CAPE Physics Syllabus 2008

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CXC A16/U2/07

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PHYSICS Effective for examinations from May/June 2008



ii

Published by the Caribbean Examinations

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or

transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior

permission of the author or publisher.

Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to:

The Pro-Registrar

Caribbean Examinations Council

Caenwood Centre

37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica, W.I.

Telephone: (876) 630-5200

Facsimile Number: (876) 967-4972

E-mail address: [email protected]

Website: www.cxc.org

Copyright © 2007 by Caribbean Examinations Council

The Garrison, St Michael BB14038, Barbados

CXC A16/U2/07

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.cxc.org/

http://www.cxc.org/

mailto:[email protected]



Contents

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CXC A16/U2/07



ii

This document CXC A16/U2/07 replaces CXC A16/U2/01 issued in 2001.

Please note that the syllabus was revised and amendments are indicated by italics.

First issued 1999 Revised 2001 Revised 2007

Please check the website, www.cxc.org f or updates on CXC’s syllabuses.

CXC A16/U2/07

http://www.cxc.org/

http://www.cxc.org/



#

Introduction

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CXC A16/U2/07



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(>HE9=9@A:G =A@8B 9:8 H:AM;J8J @A @78 :;K7@ AF BA?8 BH8D;F;D A<Y8D@;M8B3 $78B8 =A@8B H:AM;J8 FC:@78: KC;J9=D8 @A @89D78:B 9B @A

@78 E8M8E AF J8@9;E :8OC;:8J3

$7 8 B ; = K E 8 C = J 8 : E ; = ; = K A F 9 B H 8 D ; F ; D A < Y 8 D @ ; M 8 9=J ;@B 8>HE9=9@A:G =A@8B2 ;=J;D9@8 @7AB8 9:89B AF @78 BGEE9<CB @79@ 9:8BC;@9<E8 FA: H:9D@;D9E IA:P3 4AI8M8:2 H:9D@;D9E IA:P B7ACEJ =A@ =8D8BB9:;EG <8 E;?;@8J @A @78B8 A<Y8D@;M8B3

#@ ;B :8DA??8=J8J @79@ AF @78 9HH:A>;?9@8EG VW 7AC:B BCKK8B@8J FA: 89D7 /AJCE82 9 ?;=;?C? AF 9<AC@ &W 7AC:B <8 BH8=@ A=

E9<A:9@A:GX:8E9@8J 9D@;M;@;8B2 BCD7 9B DA=JCD@;=K 8>H8:;?8=@B2 ?9P;=K F;8EJ @:;HB 9=J M;8I;=K 9CJ;AXM;BC9E ?9@8:;9EB3

5 CXC A16/U2/07



◆ UNIT 1: MECHANICS, WAVES, PROPERTIES OF MATTER MODULE 1: MECHANICS

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

%M PQU[\HVKQM QR VGKY ,QN]\H< YV]NHMVY YGQ]\N;

+) ]MNHJYVIMN [GSYKPI\ `]IMVKVKHYc

1) I[[\S VGH -$ YSYVHU QR ]MKVY IMN YVIMNIJN PQMOHMVKQMYc

A) YQ\OH [JQL\HUY QR LQNKHY IV JHYV< KM ]MKRQJU UQVKQM< QJ ]MKRQJU\S IPPH\HJIVHN UQVKQM ]MNHJ VGH

KMR\]HMPH QR RQJPHY KM QMH IMN V^Q NKUHMYKQMYc

C) I[[JHPKIVH VGH HRRHPVY QR RQJPHY IPVKMZ QM I LQNSc

9) ]MNHJYVIMN VGH [JKMPK[\H QR PQMYHJOIVKQM QR HMHJZSc

?) NHYKZM IMN PIJJS Q]V HT[HJKUHMVY VQ VHYV JH\IVKQMYGK[Y LHV^HHM [GSYKPI\ `]IMVKVKHYc

R3 9HH:8D;9@8 @79@ @78 ?89BC:8?8=@ AF 9 H7GB;D9E OC9=@;@G ;B BC<Y8D@ @A C=D8:@9;=@G3

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

?J D/I01=*% KH*"8181&0

EXPLANATORY NOTES

-V]NHMVY YGQ]\N LH IL\H VQ;

+)+ 8>H:8BB H7GB;D9E OC9=@;@;8B 9B 9 =C?8:;D9E

?9K=;@CJ8 9=J C=;@Z

1A?8 OC9=@;@;8B 9:8 J;?8=B;A=E8BB2 FA: 8>9?HE82

:8F:9D@;M8 ;=J8>2 :8E9@;M8 J8=B;@G3

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`]IMVKVKHY< IMN YVIVH HTIU[\HYc

+)A PQULKMH IMN JHYQ\OH OHPVQJYc [A@7 K:9H7;D9EEG 9=J <G D9EDCE9@;A=3

-JJ 9=J BC<@:9D@ M8D@A:B CB;=K DA?HA=8=@B3

+)C ?89BC:8 H7GB;D9E OC9=@;@;8B CB;=K 9HH:AH:;9@8;=B@:C?8=@BZ

+)9 DA=B@:CD@ 9=J CB8 D9E;<:9@;A= DC:M8BZ "A=XE;=89: DC:M8B ?9G <8 ;=DECJ8J3

6 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1

MODULE 1: MECHANICS (cont’d)

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

D/I01=*% KH*"8181&0 2=#"8>'3

EXPLANATORY NOTES


+)? :89::9=K8 :8E9@;A=B7;HB <8@I88= H7GB;D9E

OC9=@;@;8B BA @79@ E;=89: K:9H7B ?9G <8 HEA@@8JZ

#=DECJ8 EAK9:;@7?;D HEA@B @A @8B@ 8>HA=8=@;9E 9=J

HAI8: E9I M9:;9@;A=B3

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+)@ 8B@;?9@8 @78 C=D8:@9;=@G ;= 9 J8:;M8J OC9=@;@G

F:A? 9D@C9E2 F:9D@;A=9E A: H8:D8=@9K8 C=D8:@9;=@;8B3

EJ 9L 4"180


1)+ B@9@8 @78 <9B8 OC9=@;@;8B ;=DECJ;=K @78;: BG?<AEB

9=J 13#3 C=;@BZ

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;=@8=B;@G 9=J 9?AC=@ AF BC<B@9=D83

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H9K8B S\ ] S^3

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1)C ]YH VGH PQMPH[V QR VGH UQ\H IY VGH `]IMVKVS

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1)9 ]YH [JHRKTHY IMN VGHKJ YSULQ\Y VQ HT[JHYY

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1AEM8 H:A<E8?B I78:8 @78 ;=J;D8B 79M8 @A <8

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1)? CB8 <9B8 C=;@B @A D78DP @78 7A?AK8=8;@G AF

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7 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

MJ @#81#"

EXPLANATORY NOTES


A)+ 8>HE9;= NKY[\IPHUHMV< Y[HHN< OH\QPKVS< IMN

IPPH\HJIVKQMc

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OH\QPKVS< IMN IPPH\HJIVKQM KM I YKMZ\H

NKUHMYKQMc

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A)C NHJKOH H`]IVKQMY JH[JHYHMVKMZ ]MKRQJU\S

IPPH\HJIVHN UQVKQM KM I YKMZ\H NKUHMYKQMc

- =A=XD9EDCECB 9HH:A9D7 ?9G <8 CB8J3

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A)@ YVIVH &H^VQMdY \I^Y QR UQVKQMc -= !"[-)-"*(. 8>@8:=9E FA:D8 ;B :8OC;:8J @A

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A)+F YVIVH VGH [JKMPK[\H QR PQMYHJOIVKQM QR \KMHIJ

UQUHMV]Uc

8 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

EXPLANATORY NOTES

@#81#" 2=#"8>'3


A)++ I[[\S VGH [JKMPK[\H QR PQMYHJOIVKQM QR \KMHIJ

UQUHMV]Uc

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9 KC=3

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H\IYVKP PQ\\KYKQMYc

*AEE;B;A=B B7ACEJ <8 E;?;@8J @A @IA A<Y8D@B A=EG3

A)+A 8>HE9;= IMN ]YH VGH PQMPH[V QR VGH KU[]\YH

QR I RQJPHc

A)+C NJI^ IMN KMVHJ[JHV N X @ ZJI[GYc NA: 8>9?HE82 D9: D:9B73

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UQVKQMc

2JQL\HUY YGQ]\N KMP\]NH ]MKRQJU IPPH\HJIVKQM

QM\S)

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A)+B I[[\S VGH PQMPH[V QR IMZ]\IJ OH\QPKVS VQ

[JQL\HUY KMOQ\OKMZ PKJP]\IJ UQVKQMc

A)+@ I[[\S VGH HT[JHYYKQM VQ [JQL\HUY

KMOQ\OKMZ PKJP]\IJ UQVKQMc

A)+E CB8 8OC9@;A=B FA: D8=@:;H8@9E 9DD8E8:9@;A= 9=J

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A)1F CB8 @78 8OC9@;A=B D;:DCE9: ?A@;A= @A BAEM8H:A<E8?BZ

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A)1+ ]YH &H^VQMdY \I^ QR ]MKOHJYI\ ZJIOKVIVKQM KM

[JQL\HUY KMOQ\OKMZ IVVJIPVKQM LHV^HHM

UIYYHYc

9 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

EXPLANATORY NOTES

@#81#" 2=#"8>'3 -V]NHMVY YGQ]\N LH IL\H VQ;

A)11 8>HE9;= 9=J CB8 @78 @8:? K:9M;@9@;A=9E F;8EJ

B@:8=K@7B Q9@ @78 (9:@7fB BC:F9D8 A: 9<AM8TZC=;@B FA: K'"PK

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IMN VGHKJ I[[\KPIVKQMY)

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NJ 655&=80 #5 O#.=&0


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RQJPHY)

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C)C 9HHEG @78 H:;=D;HE8 AF ?A?8=@B @A BAEM8 H:A<E8?BZ

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H`]K\KLJKI VQ YQ\OH [JQL\HUY)

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U_N>

10 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

EXPLANATORY NOTES

+#"0&.C*81#" #5 6"&.(I 2=#"8>'3


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8=8:KGZ

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9)E NHYPJKLH HTIU[\HY QR HMHJZS PQMOHJYKQMc $MP\]NH HTIU[\HY QPP]JJKMZ KM KMN]YVJS IMN

KM HOHJS3NIS \KRH)

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(U[GIYKY YGQ]\N LH QM UHIY]JHY ^GKPG IJHY]KVHN VQ VJQ[KPI\ P\KUIVHY \K_H VGH :IJKLLHIM)

11 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1


9H((&08&' Q&*=/1"( *"' R&*."1"( F=81C181&0

$A F9D;E;@9@8 B@CJ8=@Bf 9@@9;=?8=@ AF @78 A<Y8D@;M8B AF @7;B /AJCE82 @89D78:B 9:8 9JM;B8J @A 8=K9K8 B@CJ8=@B ;= @89D7;=K 9=J

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Y^KMZc \QQ[ QR NH\KOHJS)

1) $MOHYVKZIVH RIPVQJY KMR\]HMPKMZ NHOKIVKQM QR I YVJ]P_ PJKP_HV LI\\< QJ IMS LI\\< RJQU IM KNHI\ [IJILQ\KP

[IVG< RQJ HTIU[\H< RIPVQJY Y]PG IY IVUQY[GHJKP PQMNKVKQMY QJ NHRHPVY KM VGH LI\\)

A) $MOHYVKZIVH VGH HRRHPV QR VGH gRQ\\Q^ VGJQ]ZGh QM VGH UQVKQM QR YVJ]P_ LI\\Y KM NKRRHJHMV LI\\ Y[QJVY< RQJ

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9) /HYKZM IMN PQMYVJ]PV HMHJZS PQMOHJYKQM UQNH\Y< RQJ HTIU[\H< YQ\IJ→ H\HPVJKPKVS)

?) $MOHYVKZIVH HRRKPKHMPS QR NKRRHJHMV HMHJZS PQMOHJYKQM UQNH\Y)

B) $MOHYVKZIVH ]YHR]\ HMHJZS PQMYHJOIVKQM UHPGIMKYUY I[[\KPIL\H VQ VGH NHYKZM IMN PQMYVJ]PVKQM QR

L]K\NKMZY KM VGH :IJKLLHIM)

12 CXC A16/U2/07







UNIT 1


THE DISTRIBUTION OF ERRORS IN PHYSICAL MEASURMENTS

Re f e r t o S p e c i f i c O b j e c t i v e 1 . 7

Ai m :

$A 8>9?;=8 7AI 8::A:B 9:8 J;B@:;<C@8J ;= ?89BC:8?8=@B AF 9 H7GB;D9E OC9=@;@G3

Me t h o d :

$78 8>H8:;?8=@ ;B J;M;J8J ;=@A @7:88 B8D@;A=B3

-3

$78 "A:?9E .;B@:;<C@;A=

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15 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1


+9=JA? 8::A:B B7ACEJ D9CB8 @78 7;B@AK:9? @A 9HH:A>;?9@8EG FAEEAI 9 <8EEXB79H8J DC:M8 D9EE8J @78 "A : ?9 E .; B @ : ; < C @ ; A = 3

"AI D9EDCE9@8 @78 ?89= M9EC8 AF @78 ?89BC:8?8=@B2 2 CB;=K @78 FA:?CE9'

_ =; >; I78:8 "_@A@9E =C?<8: AF HA;=@B 9=J >; D9= 79M8 6 ] 6W3 /9:P @78 ?89= M9EC8 A= @78 7;B@AK:9?3

N;=9EEG2 =A@8 A= GAC: H9H8: I78:8 @78 ?89= M9EC8 >; ;B EAD9@8J 9=J :8HAB;@;A= GAC: H9H8: A= @78 BAF@ <A9:J3 !B8 @78 ?8@8:

:CE8 H:AM;J8J @A A<@9;= @78 78;K7@ AF @78 ?89= M9EC8 > ; 9<AM8 @78 FEAA:3 (>9 ? H E 8 ' 1CHHAB8 _ V3& EAD9@8 @78 78;K7@ AF

B8D@;A= V3& 9<AM8 @78 K:AC=J E8M8E3 Q#@ IACEJ <8 9<AC@ 6VW ] && D?T3 "A@8 @79@ V3W :8F8:B @A @78 ?;JHA;=@B AF B8D@;A= V 9=J

W3& ;B W3& > @78 J;B@9=D8 <8@I88= @78 ?;JHA;=@B AF B8D@;A=B V 9=J ^3

-EBA ?89BC:8 J;:8D@EG @78 78;K7@ AF GAC: 8G8B 9<AM8 @78 FEAA:3

*A??8=@ A= GAC: :8BCE@B3

[3

1@9=J9:J .8M;9@;A=

$78 J8K:88 @A I7;D7 =C?8:;D9E J9@9 9:8 BD9@@8:8J 9<AC@ 9= 9M8:9K8 M9EC8 ;B D9EE8J @78 J;BH8:B;A= AF @78 J9@93 *A??A=

?89BC:8B AF @78 J;BH8:B;A= 9:8 @78 ?89= J8M;9@;A= 9=J @78 B@9=J9:J J8M;9@;A= ?9G <8 CB8J3

#F J9@9 9:8 K:ACH8J BCD7 @79@ >62 >& k33ADDC: I;@7 F:8OC8=D;8B =; >; @78 FAEEAI;=K FA:? AF B@9=J9:J J8M;9@;A= ?9G <8 CB83

B_

1?9EE M9EC8B AF B@9=J9:J J8M;9@;A= ;=J;D9@8 @79@ @78:8 ;B =A@ ?CD7 J;BH8:B;A= A: BD9@@8: AF @78 J9@93

WKX NA: @78 J9@9 A<@9;=8J ;= H9:@ Q-T AF @78 8>H8:;?8=@ D9EDCE9@8 @78 B@9=J9:J J8M;9@;A=3

16 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1


WKKX ,AC: 8>H8:;?8=@9E M9EC8 FA: GAC: 8G8 E8M8E ;B2 @78:8FA:82 B3 (>H:8BB @7;B ;B @8:? AF 78;K7@B3 Q+8?8?<8: GAC 79M8

9E:89JG FAC=J F:A? Q-T3 (>9 ? H E 8 ' 1CHHAB8 B _ 63g3 #F 89D7 B8D@;A= ;= GAC: 8>H8:;?8=@9E B788@ I9B 63V D?

