Carbunup River Action Plan 2000 - RGW

Carbunup RiverAction Plan

2000

GeoCatch

Soil and LandConservation

CouncilWestern Australia

Natural HeritageTrust

Carbunup RiverAction Plan

2000

Prepared for Geographe Catchment Council - GeoCatch

and the Sussex Land Conservation District Committee

by

Community Environmental Management

Funded by the Natural Heritage Trust and GeoCatch

ISBN: 0-7309-7454-5

How to use this River Action Plan

i

A brief overview of the Action Plan and its findings is contained in the Summary at the start of the

document. A map accompanying the Summary shows the study area divided into sections which relate

to the individual maps later used in Section 5.

The Introduction explains the aims and objectives of the study, how it came about, who was involved

and how it was funded.

Section 2 then provides a detailed description of the area the Action Plan covers including the

landscape, climate, vegetation, flora and fauna and cultural history. Additional components included in

the report as a result of community interest are:

• heritage sites along the river;

• Aboriginal values;

• water quality data;

• fauna likely to be found in the area; and

• plant species along the river and in nearby reference areas.

Section 3 explains the approach used in the study, how the community was involved and the technical

and scientific techniques that were applied.

The findings of the study are set out in Section 4 Management Issues.

This is followed in Section 5 by survey findings and management advice on how to address these

issues. To make it as specific as possible the area has been divided into sections. There is a map

associated with each section and advice on what can be done to improve that part of the river and its

environment. The end of this section contains a schedule which assigns priorities to the work that

needs to be done.

A number of recommendations, such as the use of fencing for stock control and revegetation with

native species, are common to several sections. Advice on how to implement these strategies is

provided in Section 6 Rehabilitation Techniques.

The foldout legend at the end of the document provides information to help in understanding the

maps.

Acronyms

AAD Aboriginal Affairs Department

AGWEST Agriculture Western Australia

A-MR Shire of Augusta-Margaret River

ATCV Australian Trust for Conservation Volunteers

CALM Department of Conservation and Land Management

DOLA Department of Land Administration

GeoCatch Geographe Catchment Council

GIS Geographic Information System

LCDC Land Conservation District Committee

LWD Large Woody Debris

LWRRDC Land & Water Resources Research and Development Corporation

NHT Natural Heritage Trust

WRC Water and Rivers Commission

ii

The Carbunup River Action Plan is an initiative

of the Sussex LCDC and GeoCatch. The project

was funded by GeoCatch and the Natural

Heritage Trust.

This is one of a series of Action Plans for the

rivers of the Geographe catchment being

undertaken by GeoCatch and local communities.

Dr Luke Pen kindly contributed information

from previous reports to ensure the consistency

of this River Action Plan with others produced in

the region and elsewhere in the State. During his

site visits he provided much constructive advice

which has been included in the report.

Members of the Sussex LCDC provided ongoing

input and support. In particular, Neil

MacDonald, Ian Carter and Will Oldfield

(Development Officer AGWEST) shared their

detailed knowledge of the area and gave valued

management advice. Elizabeth Andrew, who

worked with the LCDC to guide the project,

contributed valuable direction and had

considerable input. Anthony Sutton, Claire

Thorstensen, Ian Carter and Neil MacDonald

provided editorial comment and input.

Important contributions included: Shirley Fisher

(Bunbury Naturalists’ Association) for floristic

surveys and plant species identification; Greg

Voigt for fauna likely to be found; Tim Shingles

for identification of heritage sites; and Dirima

Cuthbert for ethnographic research and

consultation.

Paul Taylor of Pawl Productions provided fauna

pictures and Brett Harrison of Banksia

Environmental Mapping undertook mapping.

Information has been included from the

Geographe Bay Catchment Natural Resource

Atlas.

Riparian management fact sheets produced by

Land and Water Resources Research and

Development Corporation (LWRRDC) were the

source of valuable material on issues such as

fencing and troughs. These fact sheets are

available on the Internet at:

http://www.lwrrdc.gov.au/newslets/riparian.htm.

Other fact sheets from the Water and Rivers

Commission (WRC) are available from

GeoCatch or the Bunbury Office of the WRC.

Acknowledgments

iii

Summary of content, issues and recommendations

Total Total Control of access Total Total Control of accessLength km Length % recommended Length km Length % recommended

(eg. fencing) km (eg. fencing) km

A (pristine) 5.2 14.6 0.0 4.2 11.8 0.6

B (weedy) 21.7 61.1 10.4 21.9 61.7 8..2

C (erosion prone) 7.9 22.3 5.0 8.8 24.8 5.1

D (ditch) 0.7 2.0 0.5 0.6 1.7 0.3

Total 35.5 100.0 15.9 35.5 100.0 14.2

Table i: Summary of foreshore condition rating of the Carbunup River.

West Bank East Bank

This report provides an outline of the

environmental issues identified in a survey of the

Carbunup River foreshore and recommends

appropriate management strategies.

The aim of the Carbunup River Action Plan is to

improve local knowledge and guide

rehabilitation works. It also serves as a tool to

record the community’s future restoration

activities.

Considerable community input was obtained for

the study, as well as professional technical

advice.

Many opportunities have been identified for land

managers to protect and enhance the river’s

health for the long term. Acting now will greatly

improve the overall condition of the river and

the quality of water travelling through its system.

The most prominent issues of concern along the

Carbunup River are:

• erosion;

• lack of native vegetation; and

• weed infestation.

In response to these issues, general

recommendations to improve the condition of

the Carbunup River are to:

• increase the amount of fringing native

vegetation;

• avoid further clearing of native vegetation and

protect existing native vegetation;

• obtain environmental management advice and

approvals prior to constructing dams or any

other structures affecting watercourses;

• investigate formalising stock crossings and

access to the foreshore where necessary;

• assist with constructing pools and riffles with

on-ground advice and support;

• contain or eradicate weeds wherever possible;

• apply appropriate levels of fertiliser,

recognising the retention capacity of soils;

• maintain groundcover where possible by

appropriate stock management.

A summary of the foreshore condition ratings

along the Carbunup River are shown in the table

below and in Map 1, which illustrate that most

of the river is in good condition (B). Less than

half of the river requires stock access to the

foreshore to be controlled

Condition Rating

iv

Broo

k

Mary

Rive

r

Buaya

nyup

Car

bunu

p

Riv

er

GEOGRAPHE BAY

Car

bunu

p

Catchment

Swan

Murray

Blackwood

Donnelly

CanningSerpentine

Collie

Margaret

PrestonCapel

Lake Clifton

Lake Preston

BUSS

ELL

HWY

CAVES

RD

Geographe

Catchm

ent

Boundary

FORESHORE CONDITION

Topographic and cadastral data supplied by theDepartment of Land Administration.Length of study area is 35.5 km.

pristine - slightly disturbed

degraded / weeds present/soil disturbancepoor / soil exposed /little woody vegetation

drain / eroding

2000 metres

Map 1: Summary map.

page v

page vi

Contents

Page

1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................1

1.1 Aims and objectives ........................................................................................................................1

1.2 Study area........................................................................................................................................1

1.3 Background to the study.................................................................................................................1

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA .......................................................................................................3

2.1 Landscape........................................................................................................................................3

2.2 Vegetation........................................................................................................................................3

2.3 Climate ............................................................................................................................................4

2.4 The community...............................................................................................................................4

2.5 Sussex LCDC...................................................................................................................................4

2.6 Fauna...............................................................................................................................................5

2.7 Aboriginal heritage..........................................................................................................................9

2.8 European heritage ...........................................................................................................................9

2.9 Land tenure and use........................................................................................................................9

2.10 Water quality and flow................................................................................................................11

3. APPROACH ....................................................................................................................................13

3.1 Consultation..................................................................................................................................13

3.2 Foreshore assessment technique...................................................................................................13

4. MANAGEMENT ISSUES ...............................................................................................................16

4.1 Uncontrolled stock access.............................................................................................................16

4.2 Erosion ..........................................................................................................................................16

4.3 Loss of native riparian vegetation.................................................................................................18

4.4 Water quality.................................................................................................................................20

4.5 Weeds ............................................................................................................................................20

5. CARBUNUP RIVER FORESHORE CONDITION AND MANAGEMENT ADVICE....................25

5.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................25

Maps 1a - 1j..............................................................................................................................26-45

5.2 Summary of findings.....................................................................................................................46

6. REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES ...............................................................................................49

6.1 Controlling stock access ...............................................................................................................49

6.2 Stock watering...............................................................................................................................51

6.3 Erosion ..........................................................................................................................................51

6.4 Snags or woody debris ..................................................................................................................52

6.5 Revegetation..................................................................................................................................52

6.6 Water quality.................................................................................................................................53

7. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................54

page vii

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Species list for vegetation rehabilitation ........................................................................56

Appendix 2: Descriptions of weeds potentially found along the Carbunup River ............................59

Appendix 3: Useful contacts ...............................................................................................................62

LIST OF TABLES

Table i: Summary of foreshore condition rating of the Carbunup River ............................................iii

Table 1: Public land along the Carbunup River .................................................................................10

Table 2: Weed species identified along the Carbunup River ..............................................................22

Table 3: Other weed species likely to be found along the Carbunup River.......................................23

Table 4: Overall condition rating of the foreshore .............................................................................46

Table 5: Detailed section ratings along the Carbunup River ..............................................................47

Table 6: Requirements for control of stock access along the river .....................................................47

Table 7: Scale of degradation along the Carbunup River ..................................................................48

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Botanical districts and vegetation systems for the Carbunup River .....................................4

Figure 2: Fauna species whose distribution range includes the Carbunup River................................7

Figure 3: Frog and fish species whose distribution range includes the Carbunup River ....................8

Figure 4: Land use along the Carbunup River ...................................................................................11

Figure 5: Carbunup River - Monthly flows ........................................................................................12

Figure 6: Community consultation flow diagram ..............................................................................13

Figure 7: River foreshore stages of degradation..................................................................................15

Figure 8: Undercutting of river bank..................................................................................................16

Figure 9: Weed species identified by the LCDC as requiring priority treatment...............................23

Figure 10: The correct placement of fences in relation to river form ................................................50

Figure 11: Positioning large woody debris can protect the banks from erosion................................52

Figure 12: Water quality can be improved through good land management practices .....................53

LIST OF MAPS

Map 1: Summary map ..........................................................................................................................iv

Map 1a: Foreshore survey results .......................................................................................................27

Map 1b: Foreshore survey results .......................................................................................................29

Map 1c: Foreshore survey results .......................................................................................................31

Map 1d: Foreshore survey results .......................................................................................................33

Map 1e: Foreshore survey results .......................................................................................................35

Map 1f: Foreshore survey results ........................................................................................................37

Map 1g: Foreshore survey results .......................................................................................................39

Map 1h: Foreshore survey results .......................................................................................................41

Map 1i: Foreshore survey results ........................................................................................................43

Map 1j: Foreshore survey results ........................................................................................................45

page 1

The Carbunup River Action Plan is a community

project. People living along the river and within

its vicinity contributed directly with information

and, with appropriate technical advice, in

preparing the resulting plan.

A living stream is a complex ecosystem

supporting a wide range of plants, animals and

land uses. It has stable, well-vegetated banks

providing a wealth of habitats as it meanders

through the landscape sharing its bio-filtering,

life giving and picturesque features. The

connectivity of a stream system demonstrates the

relationships neighbours share with each other

and the land.

A stream system and its catchment is recognised

as the most appropriate level upon which to base

management of the environment, because it is a

natural landscape feature which influences much

of the activity within its boundaries. A

catchment is a drainage area bounded by the

highest points in a landscape from which all run-

off water flows to a common low point, such as

the Carbunup River.

