Carbon Compounds Organic Chemistry What makes carbon special? 1.Four valence electrons 2.Bonds with many elements 3.Forms covalent bonds 4.Bonds are singular.

Carbon CompoundsOrganic ChemistryCarbon CompoundsOrganic Chemistry

What makes carbon special?1. Four valence electrons2. Bonds with many elements3. Forms covalent bonds4. Bonds are singular or multiple5. Forms complex structures

The 4 organic molecules found in living things

The 4 organic molecules found in living things

1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Nucleic Acids4. Proteins

ChemistryChemistryWhat is the chemistry of “life”?

Twenty-five chemicals are necessary for life and four create about 96 % of living matter: 1.Carbon2.Oxygen3.Hydrogen4.Nitrogen.

COHN

The Atom and Periodic Tablehttp://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0501/es0501page01.cfm

Forming MacromoleculesForming Macromolecules

1. MonomersA. SugarsB. Glycerol & TriglyceridesC. Amino AcidsD. Nucleotides

2. Polymers / Macromolecules

Polymerization

1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids

Function:1.Energy storage (4 KCal/g)2.Structural support

Carbohydrates Ratio: C-H-O 1:2:1

Carbohydrates are composed of chains of Polysaccharides, which are made from monosaccharides.

Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis

Sucrose – a disaccharide

LipidsLipidsFunction:1. Energy Storage (9 KCal/g )2. Biological Membranes 3. Chemical Messengers (steroids)

A. What makes a lipid saturated,unsaturated or polyunsaturated?

B. At room temperature what do these fats look like?

Lipids (fats, oils, waxes) = Glycerol + 3 fatty acids (Triglycerides)

Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsFunction:1. Stores genetic information (RNA & DNA)

A nucleotide is made of:1. A phosphate group2. A 5 carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose3. A nitrogenous base

ProteinsProteinsAn amino acid is made of:1. Amino Group NH2

2. Carboxyl Group COOH3. The “R” Group

How many amino acids are there?

Function:1. Tissue – bones & muscle2. Control – enzymes & hormones3. Transport – cell membranes

R GroupsR Groups

Activation Energy – Speed of Collision!

Activation Energy – Speed of Collision!

Any chemical reaction results in the breaking of some bonds (needing energy) and the making of new ones (releasing energy).

Activation EnergyActivation Energy

Propane Torchhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdORL1xyX5M

Activation Energyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbIaK6PLrRM

Exothermic Reactionhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80Q3GgeeIVM

Exothermic – little energy input but has high energy output*Tend to be explosive – gives off energy - fireplace

Endothermic – requires more energy input for energy output - absorbs energy – melting ice or evaporating water

Activation Energyhttp://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/enzymes/enzymes.html

EnzymesEnzymesHow does an enzyme impact activation energy? - LowersEnzymes are what organic molecule? - ProteinHow much faster are reactions? – 10 millionEnzymes:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLr7_2wnIXU

Enzymes:1. Are specific to one chemical reaction2. Are not themselves part of the reaction3. They can be turned on and off4. Work at specific temperature ranges5. Work at specific pH ranges

Enzyme Activity is impacted by1. pH (your blood 7.4)2. Temperature (body 37celcius)

The pH affects the conformational state of the enzyme. At the optimum pH the enzyme assumes the optimum 3D conformation allowing for efficient substrate binding.