Care Clients With Cancer

8/22/2019 Care Clients With Cancer

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Usi, George Anthony P.

BSN 4B

College of NursingBulacan State University


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CARE CLIENTS WITHCANCER


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What is CANCER?

Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by

out-of-control cell growth

Harms the body when damaged cells divideuncontrollably to form lumps or masses of

tissue called tumors

It develops when cells in a part of a bodybegin to grow out of control


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Normal body cells divide and die in anorderly fashion

Known medically as a malignant neoplasm

Is a broad group of various disease

In cancer, cells divide and growuncontrollably, forming malignant tumors,and invade nearby parts of the body.


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Programmed cell death is called apoptosis,and when this process breaks down, cancer

begins to form

Unlike regular cells, cancer cells do not

experience programmatic death and insteadcontinue to grow and divide

This leads to a mass of abnormal cells thatgrows out of control.


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Common Prefixes used in CANCER:

Adeno- = gland

Chondro- = cartilage

Erythro- = red blood cell

Hemangio- = blood vessels

Hepato- = liver

Lipo- = fat

Lympho- = white blood cell


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Melano- = pigment cell

Myelo- = bone marrow

Myo- = muscle

Osteo- = bone

Uro- = bladder

Retino- = eye

Neuro- = brain


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Epidemiology of CANCER

Most occur in people ages 65 and above

Higher in men than women

Higher in industrialized sectors and nations

More than 1.4 million of American diagnosed

each year with cancer

2nd leading cause of death


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Number of cancer deaths have decreased

slightly more than 560, 000 per year

The leading cause of cancer death is:

-Lung Cancer

-Breast

-Colorectal cancer

-Prostate


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Causes and Risk Factors for Cancer:Hereditary/Family History

-Certain types of cancer run in the family

Carcinogens-Capable in causing cancer

-This may be a chemical, environmental

agent, radiation and viruses-Effects of carcinogens depend on theamount or dosage


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Chemicals or environmental agents:

-Polycystic hydrocarbons

-Aflatoxin

Benzopyrene

-Produced when meat, fish are charcoalbroiled or smoked

-When food is fried

-Fat/Cooking oil that has been reusingreapeteadly


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Nitrosamines

-These are powerful carcinogens

-Used in preservatives food

-Formation of nitrosamines maybeinhibited by the presence of antioxidants

in the stomach

-Limit the eating of preserved foods

-Increase the vegetable and fiber intake


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Radiation

-Causes cancer including ultravilet

-X-rays

-Radoiactive chemicals

-Other form of radiation

Viruses

-Can enter the host cell and cause cancer-Human papilloma virus that causescervical cancer


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-Hepatitis B virus that causes liver cancer

-Epstein-Barr virus that causes lymphoma and

nasopharyngeal cancer

Other Risk Factors:

Age

Gender

Race Personal and family medical history

Lifestyle


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Particular CANCER and their riskFactors:

1. LUNG CANCER:

Tobacco use

Chewing the tobacco

Radiation

Second hand smoke


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2. ORAL CANCER:

Tobacco use

Excessive alcohol use

Chronic irritation

Vitamin A deficiency


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3. LARYNGEAL CANCER:

Tobacco usePoor nutrition

Alcohol

Weakening immune system

Exposure to wood and dust, paint fumes

Gender

Age (More than 60 years old)


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4. BLADDER CANCER:

Tobacco use

Exposure to dyes and solventsChronic bladder inflammation

5. RENAL CANCER:Tobacco use

Obesity

Diet, not well cooked meatExposure to asbestos, organic solvents

Age (50-70 years old)


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6. CERVICAL CANCER:

Tobacco use

HPV infectionChlamydia infection

Diet

Family history of cervical cancer

7. ESOPHANGEAL CANCER:

Tobacco use

Gender

Alcohol use

Diet


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8. BREAST CANCER:

Early menarche/ late menaupouseAge

High fat diet

Obesity

Physical inactivityAlcohol consumption

Family history of breast cancer


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9. PROSTATE CANCER:

All men is at risk

AgeRace

Diet

Family history

10. LIVER CANCER:

Viral hepatitisCirrhosis of the liver

Long term exposure to aflatoxin


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11. SKIN CANCER:

Strong sunlight

UV rays

12. COLONIC CANCER:

Personal family history of polyps

High fat diet

Low fiber diet

History of ulcerative colitis

Age


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13. UTERINE/ ENDOMETRIAL CANCER:

Estrogen replacement therapy

Early menarche/ late menopause


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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY


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The Normal Cell Growth/Cell Cycle

Normal cell division is required for the

generation of new cells during development

and for the replacement of old cells as they

die.