The activities at one end of the stream system

and catchment are likely to have effects further

down stream. Natural features such as

waterways do not recognise the superficial

boundaries that are imposed through land

ownership; rather they reflect the truly

interconnected relationships of our ecological

systems that support life.

1.1 Aims and objectives

The Carbunup River Action Plan project is

aimed at protecting and improving the long-term

ecological condition of the river by providing a

description of its present condition and

prioritising actions to address riverine

degradation.

It was an important aim of the project to involve

landholders wherever possible.

This plan is intended to:

• provide a benchmark against which the local

community’s future work to protect and

rehabilitate the river can be gauged;

• provide a tool to guide the limited resources

available for weed control, erosion control, tree

planting and rehabilitation; and

• provide a sound technical basis for future

funding or project submissions.

1.2 Study area

Map 1 shows the area investigated, from the

headwaters of the river in the Treeton State

Forest to its mouth at Geographe Bay.

The area considered in the foreshore survey

includes the channel embankments, the

floodway and fringe vegetation. The land uses

adjacent to the river were also considered in a

discussion of suggested management actions.

1.3 Background to the study

A study of the Carbunup River began in 1997

when the Sussex LCDC worked with the

Australian Trust for Conservation Volunteers

(ATCV) to survey the condition of the river. This

work produced a map rating the condition of the

river on a scale of ‘poor’ to ‘excellent’ from

Geographe Bay to near the boundary of the

Busselton Shire1. Survey information was also

collected for Island Brook.

This information showed that the river drained

through an area of intensive agricultural land use

with only minimal fringing vegetation along the

foreshore.

1. Introduction

1Three undergraduate university students, who investigated the application of Geographic Information Systems

(GIS) to depict graphically the condition of the river foreshore subsequently compiled this survey data.

page 2

Much of the foreshore was unfenced, allowing

uncontrolled stock access, and parts of the

foreshore were degraded and in need of

management.

Cooperation between GeoCatch and the Sussex

LCDC provided the opportunity to standardise

the existing survey information and expand the

study to include the entire length of the

Carbunup River.

NHT provided a grant through its National

Rivercare programme, which has the goal:

To ensure progress towards the management,

rehabilitation and conservation of rivers and

improve the health of these river systems.

It was agreed that the Carbunup River Action

Plan would build upon the existing work done

in the catchment and avoid unnecessary

duplication. This was particularly important with

regard to the previous survey work undertaken

by the Sussex LCDC in 1997.

page 3

The Carbunup River is located in the Shire of

Busselton in the South West of Western

Australia. From its headwaters in the Treeton

State Forest in the Shire of Augusta-Margaret

River, it extends some 36 km to Geographe Bay.

It drains in a northerly direction and is one of

the major natural drainage systems of the

Geographe catchment.

The river remains in a largely unmodified state.

Only a small section at the mouth (about 1.6

km) has been channelised and maintained as a

drain by the Water Corporation (R 40676).

The catchment area is approximately 170 km2, of

which approximately 55 % is cleared (Pen,

1999).

After leaving the forest, the river travels through

agricultural land where a series of pools remain

throughout the dry months. It crosses into the

Shire of Busselton at Boundary Road and travels

between the Bussell Highway to the west and

Carbunup South Road to the east, before

crossing Bussell Highway near the Carbunup

Hall. It then continues north to cross Vasse-

Yallingup Siding Road and Caves Road before

emptying into Geographe Bay.

2.1 Landscape

The Carbunup River is located in the Leeuwin-

Naturaliste area where it crosses two

physiographic regions, the Swan Coastal Plain

and the Blackwood Plateau. The Swan Coastal

Plain is a flat to gently undulating plain formed

on Quaternary marine, alluvial and aeolian

sediments. It is a narrow strip of land (about 15

km wide) which extends eastwards from

Dunsborough to north of Moore River. The

Blackwood Plateau is a gently undulating plateau

formed on laterised sedimentary rocks where it

lies to the south of the Swan Coastal Plain and to

the east of the Margaret River Plateau.

Within the two physiographic regions the

Carbunup River travels through five land

systems identified in the Leeuwin-Naturaliste

area by Tille and Lantzke (1990). These land

systems are described below.

Swan Coastal Plain

Quindalup Coast land system

• calcareous sands supporting peppermint

woodlands

• depressions and slightly raised terraces, poorly

drained, supporting tea tree scrub

Ludlow Plain land system

• porous well-drained sandy soils supporting

peppermint woodlands or patches of jarrah-

marri forest

Abba Plain land system

• well-drained flats with fertile red - brown sand,

loam and clay soils

• small, narrow drainage depressions (vales)

with alluvial soils

Blackwood Plateau

Yelverton Shelf land system

• narrow drainage depressions and small valleys

• broad U-shaped drainage depressions with

swampy floors

Treeton Hills land system

• broad U-shaped drainage depressions with

swampy floors

• narrow drainage depressions and small valleys

• well-drained valley flats with alluvial soils,

often red-brown loams

2.2 Vegetation

The vegetation of the Carbunup River and its

catchment forms part of the moister southern

area of the Darling Botanical District, contained

within the South-western Botanical Province

(Beard, 1990).

The Darling Botanical District has been further

divided to represent two subdistricts in the study

area, the Drummond subdistrict (the Pinjarra

Plain and Spearwood Systems on the coastal

plain) and the Menzies subdistrict (the Chapman

System south of the coastal plain). This

information is summarised in Figure 1.

2. Description of the area

page 4

South-western Botanical Province

Darling Botanical District

Drummond Menzies

Subdistrict Subdistrict

Pinjarra Plain System Chapman

Spearwood System System

Figure 1 : Botanical Districts and Vegetation

Systems for the Carbunup River (Beard, 1990)

Each Vegetation System is defined by the

occurrence of a particular series of plant

communities in a mosaic pattern. The

occurrence of plant communities is linked to soil

types, topographical and geographical features.

The Carbunup River passes through three of the

plant communities identified by Beard (1981) as

it travels northwards to Geographe Bay. These

are medium jarrah-marri forest, low peppermint

woodland and Acacia shrubland.

Species lists have been prepared for several areas

in close proximity to the Carbunup River and are

included in Appendix 1.

The Carbunup Bushland is one of the largest

remaining areas of southern marri and Banksia

woodlands and is the only known area associated

with intact fringing riverine vegetation (Keighery

et al., 1996). The marri woodlands are the most

species-rich woodlands on the Swan Coastal

Plain. The Carbunup Bushland contains at least

four rare taxa:

Acacia semitrullata; Daviesa elongata subsp.

elongata; Lepyrodia heleocharoides and Taraxis

glaucescens as listed in Keighery et al. (1996),

which contains a full species list for the reserve.

2.3 Climate

The Carbunup River area experiences a warm

Mediterranean-type climate with a cool, wet

winter and a warm, dry summer season. The

median annual rainfall for the Carbunup

catchment is 1050 mm (Pen, 1999). The

Carbunup River lies between the evaporation

isopleths of 1000 and 1200 mm.

2.4 The community

The River reminds us that we are bound to share

the effects of how we manage our natural resources.

The management practices of our neighbours, as do

our own actions, determine whether we have access

to silted, nutrient rich, weed-contaminated

waterways or a clean reliable source.

(LCDC Member, pers.comm., 1999).

The Carbunup River supports a variety of land

uses which are predominantly agricultural

pursuits. Historically, dairy farming was

widespread but the industry has contracted.

Cattle grazing and commercial horticulture

(particularly potato farming) continue to be

productive and viticulture has more recently

become a significant land use.

A large area of land along the river consists of

consolidated holdings but a number of smaller

lots are being released for more intensive

agriculture.

There is limited public land. Five significant

parcels are the Lennox River Drain (R 40676) at

the mouth of the River, the Railway Reserve (R

3116) at Vasse-Yallingup Siding Road, Carbunup

Bushland (R38582) near where the river crosses

Bussell Highway, R4225 at the border of the

Busselton and Augusta-Margaret River Shires and

the Treeton State Forest which supports the

headwaters.

2.5 Sussex LCDC

The Sussex LCDC is a community-based group

which was formed in mid 1993 and has been

assisted by AGWEST throughout this time.

LCDCs are set up under an Act of Parliament

and are responsible to the Soil and Land

Conservation Commissioner for preventing,

remedying or mitigating land degradation, and

the promotion of sound conservation and

reclamation.

page 5

The Sussex LCDC actively encourages the input

of landholders and residents within the area

through formal and informal contact.

Community members are welcome to bring

matters of importance to the group to help shape

its activities.

The LCDC has been involved in a number of

landcare projects including:

• stream monitoring in the catchment;

• facilitation of Know Your Soils course; and

• tree planting with Vasse Primary School.

Recently, the level of activity within the Toby

Inlet catchment has resulted in the development

of a separate landcare group to manage projects.

2.6 Fauna

The Carbunup River area is included in the

species distribution ranges for the following

fauna. While not all have been positively

recorded, they are likely to be found based on

existing habitat and opportunistic sightings.

Fauna

Western Ringtail Possum Pseudocheirus occidentalis

Western Pygmy-Possum Cercartetus concinnus

Echidna Tachglossus aculeatus

Common Dunnart Sminthopsis murina

Brush-tailed Phascogale Phascogale tapoatafa

Southern Brown Bandicoot/ Quenda Isoodon obesulus

Common Brushtail Possum Trichosurus vulpecula

Western Grey Kangaroo Macropus fuliginosus

Yellow-footed Antechinus/ Mardo Antechinus flavipes

Quokka Setonix brachyurus

Woylie Bettongia penicillata ogylbyi

Western Brush Wallaby Macropus irma

Chuditch Dasyurus geoffroii

Honey Possum Tarsipes rostratus

Water Rat Hydromys chrysogaster

Bungarra Varanus gouldii

Marbled Gecko Phyllodactylus marmoratus

Mourning Skink Egernia luctuosa

King Skink Egernia kingii

Bobtail Tiliqua rugosa

Dugite Pseudonaja affinis affinis

Tiger Snake Notechis scutatus occidentalis

Margaret River Marron Cherax tenuimanus (Margaret River)

Oblong Turtle Chelodina oblongata

Freshwater Mussel Westralunio carteri

Western Pygmy Perch Edelia vittata

Western Mud Minnow Galaxiella munda

Swan River Goby Psuedogobius olorum

Western Minnow Galaxias occidentalis

Nightfish Bostockia porosa

page 6

Frogs

Burrowing Frog Heleioporus inornatus

Moaning Frog Heleioporus eyeri

Banjo Frog Limnodynastes dorsalis

Guenther’s Toadlet Pseudophryne guentheri

Lea’s Frog Geocrinia leai

Quacking Frog Crinia georgiana

Squelching Froglet Crinia insignifera

Motorbike Frog Litoria moorei

Glauert’s Froglet Crinia glauerti

Slender Tree Frog Litoria adelaidensis

Introduced fauna

Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus

European Rat Rattus rattus

House Mouse Mus musculus

Fox Vulpes vulpes

Feral Cat Felis catus

Mosquito Fish Gambusia holbrooki

page 7

Figure 2: Fauna species whose distribution range includes the Carbunup River.

page 8

Figure 3 : Frog and fish species whose distribution range includes the Carbunup River.

page 9

2.7 Aboriginal heritage2

Carbunup is recorded as an Aboriginal name

meaning ‘place of kindly stream’ ( DOLA).

Fresh water represents a significant feature of the

landscape for Nyungar people. River systems are

an important resource base and hold spiritual

value.

Like other fresh water systems throughout the

South West of Western Australia, the Carbunup

River is believed to be inhabited by the Waugal,

an important figure able to influence sickness

and death (Bates, 1992).

Local Aboriginal people described the Carbunup

River and surrounds as a valuable source of food

and water. One elderly woman reported that she

camped near the river for weeks at a time as a

child while her father was employed on nearby

potato farms. They would trap water rats from

the river. Others noted that gilgies and marron

were important foods obtained from the river.

