S 3 H Working Paper Series Number 05: 2017 Domestic Violence and Woman’s Functional Capabilities: Circularity Analysis in Sen’s Development Framework Mahnoor Ibad Saeeda Batool November 2017 School of Social Sciences and Humanities (S 3 H) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
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S3H Working Paper Series
Number 05: 2017
Domestic Violence and Woman’s Functional
Capabilities: Circularity Analysis in Sen’s
Development Framework
Mahnoor Ibad
Saeeda Batool
November 2017
School of Social Sciences and Humanities (S3H) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)
Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
S3H Working Paper Series
Faculty Editorial Committee
Dr. Zafar Mahmood (Head)
Dr. Najma Sadiq
Dr. Sehar Un Nisa Hassan
Dr. Samina Naveed
Ms. Nazia Malik
S3H Working Paper Series Number 05: 2017
Domestic Violence and Woman’s Functional
Capabilities: Circularity Analysis in Sen’s
Development Framework
Mahnoor Ibad
Graduate, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, NUST Email: [email protected]
Saeeda Batool Assistant Professor, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, NUST
Since capability is defined as freedom to function, domestic violence damages this freedom
and can be seen as an important conversion factor i.e. social influence [Agarwal & Panda, 2007; Kaur
& Garg, 2008].
There is an open debate in Sen’s capabilities approach regarding capabilities measurement
[Sen, 1985]. Nussbaum [2005] followed Sen’s approach of capabilities and provided a list of important
capabilities that is essential for every human to achieve. Robeyns [2005] opposed Nassubum’s list of
capabilities and called them too common for analysis, he himself postulate the criteria for capabilities
selection. Muffel & Heady [2013] measured capabilities by taking individual’s stocks of economic,
social and psychological capital. Capability is a multidimensional concept that can’t be studied by
observing a single indicator thus there is a need to develop multidimensional indexes constructed
through data-driven, equal and normative weighting schemes [Greco, 2016].
1 Women empowerment is measured by taking women economic capital, social capital and her justification of domestic violence thus interrelationships cannot be studied.
2
Previous studies tried to capture relationship between domestic violence and capabilities by
selecting a particular functioning mainly women employment. Literature shows simultaneous
relationship between domestic violence and women capabilities. One direction of relationship, namely,
the impact of domestic violence on women functioning of employment2 [Bhattacharya, 2015]. Other
direction of relationship is influence of women capabilities on her incidence of domestic violence.
Household bargaining theory suggests that capabilities give bargaining power to women that helps
them to combat domestic violence [Gibson-Davis et al., 2005]. Male backlash theory proposes that
male perceives women increasing capabilities as a threat to their supremacy which they retaliate by
committing violence [Lenze & Klasen, 2016]. Binder & Coad (2011) called this simultaneity a
“circularity problem” in Sen’s capabilities approach because there is entanglement between set of
functionings (capabilities) and social conversion factor3 (domestic violence).
Existing studies address domestic violence and Sen’s capability approach by selecting any
specific functioning. The concept of circularity in Sen’s capabilities approach is never been studied
empirically for Pakistan, this study will fill this literature gap. Research aims to adopt the model of
Amrtya Sen’s capability approach and use it precisely for Pakistan. The data will be taken from latest
Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (2012-13). To form women capabilities a composite index
will be formed using normative, equal and data-driven approach of weighting schemes. Our study will
incorporate a set of women functional capabilities and then compare them with domestic violence
along with other factors to examine the circularity in Sen’s capabilities approach.
1.1 Objectives of the study
Following are the objectives of our study:
To construct functional capabilities index of women by assigning different kinds of weights
(equal, normative and PCA).
To empirically investigate circularity in Sen’s capabilities approach using domestic violence
and women capabilities.
To empirically examine how change in weighting schemes change the circularity empirics.
2 Most of the researchers have taken a single functioning, mainly employment or decision making abilities to study this relationship. 3 Individual achieve functionings through conversion of resources that are constrained upon social, individual and environment conversion factors (Sen, 1985). Domestic violence is a social conversion factor because society’s cultural practices sets precedence to withstand it (Kaur & Garg, 2008).
3
2. Literature Review
In this section a brief literature related to the study is discussed along with the literature gap.
