Canola Lecture.pdf

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Mike Stamm

Canola Breeder

[email protected]

Winter Canola: Growth and

DevelopmentNovember 24, 2008

2

Learning Objectives

1. Are canola and rapeseed the same?

2. Why is winter canola grown in Kansasrather than spring canola?

3. How does winter canola become winter hardy?

4. Explain the major growth stages of winter canola.

5. Why is winter canola stand establishmentcritical?

3

POD



4

What is Canola?

• Canola – a special type of rapeseed that

contains <2% erucic acid in the oil and

<30 µm/g glucosinolates in the oil-freemeal

• Term "canola" was coined by the Western

Canadian Oilseed Crushers Association

– "Canada oil low acid"

– "double-low" or "00" rapeseed

• First low erucic acid levels achieved in

1957, low GLS levels followed in 1974

5

Canola quality characteristics

• Erucic acid is a mono-unsaturated fat that is unsafe for human consumption

• Glucosinolates are a class of about 100 naturallyoccurring thioglucosides that are common in Brassicaspecies

• Glucosinolates contribute the bitter or hot taste tocondiments (mustard, horseradish)

• The presence of some glucosinolates in agricultural cropplants is undesirable because of the toxic effects of their breakdown products

• Some glucosinolates, especially those in broccoli, haveanti-carcinogenic properties and are being studied for their potential therapeutic use

6

Canola oil & meal

• Canola oil is the healthiest vegetable oil

available on the market

– Lowest level of saturated fats

• Oil is high in poly-unsaturated and mono-

unsaturated fatty acids – High in Omega-6 and Omega-3

– Typical oil profile includes 7% saturated fat, 61% oleic

acid, 21% linoleic acid, and 11% alpha-linolenic acid

• Meal is used as a protein supplement by the

livestock industry (~34 to 38%)



7

8

Canola oil:domestic consumption and imports

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1 9 9 2

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3

2 0 0 4

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 6

2 0 0 7

Year

P o u n

d s

( M i l l i o n s

)

Domestic

Imports

Source: USDA

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Where does winter canola fit?• Anywhere winter wheat is grown

• Odds of success are determined by three

factors:

– Genetics of the cultivar grown – Environment at the particular location

– Management of the crop

• Winter canola has 30% higher yield

potential than spring canola

– Spring canola has a shorter grain fill period



10

Adaptation

• USDA Plant Hardiness Zones – a map

showing areas of winter hardiness for

plants of agriculture and natural landscape• Each zone is based on the average winter

minimum temperatures

• Recently released cultivars have potential

of consistently producing a crop in Zone 5

and almost always in Zones 6, 7, and 8a

5b

6a

6b

7a

7b

5a

8a

5a: -20 to -15°F

5b: -15 to -10°F

6a: -10 to -5°F

6b: -5 to 0°F

7a: 0 to 5°F

7b: 5 to 10°F

8a: 10 to 15°F

12

Fate of 215 Winter Canola Sites Averaged Over

4 USDA Plant Hardiness Zones

307512111364215Overall

489163108164Zone 7

308018776856Zone 6

Zone 5

Zone 4

12

23

Lost post-

winter

20

8

Percent

Not

established

2067175182

848313813

#

Locsw/

100% surv

Mean

survivalWinterkillHarvested

Test

Sites

Source: Rife, C. 2003. Consistency Of Winter Canola East of the Rocky

Mountains. U.S. Canola Research Conf.



13

Canola water use

• Annual water uptake 16" to 20"

• Peak water use occurs at full bloom andearly pod fill, about 0.3" per day

• Canola uses 92 to 95% of its water in the

top 40" of soil

• In an area of less than 20" of annual

rainfall, irrigation is recommended to

improve success

15

01020304050

60708090

100

3 1 - J u

l

2 1 - A u g

1 1 - S e p

2 - O c

t

2 3 - O c

t

1 3 - N o v

4 - D e c

2 5 - D e c

1 6 - J a n

6 - F e

b

2 7 - F e

b

1 9 - M a r

9 - A p r

3 0 - A p r

2 1 - M a y

1 1 - J u n

2 - J u

l

2 3 - J u

l

T e m p e r a

t u r e

( F )

00.10.20.30.40.5

0.60.70.80.91

P r e c

i p i t a

t i o n

( i n )

N Max N Min N D Pcp

St. John August to July 30-Year Normal

Temperatures and Precipitation

Source: K-State Weather Data Library



Plant structure

17

Canola Growth Stages

• Seedling

• Rosette

• Bolting

• Flowering

• Maturation

• Ripening

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Seedling• Emerges 4 to 10 days after

planting

• Hypocotyl and cotyledonsemerge first

• True leaves visible 4 to 8

days after emergence• Growing point above

ground and exposed

• Seedbed conditions morecritical than for wheat

• Small seed requiresshallow seeding depth,from ½" to 1"