Rivers were commonly used as walk trails by

Nyungar people. In the summer, when the water

level dropped, the absence of vegetation in river

channels made travelling along watercourses

easy. Aboriginal consultants report that the

course followed by the Carbunup River, from the

forest to the coast at Geographe Bay, was

probably a significant factor in its use as an

access route to and from these places.

Aboriginal people also noted the Carbunup

River’s recreational uses. One elderly woman

described swimming in the river pools as a child.

Another person mentioned that an area nearby

was a ‘playing field’, where people would play

football and other games.

Three sites in the vicinity of the Carbunup River

have been registered with the Aboriginal Affairs

Department:

• S02980 Marybrook 1

Unspecified ethnographic site





2.8 European heritage

John Molloy originally named the river the

Lennox River in February 1835, in honour of

Lennox Bussell. Later it became known as the

Carbunup River and the town-site of Carbunup

was named after it in 1926.

In 1958 the town’s name was changed to

Carbunup River to avoid confusion with the

town-site of Carbarup in Mount Barker.

Carbunup River is also recognised as a locality

within the Shire of Busselton.

Four sites of cultural heritage significance near

the Carbunup River are recognised under the

Heritage of Western Australia Act 1990:

1.Route of Busselton to Augusta Railway Line

(constructed circa 1920).

2.St John the Baptist Anglican Church, Bussell

Hwy, Metricup (circa 1935).

3.Carbunup Hall, Bussell Hwy, Carbunup River


4.Carbunup Store, Bussell Hwy, Carbunup River


2.9 Land tenure and use

Most of the land along the Carbunup River is

privately owned and zoned for rural use. The

river passes through the areas of public land

listed in Table 1.

Land use along the Carbunup River has been

mapped with the assistance of the local

community (see Figure 4). The predominant uses

are grazing and horticulture (mostly potatoes)

with a more recent trend towards viticulture.

Land use information is valuable in

understanding the likely pressures on the river

system. For instance, where there is grazing

pressure, there is likely to be the need for stock

control measures along the river banks.

It is unlikely that access control measures

will be necessary where viticulture

is practised up to the foreshore.

However, effective bio-filtering

buffers will be important.

2 Section based on research by Dirima Cuthbert.

page 10

HWY

BUSS

ELL

CAVES

RD

Brook

Mary

River

Buaya

nyup

Car

bunu

p

River

GEOGRAPHE BAY

Car

bunu

p

Catchment

3 kilometres

grazing

horticulture

viticulture

forestry

Figure 4: Land use along the Carbunup River. The areas marked with letters A-J correspond to the maps in

Section 5.

Lennox River Drain Busselton Water Corporation DrainageR40676

Busselton to Augusta Busselton/A-MRRailway Reserve R3116

16, 17 &19/R38582 Busselton Shire of Busselton Parks & Recreation(Carbunup Bushland)

R4225 Busselton Shire of Busselton Parkland

Treeton State Forest A-MR Lands and Forests State ForestCommission

Location/Lot No. Shire Vesting Purpose

page 11

2.10 Water quality and flow

Flow data for the Carbunup River shows peak

flows typically occurring during the months of

July and August (Figure 5). The total volumes

recorded for the month of greatest flow in each

year between 1995 to 1998 exceed 14 million

cubic metres, which is a flow typically associated

with a moderate-size river for south west WA.

Flow data from the Vasse River and Wilyabrup

Brook over the past 25 years, indicates a gradual

increase in both peak flows and total flow.

Anecdotal reports indicate this pattern may also

be evident along the Carbunup River.

It has been suggested that due to land clearing

and improved drainage in the region, greater

volumes of water may be moving off the surface

of the land and into the drainage systems at a

faster rate.

Sampling

Water sampling is routinely conducted by the

WRC at the gauging station on Lennox Vineyard

and through ‘snapshot’ exercises by Ribbons of

Blue. Sampling results provided by WRC indicate

that the recommended level for Total

Phosphorus (TP) is periodically exceeded and

the recommended level for Total Nitrogen (TN)

is frequently exceeded.

Nutrient levels are a reflection of surrounding

land use practices. The Carbunup River is one of

the healthiest rivers in comparison to others in

the Geographe catchment.

Table 1: Public land along the Carbunup River.

page 12

2000

00

0

4000

00

6000

00

8000

00

1000

000

1200

000

1400

000

2000

00

2000

00

Cubic Metres

May-95

Aug-95

Nov-95

Feb-96

May-96

Aug-96

Nov-96

Feb-97

May-97

Aug-97

Nov-97

Feb-98

May-98

Aug-98

Nov-98

Feb-99

May-99

Aug-99

Nov-99

Car

bu

nu

p R

iver

Mo

nth

ly F

low

s

Mo

nth

Figure 5: Carbunup River - Monthly flows.

page 13

The Carbunup River Action Plan was prepared in

two main stages:

• an assessment of the river; and

• preparation of recommendations to guide

future rehabilitation work.

The assessment incorporated the compilation of

existing information and landholder knowledge

and a field survey of the upper catchment area.

Survey information for the lower reaches had

been previously gathered by the LCDC with

assistance from the ATCV. This information was

the basis for the survey details provided in Maps

1a to 1c.

The overall assessment of the river was based

upon the Stream Foreshore Assessment survey

technique, a standard method of assessing the

condition of waterways (Pen and Scott, 1995).

3.1 Consultation

Consultation with members of the community

formed an integral component of the project.

Community members directly contributed a

wide range of knowledge to the report such as

land use, stock access and management advice.

This input has helped make the report more

responsive to local conditions. Figure 6 shows

the milestones of community involvement in the

Carbunup River Action Plan.

3.2 Foreshore assessment technique

The stream foreshore assessment technique used

was developed in response to a need for rapid,

inexpensive assessment of waterways that could

be undertaken by the community, agencies and

professionals alike. The basis for this technique

comes from expert observations by Dr Luke Pen

of waterway degradation in the South West.

The assessment technique consists of a range of

grades A, B, C and D which represent the

condition of the foreshore from pristine to

completely degraded. Each grade can be further

separated into two or three sub grades which

allow for more detailed assessment.

The grading system is as follows (see Figure 7

for illustrations):

A Grade Foreshore

A1: Pristine

The river embankments and floodway are

entirely vegetated with native species and there

are no weeds or soil disturbances.

A2: Near Pristine

Native vegetation dominates but weeds are

occasionally present in the understorey, though

not to the extent that they displace the native

species. Otherwise there is no human impact.

3. Approach

MEDIA COVERAGE

FORESHORE SURVEY WITH LAND MANAGERS

CONSULTATION WITH ABORIGINAL REPRESENTATIVES

PUBLIC MEETING

DRAFT ACTION PLAN

Figure 6: Community consultation flow diagram.

CONSULTATION WITH LAND MANAGERS

LC

DC

PA

RT

ICIP

AT

ION ➞

➞➞

➞➞

A3: Slightly Disturbed

Here there are areas of localised human

disturbance where soil may be exposed and

weeds are present, such as along walking or

vehicle tracks. Otherwise, native plants dominate

and would quickly recolonise disturbed areas

should human activity decline.

B Grade Foreshore

B1: Degraded /weed infested

Native species remain dominant; a few have

probably been replaced or are being replaced by

weeds.

B2: Degraded/ heavily weed infested

In the understorey, weeds are about as abundant

as native species. The regeneration of some tree

and large shrub species may have declined. Soil

disturbance may be common, but not extensive.

B3: Degraded/ weed dominated

Weeds dominate the understorey, but many

native species remain. Some tree and large shrub

species may have declined or disappeared

altogether.

C Grade Foreshore

C1: Erosion Prone

While trees remain, possibly with some large

shrubs or grass trees, the understorey consists

entirely of weeds, mainly annual grasses.

Regeneration of most of the trees will be at most

below replacement level or at worst negligible. In

this state, where the soil is supported by short-

lived weeds, a small increase in physical

disturbance will expose the soil and render the

river embankments and floodway vulnerable to

erosion.

C2: Soil Exposed

Here the foreshore is exposed in significant areas

and has begun to erode.

C3: Eroded

Soil is washed away from between any tree roots

and trees are being undermined. Unsupported

embankments are subsiding into the waterway.

Localised erosion is present.

D Grade Foreshore

D1: Ditch Eroding

Fringing vegetation no longer acts to control

erosion. The waterway resembles a drain with

few or no remaining trees. Erosion and siltation

is commonly occurring. Sediment deposits are

common along the river channel.

D2: Ditch/ weed dominated

The waterway is highly eroded. Weeds dominate

the streamline, such as kikuyu, buffalo grass and

weedy rushes. The waterway has become a

simple drain.

In the rating of areas covered by this Action Plan

the bridging grading B3-C1 has been used to

identify areas which clearly hold both B3 and C1

characteristics. This classification is used where

the area surveyed does not fully fit in either a B

or C grade.

page 14

page 15

Figure 7: River foreshore stages of degradation - A (pristine) to D (ditch).

page 16

4.1 Uncontrolled stock access

Uncontrolled access by stock, especially hard-

hoofed animals, is almost always destructive to

the sustainable functioning of riparian

environments. It contributes to loss of

vegetation, bank collapse, soil erosion,

downstream sediment deposition, and an

increase in nutrient loads entering the waterway.

Importantly, stock pressure limits the ability of

vegetation to regenerate which in the long term

limits its resilience. Resilience is the ability of

the vegetation to self-regenerate after significant

events such as flooding and fire. A well-vegetated

foreshore with a diversity of trees and shrubs

will be more resilient to such events. For

instance, a stable vegetated foreshore should

limit the impacts of flooding and quickly

rehabilitate areas that have been affected.

Where the Carbunup River has stock grazing as

an adjacent land use or within the foreshore

itself, the overall condition rating for the river is

generally low.

The impacts of uncontrolled stock access to

riparian areas described by LWRRDC (1996) are:

Erosion - overgrazing can bare the stream bank

and pug the toe of the stream, causing erosion

during rainfall or streamflow.

Loss of species - stock selectively graze

particular species, leading to greatly reduced

biodiversity, weed invasion and loss of habitat.

Soil compaction - continued stock pressure

physically compacts the soil, affects the ability of

vegetation to germinate, reduces the infiltration

of rainfall and increases run-off.

Weed invasion - disturbance created by

overgrazing and increased levels of nutrient

encourages weed establishment.

Contamination - manure and urine directly

contribute phosphorus and nitrogen to streams.

Under conditions of increased sunlight and

temperature this can lead to excessive algal

growth. Animal excrement is a source of bacteria

and viruses.

4.2 Erosion

Erosion and siltation is a significant issue

throughout the length of the Carbunup River

due to modification of the land within or

adjacent to the riparian zone. Undercutting and

bank slumping are the two main types of erosion

along the river.

A degree of erosion and sediment deposition is a

natural process as the stream creates a

meandering path to absorb the power of water

flow. It is the level of erosion and its result that

creates a management issue.

4. Management issues

Figure 8: Undercutting of river bank. Picture courtesy of Stephen Elphick.

page 17

Where natural erosion occurs there is generally

rapid re-colonisation of the banks by native

seedlings. This helps to re-establish a balance.

Induced erosion is often an ongoing process that

is out of balance and continually contributes

sediment to the stream.

Some of the management problems associated

with increased erosion and siltation are:

• silting of dams;

• filling of pools;

• reduced water quality;

• disruption to pumping equipment;

• degraded aquatic habitat ;

• increased erosive power of stream flow; and

• increased flood potential due to a raised

channel.

Undercutting may occur where soil is washed

from the toe of the bank, removing bank support

and encouraging subsidence (Raine and

Gardiner, 1995). The bank appears to have been

‘cut’ at or under the water level (Fig 8). Bank

slumping occurs where the bank collapses into

the channel.

