Edizioni Erickson – Trento INVITED ARTICLES/ARTICOLI SU INVITO Career counseling for a mid-career woman: Combining Ericksonian strategies and the Career Construction Interview. A longitudinal case study 1 Career counseling per una donna nella fase centrale della sua carriera: combinare le strategie Ericksoniane con la Career Construction Interview. Un case study longitudinale Jacobus Gideon Maree – Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria Summary. This paper describes the effect of narrative career counseling on the personal growth of a mid-career woman. The participant was selected purposively from among a group of people who attended a training workshop and shared a similar background. The intervention involved combining Ericksonian strategies and the Career Construction Interview (CCI) over a three-year period. Data on the participant’s career awareness were gathered using observation, interviews, the collage, the life line, the life story, and the CCI. Following the intervention, the participant evidenced an improved sense of self and a more positive outlook on life. The use of the CCI together with the use of basic Ericksonian strategies presents psychologists with an innovative, exciting and non-intrusive way of administering career counseling. 1 This article is an extended and updated version of the following article: Maree, J.G. (2012). Using «informal» hypnotherapy in career counselling: Blending Savickas and Erickson to «free the angel, SA Journal of Psychol- ogy, 42, 156-168. Permission was granted by Ms Fatima Seedat, Manager: Psychological Society of South Africa’s office, for the article to be published in an Italian journal with a vastly different readership than the SAJP readership. Corresponding author: J. G. Maree. Fax +27 11 420 5511. Tel. +27 11 420 2130 E-mail address: [email protected]Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, SouthAfrica. (pp. 143-168) Vol. 6, N. 2, Giugno 2013
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Edizioni Erickson – Trento
InvIted ArtIcles/ArtIcolI su InvIto
Career counseling for a mid-career woman: Combining Ericksonian strategies and the Career Construction Interview. A longitudinal case study1
Career counseling per una donna nella fase centrale della sua carriera: combinare le strategie Ericksoniane con la Career Construction Interview. Un case study longitudinale
Jacobus Gideon Maree – Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria
Summary. This paper describes the effect of narrative career counseling on the personal growth of a mid-career woman. The participant was selected purposively from among a group of people who attended a training workshop and shared a similar background. The intervention involved combining Ericksonian strategies and the Career Construction Interview (CCI) over a three-year period. Data on the participant’s career awareness were gathered using observation, interviews, the collage, the life line, the life story, and the CCI. Following the intervention, the participant evidenced an improved sense of self and a more positive outlook on life. The use of the CCI together with the use of basic Ericksonian strategies presents psychologists with an innovative, exciting and non-intrusive way of administering career counseling.
1 Thisarticleisanextendedandupdatedversionofthefollowingarticle:Maree,J.G.(2012).Using«informal»hypnotherapyincareercounselling:BlendingSavickasandEricksonto«freetheangel, SA Journal of Psychol-ogy, 42, 156-168. PermissionwasgrantedbyMsFatimaSeedat,Manager:PsychologicalSocietyofSouthAfrica’soffice,forthearticletobepublishedinanItalianjournalwithavastlydifferentreadershipthantheSAJPreadership.
Keywords: Ericksonian hypnotherapy; Career Construction Interview; three early recol-lections technique; biographicity; narratibility; holding environment.
Riassunto. Questo articolo descrive l’effetto del career counseling narrativo sulla crescita personale di una donna a metà della sua carriera, selezionata tra un gruppo di parteci-panti a un workshop, con simile background. L’intervento ha incluso una combinazione di strategie Eriksoniane e la Career Construction Interview (CCI) per un periodo di tre anni. I dati sulla consapevolezza della carriera della partecipante sono stati raccolti uti-lizzando osservazioni, interviste, collage, life line, storia di vita e CCI. Dopo l’intervento la partecipante ha mostrato un miglioramento nel senso di sé e una visione più positiva della vita. L’uso della CCI insieme alle strategie Eriksoniane di base fornisce agli psicologi una modalità innovativa, stimolante e non-intrusiva per il career counseling.
