Carboxylic Acid Among important examples are : COOH H H H H H H H OH OH HO Cholic acid (a major component of human bile) S S COOH HOOC NH 2 NH 2 Was first isolated by Van Veen and Hyman from the urine of the natives of Java who had eaten the djenkol bean and were suffering from poisoning. Djenkolic acid
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Carboxylic Acid
Among important examples are :
COOH
H H H
H
H
HH
OH
OH
HO
Cholic acid(a major component of human bile)
S SCOOHHOOC
NH2 NH2
Was first isolated by Van Veen and Hyman from the urine of the natives of Java who had eaten the djenkol bean and were suffering from poisoning.
Djenkolic acid
Carboxylic Acid
also, biological precursors of fats and other lipids :
CC
CH3(CH2)7 (CH2)7COOH
HH
Oleic acid
CC CC
(CH2)7COOHCH3(CH2)4 CH2
HHHH
Linoleic acid
Carboxylic Acid
This compounds contain the carboxylic group attached to :
O
C
OHH
A hydrogen
and
O
C
OHR
Alkyl group
or
O
C
OHAr
A ryl group
HCOOH
example
CH3COOH
Formic acid
CH3(CH2)10COOH
Acetic acid
Lauric acid
COOH
Benzoic acid
CH2COOH
Penylic acetic acid
Carboxylic Acid
Carboxylic acid that are derivated from open-chain alkanes are systematically named by replacing the terminal –e of the corresponding alkane with –oic acid.
The carboxylic carbon atom is always numbered C1 in the system.
Ester is hydroxy group ini acid change into some alkyl or aryl:
3. Ester3. Ester
The ester linkage is also present in animal fats and many biologically important molecules.
CH3CH2CH2C-OCH3
O
Methylbutanoate[from pineaples]
CH3CO-CH2CH2CHCH3
O CH3
Isopentyl acetate[from bananas] A fat
H2C O
HC O
H2C O
C
C
C
O
O
O
R
R
R
Derivatives of
Carboxylic Acid
Conversion to :
OHC
R
O
NH2
CR
O
HC
R
O
HCH
R
OH
H2O
R’’MgX NH3
[H]
[H]
t-alcoholAcid Amide Aldehyde
Alcohol
ORC
R
O
OR
CR
OH
R
+ H-OR
Derivatives of
Carboxylic Acid
Esters are usually prepared by the reaction of alcohols or phenols with acids or acid derivatives.
C OH
O
R C OR
O
R + H-OH
Carboxylic acid alcohol ESTER
CH2OH + HOOCCH3 CH2OOCCH3 + H-OH
Benzyl alcohol Acetic acid Benzyl acetat
ESTERIFICATION
Derivatives of
Carboxylic AcidSAPONIFICATION
ORC
R
OH2O
NaOH
OHC
R
O+ ROH
O-Na+C
R
O
An acid
A soap
Amine
Amine is derivates of ammonia, when one or more of hydrogen change into alkyl (R) or aryl (Ar).
NH H
H
NR H
H
NR R
H
NR R
R
Ammonia Primary
1o
Secondary
2o
Tertiary
3o
Amine
N
N
CH3
N
N
N
H3C
O
O CH3
CH3
Vitamin B2
N
N
N
N
H
OH3C
H3C
O
H2C CH
CH
CH
CH2OH
OH OH OH
N
NH2C N+
H
H3C
CH2CH2OH
H3C
Nicotine Caffeine
Vitamin B1
Amine Nomenclature
Aliphatic amine are named by naming the alkyl group or groups attached to nitrogen, and following these by the word –amine.
H3C C
CH3
CH3
NH2
H3CH2C N
H
CH3
tert-Butylamine Etrhylmetylamine
Amine Nomenclature
Aromatic amine those in which nitrogen is attached directly to an aromatic ring, are generally named as derivatives of the simple aromatic amine, -aniline.
NH2
aniline
NH2
Br
Br
Br
2,4,6-Tribromoaniline
NH3C C2H5
N-Ethyl-N-methylaniline
NH3C CH3
NO
p-Nitroso-N, N-dimethylaniline
NH2
CH3
p-Touidine
Amine Physical Properties
Amine are highly polar and therefore have higher boiling point than alkanes of equivalent molecular weight have, but lower boiling point than alcohol or carboxylic acids.