4.3 Loss of native riparian vegetation

A large area of the catchment has been cleared

for livestock grazing and horticultural

production. Land managers report that much of

the original riparian vegetation was also cleared

but there has been valuable regeneration, mostly

by tea tree (Agonis linearifolia).

Native vegetation is increasingly recognised for

its important role in sustainable farm

management. Some values of native vegetation

are described below:

Ecological

• soil conservation

• water conservation and moisture retention

• biological diversity and habitat

• recycling and filtering of nutrients

• conservation of rare species

Economic

• shade and shelter for livestock and crops to increase productivity

• increase in property values by up to 10% (LWRRDC, 1996)

• salinity control

• eco-tourism and farm-stay potential

• seed source for regeneration

• commercial products (eg. honey, firewood, cut flowers)

Social

• preservation of local identity and sense of place

• historical record and heritage

• recreation

page 18

Values of fringing vegetation have been described

in detail by Pen (1994) and are summarised

below.

Streambank stabilisation and soil conservation

The soils of the natural stream valley support a

varied flora of trees, shrubs, sedges and herbs.

In turn, the vegetation supports the stream bank

and protects it from erosion and subsidence.

Fringing vegetation increases stream bank

roughness which dissipates the energy of

running water and reduces the erosive capacity

of the stream flow (Troeh et al., 1980).

Roots and rhizomes bind and reinforce the soil of

the embankments. The large roots of trees

anchor the embankment in place and the smaller

roots and rhizomes of shrubs, sedges and grasses

hold the soil firmly in place at the surface

between the large tree roots. In fact, the soil root

matrix can add extra cohesion of the order of ten

times that of an un-vegetated embankment

(Thorne, 1990).

Roots and rhizomes also act to loosen and break

up the soil, with the result that a well-vegetated

bank enables rapid infiltration of rain water

(Thorne, 1990; Riding and Carter, 1992).

Together with the extraction of the water by the

plants themselves, greater hydrological

conductivity causes the bank to be drier than a

similar unvegetated bank.

In wet weather this means that the embankment

is less likely to become saturated with water and

thus is less prone to mass failure, such as

subsidence and toppling caused by the added

bulk weight of the water (Thorne, 1990).

Riparian vegetation is highly resilient, exhibiting

quick regeneration and re-colonisation following

the effects of severe flooding. In this way, the

vegetation helps stabilise the river system against

the effects of severe erosion and sedimentation

(DeBano and Schmidt, 1990; Wissmar and

Swanson, 1990).

Sediment and nutrient retention

Ongoing international research increasingly

highlights the important function that riparian

zone vegetation has in filtering out sediment and

nutrients carried in flowing waters. Work on

vegetated buffer strips along waterways or

between waterways and agricultural land has

shown that vegetation of many forms, including

grasslands, sedgelands, woodlands and forests,

can filter out and retain substantial amounts of

sediment and nutrients thereby improving in-

stream habitat (Knauer and Mander, 1989).

Dissolved nutrients, especially nitrate, are readily

taken up and assimilated by plants (Pinay et al.,

1990).

By reducing stream flow, riparian vegetation

promotes sediment deposition. Sand can be

deposited even where water is fast moving and

silt will settle out where vegetation causes a

marked reduction in flow. However, near- still

water, such as that caught in densely vegetated

flood plains, is required for the deposition of the

very fine clay fractions (Troeh et al., 1980). Over

time, substantial stream bank and floodplain

accretion can occur in certain areas as a result of

sediment deposition, and this can alter

hydrological processes (Thorne, 1990). The

removal of suspended sediment by vegetation is

especially important. Water carrying sediment

has a greater momentum, is more abrasive than

clean water and has an enhanced capacity to

cause erosion as it moves downstream

(Troeh et al.,1980).

page 19

Much of the nutrient trapped in the vegetation of

waterways or in buffer strips is assimilated by

the vegetation (Odum, 1990). Generally, the

longer the water is held, the greater the uptake

of nutrients (Howard-Williams and Downes,

1984). The nutrients may eventually be released

back into the water when plant material decays,

but much of this will once again be assimilated.

In this way the riparian system retards the rate of

transfer of nutrient particles downstream in a

process known as nutrient spiralling

(Pieczynska, 1990, Pinay et al., 1990).

Nitrogen can be removed from riparian systems

completely. This occurs via the biochemical

process of denitrification, which causes nitrate to

be converted to gaseous nitrogen. This can be

the major form of removal in certain riparian

zones and during particular environmental

conditions such as during and after flooding

(Jacobs and Gilliam, 1985).

Ecological values

Streamline vegetation not only has natural

resource value in its own right but also provides

a range of habitats for plants and animals,

particularly species which are restricted to moist

or aquatic environments or species which are

restricted to particular rivers or streams. For

example, the pouched lamprey (Geotria

australis), which migrates upstream from marine

to fresh water, is known to occur in the

Carbunup River (Pen, pers. comm., 1999).

Furthermore, as stream systems are linear and

cover large distances, their vegetation helps to

create ecological corridors. These natural

corridors, along with unnatural ones such as

vegetated strips planted along road and rail

reserves, enable plant and animal species to

move between larger patches of remnant habitat

(Hussey et al., 1989).

Well-vegetated streams also provide habitat for

insect-eating birds, which in turn help protect

adjacent crop lands. Native vegetation provides

benefits for aquatic animals, including insects

and the fish that feed on them.

Recreational and landscape value

Recreational and landscape value is dependant

upon the health of the riparian vegetation and

the quality of water which, in turn, affects the

aesthetics and habitat value of the river.

Foreshore areas along the Carbunup River have

important recreational and landscape protection

values. This is particularly evident where the

river winds past the Carbunup Store.

This has been recognised by residents and efforts

to improve the foreshore have already

commenced.

Anecdotal evidence from real estate agents

suggests that healthy riparian frontage and access

can add up to 10 % to the market value of

property (LWRRDC, 1996).

page 20

4.4 Water quality

The WRC and Ribbons of Blue monitor water

quality in the Carbunup River through routine

sampling.

Periodically these sampling exercises have

identified levels of nutrients (phosphorus and

nitrogen) in excess of the recommended levels

for fresh flowing streams.

Impacts of reduced water quality may include:

• eutrophication and algal blooms;

• impact on pumping equipment (through silt

blockages);

• impact on stock watering;

• degraded aquatic habitat (eg. for marron and

fish).

4.5 Weeds

Western Australia has about 10,000 scientifically

described plants, of which about 10 per cent

have been introduced (Hussey et al., 1989).

A plant is considered a weed when it causes

problems or is not wanted in an area. In areas of

native vegetation, introduced plants are

considered environmental weeds; in agricultural

areas plants may be considered weeds because

they are troublesome in economic terms.

Weeds are commonly found in areas that have

been disturbed, suggesting the native vegetation

has incurred some setback. Weeds are strong

competitors in these situations, often displaying

faster, more vigorous growth rates. Weeds

disturb the existing balance to compete strongly

with the native vegetation, displacing habitat

among other things.

Competing weeds may destroy the relationships

between native plant species and fauna. Weeds

are typically not subject to the same control by

pests and diseases, which play an important and

natural role in balancing ecosystems. As weeds

flourish and the natives are forced out, the

richness, diversity and resilience of the native

bushland is replaced by relatively homogeneous

vegetation. Changes may occur in nutrient

cycling and soil acidity and fire hazard may be

increased.

Weed infestation along the river may reduce

bank stability as:

• growth is often annual, leaving soil exposed or

easily exposed;

• coverage is more easily disturbed by stock;

• root matrix is often shallow or not complex,

which limits its ability to bind soil and anchor

the banks.

Weeds may typically appear to stay in relatively

small numbers for quite some time until some

change in the ecological balance (eg. fire,

removal of vegetation etc.) causes a population

explosion.

Weed control

The Agriculture and Related Resources

Protection Act administered by AGWEST may

declare native or introduced plants which

become problems to agriculture. A declared plant

is assigned a category that is determined

according to the appropriate management

strategy. Declared plants and their category may

vary between areas, usually based on a local

government area. Landowners are obliged by the

Act to control declared species on their property.

page 21

A local government authority may prescribe a

plant a ‘pest plant’ which then permits a by-law

to be made to effect control of the plant. The

by-law should identify plants which are not

declared, and which may adversely affect the

value of property or the health, comfort or

convenience of the residents.

The Sussex LCDC and members of the wider

community have identified a weed problem

along the Carbunup River because weeds may:

• create a fire hazard;

• compete with agricultural production;

• smother the native vegetation and create a

degraded environment;

• infest and block the river channel;

• reduce the amenity value of the river;

• reduce the habitat value of the river for local

fauna;

• reduce biological diversity;

• significantly reduce the regeneration of native

plants.

Table 2 shows the weeds identified along the

Carbunup River during the survey.

Table 3 identifies other weeds that have been

reported by the community as likely to be found

in the vicinity.

page 22

Table 2: Weed species identified along the Carbunup River.

Species name Common name Requiring

priority

treatment

Acacia melanoxylon (at Treeton Rd Bridge) blackwood wattle *

Alisma lanceolatum3

Alternathera pungens khaki weed

Angallis arvensis pimpernel

Briza maxima blowfly grass

Chamaecytisus tagasaste *

Cirsium vulgare spear thistle *

Cotula sp.

Cyperacea spp.

Cyperus involucratus *

Hypochaeris radicata flatweed

Isolepis prolifera budding club rush *

Juncus microcephallus *

Lactuca serriola prickly lettuce

Lathyrus tingitanus tangier pea

Lavendula sp. garden lavender

Mentha pulegium pennyroyal *

Paspalum dilitatum paspalum *

Penisetum clandestinum kikuyu

Phalaris angusta canary grass

Polygala myrtifolia milkweed/ butterfly bush

Raphanus raphanistrum wild radish

Rubus fruticosus blackberry *

Rumex crispus dock *

Solanum nigrum nightshade *

Sonchus asper prickly sowthistle

Tryfolium spp. clover

Vellereophyton dealbatum white cudweed

Zantedeschia aethiopica arum lily *

3 Alisma lanceolatum is reported to be naturalised in the South West of Western Australia.

page 23

Table 3: Other weed species likely to be found along the Carbunup River.

Species name Common name Priority

treatment

Arctotheca calendula cape weed

Asparagus asparagoides bridal creeper *

Cotula australis carrot weed *

Echium plantagineum Paterson’s curse *

Emex australis double gee *

Erodium spp corkscrews

Homeria flaccida & H.miniata cape tulip *

Romulea rosea onion weed

Watsonia bulbillifera watsonia *

Figure 9: Weed species identified by the LCDC as requiring priority treatment.

Zantedeschia aethiopica - arum lily

Watsonia bulbillifera - watsonia

Rubus fruticosus - blackberry

Some weed species have been identified by the

LCDC as a priority for control, suggesting that

eradication and control measures should focus on

these species in the first instance. These weeds

include those listed as declared plants and those

know to be vigorous colonisers and invaders.

page 24

page 25

5. Carbunup River foreshore condition andmanagement advice

5.1 Overview

The rehabilitation advice provided in this River

Action Plan is offered as a guide only.

Implementation will be a voluntary co-operative

effort amongst the interested community,

assisted by the Sussex LCDC and GeoCatch

through funding such as Streamlining.

Each land manger may voluntarily introduce the

suggested actions.

Implementation is encouraged for the benefits it

can bring to land productivity and

environmental quality in the long term,

including the long-term viability of the

Carbunup River and its supporting landscape.

Any rehabilitation work should initially involve

consideration of the specific causes of the site

problems.

These can be complex and interrelated and

rehabilitation works may have corresponding

effects downstream.

Staff at GeoCatch or Water and Rivers

Commission can be contacted for technical

support and advice.