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The term cell growth is used in the contexts

of cell development and cell division(reproduction).

It refers to growth of cell populations, whereone cell (the "mother cell") grows and divides

to produce two "daughter cells


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Most cells remain in interphase, the period

between cell divisionsAt least 90 percent of the cell cycle.

Cell populations go through a particular typeof exponential growth called doubling

Each generation of cells should be twice asnumerous as the previous generation.


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Malignancy

A malignant neoplasm is composed of cells

that look less like the normal cell of origin

It has a higher rate of proliferation

It can potentially invade and metastasize


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Is the tendency of a medical condition,especially tumors to become progressively

worse and to potentially result in death.

Those derived from mesenchymal

(connective tissue) cells are called sarcomas.


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Malignant brain neoplasms and neoplasms of

the immune system are special categorieswith complex nomenclature

Malignant neoplasms derived from epithelialcells are called carcinomas


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Characteristics of Malignant Cells

More rapid increase in size

Less differentiation (or lack of differentiation,

called anaplasia)

Tendency to invade surrounding tissues

Ability to metastasize to distant tissues


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Cytologic features of malignant neoplasms

include:Increased nuclear size (with increased

nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio--N/C ratio).Variation in nuclear or cell size

(pleomorphism).

Lack of differentiation (anaplasia).


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Increased nuclear DNA content with

subsequent dark staining on H and E slides

(hyperchromatism).

Prominent nucleoli or irregular chomatin

distribution within nuclei.

Mitoses (especially irregular or bizarre

mitoses).


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Tumor Invasion/ METASTASIS

Is the spread of a cancer from one organ or

part to another non-adjacent organ or partThe new occurrences of disease thus generated

are referred to as metastases


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Cancer occurs after a single cell in a tissue is

progressively genetically damaged to produce

cells with uncontrolled proliferation

This uncontrolled proliferation, mitosis

produces a primary tumor


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These Phenotype allows:

Intravasation

Extravasation

Tumorigenesis


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Some cancer cells acquire the ability to

penetrate the walls of lymphatic and/or bloodvessels

Other sites and tissues in the body is thetarget

lymphatic or hematogeneous spread


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Illustration of Hematogenous Spread
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metastasis_illustration.jpg


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After the tumor cells come to rest at another

site, they re-penetrate the vessel or walls andcontinue to multiply, eventually forming

another clinically detectable tumor

New tumor is known as a metastatic

(or secondary) tumor


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And its cells are similar to those in the

original tumor.Initially, nearby lymph nodes are struck

earlyThe lungs, liver, brain and bones are the

most common metastasis locations from

solid tumors.


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Characteristics of MalignantNeoplasms:

Undifferentiated

Little resemblance

Growth at Periphery

Infiltrate and destroys the tissue

Cell Characteristics:

Mode of Growth


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VariableThe more anaplastic the tumor the more

faster its growth.

Gain access to blood, lymphatic vessels

Metastasize to other site of the body

Rate of Growth

Metastasis


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Causes Generalized effects-Anemia

-Weakness

-Weight Loss

Extensive tissue damage

Cell damage

General Effects

Tissue Effects


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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

Lymph nodes

Lymphadenopathy

Lungs

Cough

Hemoptysis

Dyspnea

Li


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Liver

Hepatomegaly

NauseaJaundice

Bones

Bone Paine

Fracture


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Brain

ALOC

Seizure

Dizziness

Headache

Vertigo


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4 Routes of Metastasis

1. Transcoelomic

Peritoneal

Pleural

Pericardial

Subarachnoid spaces


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2. Lymphatic spread

lymph nodes

3. Hematogenous spread

Originating in the kidney (renal cellcarcinoma

4. Transplantation or implantationTo lymph nodes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metastasis_sites_for_common_cancers.svg


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Routes of

Metastasis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metastasis_sites_for_common_cancers.svg


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Behind Every Doctor there is aGreat NURSE

Thank you

and

GODBLESS us!!!

PREPARED BY: USI, GEORGE ANTHONY P.

Care Clients With Cancer

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