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Cardiovascular System The Heart
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Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Aug 06, 2020

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Page 1: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Cardiovascular SystemThe Heart

Page 2: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

The Heart – what it is…• A muscular double pump each with a flow circuit– Pulmonary circuit – Systemic circuit 

• The chambers of the double pump– Atria

• receive blood from the pulmonary and systemic circuits

– Ventricles• the main pressure generating chambers of the heart

Page 3: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Location and Orientation within the Thorax

• Physical Characteristics of the Heart – Size:

• 12 cm. in length• 8 to 9 cm. in width (at widest part) 

• 6 cm. in thickness – Weight: 

• ♀ 230 ‐ 280 grams• ♂ 280 ‐ 340 grams

• Largest organ of the mediastinum

Page 4: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Location landmarks of the Heart

• Superior right– at costal cartilage 

of third rib and sternum

• Inferior right– at costal cartilage

of sixth rib lateralto the sternum

• Superior left– at costal cartilage

of second rib lateral to the sternum

• Inferior left– lies in the fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line

Page 5: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

The Pericardium• Pericardium 

– Fibrous pericardium• strong layer of dense irregular connective tissue

– Serous pericardium (two layers)• Superficial layer = parietal serous pericardium• Deep layer = visceral serous pericardium or the epicardium

Page 6: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

The Heart Wall

• Epicardium– visceral layer of the serous pericardium 

• Myocardium– consists of cardiac muscle– Muscle arranged in circular and spiral patterns

– Muscle in chambers differ in thickness• Endocardium

– endothelium resting on a layer of connective tissue

– Lines the internal walls of the heart

Page 7: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Comparison of ventricle myocardium

• Left ventricle –three times thicker than right– Exerts more pumping force

– Flattens right ventricle into a crescent shape

Page 8: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Key Landmarks on the Heart

• Base

• Apex

• Ventral

• Dorsal

Page 9: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Ventral View of Heart

Page 10: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Posterior/Inferior View of Heart

Page 11: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Heart Chambers

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

Page 12: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Systemic & Cardiac Circulation

Right Atrioventricular

Valve*

Pulmonary Valve*

Aortic Valve*

Left Atrioventricular

Valve*

Pathway of Blood Through the Heart

• Begin oxygen‐poor blood in the superior and inferior venae cavae and the coronary sinus

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Pulmonary Arteries

Pulmonary Trunk

Left Atrium

LungsPulmonary Veins

AortaLeft Ventricle

*Alternate Names exist for these valves!

Page 13: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Heart Chambers

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

Page 14: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Heart Valves – Valve Structure

• Each valve composed of: – Endocardium with connective tissue core– Surrounded by a fibrous skeleton of dense irregular connective tissue that

• Anchors valve cusps• Prevents over dilation of valve openings• Main point of insertion for cardiac muscle• Blocks direct spread of electrical impulses

• Atrioventricular (AV) valves – between atria and ventricles

• Aortic and pulmonary valves – at junction of ventricles and great arteries

Page 15: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Heart Valves – Valve Structure

Page 16: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Function of the Atrioventricular Valves

Figure 18.9a

Page 17: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Function of the Atrioventricular Valves

Figure 18.9b

Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction

Page 18: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Function of the Semilunar Valves

Page 19: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Heart Beat & Sounds

• Heart rate of 70‐80 beats/minute at rest• Period of contraction = systole• Period of relaxation = diastole• “Lub‐dup” – sound of valves closing• First sound “lub” – the AV valves closing

– During isovolumetric ventricular contraction• Second sound “dup” – the semilunar valves closing– During isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

Page 20: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Heart Sounds• Each valve sound –best heard near a different heart corner– Pulmonary valve –superior left corner

– Aortic valve –superior right corner

– Mitral (bicuspid) valve– at the apex

– Tricuspid valve –inferior right corner

Page 21: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Conducting System

• Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to:– Generate and conduct impulses– Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

• Conducting system – A series of specialized cardiac muscle cells– Sinoatrial (SA) node sets the inherent rate of contraction

Page 22: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Conducting System

Figure 18.12Intrinsic Conduction System

Page 23: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Innervation• Heart rate is modified by extrinsic controls

• Nerves to the heart include:– Parasympathetic branches of the vagus nerve

– Sympathetic fibers – from sympathetic trunk  ganglia

Figure 18.13

Page 24: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Cardiac Blood Supply

• Functional blood supply– Coronary arteries

• Arise from the aorta– Located in the coronary sulcus– Main branches 

• Left and right coronary arteries

Page 25: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Blood Supply to the Heart

Figure 18.14

Page 26: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Disorders of the Heart• Coronary artery disease

– Atherosclerosis – fatty deposits– Angina pectoris – chest pain– Myocardial infarction – blocked coronary artery– Silent ischemia

• 3 to 4 million Americans have episodes of silent ischemia. People who have had previous heart attacks or those who have diabetes are especially at risk for developing silent ischemia. 

• Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy) caused by silent ischemia is among the more common causes of heart failure in the United States. 

~The American Heart Association

Page 27: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Disorders of the Heart• Heart failure

– Progressive weakening of the heart– Cannot meet the body’s demands for oxygenated blood

• Congestive heart failure – Heart can’t pump strongly enough causing

• Fluid accumulation (congestion) in lungs or body– Fluid accumulation in lungs = left sided heart failure– Fluid accumulation in body = right sided heart failure

• Cor pulmonale – Enlargement and potential failure of the right ventricle

• In response to pulmonary vasoconstricttion due to low oxygen levels without elevated CO2…

– Vasoconstriction re‐routes blood to areas of the lungs that are still capable of oxygenating blood effectively

Page 28: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Disorders of Conduction

• Ventricular fibrillation – Rapid, random firing of electrical impulses in the ventricles

• Atrial fibrillation – Multiple waves of impulses randomly signal the AV node

– Signals ventricles to contract quickly and irregularly

Page 29: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

The Heart in Adulthood and Old Age

• Age‐related changes– Hardening and thickening of valve cusps– Decline in cardiac reserve

• Sympathetic control over heart is less efficient• Less severe in the physically active

– Fibrosis of cardiac muscle tissue • Lowers the amount of blood the heart can pump

Page 30: Cardiovascular System The Heart · Conducting System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: – Generate and conduct impulses – Signal these cells to contract rhythmically

Too Bad Desmond had never learned to recognize the early warning signs of a heart attack!