I;J82 @78= B _ 63g ;?HE;8B 63g>63V_&36 D?3

,AC: 8>H8:;?8=@9E M9EC8 FA: GAC: 8G8 E8M8E ;B ;= D? B ;= D?3

*3

+8H89@ @78 8>H8:;?8=@ <G B@9=J;=K 9@ 9 EA=K8: J;B@9=D8 Qb @A & @;?8B GAC: H:8M;ACB @7:AI;=K J;B@9=D8T 9I9G F:A?

@78 <A9:J3 ,AC ?9G 79M8 @A CB8 ?A:8 B788@B F;:?EG F9B@8=8J @AK8@78: BA @79@ 9EE GAC: @7:AIB E9=J A= @78 B788@B3 ,AC

?9G 9EBA 79M8 @A J;M;J8 GAC: B788@B ;=@A ?A:8 B8D@;A=B AF 9HH:A>;?9@8EG & D? @A DAM8: 9EE GAC: HA;=@B3

LEA@ 9 7;B@AK:9? AF @78 =8I :8BCE@B 9=J D9EDCE9@8 B ;= D? 9K9;=3

*A??8=@ A= GAC: :8BCE@B3

17 CXC A16/U2/07





UNIT 1

MODULE 2: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES (cont’d)

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Har m o n i c M o t i o n c o n t ’ d )

EXPLANATORY NOTES


+)C J8:;M8 9=J CB8 @78 H8:;AJ AF @78 B;?HE8 H8=JCEC?

9B $ _ &π √ Q E` K T 9=J AF @78 ?9BB A= 9 BH:;=K

9B $ _ &π √ Q?` P T Z

#=DECJ8 BH:;=KB YA;=8J ;= B8:;8B A: ;= H9:9EE8E3

+)9 J8BD:;<8 @78 ;=@8:D79=K8 AF P;=8@;D 9=J HA@8=@;9E

8=8:KG AF 9= ABD;EE9@;=K BGB@8? JC:;=K B;?HE8

79:?A=;D ?A@;A=Z

#=DECJ8 K:9H7B3

+)? D9EDCE9@8 @78 8=8:KG AF 9 <AJG C=J8:KA;=K B;?HE879:?A=;D ?A@;A=Z

+)B J8BD:;<8 8>9?HE8B AF FA:D8J ABD;EE9@;A=B 9=J

:8BA=9=D8Z

+)@ J;BDCBB D9B8B ;= I7;D7 :8BA=9=D8 ;B J8B;:9<E8 9=J

D9B8B ;= I7;D7 ;@ ;B =A@Z

+)E J8BD:;<8 J9?H8J ABD;EE9@;A=B 9=J :8H:8B8=@ BCD7

?A@;A= K:9H7;D9EEGZ

+)+F 8>HE9;= 7AI J9?H;=K ;B 9D7;8M8J ;= BA?8 :89EXE;F8

8>9?HE8B3

NA: 8>9?HE82 ?A@A: M87;DE8 BCBH8=B;A=3

&3Pro p e r t i e s o f W a v e s

-V]NHMVY YGQ]\N LH IL\H VQ'

1)+ CB8 @78 FAEEAI;=K @8:?B'

J;BHE9D8?8=@2 9?HE;@CJ82 H8:;AJ2 F:8OC8=DG2

M8EAD;@G ;= :8E9@;A= @A @78 <879M;AC: AF I9M8BZ

1)1 J;FF8:8=@;9@8 <8@I88= @:9=BM8:B8 9=J EA=K;@CJ;=9EI9M8B ;= @8:?B AF @78 ?AM8?8=@ AF H9:@;DE8B ;=

@78 ?8J;C? AF @:9=B?;BB;A= 9=J @78 8=8:KG AF @78

I9M8BZ

19 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES EXPLANATORY NOTES

D.#-&.81&0 #5 B*C&0 2=#"8>'3


1)A :8H:8B8=@ @:9=BM8:B8 9=J EA=K;@CJ;=9E I9M8B

K:9H7;D9EEGZ

1)C 8>HE9;= dHAE9:;B9@;A=e 9=J K;M8 8>9?HE8B AF

HAE9:;B8J I9M8BZ

!B8 HAE9:;B9@;A= @A J;FF8:8=@;9@8 <8@I88=

@:9=BM8:B8 9=J EA=K;@CJ;=9E I9M8B3

1)9 J8:;M8 9=J CB8 @78 8OC9@;A= λ @A BAEM8

H:A<E8?B ;=MAEM;=K I9M8 ?A@;A=Z

1)? CB8 @78 :8E9@;A=B7;H ;= @ 8 = B; @ G ;B H:AHA:@;A=9E @A

Q9? HE ; @ CJ8 T& FA: 9 I9M8Z

1)B CB8 @78 @8:?B H79B8 9=J H79B8 J;FF8:8=D8 I;@7

:8F8:8=D8 @A <879M;AC: AF I9M8BZ

1)@ J;B@;=KC;B7 <8@I88= B@9@;A=9:G 9=J H:AK:8BB;M8

I9M8BZ

+8H:8B8=@ K:9H7;D9EEG3

1)E 8>HE9;= @78 H:AH8:@;8B AF B@9@;A=9:G I9M8B 9=J

H8:FA:? :8E9@8J D9EDCE9@;A=BZ

NA: 8>9?HE82 ?;D:AI9M8B2 I9M8B A= B@:;=KB2 DEAB8J

9=J AH8= H;H8B Q;=DECJ8 :8BA=9=D8 @C<8T3 188

BCKK8B@8J H:9D@;D9E 9D@;M;@G A= H9K8B &g 9=J &V3

1)+F J8BD:;<8 H:9D@;D9E 9HHE;D9@;A=B AF BAC=J I9M8B ;=

;=JCB@:G2 BCD7 9B @78 CB8 AF BA=9: I9M8B ;=

J8@8:?;=;=K @78 J8H@7 AF @78 B892 9=J ;= ?8J;D;=82

BCD7 9B ;= FA8@9E ;?9K;=KZ

1)++ J;BDCBB 9HHE;D9@;A= AF BAC=J I9M8B @A ?CB;D9E

;=B@:C?8=@BZ

#=DECJ8 H8:DCBB;A= ;=B@:C?8=@B BCD7 9B @78 B@88E

H9=2 B@:;=K8J ;=B@:C?8=@B2 BCD7 9B @78 KC;@9: 9=J

I;=J ;=B@:C?8=@B2 BCD7 9B @78 FEC@83

1)+1 9HHEG @78 E9IB AF :8FE8D@;A= 9=J :8F:9D@;A= @A @78<879M;AC: AF I9M8BZ

20 CXC A16/U2/07





UNIT 1



D.#-&.81&0 #5 B*C&0 2=#"8>'3


1)1C CB8 1=8EEfB )9IZ =6 B;=

1)19 8>HE9;= @A@9E ;=@8:=9E :8FE8D@;A= 9=J J8@8:?;=8 @78

M9EC8 AF D:;@;D9E 9=KE8Z

188 BCKK8B@8J H:9D@;D9E 9D@;M;@G A= H9K8 &V3

!B8 @IA ?8J;9 I;@7 ;=J;D8B =6 9=J =&3

1)1? ;J8=@;FG 9=J J;BDCBB H:9D@;D9E 9HHE;D9@;A=B AF @A@9E

;=@8:=9E :8FE8D@;A=3

NA: 8>9?HE82 F;<:8 AH@;D D9<E8B

MJ Phy s i c s o f t h e E ar and E ye


A)+ J;BDCBB @78 :8BHA=B8 AF @78 89: @A ;=DA?;=K BAC=J

I9M8B2 ;= @8:?B AF B8=B;@;M;@G2 F:8OC8=DG :8BHA=B8

9=J ;=@8=B;@GZ

L:8D;B8 =C?8:;D9E M9EC8B :8E9@8J @A @78 :8BHA=B8 AF

@78 89: 9:8 =A@ :8OC;:8J3

A)1 B@9@8 @78 A:J8:B AF ?9K=;@CJ8 AF @78 @7:8B7AEJ AF

789:;=K 9=J @78 ;=@8=B;@G 9@ I7;D7 J;BDA?FA:@ ;B

8>H8:;8=D8JZ

A)A CB8 @78 8OC9@;A= ;= @ 8 = B; @ G E8 M 8 E Q; = J [ T _ 6 W

EA K 6W # ̀ # AZ

# _ ;=@8=B;@G

#A _ @7:8B7AEJ ;=@8=B;@G

J[- BD9E8

A)C J;BDCBB @78 BC<Y8D@;M8 OC9E;@;8B AF @78 @8:?B m=A;B8f

9=J mEACJ=8BBfZ

A)9 J;BDCBB @78 BC<Y8D@;M8 OC9E;@;8B AF @78 @8:?B m=A;B8f

9=J mEACJ=8BBfZ LAI8: ;= J;AH@:8B _

6 ` F I;@7 F ;= ?8@:8B

A)? BAEM8 H:A<E8?B CB;=K E8=B FA:?CE98Z 6 ` C a 6 ` M _ 6 ` F

A)B J;BDCBB 7AI @78 8G8 FA:?B FADCB8J ;?9K8B AF A<Y8D@B

9@ J;FF8:8=@ J;B@9=D8BZ

22 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1



Phy s i c s o f t h e E ar and E ye con t ’ d )


A)@ 8>HE9;= @78 @8:?B mJ8H@7 AF FADCBf2

m9DDA??AJ9@;A=f2 mEA=K B;K7@f2 mB7A:@ B;K7@f2

m9B@;K?9@;B?f2 mD9@9:9D@Bf2 9=J J;BDCBB 7AI J8F8D@B

AF @78 8G8 D9= <8 DA::8D@8JZ

*9EDCE9@;A=B A= HAI8: AF DA::8D@;=K E8=B :8OC;:8J3

A)E J;BDCBB @78 FA:?9@;A= AF FADCB8J ;?9K8B ;= @78

B;?HE8 D9?8:9 9=J ?9K=;FG;=K KE9BB3

9H((&08&' Q&*=/1"( *"' R&*."1"( F=81C181&0


E89:=;=K 9D@;M;@;8B E;B@8J <8EAI3

+) 6KMN Q]V GQ^ \KZGV KY VJIMYUKVVHN I\QMZ IM Q[VKPI\ RKLJH) -V]NHMVY PQ]\N KMOHYVKZIVH VGH HRRHPV QR RKLJH

VGKP_MHYY QM JHN]PVKQM QR \KZGV KMVHMYKVS QR I Y[HPKRKP RJH`]HMPS QJ VGH HRRHPV QR VGH \KZGV RJH`]HMPS QM

\QYY KM KMVHMYKVS RQJ VGH KNHMVKPI\ RKLJH)

1) :QMYVJ]PV I UQNH\ QR IM H\HPVJKPKVS ZHMHJIVQJ VGIV PIM LH [Q^HJHN LS VGH HMHJZS QR YHI ÎOHY)

A) :QMYVJ]PV I UQNH\ QR IM gKMOKYKL\Hh IKJPJIRV YKUK\IJ VQ VGH YVHI\VG IKJPJIRV ^GKPG KY PQMYVJ]PVHN VQ LHKMOKYKL\H VQ JINIJ ÎOHY) $M VGH YVHI\VG IKJPJIRV R\IV [IMH\Y IJH IMZ\HN YQ IY VQ JHR\HPV KMPKNHMV JINIJ

YKZMI\Y ][ QJ NQ^M JIVGHJ VGIM LIP_ VQ VGH JINIJ YVIVKQM)

C) :QMYVJ]PV I UQNH\ QR VGH HSH VGIV NHUQMYVJIVHY KVY Q[HJIVKQM IMN PQUUQM NHRHPVY) " YKU[\H \IYHJ

[QKMVHJ PQ]\N LH ]YHN IY VGH \KZGV YQ]JPH)

9) $MOHYVKZIVH VGH RIPVQJY KMR\]HMPKMZ VGH `]I\KVS QR MQVHY [JQN]PHN VGJQ]ZG VGH OKLJIVKQM QR ÎOHY KM YVJKMZY

IMN [K[HY)

?) $MOHYVKZIVH VGH ]YH QR ]\VJIYQMKP ÎOHY KM P\HIMKMZ aH^H\\HJS IMN VHHVG)

B) $MOHYVKZIVH VGH ]YH QR ]\VJIYQMKP ÎOHY KM UHNKPKMH)

@) $MOHYVKZIVH VGH ]YH QR YQMIJ ÎOHY)

E) $MOHYVKZIVH VGH ]YH QR ]\VJIYQMKPY KM YSYVHUY< Y]PG IY I\IJUY)

23 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1


9H((&08&' Q&*=/1"( *"' R&*."1"( F=81C181&0

+F) ,HIY]JH VGH RJH`]HMPS JHY[QMYH QR VGH HIJ ^KVG JHY[HPV VQ ZHMNHJ IMN IZH)

++) ,HIY]JH VGH gMQKYHh KM NKRRHJHMV \QPIVKQMY< RQJ HTIU[\H< RIPVQJKHY< IKJ[QJVY< P\IYYJQQUY)

+1) DIVGHJ KMRQJUIVKQM IMN [JHYHMV NIVI QM YHKYUQZJI[GY)

+A) $MOHYVKZIVH VGH NHYKZM QR Y[HI_HJ LQTHY IMN U]YKPI\ KMYVJ]UHMVY)

+C) ,HIY]JH VGH eJHOHJLHJIVKQM VKUHd KM I [\IPH< Y]PG IY IM I]NKVQJK]U< PG]JPG QJ P\IYYJQQU)

+9) $MOHYVKZIVH NIU[KMZ KM YGQP_ ILYQJLHJY< PIJ U]RR\HJY< IPQ]YVKP VK\HY)

PR A C T I C A L A C T I V I T I E S

Th e t e a c h e r i s u r g e d t o r e i n f o r c e t h e r e l e v a n t a p p r o v e d c o d e s a n d s a f e t y p r a c t i c e s d u r i n g t h e d e li v e r y

of al l pr ac t i c al ac t i v i t i e s i n t he M odu l e .

