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Capacity to do work by Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two heat transfer between two
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Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Jan 29, 2016

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Phebe Clarissa Baker

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Page 1: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Capacity to do work by performing Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperaturesobjects at different temperatures

Page 2: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Popular reference to energy usage is actually...Popular reference to energy usage is actually...

-Transformation of energy from one form to -Transformation of energy from one form to another form that is more useful to us.another form that is more useful to us.

Potential energy sources include: Potential energy sources include:

Nonrenewable fossil and nuclear fuelsNonrenewable fossil and nuclear fuels

Renewable forms of solar energyRenewable forms of solar energy

Page 3: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Sources are converted to heat, which is used...Sources are converted to heat, which is used...

DirectlyDirectly

Page 4: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

To produce mechanical energyTo produce mechanical energy

Page 5: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

To produce electricityTo produce electricity

Page 6: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.
Page 7: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Net Energy is the one that counts

Difference between the amount of energy in the source and the amount of energy expended to get that energy source ready to use.

Page 8: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

How do we decide which energy sources to use? List page 353

U. S. influence on world energy policy4.6% of world populationUse 24% of world’s energy

Figure 15 - 16Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23

Year

210020251950187518000

20

40

60

80

100

Con

trib

utio

n to

tota

l ene

rgy

cons

ump

tion

(pe

rcen

t)

Wood

Coal

Oil

Nuclear

HydrogenSolar

Natural gas

Figure 15-16Page 353

Page 9: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.
Page 10: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.
Page 11: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Oil located ...

Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30MEXICO

UNITED STATES

CANADA

PacificOcean

AtlanticOcean

GrandBanks

Gulf ofAlaska

Valdez

ALASKABeaufort

Sea

Prudhoe Bay

ArcticOcean

Coal

Gas

Oil

High potentialareas

Prince WilliamSound

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

Trans Alaskaoil pipeline

Figure 15-20Page 356

Page 12: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Slide 31Slide 31Slide 31Slide 31Slide 31Slide 31Slide 31Slide 31Slide 31Slide 31Slide 31Slide 31Slide 31Slide 31

Figure 15-21Page 357

TEXAS

LOUISIANA

MISSISSIPPI

ALABAMA GEORGIA

FLORIDA

GULF OF MEXICOActive drilling sites

Page 13: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

U.S. Oil Numbers

•3% of world’s oil reserves

•Use 26% of oil extracted world wide (68% for transportation)

•Imported 55% of oil used in the country in 2001

•2001 oil bill = $100 billion

•U.S. oil supply 80% depleted in 10 - 48 years

Page 14: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

More oil numbers

•Production of reserves peak between 2010 and 2030

•Identified reserves will last 53 years at present usage

•Known and projected supplies expected to be 80% used in 42 - 93 years

Page 15: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Slide 37Slide 37Slide 37Slide 37Slide 37Slide 37Slide 37Slide 37Slide 37Slide 37Slide 37Slide 37Slide 37Slide 37

Low land use

Easily transportedwithin and between countries

High netenergy yield

Low cost (withhuge subsidies)

Ample supply for42–93 years

Advantages

Moderate waterpollution

Releases CO2when burned

Air pollutionwhen burned

Artificially low price encourageswaste and discourages search for alternatives

Need to findsubstitute within50 years

Disadvantages

Efficient distribu-tion system

Figure 15-26Page 361

Page 16: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.
Page 17: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Methane 50 - 90% (mostly)

Ethane, propane and butane

Hydrogen sulfide

What is it?

Page 18: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Slide 40Slide 40Slide 40Slide 40Slide 40Slide 40Slide 40Slide 40Slide 40Slide 40Slide 40Slide 40Slide 40Slide 40

Advantages Disadvantages

Good fuel forfuel cells andgas turbines

Low land use

Easily transportedby pipeline

Moderate environ-mental impact

Lower CO2

emissions thanother fossil fuels

Less air pollutionthan otherfossil fuels

Low cost (withhuge subsidies)

High net energyyield

Ample supplies(125 years)

Sometimes burned off andwasted at wellsbecause of lowprice

Shipped acrossocean as highlyexplosive LNG

Methane(a greenhouse gas) can leakfrom pipelines

Releases CO2

when burned

Nonrenewableresource

Difficult to transferfrom one countryto another

Requirespipelines Figure 15-29

Page 362

Page 19: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.
Page 20: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

