjr`im khblnnlb dybrjun`a ahib`t`his hc j aunvlrt th tdl
sw`kk`im jib nljp`im ajpjf`n`t`ls hc j iukflr hc c`sd spla`ls (Curi`ss lt jn, 6???7 Ajdhhi lt
jn, 6??=). Dhwlvlr tdlrl djs flli n`k`tlb vjn`bjt`hi hc C`sdx`im `i tdl c`lnb jib td`s
jpprhjad jnsh rlqu`rls bltj`nlb dybrjun`a kljsurlklits chr lvlry aunvlrt tdjt w`sdls th fl
jsslsslb (Glkp lt jn, 6??47 Kl`xnlr lt jn, 6??0). Jbhpt`im j s`k`njr jpprhjad, Ahcckji
(6??
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7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i
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0
phtlit`jn chr dljv`ny khb`c`lb wjtlrs fy 6?:
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7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The porosity of river barriers and the cumulative impediment to the migration of Atlantic Salmon i
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:?
`kplb`klit kjy fl tlkphrjn jib fnhag tdl khvlklit jarhss tdl fjrr`lr chr j prhphrt`hi hc
tdl t`kl. _jrt`jn fjrr`lrs, jrl tdhsl tdjt fnhag j prhphrt`hi hc tdl phpunjt`hi, typ`ajnny wljglr
sw`kklrs, `ib`v`bujns w`td skjnnlr fhb`ls s`zls jib spla`c`a n`cl-stjmls (Glkp lt jn, 6??4).
Jbb`t`hijnny, pjssjml kjy pjrt`jnny fl rlstr`atlb th alrtj`i spla`ls, fhby s`zls hr n`cl-stjmls
chr j prhphrt`hi hc tdl t`kl chrk`im j tlkphrjn-pjrt`jn fjrr`lr (Glkp lt jn, 6??4). Aunvlrts
jrl jnsh vlry mhhb lxjkpnls hc pjrt`jn/tlkphrjn fjrr`lrs js tdly jrl gihwi th rlstr`at
khvlklit th wljg sw`kklrs bur`im t`kls hc nhw jib d`md r`vlr cnhws (Glkp lt jn, 6??4). @i
ljad ajsl, tdl typl hc fjrr`lr jib tdl blmrll hc tdl n`k`tjt`hi rlsunts `i j blnjy flnhw j fjrr`lr
th j prhphrt`hi hc tdl phpunjt`hi. @t `s `kphrtjit th kjijmlklit tdjt js kuad `ichrkjt`hi `s
kjbl jvj`njfnl hi tdl `kpjat hc fjrr`lrs jib tdl kjmi`tubl hc tdl blnjy aji fl qujit`c`lb,
lspla`jnny `c prln`k`ijry jsslssklits jrl th fl uslb `i tdl pr`hr`t`sjt`hi hc fjrr`lr k`t`mjt`hi
hr rlkhvjn whrgs.
@i ahkpn`jial th tdl rlqu`rlklits hc tdl ]CB, tdl Nhumds Jmliay jrl aurrlitny `i tdl
prhalss hc arljt`im j M@Q (mlhmrjpd`a `ichrkjt`hi systlk) fjslb `ivlithry hc r`vlr fjrr`lrs
th j`b `i tdl anjss`c`ajt`hi hc tdl Chynl ajtadklits. \s`im tdl ahjrsl-rlshnut`hi rjp`b
jsslssklit blvlnhplb fy QI@CCLV, tdl Nhumds Jmliay jrl jsslss`im tdl `kpjat hc tdlsl
fjrr`lrs hi tdl khvlklit hc slvlrjn spla`ls hc c`sd jib js suad tdl sjkl prhalburl w`nn fl
uslb th prhv`bl j ahislrvjt`vl lst`kjtl hc tdl plrkljf`n`ty hc chur skjnn fjrr`lrs hi j
tr`futjry th tdl Ajkhwli V`vlr. Dhwlvlr th tlst `c tdl plrkljf`n`ty hc tdlsl chur fjrr`lr w`nn
adjiml uiblr b`cclrlit cnhw ahib`t`his, j khbln w`nn fl blvlnhplb tdjt w`nn jnnhw s`kpnl
blptd jib vlnha`ty kljsurlklits rlahrblb jt ljad fjrr`lr th fl ahrrlnjtlb w`td d`sthr`a r`vlr
cnhw rlahrbs js th khbln tdl pjssjf`n`ty hc ljad fjrr`lr th Jtnjit`a sjnkhi bur`im tdl
spjwi`im k`mrjt`hi plr`hb crhk :0=< th 6?::. \s`im tdl bjtj mjtdlrlb crhk tdl khbln, tdl
iukflr hc bjys tdjt j tdlhrlt`ajn Jtnjit`a sjnkhi `s blnjylb uiblr ljad fjrr`lr jib tdl thtjn
aukunjt`vl blnjy lxplr`lialb bur`im `ts spjwi`im k`mrjt`hi ljad yljr w`nn fl ajnaunjtlb.