Parole chiave: ipnoterapia Eriksoniana; Career Construction Interview; tecnica dei primi ricordi; biograficità; narratabilità; holding.
In conjunction with the above, it is common knowledge that whether or notcommunication can be classified as ‘hypnotherapeutic’, it cannot be assessed in a
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dichotomousmanner(Yes-No).ALikert-typeratingscaleisneededtoassesswhetheranycommunicationqualifiesas‘hypnotherapeutic’.Ideally,communicationshouldbeassessedusingascalerangingfrom1to100,where1meansvirtuallynohypnothera-peuticeffect,and100meansanalmosttotalhypnotherapeuticeffect.Itisconsequentlynot surprising that all healthprofession and relatedpractitioners usebrief informalhypnotherapeutic strategiesand techniques to influenceclients,oftenwithoutbeingawarethattheyareactuallydoingso.ShamesandBowers(1992)arguethatinformalhypnosis,likeformallyinducedhypnosis,maypromotevariouscompetenciesinclu-dingeducationandcreativeskills.Yapko(1995,2003)andWark(1996)maintainthathypnosisisusedbynumerouseducationistsatalllevelstohelpstudentsrelax.Theseauthorsbelievethathypnosis(bothformalandinformal)hasaplaceineducationtoachievethetwingoalsofenrichinglearningandpromotingachievement.Studentscanalsobetaughtself-hypnosistoimprovetheirstudyskills,dealwithanxiety,enhancetheirabilitytofocusandtakechargeoftheirstudies.Itthereforeseemsimportanttounderstandwhat theconceptentailsandtotrainprofessionalsproperlyin itsusesothatbestpracticecanbepromoted.
Bibby(2009,p.1)defineshypnosisas«awidevarietyofproceduresforinducingstatesofawarenesswhicharedifferentfromtheusualwaysofoperatingweuseineve-rydayactivity. In these stateswecanbe released frommanyof theconstraintswhichfocusourthinkingintheeverydayworld.Thuswecanhaveaccesstoprocesseswhichcanliberateusfrompreviousassumptionsandlimitations.»Bibby(2009)addsthatthehumanmind is able to revisit, reinvestigate and reconsiderprevious experiences fromdifferentperspectives:«Wecanalsoimaginativelyconstructbetterwaystoengageandmanagesituationswhichwehavepreviouslyfounddifficultorimpossible.Insuchwayswecanbreakthroughthelimitswelearnedbothconsciouslyandunconsciouslywhichpreventedusfromleadingfullerlives–andcreatenewcapabilities,beliefandconfidenceinourselves»(p.1).Ericksonpioneeredtheartandscienceofindirectcommunicationtopromotetheuseoflatentpotentialandenablinghealing(Battino&South,2002)and,asitwere,informalhypnotherapy.
ThegoalsofEricksonianhypnotherapyarewide rangingand include short-termgoals(foraparticularsession),medium-termgoals(interimgoals)andlong-termgoals(theeventualoutcomethetherapistishopingtoachieve).Thefollowingexamplesillustratethesegoals.
i. Short-termgoals:Winningclients’trust,establishingrelationships,helpingclientstoacceptthetherapist,andmotivatingthemtoundergotherapy.
ii. Medium-termgoals:Helpingclientsexperienceacceptancebyothers;helpingthemcastofffeelingsofrejection;helpingthemtobeproudofthemselvesandtorealisethattheyaretheanchorpointintheirownlives;helpingthemrealisethattheyhavegrownandcontinuetogrow.