STATIONARY WAVES

Re f e r t o S p e c i f i c O b j e c t i v e 2 . 9

Ai m s :

(a) $A ;=M8B@;K9@8 @78 H:AH8:@;8B AF B@9@;A=9:G I9M8B3

Q<T $A ?89BC:8 @78 I9M8E8=K@7 9=J F:8OC8=DG AF ?;D:AI9M8B3

QDT

$A 8B@;?9@8 @78 M8EAD;@G AF BAC=J ;= F:88 9;:3

Me t h o d :

-3 1@9@;A=9:G I9M8B A= 9 B@:;=K

Q# 01("*%

(&"&.*8#.

C1S.*8#.

%#*'

$C:= A= @78 B;K=9E K8=8:9@A: 9=J F;=J @78 F:8OC8=DG :8OC;:8J @A H:AJCD8 9 A=8XEAAH B@9=J;=K I9M83 $78= F;=J A@78:

F:8OC8=D;8B I7;D7 K;M8 & EAAHB2 \ EAAHB kkkk33

24 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1


[G ?89=B AF 9 E;=89: K:9H7 CB8 GAC: :8BCE@B @A F;=J @78 M8EAD;@G AF @78 I9M8B A= @78 B@:;=K3

[3

1@9@;A=9:G /;D:AI9M8B

[G ?AM;=K @78 H:A<8 :8D8;M8: F;=J 9 =C?<8: AF DA=B8DC@;M8 =AJ8B 9=J 78=D8 ?89BC:8 @78 I9M8 E8=K@73 (>HE9;= I7G @7;B ;B

<8@@8: @79= @:G;=K @A F;=J @78 J;B@9=D8 <8@I88= @IA =AJ8B3 !B8 D_F @A F;=J @78 F:8OC8=DG AF @78 ?;D:AI9M8B QD _ \3WW > 6WS ?B X6T

*3

1@9@;A=9:G 1AC=J U9M8B

Q"A@8 @79@ @7;B B8@XCH I;EE A=EG G;8EJ 9= 9HH:A>;?9@8 M9EC8 FA: @78 I9M8E8=K@7T

N;=J @78 J;B@9=D8 <8@I88= @IA DA=B8DC@;M8 =AJ8B 9=J2 78=D82 F;=J @78 I9M8E8=K@7 AF @78 BAC=J3 N;=J M F:A? M_F 3 +8H89@

@78 8>H8:;?8=@ FA: 9 J;FF8:8=@ F:8OC8=DG3

REFRACTION AND THE CRITICAL ANGLE

Re f e r t o S p e c i f i c O bj e c t i ve 2 . 2 5

Ai m : $A ;=M8B@;K9@8 @78 :8F:9D@;A= AF E;K7@ 9@ 9= 9;:`L8:BH8> <AC=J9:G 9=J CB8 @78 J9@9 A<@9;=8J @A F;=J @78 D:;@;D9E 9=KE8 FA: E;K7@ @:9M8E;=K F:A? L8:BH8> @A 9;:3

Me t h o d :

!B8 H;=B @A @:9D8 @78 H9BB9K8 AF E;K7@ @7:ACK7 9 B8?;XD;:DCE9: <EADP AF H8:BH8> FA: M9:;ACB 9=KE8B AF

;=D;J8=D83 "A@8 @79@ @78 E;K7@ ;B ;=D;J8=@ A= @78 FE9@ F9D8 9=J GAC ?CB@ EAAP 9@ @78 9E;K=?8=@ AF

@78 H;=B @7:ACK7 @78 DC:M8J BC:F9D83 n#F 9M9;E9<E8 9 E;K7@ <A> DACEJ <8 CB8J @A @:9D8 @78 :9GB

;=B@89J AF H;=Bo3

25 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1


#@ ;B ;?HA:@9=@ @79@ GAC @9P8 D9:8 ;= B8@@;=K CH @78 9HH9:9@CB' ;F @78 ;=D;J8=@ :9G JA8B =A@ KA @7:ACK7 @78 D8=@:8 AF @78 D;:DE8

@78= @78 :8F:9D@8J :9G I;EE <8=J 9K9;= 9@ @78 DC:M8J BC:F9D83

LEA@ 9 K:9H7 AF β 9K9;=B@ 9=J 8>@8=J @78 K:9H7 @A F;=J @78 M9EC8 AF β I78= ;B lWp3

-EBA HEA@ 9 E;=89: K:9H7 I;@7 @78 B9?8 J9@9 9=J A<@9;= 9 B8DA=J M9EC8 FA: @78 D:;@;D9E 9=KE83

#= GAC: BC??9:G DA??8=@ A= @78 :8E9@;M8 ?8:;@B AF @78 @IA 9E@8:=9@;M8 I9GB AF 79=JE;=K @78 J9@93

26 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1

MODULE 3: THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

GENERAL OBJECTIVES


+) ]MNHJYVIMN VGH [JKMPK[\HY KMOQ\OHN KM VGH NHYKZM IMN ]YH QR VGHJUQUHVHJYc

1) LH IÎJH QR VGH VGHJUI\ [JQ[HJVKHY QR UIVHJKI\Y IMN VGHKJ [JIPVKPI\ KU[QJVIMPH KM HOHJSNIS \KRHc

A) ]MNHJYVIMN VGH OIJKQ]Y UQNHY QR GHIV VJIMYRHJc

C) LH RIUK\KIJ ^KVG VGH _KMHVKP VGHQJS QR ZIYHY IMN VGH H`]IVKQM QR YVIVH QR IM KNHI\ ZIYc

9) J;BHE9G I ^QJ_KMZ _MQ^\HNZH QR VGH RKJYV \I^ QR VGHJUQNSMIUKPYc

?) LH IÎJH QR VGH UHPGIMKPI\ [JQ[HJVKHY QR UIVHJKI\Y IMN VGHKJ [JIPVKPI\ KU[QJVIMPH KM HOHJSNIS \KRH)

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

?J T&01(" *"' 40& #5 Q/&.,#,&8&.0

EXPLANATORY NOTES


+)+ NKYP]YY GQ^ I [GSYKPI\ [JQ[HJVS UIS LH ]YHN

VQ UHIY]JH VHU[HJIV]JHc

$MP\]NH LQVG \KMHIJ IMN MQM3\KMHIJ OIJKIVKQM

^KVG VHU[HJIV]JH)

+)1 J8BD:;<8 @78 H7GB;D9E F89@C:8B AF BH8D;F;D

@78:?A?8@8:Bc

);OC;JX;=XKE9BB2 :8B;B@9=D8 Q;=DECJ;=K @78:?;B@A:T2

@78:?ADACHE8 9=J DA=B@9=@ MAEC?8 K9B

@78:?A?8@8:3

+)A NKYP]YY VGH INOIMVIZHY IMN NKYINOIMVIZHY QR

VGHYH VGHJUQUHVHJYc

+)C JHPI\\ VGIV VGH ILYQ\]VH VGHJUQNSMIUKP YPI\H

QR VHU[HJIV]JH NQHY MQV NH[HMN QM VGH

[JQ[HJVS QR IMS [IJVKP]\IJ Y]LYVIMPHc

+)9 NHVHJUKMH VHU[HJIV]JHY KM _H\OKM< KM

NHZJHHY :H\YK]Y IMN QM VGH HU[KJKPI\

PHMVKZJINH YPI\HY)

(?H;:;D9E BD9E8

j8EM;= BD9E8

$ _ &R\36^ j

` A*_$`j − &R\36V

27 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1

MODULE 3: THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER (cont’d)


EJ Q/&.,*% D.#-&.81&0


1)+ HT[JHYY VGH KMVHJMI\ HMHJZS QR I YSYVHU IY

VGH Y]U QR VGH _KMHVKP IMN [QVHMVKI\

HMHJZKHY IYYQPKIVHN ^KVG VGH UQ\HP]\HY QR

VGH YSYVHUc

1)1 JH\IVH I JKYH KM VHU[HJIV]JH VQ IM KMPJHIYH KM

KMVHJMI\ HMHJZSc

1)A 8>HE9;= VGH VHJUY eGHIV PI[IPKVSd IMN eY[HPKRKP

GHIV PI[IPKVSdc

1)C [HJRQJU HT[HJKUHMVY VQ NHVHJUKMH VGH

Y[HPKRKP GHIV PI[IPKVS QR \K`]KNY IMN UHVI\Y

LS H\HPVJKPI\ UHVGQNY IMN LS VGH UHVGQN QR

UKTV]JHYc

0QVG H\HPVJKPI\ UHVGQNY IMN VGH UHVGQN QR

UKTV]JHY IJH VQ LH PQOHJHN)

1)9 HT[\IKM VGH PQMPH[VY QR eUH\VKMZd IMN

eLQK\KMZd KM VHJUY QR HMHJZS KM[]V ^KVG MQ

PGIMZH KM VHU[HJIV]JHc

1)? JH\IVH VGH PQMPH[VY QR UH\VKMZ IMN LQK\KMZ VQ

PGIMZHY KM KMVHJMI\ [QVHMVKI\ HMHJZSc

1)B 8>HE9;= VGH VHJU eY[HPKRKP \IVHMV GHIVdc

1)@ ]YH ZJI[GY QR VHU[HJIV]JH IZIKMYV VKUH VQ

NHVHJUKMH RJHHbKMZ QJ UH\VKMZ [QKMVY IMN

LQK\KMZ [QKMVYc

28 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Q/&.,*% D.#-&.81&0 2=#"8>'3

EXPLANATORY NOTES


1)E [HJRQJU HT[HJKUHMVY VQ NHVHJUKMH VGH

Y[HPKRKP \IVHMV GHIVYc

0QVG H\HPVJKPI\ UHVGQNY IMN VGH UHVGQN QR

UKTV]JHY IJH VQ LH PQOHJHN) 188 BCKK8B@8J

H:9D@;D9E 9D@;M;@G A= H9K8 \g3

1)+F HT[\IKM VGH PQQ\KMZ ^GKPG IPPQU[IMKHY

HOI[QJIVKQMc

#GKY YGQ]\N LH NQMH KM VHJUY QR \IVHMV GHIV

IMN KM VHJUY QR VGH HYPI[H QR UQ\HP]\HY ^KVG

GKZG _KMHVKP HMHJZS)

1)++ -Q\OH M]UHJKPI\ [JQL\HUY ]YKMZ VGH H`]IVKQMY

( 4 _ ? D Δ θ *"' ( 4 _ ? ) )

MJ U&*8 Q.*"05&.


A)+ NHYPJKLH VGH UHPGIMKYU QR VGHJUI\

PQMN]PVKQMc

A)1 ]YH VGH H`]IVKQM VQ YQ\OH[JQL\HUY KM QMH3NKUHMYKQMI\ GHIV R\Q^c

!HYVJKPV ]YH VQ PIYHY QR QMH3NKUHMYKQMI\ GHIVR\Q^)

A)A YQ\OH M]UHJKPI\ [JQL\HUY KMOQ\OKMZ PQU[QYKVH

DA=JCD@A:Bc

!B8 AF DA=D8H@ AF 8OC;M9E8=@ DA=JCD@A: )

A)C NKYP]YY VGH [JKMPK[\HY KMOQ\OHN KM VGH

NHVHJUKMIVKQM QR VGHJUI\ PQMN]PVKOKVS QR

ZQQN IMN LIN PQMN]PVQJYc

A)9 HT[\IKM VGH [JQPHYY QR PQMOHPVKQM IY I

PQMYH`]HMPH QR I PGIMZH QR NHMYKVS< IMN ]YH

VGKY PQMPH[V VQ HT[\IKM QPHIM P]JJHMVY IMN

^KMNYc

29 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

U&*8 Q.*"05&. 2=#"8>'3

EXPLANATORY NOTES


A)? NKYP]YY VGHJUI\ JINKIVKQM IMN YQ\OH

[JQL\HUY ]YKMZ -VHRIMdY H`]IVKQMc

NA: 9 <E9DP <AJG L_-σ $ g3 #=DECJ8 =8@ :9@8 AF

:9J;9@;A=3

A)B HT[\IKM VGH ZJHHMGQ]YH HRRHPVc

A)@ NKYP]YY I[[\KPIVKQMY QR VGH VJIMYRHJ QR HMHJZS

LS PQMN]PVKQM< PQMOHPVKQM IMN JINKIVKQMc

$MP\]NH OIP]]U R\IY_Y IMN YQ\IJ ÎVHJ

GHIVHJY)

A)E NKYP]YY VGH NHOH\Q[UHMV QR GHIVKMZ IMNPQQ\KMZ YSYVHUY VQ JHN]PH VGH :IJKLLHIM

NH[HMNHMPS QM RQYYK\ R]H\Y)

NJ Q/& !1"&81= Q/&#.I #5 V*0&0


C)+ ]YH VGH H`]IVKQM QR YVIVH RQJ IM KNHI\ ZIY

HT[JHYYHN IY IMN

C)1 NKYP]YY VGH LIYKP IYY]U[VKQMY QR VGH _KMHVKPVGHQJS QR ZIYHYc

C)A HT[\IKM GQ^ UQ\HP]\IJ UQOHUHMV KY

JHY[QMYKL\H RQJ VGH [JHYY]JH HTHJVHN LS I ZIYc

C)C NHJKOH IMN ]YH VGH H`]IVKQM c #=DECJ8 D9EDCE9@;A=B AF :3?3B3 BH88J2 A: qD&r

C)9 CB8 @A J8JCD8 @78 8OC9@;A= FA:

@78 9M8:9K8 @:9=BE9@;A=9E P;=8@;D 8=8:KG AF

?A=9@A?;D ?AE8DCE8BZ

30 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1



Q/& !1"&81= Q/&#.I #5 V*0&0 2=#"8>'3


g3^ J8JCD8 @A@9E P;=8@;D 8=8:KG AF 9 ?A=9@A?;D K9B3 $A@9E P;=8@;D 8=8:K G

PJ O1.08 R*$ #5 Q/&.,#'I"*,1=0


9)+ ]YH VGH VHJU eUQ\IJ GHIV PI[IPKVSdc (4_= *M ∆θ A: (4_= *H∆θ

9)1 NKYP]YY ^GS VGH UQ\IJ GHIV PI[IPKVS QR I ZIY

IV PQMYVIMV OQ\]UH KY NKRRHJHMV RJQU VGIV QR

I ZIY IV PQMYVIMV [JHYY]JHc

*H_*Ma+

9)A PI\P]\IVH VGH ^QJ_ NQMH QM I ZIY ]YKMZ VGH

H`]IVKQM B W - Δ X c

9)C NHN]PH ^QJ_ NQMH RJQU I -YX ZJI[Gc

9)9 HT[JHYY VGH RKJYV \I^ QR VGHJUQNSMIUKPY KMVHJUY QR VGH PGIMZH KM KMVHJMI\ HMHJZS< VGH

GHIV Y][[\KHN VQ VGH YSYVHU IMN VGH ^QJ_

NQMH QM VGH YSYVHUc

! _ h a U

9)? YQ\OH [JQL\HUY KMOQ\OKMZ VGH RKJYV \I^ QR

VGHJUQNSMIUKPY)

