Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009
Capacitive Deionization
of Sea and Brackish Waters
Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy!
OECD Paris 2009
Doing Things PORELY!But Not POORLY !
In the Land of the Lilliputians…
Fe2O3
MnO2
CdS
Al2O3MgO
NiO
SiO2
ZrO2
TiO2
Particle
Flavors
α-FeOOH Adsorption 1974-
Natures Nanoparticulate “Tongue Depressors”
Suspensions
Platelets
!
α -FeOOH “Goethite”
Arsenate
Phosphat
e
Protons!!
Adsorbs…
Without PO4-3
With PO4-3
From Suspensions to Thin-Films
Ceramic
Membranes
1983-
Now – Smaller Particles
Nanofiltration
γ– AlOOH
“Boehmite”
Platelets
!
Photo & Photoelectrocatalysis
1991-TiO2
3nm
Films vs Suspensions
No Separation Needed
Better Light Penetration
Photoelectrodes
Transparent Semiconducting Thin-Films
Photoelectrochemistry
Grätzel Cells
Porous Electrodes !
Lubomir
Spanhel
Hirofumi Kikkawa
Energy Storage
Batteries
Capacitors
Ultracapacitors
1994-MnO2
8nmC = ε
A
d
dA
Ion Distance to Surface = Angstroms
Fa
Power Density
En
erg
y D
en
sit
y
batteries
capacitors
ultracaps
Faster Response
Longer Cycle Life
USA
Alkaline
Battery
Load-Leveling
ENERGY
WATER
POWER PLANTS NEED WATER!
Rhone River Plant- France
WATER PLANTS NEED ENERGY!
Adelaide Australia
DELIVER WATER
&
STORE ENERGY?
CAPACITIVE
DEIONIZATION!
History of CDI
Caudle et al 1960’s
Oren et al 1970-1980’s
Farmer et al 1990’s
FIFTY YEARS BUT NO COMMERCIAL SUCCESS ?
Our
System
S-OH2+ = S-OH0 + H+
S-OH0 = S-O- + H+
Proton is a Potential Determining Ion
THE PROTON HAS RETURNED!
Choosing Capacitor Materials
SiO2
TiO2
2 4 6 8 10
Al2O3
pH
Ze
taPotential
+
-
MgAl2O4
The pH range of Normal Waters.
CaCl2 Removal
How Effective is Coating?
Zero Removal in
20 minutes
for Uncoated Carbon
CaCl2 Removal with
Coatings
90% Removal in
20 minutes
Other Ion Removal
Note: Calcium is Difficult if Not Impossible to Remove
with Carbon Aerogels Capacitive Systems!
CDI vs RO
Reduced Energy (>30%)
Reduced Fouling (>60%)
Less Brine (>40%)
Low Maintenance Cost (>50%)
Higher Throughput (>70%)
Lower Capital Costs (>40%)
Third World Water
Solar Powered CDI For A Family of Four
Where Do We Go From Here?
Senior 5-Year Proposal
To Be Continued . . .
Marc A. AndersonUniv. of Wisconsin – Madison
Imdea Energia - Madridwww.marc-tech.com