The Career Construction Interview. Clients’goalsforcounselingareelicitedintheopeningquestionoftheCCI.Severalprimaryquestionsarethenaskedtoelicitnarrativesfromclientstohelpcounselorsgraspandco-constructtheirlifestories(Hartung,2007,2010; Savickas, 1998, 2007, 2011). In recognising clients’ present career concerns inrelationtotheirstagesofcareerdevelopment,theinterviewcovers,insuccession,eachofthefourfundamentalcomponentsofcareerconstruction,namelylifestructure,career
Key facets of career counselors’ aims during career construction counseling
Creating a holding environment.Savickas(2009a,2009b)explainsthattheoriginalmeaningoftheword‘career’is‘care’andnot‘path’(itssecondmeaning).Parents(mo-thersinparticular),thehome,theschoolandtheuniversityprovidepeoplewithholdingenvironmentsearlyoninlife,buttheymusteventually‘hold’themselvesandusecareerasacarrierofmeaning(somethingthathelpsthemfindmeaningintheirlives)duringtimesoftransitiontopromoteasenseofcontinuityinafragmentedworld.
Creating a sacred space. Savickas(2006)stressestheimportanceofmakingclientsfeelsafefirst−creatinga«sacred(safe)space»betweencounselorsandclientsbeforeclientsareinvitedtosharetheirearlyrecollections(their«secrets»)withthem.Thecounse-lorachievesthisaimbyadministeringtheCCI,and,onceithasbeenconcluded,thethreeearlyrecollectionsareelicited.
Use of early recollections: Brief theoretical background
Functions of recollections. Recollectionsareoftenusedintherapybycounselorsaswellasclientstomakeapointorsuggestsolutions,toassistclientstorecognisethemsel-ves,toseedideasandincreasemotivation,toembeddirectives,todecreaseresistance,andtoreframeandredefineaproblem(Yapko,2003).Hartung(2007)maintainsthatcareercounselorsusemetaphoricallanguageindramaticformandthenmovefromassessmenttointerventionbygentlyguidingclientstowardsreflectingonandinterpretingtheirstoriesinarticulateandinterconnectednarratives.
Importance of early recollections in career construction counseling. Savickas(2006)says about the significance of early recollections, «[t]he whole is in every piece». In
ConsistentwithSavickas’(2011)assertionthattheCCIwasneverintendedtobeusedinisolation(Barclay&Wolff,2011),especiallyinthecaseofclientswholacklifedirectionorfeelunsureaboutthemselves,anumberofdata-gatheringstrategieswereusedduringtheassessment(priortotheadministrationoftheCCI).Narrativedatasourceswere(i)observation,(ii)interviews;formalandinformal conversationaldatagatheredduringthe interactions between the participant and the counselor, which were recorded andtranscribed,(iii)thecollage,(iv)thelifeline,(v)thelifestory(Cochran,1997),(vi)theparticipant’sjournalinwhichshereflectedonherexperienceofthesession,and(vii)theCCI.TheCCIwasadministeredprimarilytohelpcraftOlivia’sself-portraitonthebasisoftheeight-stepsequencedesignedbySavickas(2011).Theinitialsessionwasfollowedbymultiplefurtherpersonalmeetingsbetweenthecounselorandtheparticipanttoclarifyanypossiblemisunderstandings.Inbetweenthesesessions,thecounselorpresentedanddiscussedcopiesofthetranscriptionsoftheirconversationstotheparticipantforpurposesofvalidation.Thisprocesswasrepeateduntiltheparticipantconfirmedthecorrectnessofthedata.
Data analysis strategy (Overlap between Ericksonian hypnotherapy and the CCI technique appears in bold)
Repeatedwords,phrasesor expressions shouldalsobenotedbecause theyofferimportantcluesaboutclients’ life themes.After theclientshave told theirstories, the
Making sure that clients hear what they tell themselves: repeating clients’ own words. Clients’ownwordsandexpressionsarerepeatedfrequently(indirect suggestion)bythecounselor,andclientsshouldbepromptedtosaythesewordsandexpressionsoutloudbecausethemoretheysaythemoutloud,themorethewordsandexpressionswillbecomeauthentictothem.Whenclientsexpressfearoranxiety,forexample,theyareremindedthatthisprovesonlyhowbraveorboldtheyareforadmittingtheanxietyandthatonecanonlybecomestrongeratsomethingoneisweakat.