The information provided in this chapter should

be read in conjunction with Map 1 and Maps 1a

to 1j.

It includes:

• the condition ratings along the Carbunup

River

• the current, predominant land use

• stock access to the foreshore (approximate

km, including both sides of the river bank)

• recommended rehabilitation advice

The survey information for Maps 1a to 1c relies

on field observations by the Sussex LCDC and

the ATCV. All field surveys in the upper

catchment area were conducted with the

landowners.

At the end of this section there are a summary of

findings and a recommended priority schedule

for implementation of the proposed strategies.

page 26

Map 1a

Issues Management Advice

The river meanders northwards across Vasse-Yallingup Siding Road to Geographe Bay. Drainage was

historically connected to the farmland on either side of the river but the Lennox Drain has limited this

interaction.

Vegetation Species recorded in Appendix 1 provide a range of suitable rehabilitation plants.

Weeds Gardens near the river should be carefully maintained to prevent future invasion of river foreshore by species such as fig trees, morning glory and arum lily.

Erosion and stock Control stock access by use of stabilised crossing points and seasonal access.access Where erosion has been caused by loss of vegetation and the banks are now

steep (> 45˚), fortifying the banks with LWD will limit erosion and encourage soil deposition to assist regeneration.

Summary Information

Distances from river mouth (approx.) 0 km - 5 km

Loc./lot numbers of adjacent properties 4794; 10; 19; 9; 51; 8; 18; 9; 10; 3986

Date surveyed 1997, Sussex LCDC

Foreshore condition rating A 25%

B 43%

B3-C1 12%

C 20%

Vegetation cover Originally low peppermint woodland, acacia shrubland

and medium jarrah-marri forest, now largely cleared

for agricultural purposes. Fringing vegetation along

the river remains, with healthy regeneration where

stock is excluded.

Land use Horticulture, viticulture, dairy and grazing.

page 27

107

101

106

103

3

50

102

51

34

33

4795

4795

41 23

43

44

4546

19

10

0

11

590

43

12

44 45 46 47

59

52

105

20

214974

580

1412

4871

CROWN

CROWN

7 8

81

9 10 11 12 13

0

1

2

18

1414

9

10

14151415

CAVES

VASSE YALLINGUPC

HAIN

AVENU

E

RO

ADM

ARYBR

OO

K

RD

RD

Rive

r

Carb

unup

250 250 500 7500

Metres

Carbunup River Map 1a

page 28

Map 1b


The river travels between Bussell Highway and Jindong Road. From where it is joined by Island Brook

it continues northwards past the Carbunup Bushland and the Carbunup town-site before crossing

Bussell Highway.

Vegetation Species growing in the Carbunup Bushland are recommened for revegetation. See also sites 1, 2 and 3 in Appendix 1.

Weeds Weed species requiring eradication include pasture grasses. Weeds can be identified through Appendix 3.

Erosion and stock Controlling stock access at stabilised points and limiting access seasonally access will assist in preventing soil loss.

Summary Information


Loc./lot numbers of adjacent properties 2/253; 19 (R38582); 3987; 11/3988; 2/2505; 2506;

2508; 2509; 1/2584



B 27%

B3-C1 27%

C 32%

Vegetation cover Remnants of original medium jarrah-marri forest

remain along foreshore.

Land use Grazing, horticulture and viticulture.

page 29

1415

1415

531 3986

3986

3985

1

2

3898

252

1

16 CROWN

123456 715141312111098

584

CROWN

375

17

19

19

96

10

3987

2655

4

11

1

1

22655 3

2

13

2

2506

2508

2550

2549

6 2509

255212551

25102

Isla

nd

Brook

CarbunupRiver

HIGHWAY

JIND

ONG

RO

AD

MINCHIN ROAD

DOUGLASROAD

ALFR

ED

ROAD

BUSSELL

250 250 500 7500

Metres

Carbunup River Map 1b

page 30

Map 1c


The river travels northwards from the Yelverton Shelf land system and into the Abba flats, just west of

Gibb Road. Small tributaries join the river. One of the tributaries passes through an area of gravel

extraction that would benefit from revegetation where extraction has ceased.

Vegetation Ripping and mounding across the gentle slopes in preparation for planting will increase the survival and growth rate of planted species. Direct seeding would also be beneficial where thorough weed control can be achieved and stock access is limited.

Weeds Where stock is excluded (intermittently or otherwise) weed control will need to be considered. Appendix 3 will assist in identifying weed species.

Erosion and stock Limiting stock access will allow for revegetation of cleared areas which will access bind the soil of the banks. Stock may be watered from troughs or on the

inside of a meander bend where soil deposition naturally occurs. Stabilised crossings may be established where exposed ironstone occurs.

Summary Information

Distances from river mouth (approx.) 10 -16 km

Loc./lot numbers of adjacent properties 2/2584; 2583; 1/2514; 2547; 13/2546; 14/2546; 2545;

1/2544; 5/2544; 2543


Foreshore condition rating B 39%

B3-C1 24%

C1 31%

D 6%

Vegetation Cover The original jarrah-marri forest has been significantly

cleared but some healthy stands remain. Much of the

remaining fringing vegetation is dominated by tea tree

(Agonis linearifolia).

Land use Grazing, horticulture, viticulture and forestry.

page 31

2

2510

2

2583 25542512

22514

2515

2517

2516

2560

2547

1

4005

13

1

2561

4714

4200

11

12

4418

14

4098

2545

4199

5

1

4202

2543

ROAD

GIBB

ROAD

PAYNE

IRVI

NE

RO

AD

Carb

unup

River

250 250 500 7500

Metres

Carbunup River Map 1c

page 32

Map 1d


The river moves from the Treeton Hills land system into the Yelverton land system south of Gale Road.

Several tributaries join as it meanders northwards towards Geographe Bay.

Vegetation Where the foreshore retains some native vegetation, spot control of pasture grasses and infilling with native seedlings will begin to shade out the weeds. Where stock access is prevented, areas that currently support tea tree (Agonis linearifolia) will show some self-regeneration.

Weeds Continued weed control will be necessary to reduce fire risk, especially whilst native species are being established. Weeds likely to be found throughthis section can be identified in Appendix 3.

Erosion and stock Undercutting has occurred and parts of the bank are vulnerable to collapse.

Controlling stock access will allow for revegetation of the foreshore,

resulting in more stable banks and greater soil cohesion. Stock may be

watered from troughs or on the inside of meander bends where soil deposition

naturally occurs. Stabilised crossings may be established where exposed

ironstone occurs through this section.

Stock access should be limited in the north and south of this section where

grazing occurs.

Preventing stock access to the existing tea tree surrounding the bridge at

Gale Road will help to protect this bridge.

Summary Information

Distances from river mouth (approx.) 16 - 18 km

Loc./lot numbers of adjacent properties 2543; 2542; 2541; 2540

Date surveyed 1997 & 1999


B3-C1 63%

C 5%

Vegetation cover A significant stand of original medium jarrah-marri

forest exists mid-way through this section. A narrow

band of fringing tea tree in the southern part is

supported by steep embankments.

Land use Grazing, forestry and horticulture.

access

page 33

4

4198

2543

32542

2567

2541

2568

4390

4112

4728

GALE

Carb

unup

River

125 125 250 3750

Metres

2540

Carbunup River Map 1d

page 34

Map 1e


The river meanders northwards through the Treeton Hills land system to the west of Carbunup South

Road.

Vegetation The practice of cutting hay in paddocks along the river is a good management technique for maintaining healthy foreshore vegetation.

It would be a useful exercise to place markers in the ground at the line

where pasture currently meets the native vegetation in order to determine,

over time, whether the foreshore vegetation is increasing or retreating.

Consolidating the vegetation in the southern part would provide more stable

embankment

Although some natural regeneration may occur where stock is controlled,

direct planting would give more reliable results.

Vegetation should be replaced where it has been removed from Loc.3921 in

order to limit erosion and weed infestation.

Weeds Weed control will be necessary where stock control occurs. It will also be required in some areas to allow for native vegetation to be successfully established.

Erosion and stock Controlling stock access in the southern part will help to reduce the level of access erosion.

Summary Information


Loc./lot numbers of adjacent properties 2540; 2582; 4431; 3921; 4393

Date surveyed 1999


B 57%

B3-C1 10%

C 19%

Vegetation cover Some healthy, diverse native vegetation that is

managed with intermittent stock access. A good

example of the original jarrah-marri forest. Excellent

specimens of Western Australian blackbutt

(Eucalyptus patens) can also be found.

Land use Grazing with hay cutting and some hobby horticulture

and apiary.

page 35

2540

2569

4375

2569

2569

2582

2582

43894729

3921

4431

2204

2204

3921

4603

BOUNDARY

ROAD

CAR

BUN

UP

SOU

THRO

AD

125 125 250 3750

Metres

stable rockycrossings

fence posts remain

diverse vegetationwith regeneration

Carbunup River Map 1e

page 36

Map 1f


The river meanders across the Treeton Hills on the Blackwood Plateau. A number of permanent pools

are present.

Weeds The most troublesome weeds through this section are pennyroyal and some Juncus mircocephallus. Control typically requires successive chemical treatments.

Erosion and stock In the middle and upper part the site characteristics allow for a relatively access straight fence to be established.

At several points exposed ironstone provides a stable crossing for stock.

In the uppermost part, controlling stock access would allow for native

vegetation to limit nutrient run-off and filter the water moving downstream.

Summary Information


Loc./lot numbers of adjacent properties 493; 2222; 2223; 2224; 2238

Date surveyed 1999


B 27%

B3-C1 38%

C 16%

Vegetation cover The area of viticulture supports healthy fringing

vegetation with large marri, jarrah and WA blackbutt

trees. Beaumea vaginalis provides excellent cover of

the banks in the middle and northern parts. A corridor

of tea tree occurs about midway.

Fringing vegetation has been completely lost from the

northernmost part.

Land use Grazing and viticulture.

page 37

4393

4610

2222

2224

2223

2224

2211

2238

HARVIE

ROAD

125 125 250 3750

Metres

stable vehiclecrossing

pennyroyal

powerline

pennyroyal

tea treecorridor

healthy remnantvegetation

shallow drain

Carbunup River Map 1f

page 38

Map 1g


The river travels in a northwesterly direction between Oldfield Road and Treeton Road. This section

through the Treeton Hills has a broad U-shaped channel with a swampy floor.

Vegetation Revegetation of cleared areas with native vegetation would increase the potential for filtering of nutrients from paddock run-off. Ripping and mounding parallel to the river channel would allow for the effective establishment of vegetation. Including some shading overstorey (jarrah, marri, WA blackbutt) in areas of revegetation would provide additional shade and shelter for stock. Revegetation species can be seen in Appendix 1, site 7.

Weeds Weed control will be necessary in order to establish vegetation. The shade subsequently produced by the native overstorey could be expected to limit the growth of Juncus microcephallus. If the length of the river is fenced, monitoring of weed growth for fire risk prevention should be undertaken. It is likely that the regrowth of tea tree will out-compete pasture grasses in the long term where stock access is limited.

Erosion and stock Extending the cover of the existing tea tree to cleared areas would assist in access binding the soil and limiting erosion.

Controlling stock access to stabilised crossing points would further limit

erosion and reduce the level of nutrient entering the waterway. The land

managers have discussed consolidating crossing points in this section.

Summary Information

Distances from river mouth (approx.) 23 -25 km

Loc./lot numbers of adjacent properties 2238; 2237; 2236

Date surveyed 1999


C 56%

Vegetation cover Most of the land has been cleared for grazing but

original jarrah-marri stands occur on the upper valley

slopes. In the middle, strong growth of tea tree has

formed a corridor along the river channel. There are a

few isolated trees (jarrah,marri, WA blackbutt).

