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Carbon Cycle
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Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Mar 27, 2015

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Bryan O'Donnell

inflow slide

gt slide

mgal slide

sunlight slide

residence time slide

short term carbon cycle

emission rate of cfc

total carbon flux

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Page 1: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Carbon Cycle

Page 2: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Carbon Cycle

0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing

Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the atomosphere from Fossil fuel emission

Thus natural fluxes from volcanoes and outgassing account for about 2% of the anthropogenic sources.

Page 3: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Carbon Cycle

1.6 Gt/yr from deforestation6.4 Gt/yr from fossil fuel emission (1994)

1.6/6.4=0.25=25% (deforestation accounts for 25 % of total Carbon flux into atmosphere)

Biosphere takes up (2.6 Gt /yr more ) carbon than it did in preindustrial times.

Page 4: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Biosphere takes up (2.6 Gt /yr more ) carbon than it did in preindustrial times.

Preindustrial RR=120 GT/yr Now it is 122.6 Gt/yr RR=Content/lifetimePreindustrial content =597 Gt Now(1994)= 763 Gt

Page 5: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 6: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

The atmosphere contains the least amount of carbon and sediments and rocks contain the most.

Page 7: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

The ultimate removal of carbon from the climate system is an extremely slow process. In nature this is balanced by the slow injection of carbon into the atmosphere by volcanoes and outgassing near mid ocean ridges. When humans bring carbon in the form of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil) to the surface they rapidly disrupt this balance.

Page 8: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

The annual cycle of vegetation is dominated by flucuations in the Northern hemisphere.

Page 9: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Carbon Reservoirs (stocks)

Page 10: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 11: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Carbon Cycle

Land use changes (deforestation) contribute about 20% to the total anthropogenic emissions of carbon into the atmosphere.

Page 12: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Short Term Carbon Cycle

Page 13: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Short Term Carbon Cycle

Page 14: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 15: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

As atmospheric CO2 increases from photosynthesis or combustion, O2 decreases.

O2 is presently decreasing faster than atmospheric CO2 is increasing. This indicates the importance of the oceans in removing CO2 from the atmosphere.

13C/12C ratios in atmospheric CO2 are lower for human activity than for natural processes.

Page 16: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Seasonal Cycle is driven by Northern Hemisphere Vegetation

When the atmospheric carbon dioxide increases plants are growing or decaying? Circle one. When the atmospheric carbon dioxide decreases plants are growing or decaying? Circle one.

Page 17: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Seasonal Cycle is driven by Northern Hemisphere Vegetation

When the atmospheric carbon dioxide increases plants are growing or decaying? Circle one.

When the atmospheric carbon dioxide decreases plants are growing or decaying? Circle one.

Page 18: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 19: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

From www.learner.org/courses/envsci/ Unit 12

http://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/
Page 20: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 21: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 22: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 23: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are strongly correlated with surface temperatures on most time scales.

Page 24: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

+sunlight

Page 25: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Residence Time

Page 26: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Residence Time

Removal Rate= outflow

Source=inflow

Constant Time

Content

Time Response

Content

lifetime

Content

TimeResident

ContentRR

Page 27: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Residence Time

At equilibrium (steady state) inflow = outflow

Removal Rate= outflow

Source=inflow

TimeResident

Content mEquilibriuSource

timeResidence*SourceContent mEquilibriu

Page 28: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

A lake has an annual average outflow of 5 Mgallons per year (5,000,000 gal/yr) and an annual average content of 10 Mgallons. From this information estimate the residence time for the lake.

If the annual mean inflow into the lake increased to 20 Mgallons/yr what would be the new steady state content of the lake?

Page 29: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

A lake has an annual average outflow of 5 Mgallons per year (5,000,000 gal/yr) and an annual average content of 10 Mgallons. From this information estimate the residence time for the lake.

If the annual mean inflow into the lake increased to 20 Mgallons/yr what would be the new steady state content of the lake?

yr2Mgal/yr 5

Mgal 10TimeResident

TimeResident

105 or

TimeResident

ContentRR

timeResidence*SourceContent StateSteady =20 Mgal/yr*2 yr=40 Mgal

Page 30: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

CFC-12 has an atmospheric lifetime of 100 yrs. In the 1980s the emission rate of CFC-12 was 22 ppt/yr.