19

Rosette

• Rosette develops larger,

older leaves at the base

and smaller, newer leaves

at the center

• 5 to 8 true leaves and 6 to

8" fall growth to increase

winter survival potential

• Canola is most tolerant to

freeze damage at this stage

• Stem length remains

unchanged but thickens

20

Rosette - Winter hardening process

• Hardening begins after several days of near-

freezing temperatures

• Cold temperatures set off a chain of plant gene

activity that produce or degrade proteins thatprotect cells

• Plant growth is slowed producing smaller cellshaving a higher concentration of solublesubstances more resistant to frost damage

• Hardened winter canola can withstand below0°F temperatures

21

Rosette – Winter hardening• Cultivars differ in their ability to survive winter

– ultimate level of hardiness attained• number of chilling hours (high temperature swings during

hardening)

– differences in hardening requirements

• vernalization period length, freeze tolerance – plant structure

• thickness of crown, height above the soil surface

• Winter types harden faster, achieve a higher degree of cold tolerance, and un-harden at a slower rate thanspring types

• Survival of canola over winter is the most critical

requirement for its introduction to a new environment



22

Bolting

• Growth resumes in late winter/early spring

(Feb/Mar)

• In winter types, bolting does not occur until

after 700 to 800 hours of chilling

temperatures

– Vernalization - defined as an acceleration of the ability to flower by a chilling treatment

• Vegetative rest ends when temperatures

are steadily greater than 41°F

23

Bolting, cont.

• Stem elongates and

flower parts becomevisible at the center of the rosette

• Reaches 30 to 60% of total height before

flowering

• Still tolerant to a light to

moderate freeze at thisstage

24

Flowering

• Buds at the base of thestem open first as newbuds form at the top

• 3 to 5 flowers open per day

• Flowers for 3 to 5weeks

• Maximum leaf area andheight achieved at

flowering



25

Flowering, cont.

• Indeterminate nature provides some built

in resistance to stresses at flowering

• When unfavorable weather conditions

cause abortion of flowers or pods, the

plant can recover rapidly by developing

buds that would have been aborted

• Canola only maintains the number of pods

it can support through photosynthesis

under the existing conditions

26

Maturation• Begins as last flowers

fade from the main stem

• Stem and pod walls major sources of nutrients

• Stresses to the nutrient-production capacity of these plant surfaces mayreduce yield potential

• Young seed is somewhattranslucent as the embryodevelops rapidly

• Seed weight increasesand pod fill is complete

35 to 45 d after flowering

27

Ripening

• Ripening stage is characterized by plant

color changes

• Stems and pods turn yellow and

progressively become brittle as they dry• The seed coat turns from green to brown,

and seed moisture is lost rapidly at 2 to

3% per day

• Physiological maturity reached at 40%

seed moisture



28

Ripening, cont.

• The embryo, filling the entire

seed, loses its green color and

changes to bright yellow

• Canola is ripe when the pods

are dry and rattle when shaken

• When all seeds in all pods are

mature, the plant dies

• Stems will remain partly green

• Because it is indeterminate, the

crop may have a few immature

seeds at harvest

29

Seedling Establishment• Establishment is critical to proper development

• Too much fall growth results in reduced moisture andnutrient availability, an elevated growing point, and anincreased chance of winterkill

• Too little fall growth results in low CHO reserves,inadequate root and crown development, and a high riskof winterkill

• Several factors affect establishment – Lack of soil moisture

– Soil compaction

– Water-logged soils

– Crusting

– Deep furrows

– Crop residue

30

Too much fall growth

GrowingPoint

Soil

Surface



31

Adequate fall growth

GrowingPoint

3210-23-2007

3302-26-2008



3404-28-2008

3505-21-2008

36

Planting considerations

4 to 10 plants/sq ftOptimum plant population for harvest

6 weeks prior to firstkilling freeze (≤25°F)Planting date

4 to 10 lbs/ac, optimum= 5 lbs/ac

Seeding rate per acre

100,000 – 125,000Number of seeds per pound

50 lbsSeed weight per bushel

½" to 1"Seeding depth

40°F, optimum = 50°FSoil temperature for germination

600 to 650 (base 41°F)Planting date (based on GDUs)



38

Establishment in no-till

39

Even planting depth and adequate moisture at planting are critical.

Establishment



40

QUESTIONS?

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