Land use Cattle grazing

page 39

2238

CROWN

2237

2238

2237

OLDFIELD

2231

CROWN

1

2236

TREETON

ROAD

ROAD

125 125 250 3750

Metres

tea treecorridor

clearedpaddock

Carbunup River Map 1g

page 40

Map 1h


The river crosses Jindong-Treeton Road and flows on the northern side of Oldfield Road.

Vegetation Native rushes, Juncus pallidus and J.pauciflorus, provide excellent soil cohesion and should be maintained along the foreshore. Land managers report that traditional treatment limits the spread of these rushes into pasture. Revegetation species can be seen in Appendix 1, site 7.

Weeds Pasture grasses and pennyroyal occur through this section and should be controlled, The planting of shade trees will assist this.

Erosion and stock In parts the existing tea tree is being undermined by incision. Further control erosion and bank collapse is likely to occur without protection of the

remaining vegetation. Consolidating the existing belt of tea tree and preventing stock access will assist. Establishing some native vegetation alongthe cleared channel will limit erosion and reduce infestation of the channel by pasture and weeds.

Revegetation will also contribute to nutrient bio-filtering of paddock run-

off, provide a continuation of the natural river corridor and provide shade and

shelter for stock.

Where there is erosion from a gravel raceway, the water can be slowed down

by placement of rocks or it could be diverted across the paddock or through

an area planted with rushes and sedges.

Summary Information


Loc./lot numbers of adjacent properties 2236; 2235; 2255

Date surveyed 1999

Foreshore condition rating B3-C1 30%

C 56%

D 14%

Vegetation cover This section is interspersed with tea tree cover and a

cleared channel. Some isolated overstorey vegetation is

also present on the foreshore west of Jindong-Treeton

Road. Loss of vegetation has reduced the effect of

shade and soil cohesion along the banks so that

growth of rushes has proliferated and erosion is

present in parts.

Land use Dairying and cattle grazing.

page 41

2236

2235

ROAD

ROAD

2235

1

2255

2255

OLDFIELD

1070

2234

TREETON

RO

AD

JINDONG

TREE

TON

2254

JINDONG

TREETON

ROAD

125 125 250 3750

Metres

pennyroyal

Carbunup River Map 1h

page 42

Map 1i


The river travels northwards from the uppermost private property along its length (east of Jindong-

Treeton Road) and crosses Hubert Road. The lower reaches were not field surveyed. Remote

observation and examination of aerial photographs were used for a condition rating. The management

advice does not apply to the lower reaches.

Vegetation Appendix 1, site 7 provides a good reference list for suitable rehabilitation species. The tea tree corridor does not show significant regeneration and new recruits are needed.

Establishing some tall shading species would contribute to the protection

of the banks as well as providing shade and shelter for stock

Weeds Control and eradication of weeds including blackberry and thistle should be continued. Chemical control may be the most effective treatment of Juncus microcephallus.

Erosion and stock Controlling stock access will increase vegetation health and cover as well as access limiting erosion and assisting in filtering nutrient run-off from paddocks.

Crossing points should continue to be utilised and maintained.

Summary Information


Loc./lot numbers of adjacent properties 2254; 1;2; 4000; 2258

Date surveyed 1999


B3-C1 61%

C 32%

Vegetation cover A tea tree corridor covers most of this section Some

overstorey vegetation of jarrah, marri, WA blackbutt

occurs in the lower parts. A timber belt has been

established in the upper part as a means of protecting

the river channel and providing income from an

alternative crop.

Land use Cattle grazing and intensive livestock raising.

page 43

2

1

4000

2258

TREE

TON

RO

AD

JIN

DO

NG

125 125 250 3750

Metres

thistle

blackberry

blackberry

not fieldsurveyed

not fieldsurveyed

tea treecorridor

not fieldsurveyed

Carbunup River Map 1i

page 44

Map 1j


The Carbunup River originates in this section, with its headwater streams located in the Treeton State

Forest, in the Treeton Hills. Where the river is located in the State Forest, the foreshore and

surrounding area is in excellent condition.

Vegetation Further regrowth in areas infested with weeds including Juncus microcephallus and pasture grasses would be encouraged by planting tall shading trees.

Establishing some fringing vegetation along the uppermost part of the river

channel would provide improved nutrient and sediment filtration of paddock

run-off.

Weeds Short-term control by chemical means may be necessary to establish seedlings.

Erosion and stock The land manager will control a small area of erosion through a soil access stabilisation technique (tyres or logs buried into the soil profile).

Summary Information

Distances from river mouth (approx.) 33 km -35 km (the headwaters extend a bit further

south making the total length of the river

approximately 38 km.

Loc./lot numbers of adjacent properties 2258; Treeton State Forest

Date surveyed 1999


B 29%

C 16%

Vegetation cover The original vegetation cover is jarrah-marri forest

with pockets of bullich (E. megacarpa) and WA

blackbutt (E. patens) in the depressions.

Land use Cattle grazing and State Forest production.

page 45

4000

2258

40644064

125 125 250 3750

Metres

Carbunup River Map 1j

page 46

Condition Rating Description Total length km Total %

A pristine to slightly disturbed 4.5 13

B moderately degraded,

weeds present, soil disturbance 22 61

C poor, soil exposed, little

foreshore vegetation 8 24

D drain 1 2

5.2 Summary of findings

The survey produced the following overall

assessment of the foreshore conditions along the

river. The ratings along the east and west bank

have been averaged.

Summary information of the condition rating

along the Carbunup River shows that 61% of the

river is B grade foreshore. Land managers are in

a fortunate position to protect and enhance the

river’s health for the long term. Acting to

consolidate areas with vegetation loss and

decline will greatly improve the overall condition

of the river and the quality of water travelling

through its system. Protection and maintenance

at this stage of health will reduce management

impositions in the future.

The foreshore is not in pristine condition; it has

limited degradation caused by loss of vegetation

and weed infestation. Protection and

enhancement of native vegetation may often be a

case of controlling stock access, encouraging

regeneration of existing bush and keeping weeds

in check.

Where the detailed maps 1a to 1j show B3 - C1

grade foreshore, this indicates that more

vegetation has been lost and erosion occurs in

parts. Often the vegetation that remains on the

foreshore is limited to a corridor of tea tree

without the tall shading trees such as jarrah and

marri, of the original vegetation cover.

C grade foreshore is recorded along 24% of the

Carbunup River. Here the foreshore has incurred

significant loss of vegetation cover and the soil

has often been exposed and is prone to sheet and

gully erosion. Stock access usually prevents the

regeneration of native tea tree. Where this grade

of foreshore occurs, the nutrient filtering

capacity of native vegetation has been largely lost

and there are significant breaks in the natural

corridor along the river. Controlling stock access

and replacing some fringing vegetation will

improve the condition of this foreshore.

D grade foreshore was recorded for only 2% of

the Carbunup River. Fortunately, complete loss

of vegetation cover is limited to small areas and

often the heavy nature of the soils prevents more

significant erosion from becoming widespread.

Controlling stock access and replacing native

vegetation will limit erosion, increase the

filtering of nutrient from paddock run-off and

consolidate the corridor along the river.

The ratings accorded to sections of the river

covered by the individual maps shown earlier in

this section are displayed in Table 5.

Table 4: Overall condition rating of the foreshore.

page 47

A grade % B grade% B3-C1 grade % C grade % D grade %

Map 1a 25 43 12 20

Map 1b 14 27 32 27

Map 1c 39 24 31 6

Map 1d 32 63 5

Map 1e 14 57 10 19

Map1f 19 27 38 16

Map 1g 44 56

Map 1h 30 56 14

Map 1i 7 61 32

Map 1j 55 29 16

Total % 11 % 32 % 28 % 27 % 2 %

Total km 4 km 12 km 10 km 10 km 1 km

Table 5: Detailed section ratings along the Carbunup River.

The occurrence and vigour of the native tea tree

(Agonis linearifolia) continues to provide

beneficial cover of the Carbunup River. It is

important to ensure that regeneration of the tea

tree occurs in order for this cover to be

maintained. Without regeneration, the existing

vegetation may decline and may not be replaced.

Taller shading trees can provide excellent

stabilisation of areas of tea tree as well as

providing shade and shelter for crops and stock.

The requirement for control of stock access

along the foreshore of the Carbunup River is

shown in Table 6. Approximately 15 km along

the Carbunup River could benefit from the

control of stock access.

Access should be controlled in a way that is

appropriate to the land use and site

characteristics. It is recommended that land

managers obtain advice from the Water and

Rivers Commission regarding the dynamics of

stream flow, when considering fencing.

WEST BANK EAST BANK

Condition rating recommend recommend

control access (m) control access (m)

A - 654

B 2389 2057

C 5070 5159

D 465 329

B3-C1 8062 6173

Total 15 586 ( 42%) 14 372 (38 %)

Table 6: Requirements for control of stock access along the river.

page 48

Table 7 indicates the scale of degradation in

areas requiring rehabilitation work along the

Carbunup River. Three levels of degradation are

distinguished:

1. Areas exhibiting severe erosion and/or bank

damage which threatens to get worse in the short

term. Area exhibiting major weed infestation.

2. Areas showing either limited erosion or the

first signs of erosion, or which are prone to

erosion due to the absence of fringing vegetation,

or areas having infestations of declared weeds

(eg. arum lilies).

3. Areas that retain substantial fringing

vegetation that is becoming progressively

degraded by livestock or significant weed

infestations (eg.flat weed).

Map Number Weed control Erosion Control Stock control Revegetation

Map 1a 3 1 3 2/3

Map 1b 3 1 2 2/3

Map1c 3 1 2 2/3

Map1d 3 1 2 2/3

Map1e 1 3 2 2/3

Map1f 1 2 2 2/3

Map1g 2 1/2 1/2 2/3

Map1h 1 2 2 2/3

Map1I 1 2 2/3 2/3

Map1j 3 3 3 2/3

Table 7: Scale of degradation along the Carbunup River.

1 = exhibiting severe degradation

2 = moderate degradation

3 = limited degradation

page 49

6. Rehabilitation techniques

As indicated at the beginning of the previous

chapter, the problems of riverine rehabilitation

and the solutions to them can be complex and

interrelated.

It is recommended that staff at GeoCatch or

Water and Rivers Commission be contacted for

specific technical support and advice.

However, the following general rehabilitation

techniques may be considered.

6.1 Controlling stock access

Controlling the movement of stock in riparian

land and managing grazing pressure is a key

element of protecting waterways.

Fencing to permanently exclude stock is one

option. Others include temporary electric

fencing, permanent fencing for intermittent

grazing, or adjusting the land use to reduce

pressure, such as cutting for hay adjacent to the

river.

Fencing enables the land manager to control the

duration, number and season when stock are in

the riparian area. It also allows use of the

riparian land for alternative activities such as

timber production and forage production.

In some regions, land managers have chosen to

use fences as a means to control, rather than

exclude grazing altogether. Limited grazing is

periodically permitted without interfering with

regeneration.

Types of fencing

The type and placement of fencing used should

be influenced by the land use and site specific

characteristics such as landform. Fences are

ideally placed set back from the top edge of the

stream bank or valley slope (Figure 10). The

greater the distance, the more effective the

buffer. A setback will allow the establishment of

perennial vegetation to assist in soil stabilisation

and nutrient filtering.

Placing fences too close to the channel may

allow the bank to be undermined. It is important

to consider the potential impacts of flooding

when erecting fencing.

Hanging fences

These are usually built across the stream to

prevent stock from straying into the riparian

area during low flow conditions. Hanging

fences have drop panels that are lifted by the

water flow and hang down when there is no

flow. The greater the flexibility in panel

movement, the less likely they will be

damaged by debris travelling downstream.

Electric fences

Electric fences can be used across streams or

alongside streams. They can be permanent or

portable and generally require less

maintenance than traditional fences.