Rdl `kpjat hc tdl aukunjt`vl blnjy th tdl k`mrjt`hi hc Jtnjit`a sjnkhi arljtlb fy tdl chur
fjrr`lrs w`nn fl b`sausslb jnhim w`td tdl `kphrtjial hc ahibuat`im jbb`t`hijn plrkljf`n`ty
jsslssklits `c tdl pjssjf`n`ty hc j fjrr`lr `s prlbhk`ijtlny rlnjtlb th dybrjun`a ahib`t`his.
C`ijnny tdl v`jf`n`ty hc us`im r`vlr cnhw th khbln tdl plrkljf`n`ty hc j fjrr`lr w`nn fl
b`sausslb.
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6 KLRDHBHNHMP
6.: Qtuby Jrlj jib Fjrr`lr Blsar`pt`his
V`vlr struaturls wd`ad wlrl `blit`c`lb js phtlit`jn fjrr`lrs `i tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi wlrl
jsslsslb chr tdl`r `kpjat tdl spjwi`im k`mrjt`hi hc Jtnjit`a sjnkhi. Js pjrt hc td`s
jsslssklit, tdl plrkljf`n`ty hc fjrr`lrs th b`cclrlit spla`ls mu`nbs, tdl blnjy ajuslb fy ljad
fjrr`lr th Jtnjit`a sjnkhi jib tdl `kpn`ajt`his th euvli`nl sjnkhi prhbuat`hi jrl rlv`lwlb.
Rdl G`nnyanhmdlr furi `s j skjnn tr`futjry th tdl V`vlr Ajkhwli `i Ahuity Ryrhil, Ihrtdlri
@rlnjib (I`vli lt jn, 6?:?). Rdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi `s jpprhx`kjtlny 1.:4
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J1 `s :3k. Fjrr`lr J1 `s :.?3gk upstrljk hc tdl tr`futjry ahicnulial (c`murl 6.:).
Rdl chrtd jib c`ijn fjrr`lr (J2) hi tdl G`nnyanhmdlr tr`futjry `s nhajtlb :.64gk upstrljk hc
tdl tr`futjry ahicnulial jt
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(QI@CCLV, 6?:?j).
C`murl 6.: - _hs`t`hi hc tdl fjrr`lrs jib slk`-qujit`tjt`vl lnlatrhc`sd`im s`tls hi tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi.
V`vlr cnhw `s Ihrtd th Qhutd.
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Rdl prhalburl `s kjbl up hc slvli slat`his ljad w`td tdl`r hwi suf-b`v`s`his, dhwlvlr hiny
tdl slat`his wd`ad jrl jppn`ajfnl th tdl stuby jrl blsar`flb. Chr ljad fjrr`lr, fjs`a bltj`ns
rlnjt`im th tdl nhajt`hi hc tdl struaturl, jaalss`f`n`ty, ahkphilit kjtlr`jns, b`klis`his hc
ljad struaturl, tdl cnhw adjrjatlr`st`as jib tdl iukflr hc trjisvlrsjn slat`his wjs rlahrblb.
Qlat`hi tdrll hc tdl nlvln J jsslssklit `ivhnvlb rlahrb`im tdl wjtlr blptd jib tdl vlnha`ty
jarhss ljad fjrr`lr trjislat. Chr fjrr`lrs J:, J6 jib J1, c`vl wjtlr blptd jib vlnha`ty
kljsurlklits wlrl rlahrblb jarhss tdl w`btd hc tdl `inlt, k`bph`it jib hutnlt trjislats
chnnhw`im tdl blsar`pt`hi `i c`murl 6.6. Dhwlvlr, fjrr`lr J2 b`spnjylb sufstjit`jn
dltlrhmlil`ty crhk tdl `inlt th tdl hutnlt jib `t wjs bllklb jpprhpr`jtl th rlahrb twh
jbb`t`hijn slts hc c`vl trjislat blptd jib vlnha`ty kljsurlklits, th kjgl j thtjn hc c`vl slts
trjislat kljsurlklits.
C`murl 6.6 - Rdl phs`t`hi hc tdl c`vl trjislat ph`its wdlrl ljad blptd jib vlnha`ty kljsurlklit wjstjgli jarhss ljad hc tdl `inlt, k`bph`it jib hutnlt trjislats. B`jmrjk tjgli crhk ]CB ::: (6j) - Rdlahursl rlshnut`hi rjp`b-jsslssklit kltdhbhnhmy th jsslss hfstjanls th c`sd k`mrjt`hi5 C`lnb kjiujnnlvln J jsslssklit (QI@CCLV, 6?:?j).
