CARBON AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
Jan 15, 2016
CARBON AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
OBJECTIVESDescribe properties of macromolecules important
to life: • Carbohydrates• Nucleic acids• Proteins• Lipids
• Know how polymers are assembled and dismantled
ORGANIC MOLECULES
ATOMS & MOLECULES• There are various ways to write a
chemical formula
MACROMOLECULES BY WAY
OF POLYMERIZATION
• Monosaccharides
• Nucleotides
• Amino acids
Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer
Monomer
Monomer
MonomerPolymer
Polymerization
(bonding together of monomers)
GENERIC POLYMERIZATION REACTION
BUILDING POLYMERS
Constructing
Polymers:
• Dehydration (Condensation) Reaction
DISMANTLING POLYMERS
Breaking
Down Polymers:
• Hydrolysis Reaction:
CARBOHYDRATESMonosaccharides:• Building block (monomer)
for
CARBOHYDRATESMonosaccharides:• Glucose as a linear, ring and
abbreviated ring structure
CARBOHYDRATES:MONOSACCHARIDES
CARBOHYDRATESDisaccharides:• 2 Monosaccharides
hooked together
CARBOHYDRATESPolysaccharides:• Many monosaccharides
hooked together
NUCLEIC ACIDS• Store and transmit
• Composed of
NUCLEIC ACIDSA String of Nucleotides• Nucleotide Structure:
STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEOTIDE
NUCLEIC ACIDS• Nucleotides are connected by
– Result of condensation rxns.
NUCLEIC ACIDS• DNA:
• RNA:
3´ 5´
C G
U
U
C
CG
G
A
A
RNA Loop
Base Pairing in RNA
PROTEINNumerous
Functions:
PROTEINS• Proteins are composed of
20 possible amino acids
20 AminoAcids
Note: VariableR Group
PROTEINSWhen Amino Acids Link,a Peptide Results:
• Dipeptide:
– Two amino acids connected
PROTEINSWhen Amino Acids
Link,
a Peptide Results:
• Polypeptide:
– Many amino acids joined together
PROTEINSLevels of Organization:
1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Quaternary
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Primary Level:
PROTEIN STRUCTURESecondary Level:
Helix:
• Pleated Sheet:
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Tertiary Level:
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Quaternary Level:
PROTEIN
PROTEIN FORM & FUNCTIONForm & Function Are Correlated!
– The function of a protein depends on its specific
conformation
LOSS OF PROTEIN FUNCTIONGenetics:
LOSS OF PROTEIN FUNCTION
The Environment:– Denaturation:
Protein denatured
LIPIDSLipids:
LIPIDSFunctions Include:
LIPIDSLipids:
– Most important types found in cells:
TYPES OF LIPIDS
Steroids:
– Includes:
TYPES OF LIPIDSPhospholipids:
– Play structural role
– Are “amphipathic”:
Fats: • Serve as a source of
– Usually in form of
– Formed through
TYPES OF LIPIDS
TYPES OF LIPIDSFats:
– Saturated versus unsaturated fats