Drop fences

Drop fences are designed to be manually or

automatically lowered flush to the ground to

allow access (or in expectation of a flood).

Electronic fences

Electronic fences are an alternative to

traditional fencing and are reported to be

cheaper (LWRRDC, 1996). Stock wear a

receiver ear tag and transmitter boxes are

located to form an internal boundary. The

transmitters initially emit an audio signal and

then an electric impulse if the boundary is

crossed.

page 50

Figure 10: The correct placement of fences in relation to river form (APACE Green Skills & Pen, 1997).

page 51

4 The Kondinin Farm Group completed a survey of different types of pumpsthat can be read in Farming Ahead, June 1996, No.54.

6.2 Stock watering

Watering stock from streams is achieved through

sound placement of access points.

It is ideal to utilise an area of exposed bedrock

and these are commonly found along the

Carbunup. The inside of a meander bend or a

point bar is a preferred location. A walkway may

be completed by compacting gravel, laying

concrete or placing logs parallel to the stream.

Filling troughs from upslope dams is a cheap

way to water stock. Alternatively, pumping from

the river with the use of solar pumps is

increasingly popular.

There is also considerable interest in the nose

pump operated by cattle, which activate a piston

and a diaphragm to pump water into a trough4.

Stock watering from rivers and troughs has been

compared. A series of field trials in Canada

showed that the source of drinking water for

stock could have a measurable impact on their

performance. Trials in 1990 and 1991

demonstrated that 18-month-old steers that

watered from troughs gained 23 % more weight

over a 70-day period than stock that watered

from dams (LWRRDC, 1996).

6.3 Erosion

Erosion is often best controlled by the

establishment of native vegetation that anchors

the bank and increases the soil root matrix to

bind the soil. A combination of large powerful

roots from overstorey trees and smaller fine roots

from understorey vegetation creates ideal

conditions for a stable bank. Preventing

increased erosion through protecting riparian

vegetation is often cheaper and easier than

earthworks associated with repairing

significantly eroded areas.

Erosion type, causes and treatment are

highlighted below.

Erosion Type Possible Cause Ways to Fix

Undercutting Lack of Stabilising the

vegetation toe of the

bank with

appropriate

native

vegetation, such

as the sedges

and rushes

identified in

Appendix 1

Obstruction Reposition

obstruction

Stock access Limit stock

access

Bank Undercutting See above

slumping

Weight of Encourage

the bank drainage with

(saturation) appropriate

understorey and

plant trees away

from the edge

of the bank

Lack of Revegetate with

supporting a range of

vegetation native

understorey and

plant trees away

from the edge

of the bank

Stock access Limit stock

access

page 52

6.4 Snags or woody debris

Large woody debris (LWD) is an important

component of a natural stream that can reduce

the speed of flow and provide important refuge

and habitat for aquatic fauna.

Woody debris in the channel would need to

occupy at least 10 per cent of the cross-section of

the channel before it significantly affected the

flow velocity or caused flooding (LWRRDC,

1996).

It is recommended where appropriate to utilise

the stabilising benefits of woody debris by

aligning it with the flow and against the bank,

on an angle of less than 45˚ (Figure 11).

This action will protect the bank by directing the

flow of water away from the bank towards the

centre of the channel.

The use of LWD is recommended on the outside

of meander bends where the erosive power of

stream flow can be great. Further detail can be

found in Volume 7, Riparian Management Series

(Askey-Doran, M.Hairsine et al., 1998)

Figure 11: Positioning large woody debris can

protect the banks from erosion.

Picture courtesy of Askey-Doran et al. (1998).

6.5 Revegetation

General advice on vegetation rehabilitation can

be sought from the Regional Bushcare Facilitator

or support staff and local members of the

community such as the Busselton and Bunbury

Naturalists’ Clubs (see contact details in

Appendix 3).

Detailed advice can also be obtained from a

number of publications including those listed in

Appendix 3.

The protection and establishment of vegetation

along the foreshore is an effective management

action that can provide a bio-filtering effect to

improve water quality.

When revegetating for bank stability it is

important to consider the following:

• The cause of the erosion is important, eg.

direction of flow and existence of obstacles;

• Working with others along the river in a

combined approach will have greater benefits

than individual action.

• Surrounding land use should influence the

area to be planted and the species selected.

• Commercial use of riparian vegetation may be

an opportunity, eg., apiaries, timber.

• Vegetative buffers can serve a range of land

management goals including intermittent

grazing, fodder crops, windbreaks,

conservation, nutrient filtering and erosion

control.

• Revegetation should be started away from the

edge of the bank if erosion is active. Moving

down the bank is possible where active erosion

is limited and the slope of the bank is

moderate (this may require battering).

• Choosing a range of species for revegetation

will increase the chances of success.

• Care should be taken with in-stream

vegetation. If a lack of channel capacity has

caused erosion or is known to be a problem,

vegetation should not be established in the

channel.

page 53

• Carefully consider woody debris.

• Young seedlings are particularly vulnerable to

trampling and browsing.

Plant species for rehabilitation

The use of local plant species for revegetation

can provide a hardy, low maintenance area.

There is little opportunity for local species to

become a weed management problem for the

immediate or adjacent land. It is appropriate to

select local species for revegetation in Reserves.

Appendix 1 provides a list of local plant species

that can be selected for revegetation. The list

indicates whether the species is a tree, shrub or

groundlayer plant. Local nurseries and native

vegetation enthusiasts will be able to provide

further advice on the growth habit of these

species.

Planting in the riparian zone

A general recommendation for planting in the

riparian zone is for the seedlings to be set back

from the channel so as to avoid disturbance by

flooding and erosion. It is recommended to

begin planting away from the channel and

continue closer to the channel, as the banks

become more stable.

Where good foreshore vegetation exists, planting

close to the channel with sedges or rushes which

tolerate seasonal inundation and flooding can be

successful. It is also possible to establish plants

on newly deposited sediment if it has been

stabilised.

Planting seedlings behind barriers such as logs

can protect them from water flow. However, it is

important to ensure that the flow does not go

over the top of the barrier which will then create

a scour on the downside.

Pest management may be necessary to control

rabbit and grasshopper damage to seedlings.

s

Allowing small patches of weeds to go

unchecked may quickly result in a larger

infestation. A relatively small amount of effort

and funding applied early may limit or prevent

future rehabilitation needs.

It is possible to measure whether weeds are

advancing or retreating, compared to native

riparian vegetation, by placing pegs in the

ground along the current line of weeds. During

subsequent seasons it will be possible to

determine whether this line of weeds is

advancing or whether the riparian vegetation is

encroaching upon the weeds.

This simple technique allows a ready

measurement of the gradual impact of changes to

a grazing regime. For instance, removing stock

or significantly contributing feed (hay) towards

the end of summer when the stock are more

likely to graze on native vegetation, should

reduce the capacity for weed invasion

page 54

APACE Green Skills and Pen, L. (1997) Survey

of River Foreshores in the Oyster Harbour

Catchment. Water and Rivers Commission,

Perth, Western Australia.

Askey-Doran, M., Hairsine, P., Bunn, S., Price,

P., Prosser, I., Rutherfurd, I. (1998) Riparian

Management Series 1-7. Land and Water

Resources Research and Development

Corporation, Canberra.

Bates, D. (1992) Aboriginal Perth: Bibbulmun

Biographies and Legends. P. Bridge (Ed.).

Hesperian Press, Victoria Park.

Beard, J. S. (1990). Plant Life of Western

Australia. Kangaroo Press, NSW.

Bush, B., Maryan, B., Browne-Cooper, R. and

Robinson, D. (1995) A Guide to the Reptiles

and Frogs of the Perth Region. University of

Western Australia Press, Nedlands.

Cooper, J. R., Gilliam, J. W., Daniels, R. B. and

Robarge, W. P. (1987) ‘Riparian areas as filters

for agricultural sediment’. Soil Science Society

of America Journal, 51:416-420.

DeBano, L. F. and Schmidt, L. J. (1990).

Healthy riparian areas related to watershed

stability. In: Erosion Control: Technology in

Transition. Proceedings of Conference XXI -

International Erosion Control Association,

Washington DC, USA.

DOLA, Geonoma Database.

Dillaha, T. A., Sherrard, J. H., Lee, D.,

Mostaghimi, S. and Shanholtz, V.O. (1989)

‘Evaluation of vegetative filter strips as a best

management practice for feed lots’. Journal of

Water Pollution Control Federation,

60: 1231-1238.

Dillaha, T. A., Sherrard, J. H., Lee, D.,

Mostaghimi, S. (1989) ‘Vegetative filter strips

for agricultural non point source pollution

control’. Transactions of the American Society

of Agricultural Engineers, 32: 513-519.

Farming Ahead, June 1996, No.54.

Geographe Bay Advisory Committee (1995)

Geographe Bay Integrated Catchment

Management Strategy (Draft). Western

Australian Planning Commission, Perth.

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7. References

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page 56

Appendices

The following table lists the plant species

identified at 7 sites along the Carbunup River:

1. Vasse-Yallingup Siding Rd

2. Bussell Hwy

3. Roy Rd

4. Gale Rd

5. Boundary Rd

6. Smith Rd (at property boundary)

7. Treeton State Forest (headwaters)

The list provides information to assist in the

selection of species for rehabilitation including:

the plants growth form (eg. tree, shrub); method

of propagation (eg. seed, vegetatively); and an

indication of the ease of propagation (ie. 1= easy,

2= moderate; 3 = difficult but can be done). Few

sedges and rushes respond to vegetative dividing

except when grown in containers.

Appendix 1: Species list for vegetation rehabilitation

Species Name Form 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Propagate Ease Common

name

Acacia divergens shrub ✗ ✗ ✗ seed 1

A. extensa shrub ✗ seed 1 wiry wattle

A. insolita shrub ✗ seed 1

A. myrtifolia shrub ✗ seed 1

A. pulchella shrub ✗ ✗ seed 1 prickly moses

Adenanthos barbigerus shrub ✗ seed 3

A. obovata shrub ✗ ✗ ✗ seed 3

Agonis linearifolia shrub ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ seed 1 tea tree

A. parviceps shrub ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ seed 1 tea tree

A. flexuosa tree ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ seed 1 peppermint

Agrostocrinum scabrum herb blue grass lily

Allocasuarina fraseriana tree ✗ seed 1 sheoak

A. humilis shrub ✗ ✗ seed 1

Anarthria prolifera sedge ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗

Anigozanthus flavidus monocot ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ seed 1 kangaroo paw

Arthropodium capillipes monocot ✗

Astartia fascicularis shrub ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ seed 1

Astroloma spp. shrub ✗ ✗

Banksia. grandis tree ✗ ✗ seed 1 bull banksia

B. littoralis tree ✗ ✗ seed 1 swamp banksia

Baumea vaginalis rush ✗ ✗ ✗ s/veg 2 sheath twigrush

Billardiera floribundum creeper ✗ ✗ ✗

Billardiera varfolia creeper ✗ s/veg 3

Bossiaea eriocarpa shrub ✗ seed 1 common brown

pea

B. linophylla shrub ✗ seed 1

B. ornata shrub ✗ ✗ seed 1

Brachysema praemorsa prostrate ✗ seed 1

Calystachys lanceolata shrub ✗ seed 1 wonnich

Cassytha racemosa twiner ✗ ✗ dodder laurel

Conostylis aculeata monocot ✗ ✗ ✗ seed 2 prickly conost

C. breviscape monocot ✗ seed 2

C. setigera monocot ✗ seed 2 bristly conostylis

Corymbia calophylla tree ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ seed 1 marri