_hrhs`ty sahrls chr ljad hc tdl c`vl trjislat ph`its wlrl ajnaunjtlb fy ahkpjr`im tdl wjtlrblptd jib vlnha`ty kljsurlb jmj`ist tdl sw`kk`im ajpjf`n`t`ls jib blptd rlqu`rlklits hc
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trjislat :, phrhs`ty sahrl whunb fl :.? fut `c tdl blptd (jt tdl sjkl ph`it) wjs >?.?=k,
wd`ad lqujtls th j phrhs`ty sahrl hc ?.?, tdl hvlrjnn sahrl chr trjislat : whunb fl ?.?, js
blptd wjs cjathr n`k`t`im pjssjml. Ljad phrhs`ty sahrl (?.?-:) lqujtls th j vlnha`ty jib blptd
rjiml spla`c`a th ljad spla`ls mu`nb jsslsslb jib aji fl rlv`lwlb `i tdl nlvln J jsslssklit
kjiujn (QI@CCLV, 6?:?j). Rdl phrhs`ty sahrls rjiml crhk ?.?, wd`ad lqujtls th j
ahkpnltlny `kpjssjfnl fjrr`lr th j sahrl hc :.?, wd`ad `ib`ajtls crll pjssjml jib ih
hfstruat`hi dhwlvlr cunn blsar`pt`his jib lxjkpnls jrl prhv`blb chr ljad phrhs`ty sahrl `i
tjfnl 6.:.Hial ljad hc tdl c`vl trjislat ph`its djb flli sahrlb chr ljad trjislat, tdl d`mdlstphrhs`ty sahrl jad`lvlb chr jiy hc tdl trjislat ph`its wjs tjgli js tdl upstrljk phrhs`ty
sahrl chr ljad trjislat. Rd`s prhbualb tdrll upstrljk phrhs`ty sahrls chr fjrr`lrs J:, J6 jib
J1 jib c`vl upstrljk phrhs`ty sahrls chr fjrr`lr J2. Crhk tdl phrhs`ty sahrls ajnaunjtlb chr
ljad trjislat, tdl khst n`k`t`im sahrl crhk jiy hc tdl trjislats wjs tjgli js tdl hvlrjnn
phrhs`ty sahrl chr ljad fjrr`lr chr slat`hi tdrll hc tdl jsslssklit. _hrhs`ty sahrls tdus
rlprlslit j ahislrvjt`vl kljsurlklit hc fjrr`lr pjssjf`n`ty.
Dhwlvlr, tdl c`ijn phrhs`ty sahrl jss`milb th ljad fjrr`lr chr ljad spla`ls mu`nb jnsh tjgls
`ith jaahuit pdys`ajn jttr`futls wd`ad kjy n`k`t hr prlvlit pjssjml. Rdlsl kljsurlklits
wlrl rlahrblb js pjrt hc slat`hi chur hc tdl jsslssklit `i wd`ad shkl hc tdl rlnlvjit
kljsurlklits jrl b`spnjylb `i tjfnl 6.6. Rdl typl hc rlahrbs tjgli b`cclrlb `i jaahrbjial th
wdltdlr j fjrr`lr prlslits w`td j vlrt`ajn brhp, snhpl hr stlps.
Ljad pdys`ajn jttr`futl wjs tdli sahrlb chr `ts n`k`tjt`hi th khvlklit us`im jpprhpr`jtl
pjssjf`n`ty jsslssklit mu`bjial tjfnls chr ljad spla`ls mu`nb prhv`blb `i tdl nlvln J
jsslssklit kjiujn (QI@CCLV, 6?:?j). Js w`td slat`hi tdrll, tdl khst n`k`t`im sahrl
rlahrblb chr jiy hc tdl pdys`ajn jttr`futls chr ljad fjrr`lr wjs tjgli js tdl hvlrjnn sahrl chr
slat`hi chur. \s`im fhtd hc tdl sahrls ajnaunjtlb crhk slat`his tdrll jib chur, tdl khst
n`k`t`im sahrl crhk l`tdlr slat`hi wjs uslb th prhbual tdl c`ijn phrhs`ty sahrl chr j fjrr`lr
chr ljad spla`ls jib n`cl-stjml. Dhwlvlr, js tdlrl wlrl ih pdys`ajn jttr`futls chr jiy hc tdl
fjrr`lrs wd`ad n`k`tlb pjssjml th Jtnjit`a sjnkhi hr jbunt trhut, tdl phrhs`ty sahrls
ajnaunjtlb crhk slat`hi tdrll bltlrk`ilb tdl hvlrjnn sahrl (`.l wjtlr blptd jib vlnha`ty wlrl
pr`kjry n`k`t`im cjathrs).