Observing participants: «The body never lies». Savickas(2009a,2009b)stressestheimportanceofobservingparticipantscloselythewholetime,notingbodilychanges,remarks,sighs,shiftsinthepositionofthebody,directionofthegaze,andsoon(showing subconscious respect).Inhiswords:«Thebodyneverlies»(Savickas,2009b).Bodilymovementsandothernon-verbalcuesareextremelyhelpfulin‘reading’participantsandbeingusefultothemastheytell,interpretandrewritetheirstories (reframing).Theseobservationshavetobeincorporatedintothecounselingandotherinformation.Counselorsmay,forinstance,wishtoverbalisetheobservationsinthefollowingmanner:«Youaresmiling/frowning/sighing»,therebyimplicitlyinvitingclientstoreflectontheobservations(suggestion).
Starting the feedback session. Counselorsshouldensurethatclientsnotonlylistentothemselvesbutactuallyhearwhattheyaresayingtothemselves.Inotherwords,counselorsshouldrepeattoclientswhattheyhavesaidandrefrainfromanyinterpretationthemselvessothattheclientscan,firstly,hearandinternalizeand,secondly,enactwhattheythemselveshavesaid.Inotherwords,counselorsshouldletthewordsechoinclients’minds(Savickas,2009a,2009b).Showingrespecttoclientsisofoverridingimportance.Counselorsshouldcontinually endeavour touncover the implicationofwhat clients are saying, and theyshouldthereforecontinuallyseekclarification:«Whatyouhavesaid–whatdoesitmeantoyou?DidIhearyoucorrectly?»
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Using metaphors to wrap up the CCI. Metaphorscanbecreatedquiteeasilywhentheunderlyingthemeofthepresentingproblemhasbeenidentified(Yapko,1995).Becausesymptomscanbeviewedasmetaphoricalcommunication,theyaretherapeuticintheirabilitytomatchclients’indirectcommunicationstyle.Metaphorshelpinaccessinghiddenresourcesandinsearchingforrelevanceandprojection(Yapko,1995).CounselorsmayconsequentlywrapuptheCCIbyusingmetaphorsthattheclientsthemselvesusedduringtheinterview.Examplesofsuchmetaphorsare:«Youareanawe-inspiringpaintingthatisabouttoberevealed»,«amagnificentpieceofart»,«abeautifulsong».
Inmultiple sessions, a self-portrait or future scenario is co-constructed from theclient’s stated goal for seeking career counseling.The career counselor connects theseeminglyunrelateddotscontainedintheresponsestotheCCI,andthenumerousmicro-storiesormicro-narrativesarewovenintoaconsistent,systematic,grandmacro-storyorlifeportrait(reconstruction),whichisreadbacktotheclientsothatsheorhecanauthorise(co-construct)thegrandnarrative.
The client is then requested to write a sentence summarizing his or her identitynarratives.Inotherwords,anidentityoravisionandamissionstatementisforged.Thisstatementmayreadsomethinglikethefollowing:«IwillbehappyandsuccessfulwhenIworkinanenvironmentwheremyworkandIarerespectedandwhereIcanearnadecent
Measurestopromotetheresearchparticipant’swellbeingwereimplementedthrou-ghout the study. Informed consent was obtained, and confidentiality was maintained.Writtenpermissionwasgivenforthepublicationofthecasestudyonconditionthattheparticipant’sanonymitywouldbeprotected.Thecounselorprovidedwrittenfeedbacktotheparticipantduringallthephasesofthestudy,andtheresearchfindingswerereleasedinaresponsiblemanner.Attheendofthistypeofpresentation,threeattendeesaregenerallyaskedtotelltheaudiencewhattheparticipant’sstorymeanttothempersonally.Attendeesareremindedoftheethicalissuesinvolved:Nooneisallowed,forinstance,toabuseaparticipant’sprivacyby,forexample,discussingthecasewithanyoneelse.
