Slide 1Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008
Pearson Education Australia
ACCOUNTING FOR MANAGEMENT DECISIONS
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Learning Objectives
State the four common capital investment appraisal methods
Demonstrate an understanding of the ‘accounting rate of return
method’
Demonstrate an understanding of the ‘payback method’
Demonstrate an understanding of the ‘net present value
method’
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Learning Objectives cont’d
Demonstrate an understanding of the ‘internal rate of return
method’
Explain the notion of present values and identify alternative means
of determining present values
Convert forecast profit flows into cash flows
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
The Nature of Investment Decisions
The essential feature of investment decisions is the time
factor
Making an outlay of cash which is expected to yield economic
benefits to the investor at some other point in time
Investment decisions are of crucial importance for the following
reasons:
Large amounts of resources are often involved, therefore if
mistakes are made, the effect can be catastrophic
It is often difficult and expensive to ‘bail out’ of an investment
once it has been made
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Methods of Investment Appraisal
There are four main methods used in practice to evaluate investment
opportunities:
accounting rate of return (ARR)
payback period (PP)
internal rate of return (IRR)
Some smaller businesses may use informal methods such as manager’s
instincts
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Accounting Rate of Return (ARR)
ARR takes the average accounting profit the investment will
generate, and expresses it as a percentage of the average
investment in the project as measured in accounting terms:
The calculation requires two figures:
The annual average profit
Note that this method uses profit not cash
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Accounting Rate of Return cont’d
ARR Decision Rules:
For any project to be accepted, it must achieve a target ARR as a
minimum;
If there are competing projects that exceed the minimum rate, the
one with the highest ARR would normally be chosen
Advantages of ARR:
Easy to calculate and understand
Is a measure of profitability that is consistent with ROA (based on
accrual performance)
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Accounting Rate of Return cont’d
Problems with ARR:
ARR uses accounting profit, however over the life of a project,
cash flows matter more than accounting profits
ARR fails to take into consideration the time value of money
The ARR method presents averaging difficulties when considering
competing projects of different size
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Payback Period (PP)
PP = The length of time taken to recover the amount of the
investment
Payback = Initial investment/annual cash inflow
If the annual cash inflow varies, then payback is when the
cumulative cash inflows equal the initial investment
Decision Rules:
For a project to be acceptable it would need to have a maximum
payback period
If there are competing projects, the project with the shorter
payback period would be chosen
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Payback
Disadvantages of PP:
Disregards timing of cash flows, excludes post payback period cash
flows
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Net Present Value (NPV)
NPV = PVinflows – PVoutflows
Net present Value is the sum of the cash flows associated with a
project, after discounting at an appropriate rate, reflecting the
time value of money
Time value of money - $1 received today is worth more than $1
received in 10 years time
NPV Decision Rules:
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Net present value
Advantages of NPV:
Considers all of the costs and benefits of each investment
opportunity
Makes allowance for the timing of these costs and benefits
Considers the time value of money
Disadvantages of NPV
More difficult to calculate, less easily understood
Does not determine actual rate of return or a relative measure of
return
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
NPV cont’d - Using Discount Tables
Deducing the PV of the various cash flows used in the NPV method is
laborious, with each cash flow being multiplied by 1 / (1+r)n
A quicker method is to refer to a table of discount factors (see
appendix at end of chapter 11) for a range of values of r and
n
A discount factor is a rate applied to future cash flows to derive
the present value of those cash flows
Opportunity rate is usually referred to as the discount rate and is
effectively the reverse of compounding
Financial calculators and spreadsheets are also a practical
approach to dealing with calculating the PV of future cash
flows
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Capital investment decisions
11.1 Self assessment question
Beacon Chemicals Ltd is considering the erection of a new plant to
produce a chemical named X14. the new plant’s capital cost is
estimated at $100,000 and if its construction is approved now the
plant can be erected and commence production by the end of 2008.
$50,000 has alread been spent on research and development
work.
Estimates of revenues and costs arising from the operation of the
new plant appear below:
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Capital investment decisions
If the new plant is erected, sales of some current products will be
lost and this will result in a loss of contribution of $15,000 per
year over its life.
The accountant has informed you that the fixed costs include
depreciation of 420,000 per annum on new plant, and an allocation
of $10,000 for fixed overheads. A separate study shows that if the
new plant was built, its construction would incur additional
overheads, excluding depreciation, of $8,000 per year, and it would
require additional working capital of $30,000. for the purposes of
your initial calculations ignore taxation.
Required:
Deduce the relevant annual cash flows associated with building and
operating the plant.
Deduce the payback period
Calculate the net present value using a discount rate of 8%
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Capital Investment Decisions
a)Relevant cash flows
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Capital Investment decisions
Year 3 77
Therefore the plant will have repaid the initial investment by the
end of the third year of operations. The payback period is close to
2 years, 11 months.
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Capital investment decisions
c)Net present value
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Net Present Value (NPV) cont’d
The discount rate and the cost of capital
The cost to the business of the finance it will use to fund the
investment if it goes ahead is effectively the opportunity cost and
is therefore the appropriate discount rate to use in NPV
assessments
It would not be appropriate to use the specific cost of capital as
the discount rate for NPV assessments as earlier or later projects
might have different specific funding
It would also be inappropriate to use different discount rates for
different projects
The overall weighted average cost of capital (WACC) should be used
as the discount rate
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Net Present Value (NPV) cont’d
Why NPV is superior to ARR and PP
The timing of the cash flows - discounting the various cash flows
when they are expected to arise acknowledges that not all cash
flows occur simultaneously
The whole of the relevant cash flows - NPV includes all of the
relevant cash flows irrespective of when they are expected to
occur
The objectives of the business - NPV is the only method in which
the output bears directly on the wealth of the business
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Net Present Value (NPV) cont’d
Two potential limitations with NPV:
The actual return percentage is unknown - NPV simply reveals if the
projected return is either higher (+) or lower (-) than the
discount rate, not how much higher or lower
Ranking of alternative projects - NPV does not enable ranking of
positive projects and therefore the best investment strategy may
not be determined
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Discounted Payback
Whereas the payback period (PP) method does not take into
consideration the time value of money, discounted payback compares
the initial cost with the cash inflows after discounting
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
IRR Method:
IRR Decision Rule:
Advantages of IRR:
Is based on all cash flows, incorporates the time value of money,
specifies an actual expected return
Disadvantages of IRR:
Difficult to calculate, there may be multiple returns, is not based
on wealth increments
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) cont’d
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Some Practical Points
Relevant costs should be determined and used, e.g. ignore costs
already incurred, past costs etc.
Future costs should also in some cases be ignored e.g. costs that
will be incurred whether or not the project goes ahead
Opportunity costs arising from benefits foregone must be
included
Taxation on profits and also tax relief should be accounted
for
Interest payments should not be included when using DCF techniques
as the discount factor already takes account of cost of
financing
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Investment Appraisal in Practice
Research shows that businesses tend to use more than one method to
assess each investment decision
NPV and IRR seem to be the more popular methods used in
practice
ARR and PP continue to be popular despite their shortcomings and
the rise of popularity of the DCF methods
Large businesses tend to use the discounting methods and apply
multiple methods for each decision
Atrill, McLaney, Harvey, Jenner: Accounting 4e © 2008 Pearson
Education Australia
Investment Appraisal and Planning Systems
Investment appraisal methods are an important part of the planning
and decision-making process
Cash flow estimates need to be prepared in a competent manner such
that the implications of following through on the estimates are
clear
Capital investment appraisal needs to be fully integrated in the
broader strategic planning and decision making system
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