Anand et al. (2005) empirically tested Sen’s capabilities approach for British using secondary
data for year 2000. Instrumental variable technique and Generalized Moment of Method estimators
were used to empirically test the findings. Study concluded that capabilities do matter for human
well-being, some are more important while some are less. However circular relationships were found
between resources, capabilities and conversion factors. Functioning at one period of time may be
treated as conversion factor at another time period e.g. health.
Gibson-Davis et al. (2005) studied the effect of employment on domestic violence in USA
using 2-stage least square method. Study discusses two types of welfare programs that can decrease
domestic violence through poverty alleviation and increase in labor force participation. Study
concluded that increase in employment of single mothers is one way to decrease domestic violence.
Moreover results were consistent to exchange theory of psychology and bargaining theory of
economics.
Binder and Coad (2011) empirically examine the co-evolution between functionings, resources
and conversion factors using VAR estimation technique for Great Britain from the period of 1991 to
2006. According to them there is a circularity problem between functionings, resources and
conversion factors in Sen’s capability approach i.e. a resource of one period could be a functioning in
other period. They use time leads and lags of functionings, resources and conversion factors and find
coevolution that separate interplay between them. Conclusion of their study shows that income is an
important resource to function but also an important functioning that is “being happy”.
Muffels and Headey (2013) empirically tested “capabilities choice events” impact on long term
objective and subjective wellbeing measured by life satisfaction, relative income and employment for
German and British. The study covers the data of 25 years (1984-2008) for German and 18 years for
British (1991-2008) and uses GLS panel regression. Capabilities were measured by taking individual’s
stock of economic, cultural, social and psychological capital. Study shows a significant support for
functionings and capabilities approach. People’s income and employment security results into long-
term wellbeing. People with more capabilities will be much satisfied from their lives and these
capabilities are reflected by their socio-economic, psychological and culture capital which eventually
result into their capabilities to maintain income and employment security.
4
Bhattacharya (2015) studies the impact of domestic violence on women employment for India,
using instrumental variable technique for the year 2005-06. Study concluded that women experiencing
domestic violence are more likely to be employed because victim women favors to spend much lesser
time with their husbands. Moreover women experiencing spousal violence have less control over their
earnings which indicates financial exploitation of women from employment.
Greco (2016) measured capabilities of Malawi women using Sen’s capabilities approach. The
multidimensional index of capabilities were formed by using four weighting schemes; data-driven,
hybrid method, equal and normative approach. Result shows that equal and normative weights are
highly correlated, while data-driven is most different from equal weighted system. All capabilities are
equally important however results obtained from normative weighted criteria is better because it allows
value judgments of people.
Lenze and Klasen (2016) analyzed the impact of women work participation on domestic
violence. Instrumental variable technique was used to empirically test the findings for Jordan for the
period of 2007. Study concluded that without taking endogeneity in to account, increase in women
employment status has a significant positive impact on domestic violence, supporting male backlash
theory. However relationship appears to be insignificant after taking endogeneity into account.
2.1 Literature Gap
After literature review we come up to the point that different researchers explain different
application of capabilities approach and use different methods to measure the capabilities. Moreover
other part of the literature review tries to capture the relationship between domestic violence and
women employment which is an important capability. Circularity between domestic violence and
women functioning (employment mainly) does exists as both can be treated as dependent variable.
None of the study tries to measure women functional capabilities using different weighting
schemes and empirically found its circular relationship with domestic violence especially for Pakistan.
Therefore, a major contribution of our study is to fulfill this gap in the framework of Sen’s capabilities
approach and to analyze whether different weighting schemes change the circular relationship or not?
3. Analytical framework
In this section theoretical and empirical framework of Sen’s capabilities approach will be
discussed in detail.
5
3.1 Theoretical framework
This study adopted theoretical model of Amrtya Sen’s capabilities approach. Capabilities are
defined as set of valuable functionings that are different “beings” and “doing” of a person. Freedom
to achieve these functionings in the presence of social, environmental and individual constraints
depicts person’s well-being and development. In equation form set of functionings can be written as:
𝒃𝒊 = 𝒇𝒊 {𝒄(𝒙𝒊)|𝒛𝒊, 𝒛𝒆, 𝒛𝒔} 𝒙𝝐𝑿
where,
X = vector of commodities out of set of all probable commodities
𝑥𝑖 = individual i’s vector of commodities.
C (.) = Function that converts 𝑥𝑖 (commodities) into vector of characteristics whereas c=c (𝑥).
𝑓𝑖 = Function that converts vector of characteristics into functionings.
Z’s = possible conversion factors.