«Mythirdrolemodelismydoctor.(looks into the distance)Heiswillingtoallowfreefollow-upvisitsuntilhe(thedoctor)believesoneiswellagain.Itisrareforpeopleinprofessionalenvironmentstoreachouttoothers,instead,maintainingthe‘clinical’distance».
(Sighs heavily)«IreadallthoseHouse and homemagazines.IbuytheWoolworthstriplepack(threemagazinesinapackage),whichusuallycontainsaHouse and home.Thechoiceastowhattoreadismadeonmybehalf;Icanjustsitandrelax.AtworkIhavetomakethesedecisionsmyself.Thesemagazinescarrytheweirdestarticlesandinthemostcreativecombinations.Unlikewhathappensatwork,whereeverythingispredictableandpre-planned,oneneverknowswhatisabouttohappen.
«Firstly:Imarkstudents’scripts.(smiles wryly, looks at the counselor questioningly)«Secondly,Ilovetospendtimewithmyfamily.Thatisexactlytheproblem:Ihavea
«Mythree least favouritesubjectsweredefinitelyAccounting,PhysicalScienceandMathematics.AsthecherryontopwegotaveryyoungteacherinGrade12whoseemedtobemoreinterestedinthefirstrugbyteamthaninledgers!
2. Forlorn young girl left stranded«Irememberaday(Iwasfouryearsoldatthetime)whenmyfatherandIwere
drivingfromhospitaltohospitalandfromtoclinictoclinicinneighbouringtownstofindmymother(whohadbeentakenawaybyhelicopter).(Wewerelivinginasmalltownwithonlyoneclinicat thetime.)Westoppedateachfacility toenquire if thehelicopterwithmymotherinithadlandedthere.Ittookusalongtimeandwhenwefinallyreachedtherighthospital(inotherwords,thehospitaltowhichmymotherhadbeentakentogivebirthtoherchild),wewereinformedthatmybrotherhadbeenborn.However,Iwasnotallowedtoseehim.
thingswehadneverbeforedoneatschool.(shakes her head, looks at the counselor pensively and continues in a measured tone)«ThatwasthedayIlearnedaboutmasks,falsenessandhowpeoplemisleadothers».
Olivia’sfirst memory (ofparentswhohad indirectlyreprimandedherabouthertoys,whichshehadtrustedunconditionallyandwhichhad«runaway»)isunderstandable:becauseshewas«respectfullyandindirectlyreprimanded»(a central life problem)earlyinherlife,sheisanxioustoobtainhonest,respectfulguidelinesfrompeopleshecantrust(asshetrustedherparentsatthetime).Atpresent,shefeelsthatthepeoplesheshouldhavebeenabletotrustabouthercareerpathhavemisledher.«IalsorealisethatIwasrejected(another central life theme)bymy‘trustworthy’toys.Theyleftme,Ineverleftthem.Thisisstillthecasetoday.EachtimeIdonotdowhatisdeemedperfectlyright,peoplethatIshouldhavebeenabletotrustturntheirbackonme».
Whenaskedtoreflectonthesecondstory,Oliviacommentedasfollows(She looks broodingly into the distance):«Iamjustasmall,insignificantcoginaverybigmachine.Nowarmth,norespectformycontribution,novalueisgiventogettingtoknowtherealperson.Similarlytowhathappenedinmystory,itisasifIhavereachedtheplacewhereIwassupposedtogobutnowIamnotallowedtoenter.Thefeelingofbeing‘justnotgoodenough’seemstobeanintegralpartofwhoIam.Onceagain,Iamleftalone,notallowedtoenter».