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Rjfnl 6.: - _hrhs`ty sahrls jib tdl ahrrlsphib`im blsar`pt`his chr ljad sahrl m`vli th fjrr`lrsjsslsslb us`im j Nlvln J jsslssklit. Blsar`pt`his prhv`blb fy QI@CCLV (6?:?j).
_hrhs`ty
QahrlBlsar`pt`hi
?.? @kpjssjfnl, ahkpnltlhfstjanlthc`sdkhvlklit`ctdjttdltjrmltspla`ls/n`cl-stjml, hrspla`lsmu`nbajiihtpjsstdlhfstjanl.
?.1
Jpjrt`jnd`md`kpjathfstjanl`sjss`milb`ctdlhfstjanlrlprlslitsj
s`mi`c`ajit`kplb`klitthtdltjrmltspla`ls/n`cl-stjml, hrspla`lsmu`nb, fut
shklhctdlphpunjt`hi(l.m. > hil-td`rb) w`nnpjsslvlitujnny7 hrtdlhfstjanl
`s`kpjssjfnlchrjs`mi`c`ajitprhphrt`hihctdlt`kl(9twh-td`rbs).
?.3
Jpjrt`jnnhw`kpjathfstjanl`sjss`milb`ctdjttdlhfstjanlrlprlslitsj
s`mi`c`ajit`kplb`klitthtdltjrmltspla`ls/n`cl-stjmls, hrspla`lsmu`nb, fut
khsthctdlphpunjt`hi(l.m. 9twh-td`rbs) w`nnpjsslvlitujnny7 hrtdlhfstjanl
`s`kpjssjfnlchrjs`mi`c`ajitprhphrt`hihctdlt`kl(l.m. > hil-td`rb).
Aunvlrtsrlprlslitmhhblxjkpnlshcpjrt`jnhfstjanls`ctdly`kplblc`sd
bur`implr`hbshcd`mdhrnhwcnhw.
:.?
Ihhfstjanl, pjssjfnl`ctdjttdlhfstjanlbhlsihtrlprlslitjs`mi`c`ajit
`kplb`klitthtdltjrmltspla`ls/n`cl-stjml, hrspla`lsmu`nb, jibtdlkjehr`ty
hctdlphpunjt`hisdhunbfljfnlthpjssbur`imtdlkjehr`tyhctdlplr`hbhc
k`mrjt`hi(khvlklit). Rd`sbhlsihtkljitdjttdlhfstjanlphslsihahsts`i
tlrkshcblnjy, l.m. `iarljslblilrmlt`as, hrtdjtjnnc`sdw`nnfljfnlthpjss.
Rjfnl 6.6 - Kljsurlklits hc tdl pdys`ajn jttr`futls hc ljad fjrr`lr rlahrblb hi tdl 6:/?3/:6 chr
fjrr`lr J: jib hi tdl 62/?3/:6 chr fjrr`lrs J6, J1 jib J2.
-Rrjisvlrsjn slat`hi - J slat`hi hc tdl struaturl `i qulst`hi wdlrl tdl dybrjun`a cnhw ahib`t`his,vlnha`ty jib blptd, jrl ahis`stlit jarhss `ts w`btd.
-Slrt`ajn Dybrjun`a Dljb - Slrt`ajn b`stjial crhk thp hc wjtlr hi hutnlt th tdl thp hc tdl wjtlr nlvln `i
tdl phhn.
Fjrr`lr
Q`tl @BRypl hc
Fjrr`lr
Iukflr hc
trjisvlrsjn
slat`his
Rrjisvlrsjn
slat`hi
blsar`pt`his
Rhtjn
wlttlb
w`btd jt
fjrr`lr
arlst (k)
Mrjb`lit
(%)
Lcclat`vl
nlimtd
(k)
Slrt`ajn
Dybrjun`a
dljb (k)
Rhtjn
Dybrjun`a
dljb
(`inlt-
hutnlt, k)
J: Fr`bmlChht`im :
Slrt`ajn
Brhp/Qnhpl
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pr`ia`pnls jppn`lb `i tdl nlvln J jsslssklit th ajnaunjtl bj`ny phrhs`ty sahrls crhk Hathflr th
Ejiujry, tdl spjwi`im k`mrjt`hi plr`hb w`td`i tdl Chynl systlk, chr tdl yljrs :0=< th 6?::
chr ljad fjrr`lr.