What is it?Solid fossil fuel formed from buried remains of land plants subjected to intense heat and pressure over millions of years

Slide 41Slide 41Slide 41Slide 41Slide 41Slide 41Slide 41Slide 41Slide 41Slide 41Slide 41Slide 41Slide 41Slide 41

Increasing moisture content

Increasing heat and carbon content

Peat(not a coal)

Lignite(brown coal)

Bituminous Coal(soft coal)

Anthracite(hard coal)

Heat

Pressure Pressure Pressure

Heat Heat

Partially decayedplant matter in swampsand bogs; low heatcontent

Low heat content;low sulfur content;limited supplies inmost areas

Extensively usedas a fuel becauseof its high heat contentand large supplies;normally has ahigh sulfur content

Highly desirable fuelbecause of its highheat content andlow sulfur content;supplies are limitedin most areas

Figure 15-30Page 363

Page 21: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Slide 42Slide 42Slide 42Slide 42Slide 42Slide 42Slide 42Slide 42Slide 42Slide 42Slide 42Slide 42Slide 42Slide 42

Advantages Disadvantages

Low cost (with huge subsidies)

High net energyyield

Ample supplies(225–900 years)

Releases radioactive particles and mercury into air

High CO2emissionswhen burned

Severe threat tohuman health

High land use (including mining)

Severe land disturbance, air pollution, andwater pollution

Very high environmentalimpact

Mining andcombustiontechnologywell-developed

Air pollution canbe reduced withimprovedtechnology (butadds to cost)

Figure 15-31Page 364

Page 22: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Coal Gasification pg. 364 - 365

Slide 44Slide 44Slide 44Slide 44Slide 44Slide 44Slide 44Slide 44Slide 44Slide 44Slide 44Slide 44Slide 44Slide 44

Raw coal

Pulverizer

Air oroxygen

Steam

Pulverized coalSlag removal

Recycle unreactedcarbon (char)

Raw gases Cleanmethane gas

Recoversulfur

Methane(natural gas)

2CCoal

+ O2 2CO

CO + 3H2 CH4 + H2O

Remove dust,tar, water, sulfur

Figure 15-33Page 365

Page 23: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Slide 45Slide 45Slide 45Slide 45Slide 45Slide 45Slide 45Slide 45Slide 45Slide 45Slide 45Slide 45Slide 45Slide 45

Advantages Disadvantages

Large potentialsupply

Vehicle fuel

Low to moderatenet energy yield

Higher cost thancoal

High environmentalimpact

Increased surfacemining of coal

High water use

Higher CO2emissions than coal

Moderate cost(with largegovernmentSubsidies)

Lower airpollution whenburned than coal

Figure 15-34Page 365

Page 24: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.
Page 25: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.
Page 26: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.
Page 27: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Controlled fission chain reaction using uranium-235 or plutonium-239.

Slide 20Slide 20

Fission fragment

Fission fragment

Energy

n n

n

n

Uranium-235nucleus

Unstablenucleus

Figure 3-16Page 57

Page 28: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Slide 21Slide 21

n

U23592

9236 Kr

Ba14156

n

n

n

9236 Kr

U23592

U23592

Ba14156

9236

Kr

Ba14156

9236

Kr

Ba14156

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

U23592

U23592

U23592

U23592

n

Figure 3-17Page 58

Page 29: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Radioactivity

• Alpha – helium nucleus

• Beta – electrons

• Gamma – high energy

Page 30: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Protein Synthesis

DNA = TAA/CGC/GTA/TTT/CCG/CAA/GAGmRNA =

Amino Acid Sequence =

AUU/GCG/CAU/AAA/GGC/GUU/CUC

Phe-Ala-His-Lys-Gly-Val-Leu

Page 31: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.
Page 32: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Slide 46Slide 46Slide 46Slide 46Slide 46Slide 46Slide 46Slide 46Slide 46Slide 46Slide 46Slide 46Slide 46Slide 46

Periodic removaland storage of

radioactive wastesand spent fuel assemblies

Periodic removaland storage of

radioactive liquid wastes

Pump

Steam

Small amounts of radioactive gases

Water

Black

Turbine Generator

Waste heat Electrical power

Hot water output

Condenser

Cool water input

Pump

Pump Wasteheat

Useful energy25 to 30%

WasteheatWater source

(river, lake, ocean)