31 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

ZJ @&=/*"1=*% D.#-&.81&0 #5 @*8&.1*%0

EXPLANATORY NOTES


?)+ 8>HE9;= 9=J ]YH VGH VHJUY eNHMYKVSd IMN

e[JHYY]JHdc

[ j 6k" ρ j ,k>

?)1 NHJKOH IMN ]YH VGH H`]IVKQM Δ H _ ρ KΔ 7 RQJ

VGH [JHYY]JH NKRRHJHMPH KM I \K`]KNc

?)A JH\IVH VGH NKRRHJHMPH KM VGH YVJ]PV]JHY IMN

NHMYKVKHY QR YQ\KNY< \K`]KNY IMN ZIYHY VQ

YKU[\H KNHIY QR VGH Y[IPKMZ< QJNHJKMZ IMN

UQVKQM QR VGHKJ UQ\HP]\HYc

?)C NHYPJKLH I YKU[\H _KMHVKP UQNH\ RQJ VGH

LHGIOKQ]J QR YQ\KNY< \K`]KNY IMN ZIYHYc

?)9 NKYVKMZ]KYG LHV^HHM VGH YVJ]PV]JH QR

PJSYVI\\KMH IMN MQM3PJSYVI\\KMH YQ\KNY< ^KVG

[IJVKP]\IJ JHRHJHMPH VQ UHVI\Y< [Q\SUHJY IMN

Z\IYYHYc

,I_H [IJVKP]\IJ JHRHJHMPH VQ UHVI\Y< [Q\SUHJY

IMN Z\IYYHY)

?)? J;BDCBB @78 B@:8@D7;=K AF BH:;=KB 9=J I;:8 ;= @8:?B

AF EA9J 8>@8=B;A=Z

4AAP8fB E9I

1H:;=K DA=B@9=@

?)B ]YH @78 :8E9@;A=B7;H 9?A=K eYVJHYYd< eYVJIKMd IMN

eVGH 8Q]MZ UQN]\]Yd VQ YQ\OH [JQL\HUYc(_

?)@ [HJRQJU HT[HJKUHMVY VQ NHVHJUKMH VGH

8Q]MZ UQN]\]Y QR I UHVI\ KM VGH RQJU QR I

^KJHc

?)E NHUQMYVJIVH _MQ^\HNZH QR VGH RQJPH3

HTVHMYKQM ZJI[GY RQJ VS[KPI\ N]PVK\H< LJKVV\H

IMN [Q\SUHJKP UIVHJKI\Yc

6QJ HTIU[\H< PQ[[HJ< Z\IYY< J]LLHJ)

?)+F NHN]PH VGH YVJIKM HMHJZS KM I NHRQJUHN

UIVHJKI\ RJQU I RQJPH3HTVHMYKQM ZJI[Gc

32 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

@&=/*"1=*% D.#-&.81&0 #5 @*8&.1*%0 2=#"8>'3

EXPLANATORY NOTES


?)++ J;B@;=KC;B7 <8@I88= 8E9B@;D 9=J ;=8E9B@;D

J8FA:?9@;A=B AF 9 ?9@8:;9EZ

5=EG OC9E;@9@;M8 P=AIE8JK8 ;B :8OC;:8J3

188 BCKK8B@8J H:9D@;D9E 9D@;M;@G A= H9K8 \V3

?)+1 NKYP]YY VGH KU[QJVIMPH QR H\IYVKPKVS KM

YVJ]PV]JHY)

:QMYKNHJ ^GIV GI[[HMY VQ VI\\ L]K\NKMZY<

LJKNZHY IMN LQMHY ^GHM \IJZH RQJPHY IJH

I[[\KHN)

9H((&08&' Q&*=/1"( *"' R&*."1"( F=81C181&0


E89:=;=K 9D@;M;@;8B E;B@8J <8EAI3

+) $MOHYVKZIVH GQ^ VGJHH NKRRHJHMV [GSYKPI\ [JQ[HJVKHY OIJS ^KVG VHU[HJIV]JH)

1) $MOHYVKZIVH VGH Y]KVILK\KVS QR ]YKMZ KJQM< PQ[[HJ QJ I\]UKM]U IY VGH UHVI\ ]YHN RQJ UI_KMZ IM HMZKMH

L\QP_)

A) $MOHYVKZIVH VGH GHIV R\Q^ VGJQ]ZG NKRRHJHMV UIVHJKI\Y QR VGH YIUH VGKP_MHYY IMN JHPQUUHMN VGH ]YH QR

QMH KM VGH PQMYVJ]PVKQM KMN]YVJS< RQJ HTIU[\H< LJKP_< PQMPJHVH< Z\IYY IMN ^QQN)

C) $MOHYVKZIVH VGKY YVIVHUHMV; GHIV R\Q^ KM VHTVK\HY PIM QPP]J LS I\\ VGJHH UHVGQNY QR GHIV VJIMYRHJ< L]V RQJ

UHVI\Y QM\S PQMN]PVKQM KY [QYYKL\H)

9) $MOHYVKZIVH VGH HRRHPV QR ZJHHMGQ]YH ZIYHY QM Z\QLI\ ÎJUKMZ)

?) $MOHYVKZIVH GHIV VJIMYRHJ [JQPHYYHY KM VGH YQ\IJ ÎVHJ GHIVHJ)

B) :QMYVJ]PV I UQNH\ QR I YQ\IJ PJQ[ NJSHJ)

@) :QMYVJ]PV I UQNH\ QR I YQ\IJ IKJ PQMNKVKQMHJ)

E) :QMYVJ]PV I UQNH\ QR I YQ\IJ YVK\\)

+F) :QMYVJ]PV I UQNH\ QR I YQ\IJ JHRJKZHJIVQJ)

++) $MOHYVKZIVH VGH JQ\H QR VGHJUQNSMIUKPY KM VGH Q[HJIVKQM QR VGH RQ]J3YVJQ_H [HVJQ\ HMZKMH)

33 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1


Q;T

Q;;T

@78 BH8D;F;D E9@8=@ 789@ AF M9HA:;c9@;A= AF 9 E;OC;J <G 9= 8E8D@:;D9E ?8@7AJ' 9=J

@78 BH8D;F;D E9@8=@ 789@ AF FCB;A= AF ;D8 <G @78 ?8@7AJ AF ?;>@C:8B3

, H*V*G*Q*N*; Q9T $78 ?A:8 BAH7;B@;D9@8J 9HH9:9@CB ;= @78 @8>@ ?9G =A@ <8 9M9;E9<E82 ;= I7;D7 D9B8 @78 9HH9:9@CB

B7AI= <8EAI D9= <8 CB8J3 $78 H:;=D;HE8 ;B @78 B9?83 $78 8=8:KG BCHHE;8J 9F@8: @78 E;OC;J 79B

B@9:@8J @A <A;E ;B 8OC9E @A @78 789@ :8OC;:8J @A <A;E AFF 9 ?9BB = AF E;OC;J HECB @78 789@ @A @78

BC::AC=J;=KB2 42 @79@ ;B2 sE@_?)a43

+1) $MOHYVKZIVH VGH ]YHY QR PJSYVI\\KMH IMN MQM3PJSYVI\\KMH YQ\KNY KM VGH YHUKPQMN]PVQJ KMN]YVJS)

+A) $MOHYVKZIVH VGH ]YHY QR [Q\SUHJY IMN Z\IYYHY)

+C) $MOHYVKZIVH RQJPH3HTVHMYKQM ZJI[GY RQJ UHVI\ ^KJHY< Z\IYY RKLJHY IMN J]LLHJ)

2 * *:*#*$*:* *'* *:*#*$*>*$*#*$*(*-

# G*H* V*H*I*P*G*H*J* K*Y* ]*J*Z*H*N* V*Q* J*H*K*M*R*Q*J*P*H* V*G*H* J*H*\*H*O*I*M*V* I*[*[*J*Q*O*H*N* P*Q*N*H*Y* I*M*N* Y*I*R*H*V*S* [*J*I*P*V*K*P*H*Y* N*]*J*K*M*Z* V*

G*H* N*H*\*K*O*H*J*S*Q R* I \*\* [ J*I P*V*K*P*I \* I P*V*K*O*K*V*K*H*Y* K*M* V*G H* ,*QN ]*\*H*)

' #(&#*7( #

H*R*H*J* V*Q* -*[*H*P*K*R*K*P* %*L*a*H*P V*K*O*H* 1*)*E

K*U*; $A J8@8:?;=8'

#F @78 H:AD8JC:8 ;B :8H89@8J I;@7 J;FF8:8=@ M9EC8B AF s 9=J # <C@ I;@7 @78 B9?8 @;?82 @2 @78= @78 E9B@ @8:?

?9G <8 8E;?;=9@8J <G BC<@:9D@;A=3 Q(>HE9;= I7G @78 789@ EABB ;B @78 B9?8 ;= <A@7 D9B8B2 H:AM;J8J @78 @;?8

;B @78 B9?8T3

34 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 1


Q<T - 1@G:AFA9? DCH2 I7;D7 79B 9 =8KE;K;<E8 789@ D9H9D;@G2 ;B @A <8 CB8J 9B @78 D9EA:;?8@8:3

*9:8FCEEG DA=B;J8: @78 HABB;<E8 8::A:B ;= @7;B ?8@7AJ <8FA:8 B@9:@;=K3 - KAAJ I9G AF :8JCD;=K @78 8FF8D@ AF @78

BC::AC=J;=KB ;B @A B@9:@ @78 8>H8:;?8=@ I;@7 @78 I9@8: ;= @78 DCH 9<AM8 :AA? @8?H8:9@C:8 9=J 9JJ B?9EE

H;8D8B AF J:;8J ;D8 C=@;E @78 @8?H8:9@C:8 ;B B9?8 9?AC=@ <8EAI :AA? @8?H8:9@C:83

-# (#:7$&D*D' --* &/* 500(

H*R*H*J* V*Q* -*[*H*P*K*R*K*P* %*L*a*H*P*V*K*O*H* ?*)*+*+

K*U*Y*; Q9T $A DA?H9:8 @78 <:89P;=K B@:8BB AF KE9BB I;@7 @79@ AF :C<<8:3

Q<T $A ;=M8B@;K9@8 @78 <879M;AC: AF :C<<8: I78= ;@ ;B EA9J8J 9=J C=EA9J8J3

, H*V*G*Q*N*; 1@ : 8 @ D 7 ; =K K E 9 B B D A C E J < 8 J 9 =K 8 : A CB B A @ 7 ; B H 9 : @ A F @ 7 8 8 > H 8 : ; ? 8 = @ I ; E E < 8 H 8 :F A :? 8 J < G

@7 8 E 9 < A: 9@ A: G 9 BB ; B@ 9 = @ 3 U9 : = ; = K ' [( s (+ , * - + (N ! ) I; @ 7 @ 7 8 K E 9 B B 3 . A = A@79M 8 G AC : 8 G 8 B = 8 9 : ; @ 9 @ 9= G @ ; ? 8 3

,AC I;EE <8 H:AM;J8J I;@7 9 H;8D8 AF :C<<8: <9=J3 -JJ EA9JB @A ;@ C=@;E ;@ <:89PB 9=J ?9P8 A@78: =8D8BB9:G

?89BC:8?8=@B BA @79@ GAC D9= IA:P AC@ @78 <:89P;=K B@:8BB3

!B;=K 9 B;?;E9: H;8D8 AF :C<<8: @A @79@ ;= Q9T 9JJ ?9BB8B ;= 6WW K ;=D:8?8=@B C=@;E @78 EA9J ;B \WW K E8BB

@79= @78 ?9>;?C?3 NA: 89D7 EA9J ?89BC:8 @78 8>@8=B;A= AF @78 :C<<8:3 *A=@;=C8 ?89BC:;=K @78 8>@8=B;A= 9B

@78 EA9J ;B :8?AM8J3 LEA@ 9 K:9H7 @A ;EECB@:9@8 GAC: :8BCE@B3

"A@8' #@ ;B <8B@ =A@ @A ?89BC:8 @78 E8=K@7 AF @78 :C<<8: <8@I88= @78 BCHHA:@ 9=J @78 P=A@ <8D9CB8 @78 :C<<8:

?;K7@ BE;H3 #=B@89J CB8 @IA F;=8 ;=P ?9:PB J:9I= A= @78 <9=J3

QL:8H9:9@;A=' 0E9BB :AJ ;B 789@8J 9=J 9 7AAP ?9J83 $78= ;@ ;B 789@8J ;= @78 D8=@:8 9=J B@:8@D78J @A H:AJCD8 9 @7;=B8D@;A=3T

QB A J 9 K E 9 BB T

35 CXC A16/U2/07



◆ UNIT 2: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM, A. C. THEORY AND

ELECTRONICS, ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

MODULE 1: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

GENERAL OBJECTIVES


+) ]MNHJYVIMN H\HPVJQYVIVKP [GHMQUHMIc

1) ]MNHJYVIMN H\HPVJKPI\ `]IMVKVKHY IMN VGH JH\IVKQMYGK[Y IUQMZ VGHUc

A) 9=9EGB8 PKJP]KVY ^KVG OIJKQ]Y H\HPVJKPI\ PQU[QMHMVYc

C) ]MNHJYVIMN VGH PQMPH[V QR H\HPVJKP RKH\NYc

9) <8 9I9:8 AF @78 J8B;K= 9=J CB8 AF D9H9D;@A:BZ

?) NHUQMYVJIVH I PQMPH[V]I\ ]MNHJYVIMNKMZ QR UIZMHVKP RKH\NYc

B) C=J8:B@9=J 7AI UIZMHVKP RQJPHY 9:;B8c

@) NHUQMYVJIVH I ^QJ_KMZ _MQ^\HNZH QR H\HPVJQUIZMHVKP [GHMQUHMI)

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

?J ( \H *P*V*J*K*P*I*\* 4*]*I*M*V*K*V*K*H*Y

EXPLANATORY NOTES


+)+ ]YH VGH H`]IVKQM K W L8 VQ YQ\OH [JQL\HUYc

+)1 NHRKMH VGH ePQ]\QULdc

+)A NHRKMH VGH eOQ\Vdc

+)C ]YH VGH H`]IVKQM X W B[K VQ YQ\OH [JQL\HUYc

+)9 ]YH VGH H`]IVKQM X W L\ VQ YQ\OH [JQL\HUYc

36 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2

MODULE 1: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM (cont’d)


6%&=8.1=*% KH*"8181&0 2=#"8>'3

63^ ]YH VGH H`]IVKQMY D W LXA D W LE\A D W X E [\

VQ YQ\OH [JQL\HUYZ

63R J8F;=8 9=J CB8 @78 @8:? :8B;B@;M;@GZ

63S ]YH HMHJZS PQMYKNHJIVKQMY VQ NKYVKMZ]KYG

LHV^HHM H)U)R) IMN [)N)c

63l

HT[\IKM NJKRV OH\QPKVS 2ν 3c

636W J8:;M8 9=J CB8 @78 8OC9@;A= # _ = 8ν - FA:

8E8D@:A=B ?AM;=K ;= 9 ?8@9EQ= _ D79:K8 J8=B;@GT3

$MP\]NH VGH QLYHJOIVKQM VGIV H)U)R KY

IYYQPKIVHN ^KVG YQ]JPHY QJ IPVKOH NHOKPHY

^GHJHIY [)N) KY ]YHN KM JHRHJHMPH VQ IM

H\HPVJKP RKH\N QJ [IYYKOH NHOKPH)

-KMPH I YKUK\IJ H`]IVKQM NHYPJKLHY VGH R\Q^

QR [IJVKP\HY KM ]MKRQJU PGIMMH\Y< PIMNKNIVHY

YGQ]\N LH IL\H VQ I[[\S Y]PG H`]IVKQMY VQ

YHUKPQMN]PVQJY IMN 8E8D@:AEG@8B3

EJ 6%&=8.1=*% +1.=H180


1)+ Y_HVPG VGH $ 3 > PGIJIPVHJKYVKP RQJ I UHVI\\KPPQMN]PVQJ IV PQMYVIMV VHU[HJIV]JH< I

YHUKPQMN]PVQJ NKQNH< IMN I RK\IUHMV \IU[c

(T[\IKM VGHYH PGIJIPVHJKYVKPY KM VHJUY QR VGH OIJKIVKQM KM JHYKYVIMPH QR VGH NHOKPH)

1)1 Y_HVPG VGH OIJKIVKQM QR JHYKYVIMPH ^KVG

VHU[HJIV]JH RQJ I VGHJUKYVQJ I;@7 =8K9@;M8

@8?H8:9@C:8 DAX8FF;D;8=@Z

"\YQ KMP\]NH NKRRHJHMV VS[HY QR VGHJUKYVQJY

IMN NKYP]YY VGH NKRRHJHMPHY LHV^HHM VGH ! l

# PGIJIPVHJKYVKPY3

1)A YQ\OH [JQL\HUY KMOQ\OKMZ VHJUKMI\ [)N) IMN

HTVHJMI\ \QIN< ZKOHM VGIV YQ]JPHY QR H)U)R)

[QYYHYY KMVHJMI\ JHYKYVIMPHc

!B8 8>9?HE8B AF J;FF8:8=@ @GH8B AF BAC:D82 FA:

8>9?HE82 H:;?9:G 9=J B8DA=J9:G D78?;D9E D8EEB2

BAE9: D8EEB2 K8=8:9@A:B3

1)C NJI^ IMN KMVHJ[JHV PKJP]KV NKIZJIUYc *A=B;J8: J3D3 D;:DC;@B ;=MAEM;=K BAC:D8B AF 83?3F3

9=J :8B;B@;M8 D;:DC;@ 8E8?8=@B3

37 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2



6%&=8.1=*% +1.=H180 2=#"8>'3


1)9 I[[\S .KJPGGQRRY \I^Y VQ ZKOHM PKJP]KVYZ j;:D77AFFfB N;:B@ )9I ;B 9 DA=B8OC8=D8 AF

DA=B8:M9@;A= AF D79:K8 9=J j;:D77AFFfB 18DA=J

)9I2 9 DA=B8OC8=D8 AF DA=B8:M9@;A= AF 8=8:KG3

1)? NHJKOH IMN ]YH VGH RQJU]\I RQJ VGH HRRHPVKOH

JHYKYVIMPH QR V^Q QJ UQJH JHYKYVQJY KM B8:;8BZ

1)B NHJKOH IMN ]YH VGH RQJU]\I RQJ V^Q QJ UQJH

JHYKYVQJY KM [IJI\\H\c

1)@ ]YH VGH [QVHMVKI\ NKOKNHJ IY I YQ]JPH QR

OIJKIL\H IMN RKTHN [)N)c

1)E CB8 @78 U789@B@A=8 <:;JK8 9B 9 ?89=B AF

DA?H9:;=K :8B;B@9=D8B3

$:89@ 9B 9 JAC<E8 HA@8=@;9E J;M;J8:3

A ) ( \H *P*V*J*K*P* 6*K*H*\*N*Y


\36

8>HE9;= @78 J;FF8:8=D8 <8@I88= 8E8D@:;D9E

DA=JCD@A:B 9=J ;=BCE9@A:BZ

-= 8E8D@:A= ?AJ8E B7ACEJ <8 CB8J ;= @78

8>HE9=9@;A=3

\3& J;BDCBB B;?HE8 H:9D@;D9E 9HHE;D9@;A=B AF

8E8D@:AB@9@;D H78=A?8=92 BCD7 9B 9K:;DCE@C:9E

BH:9G;=K 9=J JCB@ 8>@:9D@;A=Z

-JJ;@;A=9E 8>9?HE8B D9= <8 J:9I= F:A? ?A:8

?AJ8:= J8M;D8B BCD7 9B 8E8D@:AB@9@;D DAH;8:B 9=J

E9B8: H:;=@8:B3

\3\

J;BDCBB 79c9:JB 9BBAD;9@8J I;@7 D79:K;=K <G

F:;D@;A=Z

/8=@;A= @78 ?9K=;@CJ8B AF @78 H7GB;D9E OC9=@;@;8B

;=MAEM8J3

\3g

8>HE9;= @78 9D@;A= AF E;K7@=;=K :AJB ;= @78

H:A@8D@;A= AF <C;EJ;=KBZ

+8OC;:8B A=EG 9 B;?HE8 8>HE9=9@;A= AF 7AI 9 K9B

<:89PB JAI= 9=J <8K;=B @A DA=JCD@ I78= BC<Y8D@8J@A M8:G 7;K7 8E8D@:;D F;8EJB3

38 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

EXPLANATORY NOTES

6%&=8.1= O1&%'0 2=#"8>'3


\3V ]YH :Q]\QULdY 'I^ RQJ VGH RQJPH LHV^HHM

PGIJZHY KM RJHH Y[IPH QJ IKJ VQ YQ\OH

[JQL\HUYc

:QMYKNHJ PQULKMIVKQMY QR PGIJZHY IJJIMZHN KM

OHJS YKU[\H IJJIMZHUHMVY) 5YH I OHPVQJ

I[[JQIPG VQ NHVHJUKMH VGH JHY]\VIMV RQJPH QM

I YKMZ\H [QKMV PGIJZH N]H VQ QVGHJ [QKMV

PGIJZHY3

\3^ ]YH RQJ VGH RKH\N YVJHMZVG N]H

VQ I [QKMV PGIJZHc

( ;B 9 M8D@A:3

\3R PI\P]\IVH VGH RKH\N YVJHMZVG QR VGH ]MKRQJU

RKH\N LHV^HHM PGIJZHN [IJI\\H\ [\IVHY< KM

VHJUY QR [QVHMVKI\ NKRRHJHMPH IMN YH[IJIVKQM

QR VGH [\IVHYc

\3S PI\P]\IVH VGH RQJPH QM I PGIJZHN [IJVKP\H KM I

]MKRQJU H\HPVJKP RKH\Nc

N_(h

\3l NHYPJKLH VGH HRRHPV QR I ]MKRQJU H\HPVJKP RKH\N

QM VGH UQVKQM QR PGIJZHN [IJVKP\HYc

:QMYKNHJ UQVKQMY [HJ[HMNKP]\IJ IMN [IJI\\H\

VQ VGH H\HPVJKP RKH\N3

\36W YQ\OH M]UHJKPI\ [JQL\HUY KMOQ\OKMZ VGH

UQVKQM QR PGIJZHN [IJVKP\HY KM I ]MKRQJU

H\HPVJKP RKH\N 9=J DA?H9:8 @7;B ?A@;A= @A @79@ AF

9 H:AY8D@;E8 ;= 9 K:9M;@9@;A=9E F;8EJZ

\366 ]YH VGH RIPV VGIV VGH RKH\N YVJHMZVG IV I [QKMV

KY M]UHJKPI\\S H`]I\ VQ VGH [QVHMVKI\

ZJINKHMV IV VGIV [QKMVZ

]YH VGH H`]IVKQM RQJ VGH\36&

[QVHMVKI\ N]H VQ I [QKMV PGIJZHc

:QMYKNHJ VGH ]MKRQJU H\HPVJKP RKH\N IMN LS

NHVHJUKMKMZ VGH ^QJ_ NQMH [HJ ]MKV PGIJZH<

OHJKRS VGKY JH\IVKQMYGK[3 +8F8: @A 1H8D;F;D

5<Y8D@;M8 \3R

:QU[IJH VGH [QVHMVKI\ N]H VQ I [QKMV PGIJZH ^KVG VGIV N]H VQ I PGIJZHN Y[GHJH QR JINK]Y J)

s ;B 9 BD9E9:3

39 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

EXPLANATORY NOTES

6%&=8.1= O1&%'0 2=#"8>'3


\36\ F;=J @78 HA@8=@;9E 9@ 9 HA;=@ JC8 @A B8M8:9E

D79:K8B3

*A=@:9B@ I;@7 M8D@A: 9JJ;@;A= ;= 1H8D;F;D

5<Y8D@;M8B \3V 9=J \3^3

C ) :I[*I*P*K*V*Q*J*Y


g36 HT[\IKM VGH eRIJINdc

g3&

]YH +W K[X VQ YQ\OH [JQL\HUYc

g3\

]YH VGH RQJU]\I c+8F8: @A @78 CB8 AF J;8E8D@:;DB @A H:AJCD8 D9H9D;@A:B

AF E9:K8: M9EC8B I;@7 @78 B9?8 J;?8=B;A=B3

/8=@;A= @78 @GH8B AF J;8E8D@:;DB 9=J @78 :9=K8 AF

@78;: J;8E8D@:;D DA=B@9=@B A: :8E9@;M8 H8:?;@;M;@G3

g3g NHJKOH IMN ]YH RQJU]\IH RQJ PI[IPKVQJY KM

[IJI\\H\ IMN YHJKHY VQ YQ\OH [JQL\HUYc

#=DECJ8 H:A<E8?B A= 8OC;M9E8=@ D9H9D;@9=D8 FA:

B;?HE8 B8:;8B H9:9EE8E DA?<;=9@;A=B3

g3V ]YH VGH HMHJZS YVQJHN KM I PI[IPKVQJ IY

A IMN VQ

YQ\OH [JQL\HUYc

.;BDCBB @78 ?8D79=;B? AF 8=8:KG B@A:9K8 ;= 9

D9H9D;@A:3

g3^

:8D9EE 9=J CB8 @78 8OC9@;A=B FA: D9H9D;@A:

J;BD79:K8Z h_ hW8 x H

#_ #W8 x H

s_s W8 x H

Q+* ;B @78 d@;?8 DA=B@9=@e 9=J ?89BC:8J ;=

B8DA=JB3T

40 CXC A16/U2/07





UNIT 2


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

/9K = 8 @ ; D N A : D 8 B Q D A = @ f J T

EXPLANATORY NOTES


?)C [JHNKPV VGH NKJHPVKQM QR VGH RQJPH QM I PGIJZH

UQOKMZ KM I UIZMHVKP RKH\NZ

!B8 NE8?;=KfB )8F@X49=J +CE8 9=J @:89@ @78

?AM;=K D79:K8 9B 9= 8E8D@:;D DC::8=@3

hC9E;@9@;M8 J;BDCBB;A= AF @78 @:9HH;=K AF D79:K8J

H9:@;DE8B <G ?9K=8@;D F;8EJB I;@7 BH8D;F;D ?8=@;A=

AF 89:@7fB ?9K=8@;D F;8EJ 9=J @78 s9= -EE8=

:9J;9@;A= <8E@3

^3V

]YH VGH HT[JHYYKQM O W ]KC01" θ VQ YQ\OH

[JQL\HUYc

^3^ YQ\OH [JQL\HUY KMOQ\OKMZ PGIJZHN [IJVKP\HY

UQOKMZ KM U]V]I\\S [HJ[HMNKP]\IJ H\HPVJKP

IMN UIZMHVKP RKH\NYc

^3R NHYPJKLH VGH HRRHPV QR I YQRV KJQM PQJH QM VGH

UIZMHVKP RKH\N N]H VQ I YQ\HMQKNc

:QU[IJH VGKY HRRHPV ^KVG VGIV QR VGH

NKH\HPVJKP KM I PI[IPKVQJ3

^3S HT[\IKM VGH [JKMPK[\H QR VGH H\HPVJQUIZMHV

IMN NKYP]YY KVY ]YHY KM NQQJ\QP_Y< Y^KVPGHY

IMN QVGHJ I[[\KPIVKQMYc

^3l HT[\IKM VGH QJKZKM QR VGH RQJPHY LHV^HHM

P]JJHMV3PIJJSKMZ PQMN]PVQJY< IMN [JHNKPV VGH

NKJHPVKQM QR VGH RQJPHYc

^36W HT[\IKM VGH 7I\\ HRRHPVc #= J8M8EAH;=K @78 8>HE9=9@;A=2 :8F8: @A 1H8D;F;D

5<Y8D@;M8 ^3V

?)++ ]YH VGH 7I\\ [JQLH VQ UHIY]JH R\]T NHMYKVS)

42 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

EXPLANATORY NOTES

R3 6%&=8.#,*("&81= L"'H=81#"


R36 8>HE9;= ?9K=8@;D FEC> 9=J ]YH VGH H`]IVKQM

Φ W ]F VQ YQ\OH [JQL\HUYZ

R3& 8>HE9;= VGH e^HLHJdZ

B)A NHYPJKLH IMN KMVHJ[JHV HT[HJKUHMVY ^GKPG

NHUQMYVJIVH VGH JH\IVKQMYGK[ LHV^HHM VGH

UIZMKV]NH IMN NKJHPVKQM QR IM KMN]PHN

H)U)R) IMN VGH PGIMZH QR R\]T \KM_IZH

[JQN]PKMZ VGH H)U)R)c

(T[\IKM YH[IJIVH\S IMN `]I\KVIVKOH\S VGH

HRRHPVY QLVIKMHN ^GHM;

WIX LIJ UIZMHV UQOHY KMYKNH I YQ\HMQKNc

WLX V^Q R\IV PQK\Y UQOH ^KVG JHY[HPV VQHIPG QVGHJc

WPX LIJ UIZMHV UQOHY ^KVG JHY[HPV VQ

R\IV PQK\c

WNX QMH YQ\HMQKN UQOHY KMYKNH IMQVGHJc

WHX YQ\HMQKN UQOHY KMYKNH I R\IV PQK\)

$M SQ]J HT[\IMIVKQM< JHRHJ VQ -[HPKRKP

%LaHPVKOH B)9)