Rdl wjtlr blptd jib vlnha`ty wjs kljsurlb hvlr j rjiml hc cnhw ahib`t`his jt ljad fjrr`lr
us`im tdl sjkl prhalburl uslb bur`im slat`hi tdrll hc tdl nlvln J jsslssklit. Crhk 66/?3/:6
th tdl 6
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`blit`c`ajt`hi hc tdl c`rst bjtl jt wd`ad j phrhs`ty sahrl hc ?.1 hr jfhvl wjs jad`lvlb fy ljad
fjrr`lr. Crhk td`s, tdl iukflr hc bjys tdjt j tdlhrlt`ajn sjnkhi (ji `ib`v`bujn wd`ad `s
ajpjfnl hc pjss`im j fjrr`lr js shhi js `t jrr`vls flnhw `t, jssuk`im tdl phrhs`ty hc tdl fjrr`lr
`s ?.1 hr jfhvl) wjs blnjylb flnhw ljad fjrr`lr ahunb fl ajnaunjtlb chr ljad k`mrjt`hi chr
jiy yljr crhk :0=< th 6?::.
@iahrphrjtlb `ith tdl khbln wjs tdl jpprhx`kjtl t`kl tjgli chr j sjnkhi th trjvln th tdl ilxt
fjrr`lr upstrljk. J k`mrjt`hi spllb hc 6.?gk plr bjy wjs adhsli jctlr rlv`lw`im k`mrjt`hi
spllbs hc tdl spjwi`im k`mrjt`hi rlahrblb js pjrt hc rjb`h tlnlkltry stub`ls (Dlmmflrmlt lt
jn, :0037 Jjrlstrup lt jn, 6???7 Rdhrstjb lt jn, 6??1). Rd`s spllb wjs jnsh adhsli js `t `s
jagihwnlbmlb tdjt k`mrjt`hi spllb blarljsls js tdl spjwi`im plr`hb jpprhjadls (Rdhrstjb lt
jn, 6??4). Fy jppny`im td`s k`mrjt`hi spllb, `t wjs ajnaunjtlb tdjt ji jbunt sjnkhi ahunb
ljs`ny trjvln fltwlli ljad fjrr`lr `i uiblr hil bjy. Dhwlvlr, js th jaahuit chr tdl t`kl tdjt
kjy fl illblb th rlahvlr crhk ji hxymli blft jaqu`rlb wd`nl pjss`im j fjrr`lr hr tdl t`kl
tjgli th c`ib tdl flst rhutl th pjss j fjrr`lr (Ehils, :0467 Rdhrstjb lt jn, 6??4) `t wjs bllklb
tdjt twh fjrr`lrs ahunb iht fl pjsslb hi tdl sjkl bjy, rlmjrbnlss hc tdl`r phrhs`ty sahrl.
Curtdlrkhrl, `iahrphrjtlb `ith tdl khbln wjs tdl rlqu`rlklit chr tdl tdlhrlt`ajn sjnkhi th
djvl pjsslb jiy jib jnn prlv`hus fjrr`lrs bhwistrljk flchrl tdl pjssjml hc jiy fjrr`lr
upstrljk wjs v`jfnl. Rdl c`ijn hutput crhk tdl khbln ajnaunjtlb tdl c`rst bjtl wdlrl j
phrhs`ty sahrl hc !?.1 wjs jad`lvlb jt ljad fjrr`lr jib tdus tdl aukunjt`vl blnjy arljtlb fy
tdl chur fjrr`lrs crhk :0=< th 6?::. Rdl khbln jnnhwlb chr tdl plralitjml hc bjys bur`im tdl
k`mrjt`hi plr`hb wdlrl j phrhs`ty sahrl hc ?.1 hr jfhvl th fl ajnaunjtlb. Jbb`t`hijnny tdl
rjiml hc phrhs`ty sahrls jad`lvlb fy ljad fjrr`lr wjs `blit`c`lb.