Heatexchanger

Containment shell

Uranium fuel input(reactor core)

Emergency corecooling system

Controlrods

Moderator

Pressurevessel

Shielding

Coolantpassage

CoolantCoolant

Hot coolantHot coolant

Figure 15-35Page 366

Page 33: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania

Page 34: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Slide 49Slide 49Slide 49Slide 49Slide 49Slide 49Slide 49Slide 49Slide 49Slide 49Slide 49Slide 49Slide 49Slide 49

Low risk of accidents because of multiple safety systems (except in 35 poorly designed and run reactors in former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe)

Moderate land use

Moderate landdisruption andwater pollution(without accidents)

Emits 1/6 asmuch CO2 as coal

Lowenvironmentalimpact (withoutaccidents)

Large fuelsupply

Spreads knowledge and technology for building nuclear weapons

No acceptable solution for long-term storage of radioactive wastes and decommissioning worn-out plants

Catastrophic accidents can happen (Chernobyl)

High environmental impact (with major accidents)

Low net energy yield

High cost (even with large subsidies)

Advantages Disadvantages

Figure 15-38Page 369

Page 35: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Slide 50Slide 50Slide 50Slide 50Slide 50Slide 50Slide 50Slide 50Slide 50Slide 50Slide 50Slide 50Slide 50Slide 50

Coal

Ample supply

High net energyyield

Very high airpollution

High CO2

emissions

65,000 to 200,000deaths per yearin U.S.

High land disruption fromsurface mining

High land use

Low cost (with huge subsidies)

Nuclear

Ample supplyof uranium

Low net energyyield

Low air pollution(mostly from fuelreprocessing)

Low CO2

emissions(mostly from fuelreprocessing)

About 6,000deaths per year in U.S.

Much lower landdisruption fromsurface mining

Moderate land use

High cost (with huge subsidies)

Figure 15-39Page 369

Page 36: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Chernobyl Reactor After Accident

Page 37: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Radiation Plume From Chernobyl Nuclear Accident - 26 Apr 86

Page 38: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

What is Nuclear Waste?

• Low level • Gives off small

amounts of radiation• 100 – 500 years to

decay

• High level• Spent fuel rods• Any material that has

come into contact with the core of the reactor – coolant, tools, old reactor parts, etc.

• 10,000 - ? to decay

Page 39: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

What do we do with it?

Slide 51Slide 51Slide 51Slide 51Slide 51Slide 51Slide 51Slide 51Slide 51Slide 51Slide 51Slide 51Slide 51Slide 51

Waste container

Steel wall

Steel wall

Severalsteel drumsholding waste

Lead shielding

2 meters wide2–5 meters high

Figure 15-40 (1)Page 370

Low level waste

Page 40: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Slide 52Slide 52Slide 52Slide 52Slide 52Slide 52Slide 52Slide 52Slide 52Slide 52Slide 52Slide 52Slide 52Slide 52

Clay bottom

Up to 60deep trenchesdug into clay.

As many as 20flatbed trucksdeliver wastecontainers daily.

Barrels are stackedand surroundedwith sand. Coveringis mounded to aidrain runoff.

Figure 15-40 (2)Page 370

Page 41: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Slide 53Slide 53Slide 53Slide 53Slide 53Slide 53Slide 53Slide 53Slide 53Slide 53Slide 53Slide 53Slide 53Slide 53

What covers waste

Clay

Gravel

Sand

Compacted clay

Soil

Topsoil

Grass

Gravel

Figure 15-40 (3)Page 370

Page 42: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

High Level Waste

                                                      

      

Page 43: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.
Page 44: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.
Page 45: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.
Page 46: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

Slide 54Slide 54Slide 54Slide 54Slide 54Slide 54Slide 54Slide 54Slide 54Slide 54Slide 54Slide 54Slide 54Slide 54

Personnel elevator

Air shaft

Nuclear waste shaft

2,500 ft.(760 m)deep

Figure 15-41Page 372

Page 47: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.
Page 48: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.
Page 49: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.
Page 50: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.
Page 51: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.
Page 52: Capacity to do work by performing mechanical, physical, chemical, or electrical tasks or to cause a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

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