R3g ]YH 6IJINISdY 'I^ QR H\HPVJQUIZMHVKP

KMN]PVKQM VQ NHVHJUKMH VGH UIZMKV]NH QR IMKMN]PHN H)U)R)c

188 BCKK8B@8J H:9D@;D9E 9D@;M;@G A= H9K8 g^3

#=DECJ8 ( _ [)M FA: 9 B@:9;K7@ DA=JCD@A:3

R3V ]YH 'HMbdY 'I^ VQ NHVHJUKMH VGH NKJHPVKQM

QR IM KMN]PHN H)U)R)c

R3^ NKYP]YY 'HMbdY 'I^ IY IM HTIU[\H QR

PQMYHJOIVKQM QR HMHJZSc

R3R HT[\IKM YKU[\H I[[\KPIVKQMY QR

H\HPVJQUIZMHVKP KMN]PVKQMZ

$:9=BFA:?8:B2 9D 9=J JD ?A@A:B 9=J K8=8:9@A:B

B7ACEJ <8 J;BDCBB8J 9B ?9YA: 9HHE;D9@;A=B AF

8E8D@:A?9K=8@;D ;=JCD@;A=3

R3S 8>HE9;= @78 H:;=D;HE8 AF AH8:9@;A= AF @78 B;?HE8

@:9=BFA:?8:Z

43 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2



6%&=8.#,*("&81= L"'H=81#" 2=#"8>'3


R3l CB8 @78 :8E9@;A=B7;H FA: @78

;J89E @:9=BFA:?8: )

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# G*H* *V *H*I*P*G*H*J**K *Y**] *J *Z*H*N**V*Q* *J *H*K*M*R*Q*J*P*H**V*G*H**J*H*\*H*O*I*M*V**I*[*[*J*Q*O*H*N**P*Q*N*H*Y**I*M*N**Y*I*R*H*V*S* *[ *J*I*P*V*K*P*H*Y**N *]*J*K*M*Z** V*

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$7;B 8>H8:;?8=@ CB8B 9 49EE H:A<8 9=J 9 J;:8D@ DC::8=@ FEAI;=K ;= @78 BAE8=A;J3 $78 :89J;=K A= @78 MAE@?8@8: DA==8D@8J @A

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@C:=B QI7;D7 ;B ?9:P8J A= @78?T3 (=BC:;=K @79@ @78 DC::8=@B 9:8 @78 B9?8 ;= 89D7 <G

DA==8D@;=K @78? ;= B8:;8B2 ;=M8B@;K9@8 7AI [ 9@ @78 D8=@:8 AF @78 BAE8=A;J J8H8=JB A= =2 @78 @C:=

DA=D8=@:9@;A=2 FA: 9@ E89B@ @7:88 J;FF8:8=@ DC::8=@ M9EC8B3

-EBA ?AM8 @78 H:A<8 F:A? B;J8 @A B88 7AI @78 F;8EJ M9:;8B 9D:ABB @78 BAE8=A;J3

Q<T *7AAB8 9 H9;: AF BAE8=A;JB I;@7 @78 B9?8 =C?<8: AF @C:=B H8: C=;@ E8=K@72 =2 <C@ J;FF8:8=@ 9:89B9=J ;=M8B@;K9@8 7AI [ J8H8=JB A= @78 9:89 AF D:ABBXB8D@;A= I78= @78 A@78: F9D@A:B 9:8 P8H@

DA=B@9=@3 +8H89@ I;@7 J;FF8:8=@ DC::8=@B3

QDT #=M8B@;K9@8 7AI @78 F;8EJ 9@ @78 D8=@:8 AF 9 BAE8=A;J J8H8=JB A= @78 DC::8=@ FEAI;=K ;= ;@3

N;=J [ 9@ M9:;ACB HAB;@;A=B 9EA=K @78 BAE8=A;J 9>;B 9=J HEA@ 9 K:9H7 @A J;BHE9G GAC: :8BCE@B3

44 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2


N5 + * ( 5 " * ! + + ( " $ X *-+ + , # " 0 *5 " . ! *$ 5 +

+8 F 8 : @ A 1 H 8 D ; F ; D 5 < Y 8 D @ ; M 8 ^ 3 \

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, H*V*G*Q*N*; 18@ CH @78 9HH9:9@CB B7AI= 9<AM8 BA @79@ 9= CHI9:J FA:D8 I;EE <8 8>8:@8J A= @78 I;:8 I78= @78

DC::8=@ ;B FEAI;=K3 [8FA:8 BI;@D7;=K A=2 H:8BB @78 @9:8 <9: A= @78 <9E9=D8 @A B8@ @78 :89J;=K 9@ c8:A3

1;=D8 @78 DA=JCD@A: ;B FA:D8J CHI9:J2 9= 8OC9E 9=J 9HHAB;@8 FA:D8 I;EE HCB7 @78 ?9K=8@ JAI=

Q"8I@A= ###T BA @78 FA:D8 A= @78 I;:8 ?9G <8 D9EDCE9@8J F:A? @78 <9E9=D8 :89J;=K3

-DDA:J;=K @A @78 @8>@B2 @78 FA:D8 A= 9 DC::8=@XD9::G;=K I;:8 -$ +#04$ -"0)(1 @A 9 C=;FA:?

F;8EJ ;B'

Q9T

H:AHA:@;A=9E @A @78 DC::8=@2 #2 FEAI;=K ;= @78 DA=JCD@A:Z

Q<T H:AHA:@;A=9E @A @78 E8=K@72 )2 AF @78 DA=JCD@A:3

!B8 @7;B 9HH9:9@CB @A @8B@ @78B8 @IA B@9@8?8=@B3

-EBA CB8 <A@7 B8@B AF J9@9 @A F;=J @78 H:AHA:@;A=9EEG DA=B@9=@ [ QP=AI= 9B @78 FEC> J8=B;@G AF @78 C=;FA:? F;8EJT ;= @78

:8E9@;A=B7;H2 N_[#)3

45 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2


$4 ( )- U 1 5 N () (* $+ 5 / - 0 " ($ # * # " . ! * $# 5 "

+8 F 8 : @ A 1 H 8 D ; F ; D 5 < Y 8 D @ ; M 8 R 3 g

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# G*H*Q*J*S

NEC> E;=P9K8 _ "-[ I78:8 " ;B @78 =C?<8: AF @C:=B ;= @78 B8DA=J9:G DA;E2 - ;B @78 9:89 AF @78 DA;E 9=J [ ;B @78 ?9K=8@;D

FEC> J8=B;@G H:AJCD8J <G @78 H:;?9:G DA;E3

$A ;=M8B@;K9@8 @78 :8E9@;A=B7;H 9<AM82 @IA AF @78 OC9=@;@;8B ?CB@ :8?9;= DA=B@9=@ I7;E8 @78 @7;:J ;B M9:;8J3 Q"A@8 @79@ @78

:9@8 AF D79=K8 AF [ J8H8=JB A= @78 :9@8 AF D79=K8 AF # I7;D7 ;B H:AHA:@;A=9E @A @78 F:8OC8=DGT3

-HH9:9@CB' L9;: AF BAE8=A;JB AF BOC9:8 D:ABBXB8D@;A=Z A=8 79B @I;D8 @78 9:89 AF @78 A@78:3

1;K=9E K8=8:9@A:' CB8 @78 EAI ;?H8J9=D8 AC@HC@ 9=J B8@ @78 F:8OC8=DG A= @78 6WW @A 6WWW 4c :9=K83

*9@7AJ8 :9G ABD;EEABDAH8 FA: ?89BC:;=K @78 H89P ;=JCD8J MAE@9K83

-3*3 9??8@8: @A 8=BC:8 @79@ @78 DC::8=@ ;B DA=B@9=@ QBA @79@ [ ;B DA=B@9=@T3

)A=K E8=K@7 AF ;=BCE9@8J DAHH8: I;:8 @A I;=J M9:;ACB =C?<8:B AF @C:=B A= @78 BAE8=A;JB3

46 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2

MODULE 2: A.C. THEORY AND ELECTRONICS

GENERAL OBJECTIVES


+) ]MNHJYVIMN VGH [JKMPK[\HY IMN Q[HJIVKQM QR VGH [3M a]MPVKQM NKQNHc

1) ]MNHJYVIMN VGH PGIJIPVHJKYVKPY QR I\VHJMIVKMZ P]JJHMVY IMN VGHKJ I[[\KPIVKQMYc

A) ]MNHJYVIMN VGH ]YH QR VJIMYN]PHJY IY KM[]V IMN Q]V[]V NHOKPHYc

C) ]MNHJYVIMN @78 CB8 AF Q[HJIVKQMI\ IU[\KRKHJY ;= 9=9EAKC8 D;:DC;@Bc

9) NHUQMYVJIVH [JQRKPKHMPS ;= @78 CB8 AF \QZKP ZIVHY KM NKZKVI\ PKJP]KVY)

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

?J F%8&."*81"( +H..&"80

EXPLANATORY NOTES


+)+ ]YH VGH VHJUY eRJH`]HMPSd< e[HI_ OI\]Hd IMN

eJQQV3UHIM3Y`]IJH OI\]Hd KM JH\IVKQM VQ IM

I\VHJMIVKMZ P]JJHMV QJ OQ\VIZHc

-V]NHMVY YGQ]\N JHPQZMKYH VGIV IP OQ\VIZHY

IMN P]JJHMVY IJH PQUUQM\S `]QVHN KM VHJUY

QR VGH JUY OI\]HY)

+)1 ]YH IM H`]IVKQM QR VGH RQJU > _ > A B ; = ω @VQ JH[JHYHMV IM I\VHJMIVKMZ P]JJHMV QJ

OQ\VIZHc

+)A ]YH VGH JH\IVKQMYGK[ VGIV VGH [HI_ OI\]H KY

√1 VKUHY VGH J)U)Y) OI\]H RQJ VGH YKM]YQKNI\

PIYHc

+)C NKYP]YY VGH INOIMVIZHY QR ]YKMZ I\VHJMIVKMZ

P]JJHMV IMN GKZG OQ\VIZHY RQJ VGH

VJIMYUKYYKQM QR H\HPVJKPI\ HMHJZS)

47 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2

MODULE 2: A.C. THEORY AND ELECTRONICS (cont’d)

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

EJ Q/& -Y" ^H"=81#" T1#'&

EXPLANATORY NOTES


1)+ NHYPJKLH VGH H\HPVJKPI\ [JQ[HJVKHY QR

YHUKPQMN]PVQJY IMN NKYVKMZ]KYG LHV^HHM

[3 VS[H IMN M3VS[H UIVHJKI\c

#GH [Q[]\IVKQM NHMYKVS QR GQ\HY IMN H\HPVJQM

KM KMVJKMYKP IMN NQ[HN YHUKPQMN]PVQJY YGQ]\N

LH UHMVKQMHN IMN PQU[IJHN ^KVG VGIV RQJ

PQMN]PVQJY)

!HYKYVKOKVS QR YHUKPQMN]PVQJY YGQ]\N LH

PQU[IJHN VQ VGIV QR PQMN]PVQJY KM QJNHJ VQ

[\IPH VGH OI\]HY KM UHIMKMZR]\ PQMVHTVY)

1)1 HT[\IKM VGH RQJUIVKQM QR I NH[\HVKQM \ISHJ IV

I [3M a]MPVKQMc

#GH RIPV VGIV I NH[\HVKQM \ISHJ RQJUY KM VGH

]MLKIYHN [3M a]MPVKQM YGQ]\N LH HU[GIYKYHN)

1)A NKYP]YY VGH R\Q^ QR P]JJHMV ^GHM VGH [3M

a]MPVKQM NKQNH KY RQJÎJN3LKIYHN QJ JHOHJYH3

LKIYHNc

1)C NKYP]YY VGH $3> PGIJIPVHJKYVKP QR VGH [3M

a]MPVKQM NKQNHc

,HMVKQM YQUH I[[\KPIVKQMY QR NKQNHY IMN

YGQ^ GQ^ VGHYH YKU[\H PGIJIPVHJKYVKPY \HIN VQ

VGHYH I[[\KPIVKQMY)

1)9 :8D9EE @79@ 9 YC=D@;A= @:9=B;B@A: ;B <9B;D9EEG @IA HX

= YC=D@;A=BZ

.:9I 9 J;9K:9? 9=J 9EBA J:9I @78 @:9=B;B@A:

BG?<AE3

1)? CB8 @78 J;AJ8 FA: 79EFXI9M8 :8D@;F;D9@;A=Z

1)B CB8 @78 <:;JK8 :8D@;F;8: Qg J;AJ8BT FA: FCEEXI9M8

:8D@;F;D9@;A=Z

1)@ :8H:8B8=@ 79EFXI9M8 9=J FCEEXI9M8 :8D@;F;D9@;A=

K:9H7;D9EEGZ

1)E J;BDCBB @78 CB8 AF 9 D9H9D;@A: FA: B?AA@7;=K 9:8D@;F;8J 9D I9M83

#=DECJ8 B;K=;F;D9=D8 AF @78 @;?8XDA=B@9=@ +*3

48 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

MJ Q.*"0'H=&.0

EXPLANATORY NOTES


A)+ HT[\IKM VGH ]YH QR VGH \KZGV3NH[HMNHMV

JHYKYVQJ W'/!X< VGH VGHJUKYVQJ IMN VGH

UKPJQ[GQMH IY KM[]V NHOKPHY FA: 8E8D@:A=;D

D;:DC;@BZ

!B8J ;F =8D8BB9:G ;= 9 HA@8=@;9E J;M;J8: A: ;= 9

U789@B@A=8 <:;JK8 D;:DC;@3

A)1 J8BD:;<8 VGH Q[HJIVKQM QR VGH \KZGV3HUKVVKMZ

NKQNH W'(/X< VGH L]bbHJ IMN VGH JH\IS IY

Q]V[]V NHOKPHY)

#=DECJ8 CB8 AF H:A@8D@;M8 :8B;B@A: FA: @78 )(.)