6.2 Djf`tjt Qurvlys
Chr suaalsscun sjnkhi prhbuat`hi `t `s lsslit`jn tdjt r`vlrs jib tr`futjr`ls djvl tdl djf`tjts
ilalssjry chr pdjsls hc tdl spjwi`im k`mrjt`hi, lxajvjt`hi hc rlbbs jib surv`vjn hc tdl
euvli`nl phpunjt`hi (I`vli lt jn, 6?:?). Js j kljis th jsslss tdl typl, qujn`ty jib qujit`ty hc
djf`tjts jvj`njfnl th Qjnkhi, tdl Nhumds Jmliay ahibuatlb r`vlr djf`tjt survlys jarhss tdl
Chynl systlk `i 6??=. Rdl survly wjs ajrr`lb hut fy chht, w`td klkflrs hc tdl Nhumds
Jmliay anjss`cy`im strltadls hc r`vlr th hil hc tdl tdrll n`cl-ayanl djf`tjt ui`ts5 dhnb`im,
spjwi`im hr iurslry. Hial anjss`c`lb `ith j djf`tjt typl, ljad r`vlr strltad wjs mrjblb
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jaahrb`im th tdl qujn`ty hc tdjt djf`tjt jib kljsurlb chr nlimtd (k) jib jrlj (k 6). Zujn`ty
mrjbls rjiml crhk hil th chur, w`td j qujn`ty mrjbl hc hil fl`im tdl flst qujn`ty djf`tjt. Rdl
djf`tjt survly bjtj ahnnlatlb chr tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi fy tdl Nhumds Jmliay wjs uslb th
ajnaunjtl tdl jrlj jib nlimtd hc ljad n`cl-ayanl djf`tjt jib phtlit`jn lmm prhbuat`hi jfhvl tdl
chur fjrr`lrs. Rdl iukflr hc lmms blphs`tlb blplibs hi tdl qujn`ty jib jrlj hc tdl iurslry
djf`tjt jvj`njfnl w`td`i ljad r`vlr. Zujn`ty mrjbls :-1 jrl uslb, w`td tdl chnnhw`im lmm
blphs`t`hi nlvlns slt chr ljad iurslry qujn`ty mrjbl5 qujn`ty mrjbl hil lqujtls th :? lmms plr
k67 qujn`ty mrjbl twh lqujtls th < lmms plr k6 jib mrjbl tdrll lqujtls th 6.< lmms plr k6
(I`vli lt jn, 6?:?). Rdl jrlj (k6) hc ljad iurslry qujn`ty mrjbl (:-1) jfhvl tdl chur fjrr`lrs
wjs kunt`pn`lb fy tdl jpprhpr`jtl prlblc`ilb lmm blphs`t`hi nlvln th m`vl tdl tjrmlt iukflr
hc lmms blphs`tlb w`td`i tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi. Rd`s `ichrkjt`hi w`nn fl rlclrrlb th wdli
rlv`lw`im jib b`sauss`im tdl rlsunts crhk tdl nlvln J jsslssklit jib tdl hutput crhk tdl
fjrr`lr khbln.
6.< Jbb`t`hijn @ichrkjt`hi
Rdl Mnlidhrb`jn ]jtlr Rrljtklit pnjit `s nhajtlb upstrljk hc tdl chur fjrr`lrs jt tdl thp hc
tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi js b`spnjylb `i c`murl 6.:. Rdl Mnlidhrb`jn wjtlr trljtklit pnjit `s
n`alislb th jfstrjat up th 4,??? auf`a kltlrs hc wjtlr plr bjy crhk tdl Mnlidhrb`jn rlslrvh`r
jib G`nnyanhmdlr Furi (Ihrtdlri @rlnjib ]jtlr, 6?:65 plr. ahkk). ]d`nl tdl `kpjat hc tdl
wjtlr jfstrjat`hi ahunb iht fl jsslsslb bul th t`kl n`k`tjt`his, tdl phtlit`jn hc tdl wjtlr
jfstrjat`hi th `icnulial fjrr`lr pjssjf`n`ty w`nn fl b`sausslb `i cunn wdli ahis`blr`im tdl
rlsunts hc tdl hutput hc tdl khbln.
Rdl Nhumds Jmliay ahibuat jiiujn slk`-qujit`tjt`vl lnlatrhc`sd`im survlys jarhss tdl Chynl
systlk js th khi`thr euvli`nl prhbuat`hi. Rdl euvli`nl sjnkhi jfuibjial bjtj crhk tdl
G`nnyanhmdlr Furi wjs rlqulstlb chr usl `i tdl prhelat. Rdlrl wlrl hiny c`vl yljrs wdlrl bjtj
wjs jvj`njfnl chr jnn tdrll lnlatrhc`sd`im s`tls jfhvl tdl chur fjrr`lrs jib js suad tdl sjkpnl
s`zl wjs bllklb `isucc`a`lit th prhbual uslcun rlsunts crhk stjt`st`ajn jijnys`s. Dhwlvlr tdl
bjtj wjs uslb js lv`blial hc wdltdlr spjwi`im djs haaurrlb `i tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi.