An individual faces such non-monetary constraints through these conversion factors.
𝑧𝑖 = individual conversion factor.
𝑧𝑒 = environmental conversion factor.
𝑧𝑠 = social conversion factor.
Since capabilities are set of functionings, thus above model can be written as:
Micro level data for this research have been taken from Pakistan Demographic and Health
Survey (PDHS-2012-13) survey published by National Institute of Population Studies in compliance
with Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. This is the third and current most survey held so far in Pakistan.
Data captures the sample of currently married women and single women from each observed
household is selected for this analysis which constitutes the number of observed women up to 3207.
Agency and capabilities are the essential notions of Sen’s capabilities approach, here capability
is set of functionings and the freedom to achieve them reflects agency (Sen, 1992). Agency depicts
individual’s role in society i.e. one’s ability to take part in political and socio-economic actions. By
looking at the data limitations we will take variables of both agency, i.e., socio-economic roles of
decision making and functionings in our capabilities index.
As discussed above capabilities are stocks of economic and social capital (Muffel & Heady,
2013). Human capital (health, education and employment), wealth and economic decision making
roles constitutes individual’s economic capital (Becker 1985). Three proxies for health functioning are
taken, these are visit to health care facility, body mass index and healthy life style. Physical inactivity
are related with deprived health and usually people with poor health status pay visit to doctors and
hospitals (Feng et al., 2014). Body mass index captures current nutritional status and amount of energy
stored in the body. Both obese and under-weight damages the functioning of being “well-nourished”.
Women healthy life style is captured by looking at her non-usage of intoxicants (cigarettes, smokes,
pipes) (Muffel & Heady, 2013). In sense of capabilities approach, wealth shows one’s ability to hold
property (land or house) and agency is individual’s role in society, i.e., the ability to take part in socio-
economic and political decision making (Anand, et al, 2005; Hill, 2010, p.129).
Social capital is defined as extra pool of resources set in by social networkings. Social capital
is measured by taking one’s access of social networking/capital and media (Lin, 2002, p.25;
Meulemann, 2008, p.163).
Control variables of women, husband, and household along with in-laws and own parent’s
domestic violence are used as independent variables, whereas in accordance with the theory husband’s
domestic violence4, social and economic capital index are treated as endogenous variables.
4 Only husband domestic violence will be treated as endogenous and focal variable for domestic violence because out of the total observed sample of 3207 women, 39.54% faced husband’s domestic violence and only 2.9% and 6.95% women faced in-laws and parent’s domestic violence.
8
Description of categorical variables and summary statistics of used variables are described in the appendix.
4.1 Assigning weights to the capabilities
Theory of Sen’s capability approach states that wellbeing and development is a
multidimensional notion which covers all essential factors that are vital to make life worth living
[Stiglitz et al., 2009]. Multidimensional concept of development can be understood only through
composite indexes because particular indicator cannot infer the complex concepts. Selection of
assigning weights to diverse capabilities is an open debate in Sen’s framework of capability approach.
In order to devise multidimensional index of woman capabilities based upon Sen’s theory of
capabilities approach we will use three types of weighting systems that are classified by Oxford Poverty
and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) [Greco, 2016]. These are equal, normative and data
driven approach, each are based upon different theoretical assumptions [Decancq & Lugo, 2012].
The simplest approach is equal index, human development index and human poverty index
are formed by using this approach [Anand & Sen, 1997]. Due to lack of value judgments some
researchers believe that it is not rational to assign identical weights to each capability [Chowdhury &
Squire, 2006, p.762].
Another index of capabilities based upon value judgments is known to be normative index.
Weights can be assigned either by policy makers or by means of participatory method [Chowdhury &
Squire, 2006]. Since our data source is not primary we will assign weights by looking at the goals of
SDG’s and MDG’s because they too are set to be international policy makers [UNDP].
In economic capabilities index highest weight is assigned to “human capital” which is followed
by “women decision making” and “wealth” variables. Many of the SDG’s and vision 2025 goals are
based upon human capital. Goal 3, 4 and 5 deals with the betterment of people health, education and
employment. Goal 5 of SDG have many targets related to decision making autonomy’s e.g. increasing
women control over her earnings and increasing their participation in decision making. SDG’s also
put focus on women holds over ownership of lands and property, which depicts wealth in our case.