Dampiera preisii herb ✗ ✗ s/veg 2 tall sedge

page 57

D. tetragona herb ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗

Dasypogon bromeliifolius monocot ✗ ✗ 2

D. hookeri monocot ✗ ✗ 2 pineapple bush

Davesia longifolia shrub ✗ seed 2

Desmocladus flexuosus rush ✗ ✗

Eucalyptus marginata tree ✗ ✗ seed 1 jarrah

E. megacarpa tree ✗ ✗ ✗ seed 1 bullich

E. rudis tree ✗ seed 1 flooded gum

E. patens tree ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ seed 1 blackbutt

Gahnia decomposita sedge ✗ ✗ ✗ saw sedge

Gompholobium capitatum herb ✗ ✗ seed 1

Dampiera tetragona herb ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗

Grevillea diversifolia shrub ✗ seed 1 valley grevillea

Haemodorum spicatum monocot ✗ seed 2

H. laxum monocot ✗ ✗ seed 2

Hakea amplexicaulis shrub ✗ seed 1 prickly hakea

H. lasianthoides shrub ✗ seed 2

H. varia shrub ✗ ✗ seed 1 variable –leafed

hakea

H. lissocarpha shrub ✗ seed 1 honey bush

Hibbertia hypericoides shrub ✗ ✗ ✗ buttercup

H. cuneiformis shrub ✗ veg

Hovea trisperma shrub ✗ seed 1 common hovea

H. elliptica shrub ✗ seed 1 oval leafed hovea

H. chorizemifolia shrub seed 1 holly leafed

hovea

Hypolaena exsulca sedge ✗ rope rush

Hypocalymma shrub seed 2 pink myrtle

angustifolium

H. cordifolium shrub ✗ seed 2

Isopogon sp. shrub ✗ seed 2 drumstick

Juncus pallidus rush seed 1 pale rush

Lasiopetalum floribundum shrub ✗ ✗

Leucopogon spp. shrub ✗ ✗ ✗

L. verticilata shrub ✗ tassel flower

Lepidosperma tenue sedge ✗ ✗

L. squamatum sedge

L. effusum sedge ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ tissue spreading

culture sword-sedge

L. longitudinale sedge ✗ ✗ pithy sword-

sedge

L. tetraquetrum sedge ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ angle sword-

sedge

L. diffusus rush ✗ ✗ tall mop rush

Lepyrodia glauca rush ✗

Macrozamia reidlii monocot ✗ seed 3

Meeboldina thysananthus rush ✗ ✗

Meeboldina scariosa rush ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ velvet rush

Mesomelaena tetragona sedge ✗ semaphore sedge

Mirbelia dilatata shrub ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ seed 1

page 58

Melaleuca incana shrub seed 1

Patersonia occidentalis monocot ✗ seed 3 purple flag

P. longifolia shrub ✗ snotty gobble

Platysace compressa herb ✗ ✗

Pultenea pinifolia shrub ✗ seed 1

Pimelia rosea shrub ✗ seed 3

Podocarpus drouynianus shrub ✗ ✗ emu bush

Scaevola pilosa shrub ✗ ✗

Sollya heterophylla creeper ✗ seed 3 bluebell

Stylidium spp. herb ✗ ✗ trigger plant

S. laciniatum herb ✗ ✗ seed 3 fringed trigger

Stypandra inbricata monocot ✗ ✗

Synaphea sp. shrub

Taraxis grossa rush ✗ ✗

Tetraria capillaris sedge ✗ ✗

Thomasia spp. shrub ✗ ✗

Turbastes glaucescens rush ✗ ✗ ✗ rush

Viminaria juncea shrub ✗ seed 1 swishbush

Xyris lacera monocot ✗ ✗ seed 3

Xanthorrhoea preissii shrub ✗ seed 3 balga

X. gracilis monocot ✗ seed 3

page 59

5 This plant was originally identified as Alisma platago-aquatica, however it is believed that

this plant is now referred to throughout Western Australia as Alisma lanceolatum.

Appendix 2: Descriptions of weeds potentially found along the Carbunup River

The following descriptions are predominantly taken from Western Weeds (1997).

Acacia melanoxylon - blackwood wattle

A large Eastern States tree to 30 m with dark grey furrowed bark. Acacia melanoxylon has dark green

phyllodes and cream flowers in spring. It is a popular timber tree with an aggressive regeneration

habit, spreading by root suckers and seed.

Alisma lanceolatum5

A perennial emergent waterplant that is naturalised in Western Australia. Alisma lanceolatum has

lanceolate leaf blades and pinkish white flowers above a slender branched stalk occurring in summer.

Alternathera pungens - khaki weed

A native American prostrate perennial found in moist habitats. It has long (50 cm) stems that root at

the nodes, spiny fruits and pungent flowers. The leaves are broadly elliptical.

Angallis arvensis - pimpernel

A hairless, spreading annual with almost square stems and opposing ovate leaves. Small (1 cm) flowers

are held on stalks above the leaves. There are two varieties, with scarlet or blue flowers.

Briza maxima - blowfly grass

A slender tufted annual to 60 cm with flat linear leaves. The inflorescence is a loose panicle of

nodding spikelets (3-15) produced in spring.

Chamaecytisus palmensis - tagasaste

An upright bushy shrub or small tree (to 4 m) with drooping hairy branches and leaves with three

leaflets. The winter/early spring flowers are scented and creamy-white. This Canary Island native

has been widely planted for fodder and readily escaped into road verges and elsewhere. Acacia saligna

(native) has more recently been favoured over this species for fodder and land rehabilitation.

Cirsium vulgare - spear thistle

A biennial to 1.5 m with spiny winged leaves continuing down the spiny winged stems. The purple

flower heads (4 cm) have a flat-topped cluster of spiny bracts. It is a native of Europe and western

Asia.

Cotula australis - carrot weed

A small hairy annual with fern-like leaves often found in lawns. In spring produces small white to pale

yellow flowers on long slender stalks.

Cyperacea spp.

A tall (to 1.5 m) sedge forming clumps with cylindrical stems and umbrella-like inflorescences. A

native of North Africa, it flowers in spring.

Hypochaeris radicata/glabra - flatweed

Annuals or short-lived perennials, with a basal rosette of leaves and yellow dandelion-like flowers

which open in the morning and close in the afternoon. A native of Europe they can flower all year

round but tend to flower most prolifically in spring.

page 60

Solepis prolifera - budding club rush

A perennial (up to 60 cm) plant of waterways, it reproduces vegetatively at the shoot tips. A native of

South Africa, it is a common weed in moist areas.

Juncus spp.

Juncus is a large genus with species that hybridise easily and are often difficult to tell apart. Along the

Carbunup River in paddocks and where clearing has occurred, Juncus microcephallus is common. It is

a native of South Africa of tufted appearance, with hollow cylindrical stems and red-brown capsules.

Juncus usitatus is a tufted rhizotomous leafless perennial with terete green stems to 70 cm. It has a

loose open inflorescence and a stem with no strengthening bars across the pith.

Lactuca serriola - prickly lettuce

This native of Europe has prickly, deeply lobed leaves held vertically and prickly stems.

It is a summer growing annual with a basal rosette of leaves.

Lathyrus tingitanus - tangier pea

An annual climber with winged stems and spikes of pink or bright cerise flowers (3 cm). A native of

Europe.

Lavendula spp. - garden lavender

A grey-green, many stemmed bushy shrub with crowded linear leaves that are very aromatic. Flowers

are produced in winter and spring on a stalk from the shoot tip. A native of the Mediterranean region.

Mentha pulegium - pennyroyal

A rhizotomous perennial, native to Europe and western Asia. Stems are prostrate with relatively small,

elliptical leaves, until elongating to produce the flowering stem. Mauve flowers in dense clusters

along the upper stem in late spring and summer with a strongly mint-like aroma.

Paspalum dilitatum - paspalum

A tufted rhizotomous perennial to 1 m tall. The inflorescence is a panicle to 20 cm long. A native

South American pasture grass.

Rumex crispus - dock

An erect perennial to 1.5 m with narrow, lanceolate leaves. The flowers are in dense erect, branched

spikes. A native to Europe and Asia.

Penisetum clandestinum - kikuyu

A rhizotomous perennial which can form large colonies up to 2 m tall. Summer flowers are hidden

amongst the leaves. A native to East Africa, it is a popular pasture grass and lawn species.

Rubus fruticosus - blackberry Declared Plant

A prickly perennial shrub, with sprawling stems which root on contact with the ground. Plants are

spread by seed, have white flowers in late spring followed by red fruits that ripen to black.

Phalaris angusta - canary grass

A tufted annual to 1.5 m tall with an inflorescence as a dense cylindrical panicle of tightly packed

spikelets (3-17 cm long). A summer flowering pasture grass, native to South America.

Polygala myrtifolia - milkweed/butterfly bush

Bushy shrubs to 2 m with oval leaves and pale purple flowers; it is a garden ornamental.

page 61

Emex australis - doublegee

A hairless annual, usually prostrate with ovate leaves and green flowers in clusters in winter. The

woody fruit has three rigid spines. This South African native was introduced as a salad vegetable and

probably in hay.

Tryfolium spp - clover

A large genus introduced for pasture grasses, with at least 28 species naturalised in Western Australia

Raphanus raphanistrum - wild radish

An annual herb up to 1m tall, with bristly leaves. Yellow petals are approximately 5-10 mm long. A

native to Europe.

Solanum nigrum - nightshade

A sprawling or erect annual to 60 cm with oval dark green leaves and small star-shaped white flowers.

Blackberry nightshade has a dull black berry and is native to Europe.

Sonchus asper - prickly sowthistle

An annual from Eurasia and North Africa with yellow flowers opening in the morning and closing in

the evening. A stout upright annual to 1.5 m with hollow stems and large leathery leaves with prickly

margins.

Vellereophyton dealbatum - white cudweed

A white woolly annual found in undisturbed moist areas. A native of Europe.

Zantedeschia aethiopica - arum lily Declared Plant

A robust dark green succulent herb with smooth leaves in an elongated heart shape. White tubular

flowers occur predominantly in spring.

page 62

Appendix 3: Useful contacts

• Sussex LCDC

Chair - Neil MacDonald

9755 4123

• GeoCatch - Geographe Catchment

Council

62 Kent Street Busselton, WA 6280

Tel: 9754 4331

• Ribbons of Blue

Tel: 9754 4331

• Busselton Naturalists’ Club

Bernie Masters

Tel 9727 2474

• Water and Rivers Commission

Rivercare Officer

Tel: 9721 0666

• Bunbury Naturalists’ Club

Gordon Paine

9797 0673

• AGWEST, Busselton

1 Queen St Busselton, WA 6280

Tel: 9752 1688

• CALM, Busselton

14 Queen St Busselton, WA 6280

Tel: 9752 1677

• Coastcare Facilitator - South West

Tel: 9725 4300

• Bushcare Facilitator - South West

Tel: 9725 4300

• Streamlining Project Officer

Tel: 9757 3727

• Land for Wildlife, Off Reserve

Conservation Officer

Tel: 9752 1677

page 63

Notes

page 73

Cadastral data supplied by the Department of Land Administration

A grade foreshore B grade foreshore C grade foreshore D grade foreshore

DescriptionSurvey class

A1A2A3 B1B2B3 C1C2C3 D1D2

cadastresurvey classCarbunup Riverother watercourserecommend control accesswoody areadistance marker (km)existing fencing

weed infestation

sheet erosion

gully erosion

bared streambank

access point

planted trees or remnant trees

herbaceous and lawn

dense rush / sedge growth

bridge

tea tree

pristinenear pristineslightly disturbed degraded / weed infested / isolated erosiondegraded / heavily weed infested / isolated erosiondegraded / weed dominated / isolated erosion erosion prone / little foreshore vegetation / weedssoil exposed / eroded / weedseroded and subsiding / weeds ditch erodingdrain / weed dominated

Carbunup River Action Plan 2000 - RGW

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