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1.? VLQ\NRQ
1.: Nlvln J jsslssklit _hrhs`ty Qahrls
Jnn chur fjrr`lrs hi tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi prlslitlb j adjnnliml th upstrljk khvlklit hc
ljad spla`ls mu`nb, dhwlvlr tdl blmrll hc tdl rlstr`at`hi `kphslb fy j fjrr`lr th tdl
khvlklit hc ljad spla`ls mu`nb wjs d`mdny vjr`jfnl. Js tdl phrhs`ty hc ljad fjrr`lr th tdl
upstrljk khvlklit hc Jtnjit`a sjnkhi jib jbunt trhut wjs iht n`k`tlb fy jiy hc tdl fjrr`lrs
pdys`ajn jttr`futls, l`tdlr `isucc`a`lit blptds hr vlnha`t`ls wd`ad lxallbs tdl sw`kk`im
ajpjf`n`t`ls blkhtlb tdl phrhs`ty hc ljad fjrr`lr (tjfnl 1.:). Chr Aypr`i`bs jib euvli`nl
Qjnkhi`bs, j dybrjun`a dljb hc ?.1k jt fjrr`lr J: jib ?.:0k jt fjrr`lr J2 ahitr`futlb th tdl
rlbuat`hi `i tdl phrhs`ty sahrl. Rdl cnhw adjrjatlr`st`as jib tdl pdys`ajn pjrjkltlrs hc
fjrr`lr J1 wlrl jppn`lb th fjrr`lr J6 chr tdl jsslssklit jib tdus tdl phrhs`ty sahrls jib
vjr`jfnls n`k`t`im pjssjml chr fjrr`lrs J6 jib J1 jrl tdl sjkl. Rdl nlvln J jsslssklit hc tdl
chur fjrr`lrs summlstlb tdjt tdl upstrljk khvlklit hc Jtnjit`a sjnkhi `s ahkpnltlny
hfstruatlb uiblr tdl nhw cnhw ahib`t`his uslb th bltlrk`il phrhs`ty (tjfnl 1.:). ]d`nl ljad
fjrr`lr `s struaturjnny b`cclrlit, tdl phrhs`ty hc fjrr`lrs J:, J6 jib J1 wjs rlstr`atlb bul th
tdl sdjnnhw wjtlr blptd hvlr ljad hc tdl tdrll fjrr`lrs. Dhwlvlr chr fjrr`lr J2, `t wjs j
ahkf`ijt`hi hc wjtlr blptd jib vlnha`ty wd`ad slr`husny `kplblb pjssjml th `ib`v`bujns js
b`spnjylb `i tjfnl 1.:.
Js tdl dybrjun`a rlqu`rlklits chr tdl pjssjml hc jbunt trhut b`cclrs crhk Jtnjit`a sjnkhi, tdl
chur struaturls bh iht ahkpnltlny `kplbl khvlklit fut `istljb jrl pjrt`jn d`md `kpjat
fjrr`lrs js `ib`ajtlb j phrhs`ty sahrl hc ?.1 (tjfnl 1.:). J sahrl hc ?.1 w`td rlsplat th tdl
blc`i`t`hi blvlnhplb jib prhv`blb fy QI@CCLV (6?:?j), `ib`ajtls tdjt jnn chur fjrr`lrs jrl
s`mi`c`ajit hfstjanls th l`tdlr hil-td`rb hc tdl jbunt trhut phpunjt`hi wd`ad kjy pjss `i t`kl
hr tdlsl fjrr`lrs jrl hiny pjssjfnl chr hil-td`rb hc tdl t`kl. @isucc`a`lit wjtlr blptd
jaahuitlb chr tdl rlbuat`hi `i tdl phrhs`ty hc ljad fjrr`lr js b`spnjylb `i tjfnl 1.:.
Chr aypr`i`bs, ljad fjrr`lr hi tdl G`nnyanhmdlr furi prlslitlb j adjnnliml th pjssjml w`td
phrhs`ty sahrls rjim`im crhk ?.? th ?.1 js sdhwi `i tjfnl 1.:. Rdl kj`i cjathr wd`ad n`k`tlb
pjssjml jt fjrr`lrs J6 jib J1, jib ahkpnltlny `kplblb pjssjml jt fjrr`lr J2 wjs wjtlr
blptd. Jt fjrr`lr J2, j dybrjun`a dljb hc ?.:0k n`k`tlb pjssjml th j prhphrt`hi hc tdl
phpunjt`hi dhwlvlr tdl wjtlr blptd wjs sh sdjnnhw tdjt pjssjml wjs ahkpnltlny fnhaglb jib
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js suad tdl phrhs`ty chr fjrr`lr J2 wjs ?.?. Chr fjrr`lrs J6 jib J1 tdl phrhs`ty chr aypr`i`bs
wjs ?.1, `ib`ajt`im tdjt tdl wjtlr blptd hvlr tdl tdrll fjrr`lrs hfstruatlb pjssjml th twh-
td`rbs hc tdl phpunjt`hi hr pjssjml `s rlstr`atlb chr twh-td`rbs hc tdl t`kl. J dybrjun`a dljb hc
?.1k jt fjrr`lr J: pdys`ajnny prlvlitlb Aypr`i`bs crhk rljad`im upstrljk djf`tjt.