Herrolemodels(Hitler,herlinemanagerandherdoctor)confirmhercentral life goalandherenvisagedsolutiontohercentrallifeproblem:shewantstoexcelinherwork;
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shewantsamorecreativeworkingenvironment;shewillnotacceptdefeatbutwillstrivetoovercomechallengesandinspireothers(Hitler).Sheisalsosearchingforaworkingenvironmentwhereshewillhavesufficienttimeforotherpeople(acentrallifetheme)andwhereshecanriseabovepettysquabblesanddealwithchallengesastheyarise.Sheisseekingadignified(linemanager)wayouttheimpasseinwhichshecurrentlyfindsherself−wheresheisparalysedbytheknowledgethatacareerchangeisinevitable.Forher,changeimpliesbeingleftaloneagain(anothercentrallifeproblem).Shewantstoactinapassionateandgenuinemannerandcontinueherattemptstofindaworkingenviron-mentwhereshecanhelpothers(a major central life goal).«Thisisalmostaboutfindinganescaperoute».
Incontrasttothecharacterinherfavouritebook,themaincharacterinherfavouriteTVprogramme,Dexter,wears amask continuously.Dexterworks as ablood-splatteranalystduringthedayandasaserialkillerduringtheday(atthispointsheinterruptedherselfandsmiled:«Sorry,night!»)«ButIrealiseheremainsaserialkillerduringtheday.Hejusthastowearamaskinordertosurvive.Hehastwoparallellives.Duringtheday,hedoeswhatisexpectedofhim.Peopledonotnoticehim.Atnight,though,hedecidestheirfate.Hethusfindsawaytodealwiththosethatareinfactguilty,despitehavingbeenfoundinnocent.»Thiscommentagainrevealsherneedtobewhosheactuallyisandtoexposeanddealwithinjustice,deceit,anddishonesty.Sadlyforher,atpresent,shehastoacttosatisfytheneedsofothersonly.(Asanaside:the‘serialkiller’anglesuggeststhatshefeelsthattheabuseofherselfasapersonhappensrepeatedlyandhasalmosttakenonalifeofitsown).
Mottos
Her mottosshedlightonherownbestadvicetoherself.Inwhatwaysshouldshedealwithhercentrallifeproblemandhealherself?–bystartingtofindawaytoreallylive.Furthermore,sheintendstobreakthemonotonousdailyroutinethatcharacterisesherlifeatpresentbyfindingsomething‘breath-taking’thatshecanengageinandthatwillinspireher.Shebelievesthatallhopeisnotlost;shehastobelieve(inherselfandinherfuture).Shedecidestodrawonherpastexperience:whatshehasenduredinlifehastaughthertoremainmotivatedanddedicatedtohergoal.Becauseshehasnotbeentreatedwiththerespectandloveshedeserves,herdesireisto«dountoothersasshewouldwantthemto
ThecounselortoldOliviathatsheremindedhimofacharacterinthebookDog as a metaphor for the soulbyMikeFinley:«Yourstoryistrulyinspirational.Istandinthepresenceofadeeplyloyal,caringwoman.ItisalmostasifIamabouttounveilanewDVD,entitledsomethinglikeThe woman who really cared,byOlivia.See,youhavetheamazingcapacitytocareforotherslikeyoucareforyourdogs…lovingly,sincerely,lo-yally.Inotherwords,youhaveanexceptionalcapacitytobringouttheverybestinothers».
more timeto investigateproperly.»(Inhypnotherapeutic terms,Olivia is inaclassical‘stuck’state.Shewasaccordinglyaskedtodoathoroughjobanalysisofthesecondandthirdoptionsandthenreportbacktothecounselorforafollow-updiscussion).
«Otherthan‘usual’,standardtherapy,whereonewalksin,purgesandwalksout,Ikeptonthinkingaboutthethingsthatwediscussedevenafterthesessions.Forinstance,everytimeanewthemeemerged,itkeptonturninginmyhead.Thispastweekend,visi-tingmyMom,Iwasuitdagend(challenging),whichnormallyIamnot!»(bites her lower lip. Silence)
Sixmonthsafter the initial sessions,Olivia reported thatshehaddoneextensivecareer-related‘research’andhadvisitedschoolsandothertraininginstitutionstobecomefamiliarwithpossiblealternativestohercurrentworksituation.Shewasseriouslyconside-ringteachingasafull-timecareeroption.Shesaidthatshewasfeeling‘liberated’butwasstillfindingitdifficultto‘free’herselffromherfearaboutleavingwhatsheconsideredanabusivesituationinhercurrentworkenvironment.Shewasadvisedtoconsultaclinicalpsychologisttohelpherdealwiththisfear.
