Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016 Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 1 Capítulo 34 Filo Chordata- Cordados Preparada por: Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó y Dra. Vivian Navas Departamento de Biología Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade Description Cephalochordata (lancelets) Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders that exhibit four key derived characters of chordates Marine suspension feeders; larvae display the derived traits of chordates Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae; have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and other sensory organs Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reduced vertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a live fish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton, a derived trait formed by the reduction of an ancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton and maneuverable fins supported by rays Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still surviving in Indian Ocean Freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills; sister group of tetrapods Have four limbs descended from modified fins; most have moist skin that functions in gas exchange; many live both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amniotic eggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for life on land Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-laying monotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials (such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians (placental mammals, such as rodents, primates) Urochordata (tunicates) Myxini (hagfishes) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfishes) Amphibia (salamanders, frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizards and snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds) Mammalia (monotremes, marsupials, eutherians) Amniotes: amniotic egg, rib cage ventilation Tetrapods: four limbs, neck, fused pelvic girdle Lobe-fins: muscular fins or limbs Osteichthyans: bony skeleton Gnathostomes: hinged jaws, four sets of Hox genes Vertebrates: Hox genes duplication, backbone of vertebrae Chordates: notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; post-anal tail Figure 34.2Phylogeny of living chordates Echinodermata Cephalochordata Urochordata Myxini Petromyzontida Chondrichthyes Actinopterygii Actinistia Dipnoi Amphibia Reptilia Mammalia Milk Amniotic egg Limbs with digits Lobed fins Lungs or lung derivatives Jaws, mineralized skeleton Vertebrae Common ancestor of chordates Chordates Vertebrates Gnathostomes Osteichthyans Lobe-fins Tetrapods Amniotes Notochord ANCESTRAL DEUTERO- STOME Filo Chordata • 3er filo más grande • Incluye peces (cartilaginosos y óseos), anfibios, reptiles (con aves) y mamíferos (incluyendo al humano)
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Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 1
Capítulo 34 Filo Chordata- Cordados
Preparada por:Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó y Dra. Vivian Navas
Departamento de BiologíaRecinto Universitario de Mayagüez
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
• 3er filo más grande• Incluye peces (cartilaginosos y óseos),
anfibios, reptiles (con aves) y mamíferos (incluyendo al humano)
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 2
Fig. 34-3 Chordate characteristics
Dorsal,hollow
nerve cord
AnusMuscular,
post-anal tail
Pharyngealslits or clefts
Notochord
Mouth
Musclesegments
Filo Chordata
• Los cordados poseen las siguentes 4 características unitarias en algún momento de su desarrollo:
• 1. Notocordio - cordón dorsal longitudinal-parecido a varilla flexible- función: dar soporte al cuerpo. En peces y demás vertebrados el notocordio es sustituido por cráneo y columna vertebral. En humanos lo que queda del notocordio son los discos gelatinosos entre las vértebras
• 2. Cordón nervioso dorsal - persiste en adultos de todos los cordados. Corre por encima de notocordio en los vertebrados y se ensancha en extremo anterior para formar el cerebro. Forma sistema nervioso central (cordón nervioso y cerebro) En vertebrados el cordón nervioso y cerebro están protegidos por columna vertebral y cráneo
Continua- cordados
3. Hendiduras faríngeas -cortes a ambos lados de la faringe función para filtrar agua en cordados primitivos, en peces las hendiduras tienen branquias para extraer oxígeno del agua. Presentes solo en los embriones de vertebrados terrestres (se desarrolla en estructuras del oído y otras estructuras de la cabeza).
4. Rabo o cola - prolongación del cuerpo posterior al ano. Función original: natación. En mayoría de los adultos se reduce.
Filo Chordata-se divide en 2 grupos:
A. Invertebrados (cordados invertebrados):A. Subfilo Urochordata - Tunicados (parecen esponjas
y viven pegados a rocas y raíces de mangle. Se alimentan de materia orgánica que filtran del agua en las hendiduras. Agua entra por un sifón, se filtra en hendiduras y sale por otro sifón
B. Subfilo Cephalochordata - Lancetas de mar que viven enterradas en la arena. y también se alimentan de materia orgánica que filtran del agua en las hendiduras