Fjrr`lrs J: jib J2 jrl d`md `kpjat `kplb`klits th tdl prhmrlss`hi hc euvli`nl sjnkhi`bs
Dhwl js `ib`ajtlb fy j phrhs`ty sahrl hc ?.1. Js prlv`husny blsar`flb, j sahrl hc ?.1
`ib`ajtls tdjt fjrr`lrs J: jib J2 n`k`ts pjssjml th hiny hil-td`rb hc tdl phpunjt`hi wd`ad
kjy pjss `i t`kl hr tdl twh fjrr`lrs ahkpnltlny fnhag pjssjml th twh-td`rbs hc tdl
phpunjt`hi. Dhwlvlr jt fjrr`lr J: j vlrt`ajn brhp hc ?.1k jnsh rlbuals pjssjf`n`ty. Rdl
sdjnnhw wjtlr blptd hvlr fjrr`lr J: jib J2 `s tdl n`k`t`im vjr`jfnl th fjrr`lr phrhs`ty jt fhtd
struaturls. Rdl blmrll hc n`k`tjt`hi tdjt sdjnnhw wjtlr blptd `icn`ats hi euvli`nl sjnkhi`b
pjssjml vjr`ls js `nnustrjtlb fy tdl phrhs`ty sahrl hc ?.3 ajnaunjtlb chr fjrr`lrs J6 jib J1
(tjfnl 1.:). Dhwlvlr, tdl wjtlr vlnha`ty hvlr fjrr`lrs J6 jib J1 jnsh n`k`tlb pjssjml jib js
suad j ahkf`ijt`hi hc `ijblqujtl blptds jib d`md vlnha`t`ls rlstr`atlb pjssjml.
Rjfnl 1.: - Rdl phrhs`ty sahrls hc ljad fjrr`lr hi tdl G`nnyanhmdlr Furi chr ljad spla`ls/n`cl-stjmljsslsslb us`im tdl nlvln J jsslssklit.
Qpla`ls/N`cl-stjml Fjrr`lr _hrhs`ty Qahrl _r`kjry Cjathr N`k`t`im _hrhs`ty
Jbunt Jtnjit`a Qjnkhi
J:
J6J1
J2
?.?
?.??.?
?.?
Blptd
BlptdBlptd
Blptd/Slnha`ty
Jbunt Rrhut
J:
J6
J1
J2
?.1
?.1
?.1
?.1
Blptd
Blptd
Blptd
Blptd
Aypr`i`bs
J:
J6
J1
J2
?.?
?.1
?.1
?.?
Slrt`ajn Brhp
Blptd
Blptd
Slrt`ajn Brhp/Blptd
Euvli`nl Qjnkhi`bs
J:
J6
J1
J2
?.1
?.3
?.3
?.1
Slrt`ajn Brhp/Blptd
Blptd/Slnha`ty
Blptd/Slnha`ty
Blptd
Rdl phrhs`ty hc jnn chur fjrr`lrs rjimlb crhk ?.? chr Jtnjit`a sjnkhi th ?.3 chr euvli`nl
sjnkhi`bs, `ib`ajt`im tdjt wd`nl tdlsl chur fjrr`lrs kjy chrk j thtjn hfstjanl th Jtnjit`a
sjnkhi, tdlsl fjrr`lrs bh iht ahkpnltlny truiajtl tdl pjssjml hc jnn spla`ls khv`im upstrljk
hi tdl G`nnyanhmdlr furi.
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1.6 N`iljr Vlmrlss`hi Jijnysls
Rdl purphsl hc tdl n`iljr rlmrlss`hi jijnysls wjs th blc`il tdl rlnjt`hisd`p fltwlli blptdjib vlnha`ty hvlr j fjrr`lr (tdlsl wlrl ahis`blrlb pr`kjry n`k`t`im vjr`jfnls js pdys`ajn
struaturl hc tdl fjrr`lr wjs bllklb th fl pjssjfnl fy QI@CCLV, 6?:?j) th r`vlr cnhw (js
bltlrk`ilb fy cnhw mjum`im stjt`hi hi tdl Ajkhwli r`vlr, jib dlrljctlr rlclrrlb th js V`vlr
cnhw) jib th prhbual rlmrlss`hi lqujt`his th fl `iahrphrjtlb `ith tdl fjrr`lr phrhs`ty khbln.
Rdl n`iljr rlmrlss`hi jijnysls chr ljad trjislat ph`it jarhss tdl `inlt hc fjrr`lr J: `ib`ajtlb
tdjt blptd vjr`jf`n`ty wjs s`mi`c`ajitny ahrrlnjtlb w`td adjimls `i r`vlr cnhw (V6; ?.
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-?.
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-?.36?
-?.203
-?.1=6
-?.624
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6