Olivia also reported that shehadbecomeengaged to a long-time friendwhomshetrustedandlovedandwhoshebelievedwouldhelphermeetherneedforasafeandsupportiveholdingenvironment.Herthoughtsandactivitieswerefocusedonherimpendingmarriage.
«Iamsettingmorerealisticexpectationsofmyselfandofothers.Iamworkingonanddealingwithmyweaknesses,suchasmylackofassertivenessintheworkplace,mypropensitytoallowotherstotakeadvantageofme,andmyfailuretoattendtomyownwell-being.Inhealingmyself,Ihavebecomeabletohealothers.Conversely,inhelping the learners inmyclassesgrowandenabling thosewithemotionalwoundsbecomehealthyagain,Iamhealingmyself».
Firstly,counselorswillbenefit from training in theuseof theCCI including thethreeearlyrecollectionstechnique.Secondly,giventheglobalrecognitionofqualitativeapproachesoverthepasttwodecadesinparticular,thecurrentover-emphasisonquan-titativeapproaches inSouthAfricanpsychologyneeds tempering.Thirdly,prospectiveEricksonianhypnotherapistsinparticularmaybenefitfromtheinclusionoftheCCIusingthe three recollections technique in their trainingprogrammesandcurricula.Fourthly,careercounselorsmaylikewisebenefitfromtheinclusionoftraininginbasicEricksonianhypnotherapyintheircurricula.Fifthly,becausenumerouspeoplealreadyusehypnosis,the timemayhavecome for teachersandothernon-psychologists toundergo traininginbasicEricksonianhypnotherapyaswell.Teachers,inparticular,shouldbetrainedinthebasicsofhypnosistohelpthemavoidnegativesuggestionsthatcandestroytheself-conceptoflearners.TeacherscouldalsobetrainedtoadministertheCCIwithoutthethreeearlyrecollectionsinsmall-groupclassroomsettingsthatprotectthelearners’privacyandintegrity(Hartung,2010)inordertoinvestigatetheirstrengthsandweaknessesandhelpthemdiscoverthemselves.
Conclusion
Theusefulnessofthestrategyincareercounselingisconfirmedbytheparticipant’sreadiness tomake fundamentally important choices inher life.ConsideringSavickasetal.’s(2009)assertionthattheusefulnessofcareercounselingcanbemeasuredbyitspowertoproducechangesinthecareerandlifestoriesofpeople,theinterventiondescribedherecanberegardedassuccessful.ThefindingsofthisstudysuggestthattheuseoftheCCI(incombinationwiththethreeearlyrecollectionstechnique)togetherwiththeuseofbasicErick-sonianstrategiesisapromisingstrategyforinvolvingclientsinthedesignoftheirlives.Thestrategydiscussedherecanenableclientstounderstandthemselvesbetter,experiencegrowth,discoverthemselvesandfindadvicefromwithintohelpthemsolvefundamentalpersonalproblems.Thestrategycanalsoassistclientstoidentifymajor(central)lifethemesthatcanhelpthemdealwithproblemsandmanagerepeatedtransitions.Clientscanbeempoweredtoconstructtheirownlivesand(re-)writetheirlifestoriesincollaborationwithcounselors.Intheprocess,theycanregainself-respectandhope.Inthepresentstudy,theparticipantappearsreadytoengagewiththeworldmoreadaptively.Herheightenedself-awarenessisevidentinthefollowingextract«Itwasgoodtobereminded,albeitbymyself,ofhowIcouldgoabouttohandlethedifficultsituationinwhichIfindmyselfatpresent».
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