NJ _-&.*81#"*% F,-%151&.0


C)+ NHYPJKLH VGH [JQ[HJVKHY QR VGH KNHI\

Q[HJIVKQMI\ IU[\KRKHJc

$MRKMKVH KM[]V KU[HNIMPH< KMRKMKVH AH8= EAAH

ZIKM< bHJQ Q]V[]V KU[HNIMPH)

C)1 PQU[IJH VGH [JQ[HJVKHY AF 9 :89E AH8:9@;A=9E

9?HE;F;8: I;@7 VGH KNHI\ Q[HJIVKQMI\ IU[\KRKHJZ

C)A ]YH VGH Q[HJIVKQMI\ IU[\KRKHJ IY I PQU[IJIVQJc NA: 8>9?HE82 DA=M8:@;=K B;=8 I9M8 @A BOC9:8I9M82 @C:=;=K A= 9= 9E9:? I78= @78 @8?H8:9@C:8

8>D88JB 9 F;>8J M9EC83

C)C ]YH VGH RIPV VGIV UIZMKV]NH QR VGH Q]V[]V

OQ\VIZH PIMMQV HTPHHN VGIV QR VGH [Q^HJ

Y][[\Sc

#=@:AJCD8 dDE;HH;=Ke 9=J dB9@C:9@;A=e3

C)9 HT[\IKM VGH UHIMKMZ QR ZIKM IMN LIMN^KNVG

QR IM IU[\KRKHJc

#S[KPI\ IY ^H\\ IY KNHI\ OI\]HY RQJ VGHYH

`]IMVKVKHY YGQ]\N LH NKYP]YYHN)

C)? HT[\IKM VGH ZIKM3RJH`]HMPS P]JOH RQJ I

VS[KPI\ Q[HJIVKQMI\ IU[\KRKHJc

$MP\]NH VGH RIPV VGIV K9;= 9=J RJH`]HMPS 9:8

]Y]I\\S [\QVVHN QM \QZIJKVGUKP 9>8B IMNHT[\IKM VGH JHIYQM RQJ VGKY)

C)B NHVHJUKMH LIMN^KNVG RJQU I ZIKM3RJH`]HMPS

P]JOHc

2JHPKYH M]UHJKPI\ OI\]HY JH\IVHN VQ VGH

JHY[QMYH QR VGH HIJ IJH MQV JH`]KJHN)

49 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

_-&.*81#"*% F,-%151&.0 2=#"8>'3

EXPLANATORY NOTES


C)@ NJI^ VGH PKJP]KV NKIZJIU RQJ LQVG VGH

KMOHJVKMZ IMN MQM3KMOHJVKMZ IU[\KRKHJ ^KVG I

YKMZ\H KM[]Vc

-V]NHMVY YGQ]\N LH RIUK\KIJ ^KVG YHOHJI\

JH[JHYHMVIVKQMY QR VGH YIUH PKJP]KV)

C)E ]YH VGH PQMPH[V QR OKJV]I\ HIJVG KM VGH

KMOHJVKMZ IU[\KRKHJc

(T[\IKM ^GS VGH OKJV]I\ HIJVG PIMMQV LH

PQMMHPVHN NKJHPV\S VQ HIJVG I\VGQ]ZG KV KY

gOKJV]I\\Sh IV HIJVG [QVHMVKI\)

C)+F NHJKOH IMN ]YH HT[JHYYKQMY RQJ VGH ZIKM QR

LQVG VGH KMOHJVKMZ IU[\KRKHJ 9=J @78 =A=X

;=M8:@;=K 9?HE;F;8:Z

!B8 @78 H:AH8:@;8B AF @78 ;J89E AHX9?H)

C)++ NKYP]YY VGH HRRHPV QR MHZIVKOH RHHNLIP_ QM

VGH ZIKM IMN LIMN^KNVG QR IM ;=M8:@;=K

Q[HJIVKQMI\ IU[\KRKHJ 9=J =A=X;=M8:@;=K

9?HE;F;8:Z

,HMVKQM VGH HRRHPV QR MHZIVKOH RHHNLIP_ QM

QVGHJ Q[3IU[ PGIJIPVHJKYVKPY)

188 BCKK8B@8J H:9D@;D9E 9D@;M;@;8B A= H9K8B Vg 9=J

VV3

C)+1 [HJRQJU PI\P]\IVKQMY JH\IVHN VQ YKMZ\H3KM[]V

IU[\KRKHJ PKJP]KVYc

$MP\]NH gPIYPINHNh IU[\KRKHJY)

C)+A CB8 @78 F9D@ @79@ 9 =A=X;=M8:@;=K 9?HE;F;8: 79B 9

M8:G 7;K7 ;=HC@ ;?H8J9=D8Z

C)+C NHYPJKLH VGH ]YH QR VGH KMOHJVKMZ IU[\KRKHJ IY

I Y]UUKMZ IU[\KRKHJc

/8=@;A= AF H:9D@;D9E CB8B AF BC??;=K 9?HE;F;8:2

FA: 8>9?HE82 ?;>;=K <A9:JB)

C)+9 YQ\OH [JQL\HUY JH\IVHN VQ Y]UUKMZ IU[\KRKHJ

PKJP]KVYc

+8E9@8 @A @78 CB8 AF BC??;=K 9?HE;F;8: 9B 9 J;K;@9E

@A 9=9EAKC8 DA=M8:@3

C)+? NHYPJKLH VGH ]YH QR VGH Q[HJIVKQMI\ IU[\KRKHJ

IY I OQ\VIZH RQ\\Q^HJc

,HMVKQM VGH KU[QJVIMV [JIPVKPI\ ]YH QR VGH

OQ\VIZH RQ\\Q^HJ IY I L]RRHJ QJ UIVPGKMZ

IU[\KRKHJ)

50 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

_-&.*81#"*% F,-%151&.0 2=#"8>'3

EXPLANATORY NOTES


C)+B IMI\SYH YKU[\H Q[HJIVKQMI\ IU[\KRKHJ PKJP]KVYc

C)+@ IMI\SYH VGH JHY[QMYH QR IU[\KRKHJ PKJP]KVY VQ

KM[]V YKZMI\Y< ]YKMZ VKUKMZ NKIZJIUY)

PJ R#(1= V*8&0


9)+ NHYPJKLH VGH R]MPVKQM QR VGH RQ\\Q^KMZ \QZKP

ZIVHY; &%#< "&/< &"&/< %!< &%!<

(m%!< (m&%!c

$MP\]NH VGH H`]KOI\HMPH JH\IVKQMYGK[ LHV^HHM

NKRRHJHMV ZIVHY< FA: 8>9?HE82 -". F:A? "5+12

5+ F:A? "-".12 "5+ F:A? 5+a"5$2 "5$

F:A? "5+)

9)1 ]YH VJ]VG VIL\HY VQ JH[JHYHMV VGH R]MPVKQM QR

\QZKP ZIVHY ^KVG MQ UQJH VGIM V^Q KM[]VYc

9)A :8XJ8B;K= 9 EAK;D D;:DC;@ @A DA=@9;= A=EG "5+ K9@8B A: A=EG "-". K9@8BZ

*;:DC;@ B7ACEJ <8 :8JCD8J @A ?;=;?C? D7;H DAC=@3

9)C IMI\SYH PKJP]KVY ]YKMZ PQULKMIVKQMY QR \QZKP

ZIVHY VQ [HJRQJU PQMVJQ\ R]MPVKQMYc

9)9 PQMYVJ]PV IMN KMVHJ[JHV VJ]VG VIL\HY RQJ I

PQULKMIVKQM QR \QZKP ZIVHYc

-V]NHMVY YGQ]\N RIUK\KIJKYH VGHUYH\OHY IV VGH

HIJ\KHYV [QYYKL\H Q[[QJV]MKVS ^KVG VGH

I[[\KPIVKQM QR \QZKP ZIVHY VQ YQ\OH YKU[\H JHI\

^QJ\N [JQL\HUY IMN I RIUK\KIJ [JIPVKPI\

HTIU[\H YGQ]\N LH NHYPJKLHN)

9)? CB8 @;?;=K J;9K:9?B @A :8H:8B8=@ @78 :8BHA=B8 AFJ;K;@9E D;:DC;@B @A J;FF8:8=@ ;=HC@ B;K=9EBZ

51 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

R#(1= V*8&0 2=#"8>'3

EXPLANATORY NOTES


9)B J:9I 9 D;:DC;@ @A B7AI @78 DA=B@:CD@;A= AF 9 79EFX

9JJ8: 9=J 8>HE9;= ;@B AH8:9@;A=BZ

N:A? @IA "5+B 9=J 9= -". A: F:A? (t5+

9=J 9= -".3

9)@ CB8 @IA 79EFX9JJ8:B 9=J 9= 5+ @A DA=B@:CD@ 9

FCEEX9JJ8:Z

9)E HT[\IKM VGH Q[HJIVKQM QR I R\K[3R\Q[

PQMYKYVKMZ QR V^Q &"&/ ZIVHY QJ V^Q &%!ZIVHYZ

!B8 AF @78 1X+ FE;HXFEAH 9B 9 E9@D7 A: ?8?A:G )

9)+F J8BD:;<8 @78 AH8:9@;A= AF @78 @:;KK8:8J <;B@9<E8Z

9)++ DA?<;=8 @:;KK8:8J <;B@9<E8B Q$ FE;HXFEAHBT @A ?9P8

9 \X<;@<;=9:G DAC=@8:Z

9)+1 NKYP]YY VGH I[[\KPIVKQM QR NKZKVI\ YSYVHUY KM

VGH GQUH IMN KM KMN]YVJS)

"]VQUQLK\H I[[\KPIVKQMY PIM I\YQ LH ]YHN IY

HTIU[\HY)

9H((&08&' Q&*=/1"( *"' R&*."1"( F=81C181&0


E89:=;=K 9D@;M;@;8B E;B@8J <8EAI3

+) ,HIY]JH VGH $3> PGIJIPVHJKYVKPY QR NKRRHJHMV [3M a]MPVKQM NKQNHY)

1) :QMYVJ]PV IMN VHYV GI\R3ÎOH IMN R]\\3ÎOH JHPVKRKPIVKQM PKJP]KVY)

A) $MOHYVKZIVH VGH YUQQVGKMZ HRRHPV QR I PI[IPKVQJ QM I JHPVKRKHN IP ÎOH)

C) ,HIY]JH VGH JHY[QMYH QR '/!Y< VGHJUKYVQJY IMN UKPJQ[GQMHY VQ NKRRHJHMV KM[]VY)

9) $MOHYVKZIVH VGH JHY[QMYH QR '(/Y< L]bbHJY IMN JH\ISY VQ Q]V[]V YKZMI\Y)

?) :QMYVJ]PV IMN VHYV PQU[IJIVQJ PKJP]KVY ]YKMZ Q[HJIVKQMI\ IU[\KRKHJY)

B) ,HIY]JH VGH LIMN^KNVG QR IM Q[HJIVKQMI\ IU[\KRKHJ PKJP]KV IMN NHVHJUKMH VGH HRRHPV QR MHZIVKOH

RHHNLIP_ QM LIMN^KNVG)

52 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2


@) :QMYVJ]PV YKU[\H IU[\KRKHJ PKJP]KVY IMN KMOHYVKZIVH VGHKJ JHY[QMYH VQ NKRRHJHMV YKZMI\Y)

E) $MOHYVKZIVH Q[HJIVKQMI\ IU[\KRKHJ PKJP]KVY< ^GKPG ]YH OIJKQ]Y KM[]V IMN Q]V[]V VJIMYN]PHJY)

+F) /HYKZM IMN PQMYVJ]PV NKZKVI\ PKJP]KVY ]YKMZ \QZKP ZIVHY VQ [HJRQJU R]MPVKQMY Y]PG IY I\IJUY IMN NQQJ

\QP_Y)

++) :QMYVJ]PV IMN VHYV R\K[3R\Q[ PKJP]KVY ]YKMZ \QZKP ZIVHY VQ Y^KVPG NHOKPHY QM IMN QRR KM I PQMVJQ\\HN

RIYGKQM)

53 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2


2 * *:*#*$*:* *'* *:*#*$*>*$*#*$*(*-

# G*H* V*H*I*P*G*H*J* K*Y* ]*J*Z*H*N* V*Q* J*H*K*M*R*Q*J*P*H* V*G*H* J*H*\*H*O*I*M*V* I*[*[*J*Q*O*H*N* P*Q*N*H*Y* I*M*N* Y*I*R*H*V*S* [*J*I*P*V*K*P*H*Y* N*]*J*K*M*Z* V*

G*H* N*H*\*K*O*H*J*S

*

Q R* I \*\* [ J*I P*V*K*P*I \* I P*V*K*O*K*V*K*H*Y* K*M* V*G H* ,*QN ]*\*H*)

#7*(* D* *$*&* %*6* *&* $*&*>*( *# $*&*D* *,*2 *' $*6*$*( *

H*R*H*J* V*Q* -*[*H*P*K*R*K*P* %*L*a*H*P*V*K*O*H* C*)*+*+

K*U*;

$A HEA@ @78 @:9=BF8: D79:9D@8:;B@;D AF 9= AH3 9?H3 DA==8D@8J 9B 9= ;=M8:@;=K 9?HE;F;8: 9=J

?89BC:8 ;@B K9;=3

, H*V*G*Q*N*; 18@ CH @78 D;:DC;@ B7AI=3 !B8 A=8 AF @78 HA@8=@;9E J;M;J8:B H:AM;J8J A= @78 AH3 9?H3 [A9:J @A DA=@:AE @78

;=HC@ 9=J J;K;@9E MAE@?8@8:B @A ?A=;@A: @78 ;=HC@ 9=J @78 AC@HC@ H3J3fB3

!B8 @78 J9@9 DAEE8D@8J @A HEA@ @78 @:9=BF8: D79:9D@8:;B@;D Qs A 9K9;=B@ s ;T3

N;=J @78 K9;= AF @78 9?HE;F;8: F:A? 9 B8DA=J K:9H7 AF @78 E;=89: :8K;A= A=EG 9=J DA?H9:8 @78 M9EC8 I;@7 @78 @78A:8@;D9E M9EC83

54 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2


#7*(* 6* *(4*5*(&*:*8* *( -*2 *%*&*-*(* %*6* * &*%*&**$&*>*(* *#*$ &*D* *,*2 *'*$ 6*$ (*

H*R*H*J* V*Q* -*[*H*P*K*R*K*P* %*L*a*H*P*V*K*O*H* C*)*+*+

K*U*; $A ;=M8B@;K9@8 7AI @78 K9;= AF 9= 9?HE;F;8: D79=K8B I78= @78 F:8OC8=DG ;B ;=D:89B8J3

, H*V*G*Q*N*; !B;=K A=8 AF @78 <EC8 AH3 9?H3 D;:DC;@ <A9:JB2 B8@ CH 9 =A=X;=M8:@;=K 9?HE;F;8: I;@7 9 F88J<9DP :8B;B@9=D8

AF 6WWW 9=J ;=HC@ :8B;B@9=D8 AF 6W 3 $78A:8@;D9EEG @78 K9;= B7ACEJ <8 6W6 <C@2 K;M8= @78

@AE8:9=D8 AF @78 :8B;B@A:B2 ;@ D9= <8 @9P8= 9B 6WW FA: @78 HC:HAB8B AF @7;B ;=M8B@;K9@;A=3

!B8 9= 9CJ;AXF:8OC8=DG B;K=9E K8=8:9@A: @A H:AM;J8 9 B;=CBA;J9E ;=HC@ 9=J ?A=;@A: <A@7 @78 ;=HC@ B;K=9E 9=J @78 AC@HC@ CB;=K

9 JAC<E8 <89? ABD;EEABDAH83

"A@8'

+) /9P8 BC:8 @79@ <A@7 @78 K9;= DA=@:AEB AF @78 D3:3A3 9:8 B8@ A= D9E;<:9@8 <8FA:8 @9P;=K ?89BC:8?8=@B3

1) - OC;DP I9G @A D78DP @79@ @78 K9;= AF @78 =A=X;=M8:@;=K 9?HE;F;8: ;B 6WW ;B @A B8@ @78 K9;= QMAE@B H8: J;M;B;A=T FA: @78