What is the corresponding equilibrium concentration of CFC-12?

Page 31: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

CFC-12 has an atmospheric lifetime of 100 yrs. In the 1980s the emission rate of CFC-12 was 22 ppt/yr.

What is the corresponding equilibrium concentration of CFC-12?

timeResidence*SourceContent StateSteady =22 ppt/yr*100yr=2200 ppt

Note: the highest CFC -12 concentration level reached was 540 ppt. International agreements to phase out production and use of CFC-12 ( reduce emissions) were able to keep levels down.

Page 32: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

CFC-12 has an atmospheric lifetime of 100 yrs. In the 1980s the emission rate of CFC-12 was 22 ppt/yr.

What emission rate (source) would limit the steady state atmospheric concentration of CFC-12 to 500 ppt?

Page 33: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

CFC-12 has an atmospheric lifetime of 100 yrs. In the 1980s the emission rate of CFC-12 was 22 ppt/yr.

What emission rate (source) would limit the steady state atmospheric concentration of CFC-12 to 500 ppt?

ppt/yr 5 yr 100

ppt 500

timeResidence

ionConcentrat StateSteady sourceEmission

or

timeResidence*SourceContent StateSteady

=22 ppt/yr*100yr=2200 ppt

This is less than 25% of the 1980s emission rate.

Page 34: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

The solubility of water increases with decreasing temperature.

Page 35: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Positive climate feedback

Page 36: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Phytoplankton shell: Diatom (SiO2)

Page 37: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Phytoplankton Shell: coccolithophorid (CaCO3

Page 38: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Zooplankton shell: Foraminifer (CaCO3)

Page 39: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Zooplankton shell: Radiolarian SiO2

Page 40: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

More Ice on continents leaves more 18O in oceans

Page 41: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Carbon Cycle

Total flux from land use changes 1.6 (1.6/8) =20 % of the total flux from both Fossil Fuel and land use change (1.6+6.4=8.0)

Page 42: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Ocean Biological Pump. Slowly taking Carbon to the seafloor for ultimate burial. Most of this carbon is recycled back to the surface a very small fraction is removed from the ocean into the deep earth.

Page 43: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 44: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Coastal Zone Color scanner

Page 45: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=1297

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=1297
Page 46: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 47: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 48: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Porosity: the fraction of rock that is pore spacePermeability: the ability of a fluid to be able to flow through a rock formation.Gas, oil, and water are often trapped in porous rock with an impermeable cap. Gas on top, then oil, then water

water

Page 49: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 50: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 51: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

pH 7.0 is neutral (not acidic not alkaline) less than 7.0 is acidic greater than 7.0 is alkaline. pH of 2.0 is highly acidic.

Page 52: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 53: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 54: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 55: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 56: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Long term Carbon Cycle

Page 57: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Draw a causal loop diagramDescribing the feedback structure at left. Is this a positive or negative feedback structure?

Page 58: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

All loops are negative feedbacks

Page 59: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Weather of carbonate rock does not change atmospheric CO2 levels

Page 60: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Weather of silicate rock removes CO2 from the atmosphere

Page 61: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

From www.learner.org/courses/envsci/ Unit 1

http://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/
Page 62: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 63: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Outgassing is the release of CO2 via volcanic activity and seafloor spreading. Over the long term (millions of years) the CO2 flux from outgassing is in near balance with the removal of carbon from the subduction of carbonate sediments.

Page 64: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 65: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 66: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 67: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 68: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 69: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 70: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.
Page 71: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Small fragmented rocks have much more surface area compared to large rocks and hence weather more easily.

Page 72: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

80 % of chemically weathered ions in Amazon come from the Andes.

The Andes have been uplifted in the past 20 Million years.

Page 73: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Most uplift in the western US region occurred 70 to 45 Myr ago

Page 74: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

Biomass growth (Lichen) on rocks can enhance the weathering process.

Page 75: Carbon Cycle. 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg


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