The highest weight is assigned to “access to social capital” in women social capabilities index which is
then followed by “access to media”. Goal 17 of SDG is based upon global partnership and
connectivity’s. Importance is also given to access to media, SDG put special focus on target of
enhancing access to interne by 2020.
9
The last way of formulating capabilities is through principal component analysis which is a
data-driven approach. It facilitates the analysis of multi-dimensional approaches because it reduces the
complexities of variables by reducing its number and is applicable in raw data set.
Summary statistics of the capabilities indexes are mentioned in appendix.
5. Results, estimation technique and Discussion
5.1 Simultaneous equation model and estimation technique
Circularity theory has proven endogeneity of domestic violence, economic capital and social
capital in the model. Simultaneous equation model with three system of equations are formed.
Domestic violence, economic capital and social capital have been taken as dependent variables
separately in each equation. Since we construct economic and social capital indexes of women by using
three weighting schemes thus three simultaneous equations models will be run to analyze circularity
in Sen’s capabilities approach. Three stage least square estimation technique will be applied in our
simultaneous equations models.
Significance of predicted residual values of endogenous variables and Haussmann test
confirms simultaneity in the model. Identified system of equations fulfills both rank and order
conditions. Instruments used are “women father beaten her mother”, “women experiencing parental
violence”, “women employed for self or for others” and “women justifying behavior of domestic
violence”. “Women afraid of husband” instrument will be used in place of “women working for self
or for others” only in PCA weighted index model. Basmann and Sargan chi2 over identification test
assures instruments validity since null hypothesis of instruments validity got accepted. Instruments
strength has been checked by first stage F-values which is greater than 10.
5.2 Results
3SLS regression is done three times because women economic and social capabilities index is
constricted by using three weighting schemes (equal, normative and PCA). Results obtained from
equal and normative weighted capabilities indexes models are almost similar in terms of significance
except for the variable sons however the magnitude of coefficients differs for all three types of models.
The estimation results will be presented in a following way:
1. Regression analysis using equal weighted indexes of economic capital and social capital.
2. Regression analysis using normative weighted indexes of economic capital and social capital.
3. Regression analysis using PCA weighted indexes of economic capital and social capital
10
Model: 1 Economic capital and social capital constructed from equal weighted index:
Table 5.2a: Three stage least square results obtained from equal weighted economic and social capabilities index Variable Economic capital Domestic Violence Social capital
Endogenous Variables: Social capital, economic capital and domestic violence.
Exogenous Variables: Woman Age, Woman Age ̂ 2, Woman work before marriage, Husband education, In-laws violence, Woman unskilled occupation, Woman
skilled occupation, Children ,Sons , Less relative earning, More relative earning, Years of marriage, Husband unskilled occupation, Husband skilled occupation,
Sons, Husband drinks alcohol, Wealth index, Residence type, Husband relative young, Husband relative old, Electricity, Age at marriage, House hold members,
Woman justify beating, Woman parent’s violence, Woman working for self, Woman history of domestic violence.
2. Normative weighted index model
Equation Obs Parms RMSE R-sq chi2 P
Economic capital 3,207 13 0.1576339 0.1711 2185.29 0
Endogenous Variables: Social capital, economic capital and domestic violence.
Exogenous Variables: Woman Age, Woman Age ̂ 2, Woman work before marriage, Husband education, In-laws violence, Woman unskilled occupation, Woman
skilled occupation, Children ,Sons , less relative earning, More relative earning, Years of marriage, Husband unskilled occupation, Husband skilled occupation,
Sons, Husband drinks alcohol, Wealth index, Residence type, Husband relative young, Husband relative old, Electricity, Age at marriage, House hold members,
Woman justify beating, Woman parent’s violence, Woman working for self, Woman history of domestic violence.
3. PCA weighted index model
Equation Obs Parms RMSE R-sq chi2 P
Economic capital 3,207 13 0.0915034 0.563 4282.77 0
Endogenous Variables: Social capital, economic capital and domestic violence.
Exogenous Variables: Woman Age, Woman Age ̂ 2, Woman work before marriage, Husband education, In-laws violence, Woman unskilled occupation, Woman
skilled occupation, Children ,Sons , Less relative earning, More relative earning, Years of marriage, Husband unskilled occupation, Husband skilled occupation,
Sons, Husband drinks alcohol, Wealth index, Residence type, Husband relative young, Husband relative old, Electricity, Age at marriage, House hold members,
Woman justify beating, Woman parent’s violence, Woman working for self, Woman history of domestic violence.
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