B. Subfilo Vertebrata : - cordados con columna vertebral y cráneo.
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 3
Figure 34.3 Subphylum Urochordata: a tunicate
Cephalochordate body plan: lancelet
Subfilo Vertebrata (cordados vertebrados)
• Columna vertebral y cráneo cartilaginoso u óseo
• Cordón nervioso dorsal y hueco• Sistema circulatorio cerrado• Incluye 2 super clases; peces (Piscis) y
vertebrados de cuatro patas (Tetrápodos)
Figure 34.0 A snake skeleton exhibits defining characteristic of a vertebrate
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
• Peces con esqueleto cartilaginoso • Con mandíbula (gnathostomados)• Con escamas (microscópicas)• Aletas pareadas (pectoral y pélvica)• Tiburones y rayas (mantarraya)• Tiburón - Cuerpo mas denso que agua-tiene que
nadar constantemente para mantenerse a una profundidad (no vejiga natatoria)
• Tiburones son depredadores con buena visión y olfato y sensores para detectar presas que están cerca
Figure 34.11 Cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes): Great white shark (top left), silky shark (top right), southern stingray (bottom left), blue spotted stingray
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
• Huevo amniótico o cleidoico• Tortugas, jicotea, cocodrilos, caimanes,
lagartos, serpientes, Dinosaurios, AVES
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 10
Fig. 34-25 The amniotic egg
Yolk sac
Amnioticcavitywithamnioticfluid
Chorion
Amnion
Albumen
Yolk(nutrients)
Allantois
Embryo
Shell
Extant reptiles (other than birds)Desert tortoise (top left), lizard (top right), king snake (bottom left), alligators (bottom right)
Clase Reptilia
• 4 adaptaciones que les permitieron independizarse del agua
– Piel impermeable con escamas de queratina-protegen piel y evitan pérdida de agua
– Producción de acido úrico - (desperdicio nitrogenado seco-que les ahorra agua pues puede excretarse casi seco- parte blanca de excremento de lagartos)
– Fecundación interna - óvulo y espermatozoide se encuentran dentro del cuerpo de la hembra
– -caja pectoral (con costillas) para ventilación– Huevo amniótico-con cascarón –(puede colocarse lejos de
agua pues cascarón reduce pérdida de agua)- Embrión se desarrolla en interior acuoso del huevo
Fig. 34-26 Hatching reptiles
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 11
Datos sobre reptiles en PR• Lagartijos que encontramos
en las casas es de las especies más agresivas (machos hacen push-ups para marcar territorio)
• Nuestra serpiente nativa más grande (Chilabothrus inornata o Epicrates inornatus) alcanza los 7 pies y no es venenosa. Rodea con su cuerpo para asfixiar a sus presas (ej. ratas, sapos, aves)
Fig. 34-30A small sample of
living birds
(a) Emu
(b) Mallards
(c) Laysan albatrosses
(d) Barn swallows
Clade Aves ( dentro de Clase Reptilia)
• Evolucionaron de dinosaurios • Presencia de plumas –evolucionaron de escamas
– Función: para conservar calor del cuerpo y luego permitió volar• Adaptaciones para poder volar
– Plumas livianas– Esqueleto liviano– Cuerpo compacto y fusiforme-poca resistencia al aire– Quijada liviana- no dientes sino pico– Sistema respiratorio alto volumen- sacos aéreos– Metabolismo alto-– Visión excelente
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
premolares (trozar) y molares (moler)• Cerebro muy desarrollado- animales mas inteligentes• Temperatura del cuerpo constante• Sistema nervioso bien desarrollado• Diafragma muscular• Tres subclases de mamiferos
– Mamíferos Monotremos (Monotremata) - Platipo y erizo hormiguero-ponen huevos
– Mamíferos Marsupiales (Metatheria) -canguros –paren embrión que se arrastra al vientre, entra al saco marsupio con tetilla y sigue su desarrollo
– Mamíferos Placentarios (Eutheria) - embrión se desarrolla dentro del útero con placenta para nutrición y oxígeno. (clasificados en 16 órdenes)
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 13
Fig. 34-32Short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), an Australian monotreme
Macropius giganteus
Macropius giganteus soon after birth
Figure 34.35 A phylogenetic tree of primates
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 14
Patrones de circulación
Mecanismos de
ventilación Sistema Nervioso
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 15
Estrategias reproductivas
– Ovíparos : deposita huevos en el medio externo donde completan su desarrollo - aves, tortugas, cocodrilos, muchos peces, muchos anfibios y reptiles.
– Ovovivíparos : huevos permanecen dentro del cuerpo de la hembra hasta su eclosión. No salen del cuerpo materno hasta que está muy adelantado su desarrollo - muchos tiburones, otros peces, algunos anfibios y reptiles
– Vivíparos : embrión se desarrolla en el útero (u oviducto) de la hembra y es alimentado por la sangre materna (placenta u otra estructura) -humanos
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)