AC@HC@ @:9D8 A= 9 M9EC8 6WW @;?8B <;KK8: @79= @79@ FA: @78 ;=HC@ @:9D83 #F @78 K9;= ;B 6WW @78 @IA @:9D8B I;EE @78=

<8 @78 B9?8 B;c83

A) #F @78 AC@HC@ ;B B9@C:9@8J @78 ;=HC@ B;K=9E ?9G <8 :8JCD8J CB;=K @78 MAEC?8 DA=@:AE 9=JÀ: @78 9@@8=C9@A: DA=@:AE3

+8H89@ @78 ;=M8B@;K9@;A= CB;=K 9 K9;= AF 9<AC@ 6WWW 9=J HEA@ EAK K:9H7B @A J;BHE9G @78 :8BCE@B AF GAC: ;=M8B@;K9@;A=3

55 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2

MODULE 3: ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

GENERAL OBJECTIVES


+) I[[JHPKIVH VGH [GQVQM UQNH\ RQJ H\HPVJQUIZMHVKP JINKIVKQMc

&3 ]MNHJYVIMN VGH J8M8EAH?8=@ AF @78 =CDE89: ?AJ8E AF @78 9@A?Z

\3

9HH:8D;9@8 @78 I9M8XH9:@;DE8 =9@C:8 AF ?9@@8: 9=J 8=8:KGZ

C) ]MNHJYVIMN VGH JH\IVKQMYGK[ LHV^HHM UIYY IMN HMHJZSc

9) J8?A=B@:9@8 9 P=AIE8JK8 QR JINKQIPVKOKVS IMN KVY I[[\KPIVKQMY)

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

?J D*.81=H%*8& G*8H.& #5 6%&=8.#,*("&81= \*'1*81#"

EXPLANATORY NOTES


+)+ ]YH VGH JH\IVKQMYGK[ ( _ 7 F VQ YQ\OH

[JQL\HUYc

+)1 NHYPJKLH VGH [GHMQUHMQM QR [GQVQH\HPVJKP

HUKYYKQMc

+)A NKYP]YY VGH KMILK\KVS QR P\IYYKPI\ [GSYKPY VQ

HT[\IKM IY[HPVY QR VGH [GQVQH\HPVJKP HRRHPVc

+)C ]YH VGH [GQVQM UQNH\ IY VGH LIYKY RQJ

HT[\IKMKMZ VGH P\IYYKPI\ [IJINQTHY IYYQPKIVHN

^KVG [GQVQH\HPVJKP HUKYYKQMc

+)9 NHRKMH e^QJ_ R]MPVKQMd WΦX< eVGJHYGQ\N

RJH`]HMPSd WR n X< eP]V3QRR ÎOH\HMZVGd W λQX IMN

eYVQ[[KMZ [QVHMVKI\d W>YXc

Φ _ 7 F p

+)? ]YH VGH JH\IVKQMYGK[ GR j Φ o p UO 1

VQ YQ\OH[JQL\HUYc

5: 7F _ Φ a 8s B

56 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2

MODULE 3: ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS (cont’d)

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

D*.81=H%*8& G*8H.& #5 6%&=8.#,*("&81= \*'1*81#"

2=#"8>'3

EXPLANATORY NOTES


+)B ]YH VGH H\HPVJQM3OQ\V IY I ]MKV QR HMHJZSc -V]NHMVY YGQ]\N LH RIUK\KIJ ^KVG PI\P]\IVKQMY

RQJ PQMOHJVKMZ VGH .( QR [IJVKP\HY VQ H>)

+)@ NKYP]YY VGH [GQVQH\HPVJKP HRRHPV IY HOKNHMPH

RQJ VGH [IJVKP]\IVH MIV]JH QR H\HPVJQUIZMHVKP

JINKIVKQMc

+)E HT[\IKM VGH [JQPHYY QR m3JIS [JQN]PVKQMc $MP\]NH VGH RIPV VGIV VGH HUKYYKQM Y[HPVJ]U

GIY I PQMVKM]Q]Y LIP_ZJQ]MN PQU[QMHMV

IMN YHOHJI\ \KMH Y[HPVJI YHJKHY)

+)+F HT[\IKM VGH QJKZKMY QR \KMH IMN PQMVKM]Q]Y

m3JIS Y[HPVJIc

+)++ ]YH VGH JH\IVKQMYGK[ # _ # A 8 > H Q Xµ > T RQJ VGH

IVVHM]IVKQM QR m3JISY KM UIVVHJc

_ E;=89: 9<BA:H@;A= DAX8FF;D;8=@3

+)+1 NKYP]YY VGH ]YH QR m3JISY KM JINKQVGHJI[S IMN

KUIZKMZ KM UHNKPKMHc

4]I\KVIVKOH NHYPJK[VKQM QR VGH Q[HJIVKQM QR I

:"# YPIMMHJ YGQ]\N LH KMP\]NHN GHJH)

+)+A NKYP]YY GQ^ \KMH Y[HPVJI [JQOKNH HOKNHMPH

RQJ NKYPJHVH HMHJZS \HOH\Y KM KYQ\IVHN IVQUYc

+)+C ]YH VGH JH\IVKQMYGK[ GR j (1 3 (+ VQ YQ\OH

[JQL\HUYc

+)+9 NKYVKMZ]KYG LHV^HHM ILYQJ[VKQM IMN

HUKYYKQM \KMH Y[HPVJIc

+)+? 8>HE9;= @78 I9M8XH9:@;DE8 =9@C:8 AF ?9@@8: c

57 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

D*.81=H%*8& G*8H.& #5 6%&=8.#,*("&81= \*'1*81#"

2=#"8>'3

EXPLANATORY NOTES


+)+B NHYPJKLH IMN KMVHJ[JHV VGH HOKNHMPH

[JQOKNHN LS H\HPVJQM NKRRJIPVKQM RQJ VGH

ÎOH MIV]JH QR [IJVKP\HYc

+)+@ NKYP]YY KMVHJRHJHMPH IMN NKRRJIPVKQM IY

HOKNHMPH QR VGH ÎOH MIV]JH QR

H\HPVJQUIZMHVKP JINKIVKQMc

+)+E ]YH VGH JH\IVKQM RQJ VGH NH 0JQZ\KH

ÎOH\HMZVG λ W /[-)

EJ F8#,1= 98.H=8H.&


1)+ NHYPJKLH VGH WDHKZHJ3,IJYNHMX α3[IJVKP\H

YPIVVHJKMZ HT[HJKUHMV IMN NKYP]YY VGH

HOKNHMPH KV [JQOKNHY RQJ VGH M]P\HIJ UQNH\QR VGH IVQUc

0JKHR IPPQ]MV QR HIJ\S VGHQJKHY QR IVQUKP

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IMN !]VGHJRQJN< YGQ]\N KMVJQN]PH VGKY YHPVKQM)

1)1 ]YH VGH JH\IVKQM VQ YQ\OH

[JQL\HUYc

1)A HT[\IKM VGH VHJU eKYQVQ[Hdc

1)C ]YH VGH YVIMNIJN MQVIVKQM RQJ JH[JHYHMVKMZ I

M]P\KNHc6QJ HTIU[\H< G

1)9 NHYPJKLH ,K\\K_IMdY QK\ NJQ[ HT[HJKUHMVc #=DECJ8 J8@9;EB AF /;EE;P9=fB 8>H8:;?8=@9E J8B;K=3

1)? NKYP]YY VGH HOKNHMPH KM ,K\\K_IMdY QK\ NJQ[

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58 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2



A)+ NHRKMH eUIYY NHRHPVd IMN eLKMNKMZ HMHJZSdc

A)1 PI\P]\IVH UIYY NHRHPV IMN LKMNKMZ HMHJZSc

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UIYY KM M]P\HIJ JHIPVKQMY Δ ( _ Δ ? D &c

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A)C ]YH VGH IVQUKP UIYY ]MKV W]X IY I ]MKV QR

HMHJZSc

A)9 JH[JHYHMV ZJI[GKPI\\S VGH JH\IVKQMYGK[

LHV^HHM LKMNKMZ HMHJZS [HJ M]P\HQM IMNM]P\HQM M]ULHJc

A)? HT[\IKM VGH JH\IVKQMYGK[ LHV^HHM LKMNKMZ

HMHJZS [HJ M]P\HQM IMN M]P\HIJ RKYYKQM IMN

R]YKQMc

A)B NHUQMYVJIVH VGIV M]P\HQM M]ULHJ< [JQVQM

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PQMYHJOHN KM M]P\HIJ [JQPHYYHYc

A)@ JH[JHYHMV IMN KMVHJ[JHV M]P\HIJ JHIPVKQMY KM

VGH RQJU; 664a &64_ \& 48)

NJ \*'1#*=81C18I


C)+ JH\IVH JINKQIPVKOKVS VQ M]P\HIJ KMYVILK\KVSc

C)1 NKYP]YY VGH Y[QMVIMHQ]Y IMN JIMNQU MIV]JH

QR M]P\HIJ NHPISc

188 BCKK8B@8J H:9D@;D9E 9D@;M;@G A= H9K8 ^&3

C)A KNHMVKRS VGH QJKZKMY IMN HMOKJQMUHMVI\

GIbIJNY QR LIP_ZJQ]MN JINKIVKQMc

#GH NH\HVHJKQ]Y HRRHPVY QR GKZG HMHJZS JINKIVKQM

QM \KOKMZ VKYY]H YGQ]\N LH GKZG\KZGVHN)

59 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2


SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

\*'1#*=81C18I 2=#"8>'3

EXPLANATORY NOTES


C)C NHYPJKLH HT[HJKUHMVY VQ NKYVKMZ]KYG LHV^HHM

VGH VGJHH VS[HY QR HUKYYKQMY RJQU

JINKQIPVKOH Y]LYVIMPHYc

g3V I:;@8 9=J ;=@8:H:8@ 8OC9@;A=B FA: :9J;A9D@;M8

J8D9GZ

C)? NKYP]YY VGH HMOKJQMUHMVI\ GIbIJNY QRJINKQIPVKOH HUKYYKQMYc

-[HPKI\ IVVHMVKQM YGQ]\N LH RQP]YHN QM[QVHMVKI\ M]P\HIJ LKQGIbIJNY KM VGH

:IJKLLHIM HMOKJQMUHMV)

C)B NKYP]YY VGH MHPHYYIJS YIRHVS [JHPI]VKQMY RQJ

GIMN\KMZ IMN NKY[QYI\ QR JINKQIPVKOH

UIVHJKI\c

C)@ HT[\IKM eIPVKOKVSd< eNHPIS PQMYVIMVd IMN eGI\R3

\KRHd< IMN ]YH VGH JH\IVKQMYGK[ c

188 BCKK8B@8J H:9D@;D9E 9D@;M;@G A= H9K8 ^\3

C)E ]YH VGH \I^ QR NHPIS IMN

VQ YQ\OH [JQL\HUYc

C)+F ]YH VGH JH\IVKQM VQ YQ\OH

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AF 9 :9J;A9D@;M8 ;BA@AH8 I;@7 9 B7A:@ 79EFXE;F8Z

188 BCKK8B@8J H:9D@;D9E 9D@;M;@G A= H9K8 ^\3

C)+1 NKYP]YY ]YHY QR JINKQKYQVQ[HY IY VJIPHJY RQJ

PIJLQM NIVKMZ IMN KM JINKQVGHJI[Sc

#GH PGIJIPVHJKYVKPY QR IM KYQVQ[H ^GKPG UI_H

KV Y]KVIL\H RQJ ]YH KM JINKQVGHJI[S YGQ]\N LHGKZG\KZGVHN)

C)+A NHYPJKLH VGH Q[HJIVKQM QR YKU[\H NHVHPVQJY) W6QJ HTIU[\H< D3, V]LH< Y[IJ_ PQ]MVHJ<

P\Q]N PGIULHJX)

60 CXC A16/U2/07





UNIT 2


2 * *:*#*$*:* *'* *:*#*$*>*$*#*$*(*-

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V*G*H* N*H*\*K*O*H*J*S

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@8 9 D 7 8 : A : @7 8 E 9 < A: 9@ A: G @ 8 D 7 = ; D ;9 = ;? ? 8 J ;9 @ 8 E G 3

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?;=C@8B3 N:A? @78B8 :89J;=KB @78 =C?<8: AF J8D9GB ;= 89D7 &WB ;=@8:M9E D9= <8 FAC=J 9=J 78=D8 @78 DAC=@X:9@8 9@

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$78 9D@;M;@G AF @78 @7A:A= Q:9JA=X&&WT I;EE J8D9G 8>HA=8=@;9EEG BA GAC B7ACEJ <8 9<E8 @A J8:;M8 9= 8OC9@;A= BC;@9<E8

FA: HEA@@;=K 9 E;=89: K:9H7 F:A? I7;D7 @78 79EFXE;F8 ?9G 9EBA <8 FAC=J3 [G B8E8D@;=K @78 H9:@ AF @78 K:9H7 <8FA:8 @78

J8D9G K8@B @AA :9=JA? 9 ?A:8 H:8D;B8 M9EC8 @79= @78 F;:B@ A=8 ?9G <8 A<@9;=8J3

62 CXC A16/U2/07



UNIT 2


*/*$*%* *:*#*$*>*(* /*(*:* *8* -*$*,*5*' *#*$*%*&

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9:8 E8F@3 LEA@ @78 @A@9E =C?<8: E8F@ FA: 89D7 @:;9E 9K9;=B@ @78 @7:AI =C?<8:3 ,AC B7ACEJ :8?8?<8: @79@ @78

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9 BC;@9<E8 D;:DC;@ 9=J 79M8 @78 BCH8:M;BA: D78DP ;@ <8FA:8 BI;@D7;=K A=3

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63 CXC A16/U2/07



◆ OUTLINE OF ASSESSMENT

6<Q6\GFR F99699@6GQ 2àb3

L9H8: W6

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/AJCE83 (9D7 OC8B@;A= ;B IA:@7 6V ?9:PB3

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64 CXC A16/U2/07



D*-&. a? 2? /#H. Ma ,1"H8&0 ; Nab #5 Q#8*% F00&00,&"83

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P=AIE8JK8 AF @78 8=@;:8 !=;@ ;B 8>H8D@8J3 $78 H9H8: I;EE 9BB8BB @78 D9=J;J9@8fB P=AIE8JK8 9D:ABB @78 <:89J@7 AF @78 !=;@3

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65 CXC A16/U2/07



L"8&."*% F00&00,&"8 2Eab3

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75 CXC A16/U2/07



◆ LIST OF MINIMUM LABORATORY REQUIREMENTS

(E 8 D @ : ; D ; @ G 9 = J / 9 K = 8 @ ; B ?

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PI\K[HJX)

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76 CXC A16/U2/07



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77 CXC A16/U2/07



◆ LIST OF PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

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78 CXC A16/U2/07



RL9Q _O DUe9L+FR +_G9QFGQ9 2=#"8>'3

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79 CXC A16/U2/07



◆ MATHEMATICAL REQUIREMENTS

F.18/,&81=


+) JHPQZMKYH IMN ]YH HT[JHYYKQMY KM NHPKUI\ IMN YVIMNIJN RQJU WYPKHMVKRKP MQVIVKQMXc

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80 CXC A16/U2/07



V&#,&8.I *"' Q.1(#"#,&8.I


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81 CXC A16/U2/07



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82 CXC A16/U2/07



◆ SUMMARY OF KEY QUANTITIES, SYMBOLS AND UNITS

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84 CXC A16/U2/07




hC 9 = @ ; @ G !B C 9 E 1 G ?< A E B !B C 9 E != ; @

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hC 9 = @ ; @ G !B C 9 E 1 G ?< A E B !B C 9 E != ; @

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CAPE Physics Syllabus 2008

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