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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology• Discussion of the project for the Physiology section!• The cardiovascular system!• Gravitational effects!• Acceleration effects!• G-induced loss of consciousness!• The pulmonary system!• Oxygen transport!• Effects of altitude
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© 2013 David L. Akin - All rights reserved http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
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Space Physiology Assignment• This unit covers five topics!
– Cardiopulmonary system!– Musculoskeletal system!– Neurovestibular system!– Decompression!– Radiation effects!
• Find papers relevant to human space flight in two of these areas!
• Post the papers and a one-page synopsis of each to the Canvas site for this course!
• No duplications! (It’s good to do this early.)!• Due Feb. 16
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
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The Human Circulatory System
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Blood Pressure in Circulatory System
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Gas Exchange in the Lungs
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Gas Exchange in the Tissues
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Gravity Effects on Arterial Pressure
120/80 mmHg
95/55 mmHg
210/170 mmHg
320 mm
1200 mm
1000 mmH2O = 74.1 mmHg
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The Human Circulatory System, Revisited
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Cardiovascular Regulatory System
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In-Flight Change in Leg Volume
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In-Flight Change in Body Mass
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Change in Leg Volume (Skylab)
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Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP)
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Cardiovascular Effects of Microgravity• Cardiovascular deconditioning!• Upper body blood pooling!• Changes in blood volume!• Increased calcium content
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Acceleration Effects on Arterial Pressure
120/80 mmHg
25/–– mmHg
475/435 mmHg
320 mm
1200 mm
At 4 g’s longitudinal:1000 mmH2O = 296 mmHg
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Inertial Acceleration Nomenclature+gx (forward) “transverse anterior-posterior G”, “supine G”, “eyeballs in”!-gx (rearward) “transverse P-A G”, “prone G”, “eyeballs out”!+gz (headward) “positive G”, “eyeballs down”!-gz (footward) “negative G”, “eyeballs up”!+gy (to left) “right lateral G”, “eyeballs right”:!-gy (to right) “left lateral G”, “eyeballs left”
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Tolerance to Sustained Acceleration
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Variation in G Tolerance
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F-16 seat orientation, gradual onset, no G-suit
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G Tolerance to ACM (PLL Criteria)
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Sustained Linear G Limits (+Gx)
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Sustained Linear G Limits (-Gx)
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Sustained Linear G Limits (+Gz)
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Sustained Linear G Limits (-Gz)
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Symptomatology of GLOC
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A. G/sec rate of onset!B. Asymptomatic
(eye/brain tissue reserves) !
C. GLOC!D. Blackout!E. Light loss!F. Asymptomatic
(vasoconstriction)
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The Human Respiratory System
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Lung Measurements
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Respiratory Volume vs. Exertion
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VO2 Metabolic Workload Measurement
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VO2 Measurement in (Simulated) Suit
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Metabolic Processes• Respiratory Quotient (“RQ”)!""
• Function of activity and dietary balance!– Sugar:!– Protein:!– Fat:!
• For well-balanced diet, RQ~0.85
€
RQ =Exhaled volume of CO2Inhaled volume of O2
€
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H 2O RQ =1.0( )
€
2C3H 7O2N + 6O2 → 5CO2 + 5H2O RQ = 0.83( )
€
C57H104O6 + 80O2 → 57CO2 + 52H2O RQ = 0.71( )
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Gas Exchange in the Lungs
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Gas Exchange in the Tissues
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Partial Pressures of Gases in Respiration
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Respiratory Gas ppO2 ppCO2 ppN2 ppH2O Total
Inspired Air 159 0.3 595 5.7 760
Tracheal Air 149 0.3 563.7 47 760
Expired Air 116 32 565 47 760
Alvolar Air 100 40 573 47 760Arterial Blood 95 40 573 47 755
Venous Blood 40 46 573 47 706
Tissues ≤40 ≥46 573 47 ≤706
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Respiratory Problems• Hypoxia!
– Hypoxic!– Hypemic!– Stagnant!– Histotoxic!
• Hyperoxia!• Hypocapnia!• Hypercapnia
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Types of Hypoxia• Hypoxic (insufficient O2 present)!
– Decompression!– Pneumonia!
• Hypemic (insufficient blood capacity)!– Hemorrhage!– Anemia!
• Stagnant (insufficient blood transport)!– Excessive acceleration!– Heart failure!
• Histotoxic (insufficient tissue absorption)!– Poisoning
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Effects of Altitude on Respiration
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Altitude (m) SL 3700 5500 6700 7600
Altitude (ft) SL 12,000 18,000 22,000 25,000
Volumetric Rate (L/min) 8.5 9.7 11.1 15.3 –
Respiratory Rate (per minute) 12 14 12 15 –
Tidal Volume (L) 0.71 0.69 0.92 1.02 –
Alveolar ppO2 103 54.3 37.8 32.8 30.4
Alveolar ppCO2 40 33.8 30.4 28.4 27
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Pressure Effects on Blood Oxygenation
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From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1996
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Pressure Effects on Blood Oxygenation
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From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1996
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Blood Oxygen Saturation with Altitude
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Hypoxia Effective Performance Time
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Effects of Supplemental Oxygen
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Effective Performance Time at Altitude
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Altitude, m Altitude, ft Effective Performance Time5500 18,000 20-30 minutes6700 22,000 10 minutes7600 25,000 3-5 minutes8500 28,000 2.5-3 minutes9100 30,000 1-2 minutes
10,700 35,000 0.5-1 minute12,200 40,000 15-20 seconds13,100 43,000 9-12 seconds15,200 50,000 9-12 seconds
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Oxygen Toxicity
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Effects of ppCO2
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From James T. Joiner, NOAA Diving Manual, Fourth Edition, 2001
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Acute Effects of Hyperventilation
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From James T. Joiner, NOAA Diving Manual, Fourth Edition, 2001