This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
American Society in the MakingAmerican Society in the Making
• Settlement of New France• Society in New Mexico, Texas, and California• The English Prevail on the Atlantic Seaboard• The Chesapeake Colonies• The Lure of Land• “Solving” the Labor Shortage: Slavery• Prosperity in a Pipe: Tobacco• Bacon’s Rebellion• The Carolinas
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
American Society in the MakingAmerican Society in the Making
• Home and Family in the South• Georgia and the Back Country• Puritan New England• The Puritan Family• Visible Puritan Saints and Others• Democracies without• Democrats• The Dominion of New England• Salem Bewitched
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
American Society in the MakingAmerican Society in the Making
• Higher Education in New England• A Merchant’s World• The Middle Colonies: Economic Basis• The Middle Colonies: An Intermingling o Peoples• “The Best Poor Man’s Country”• The Politics of Diversity• Becoming Americans• Re-Viewing the Past: The Crucible
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Society in New Mexico, Texas, Society in New Mexico, Texas, and California (cont'd)and California (cont'd)
• Missionaries in California tried to Christianize and Hispanicize the Indians who belonged to over 300 tribes speaking more than 100 languages 1769—the first mission was established in
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
The English Prevail on the The English Prevail on the Atlantic Seaboard (cont'd)Atlantic Seaboard (cont'd)
• Late 18th Century emergence of common features—export oriented agricultural economy, slavery, absence of towns—result in concept of “South” as one region
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
The Chesapeake ColoniesThe Chesapeake Colonies
• Virginia suffered from high death rate Of the 9000 colonists who came to Virginia
nearly half died, leaving only 5,000 by the 1630s
While the climate was hot and moist it was actually the dry summers that were the main cause of death by causing salt water contamination of drinking water and dysentery
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
The Lure of Land (cont'd)The Lure of Land (cont'd)
• If survived, servant was free and usually entitled to an “outfit” (a suit of clothes, some farm tools, seed, perhaps a gun) and, in some colonies, land
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
The Lure of Land (cont'd)The Lure of Land (cont'd)
• Headright A system of land distribution, adopted first in
Virginia and later in Maryland, that granted colonists fifty acres for themselves and another fifty for each “head” (or person) they brought with them to the colony. This system was often used in conjunction with indentured servitude to build large plantations and supply them with labor.
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
The Lure of Land (cont'd)The Lure of Land (cont'd)
• Indentured servants Individuals working under a form of contract
labor that provided them with free passage to America in return for a promise to work for a fixed period, usually seven years. Indentured servitude was the primary labor system in the Chesapeake colonies for most of the seventeenth century.
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
““Solving” the Labor Shortage: Slavery Solving” the Labor Shortage: Slavery (cont'd)(cont'd)
• In the 1670s, the flow of indentured servants slowed at the same time that the chartering of the Royal Africa Company (1672) made slaves more readily available By 1700, nearly 30,000 slaves lived in the
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Prosperity in a Pipe: Tobacco (cont'd)Prosperity in a Pipe: Tobacco (cont'd)
• A single laborer working two or three acres could produce as much as 1,200 pounds of cured tobacco which would result in a 200% profit in a good year
• As a result, production went from 2,500 pounds in 1616 to 30 million pounds by the late 17th century (400 pounds per capita)
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Prosperity in a Pipe: Tobacco (cont'd)Prosperity in a Pipe: Tobacco (cont'd)
• Wealthy were accumulating more land which allowed them to maintain high yields by permitting some fields to lie fallow The only option for small farmers was new
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
A denunciation of the tobacco craze that swept A denunciation of the tobacco craze that swept Europe in the mid-1600s, by Abraham Teniers.Europe in the mid-1600s, by Abraham Teniers.
• Declared a traitor by Berkeley, Bacon and his followers murdered some peaceful Indians, marched on Jamestown and forced Berkeley to give him permission to kill more Indians
• In September, Bacon returned to Jamestown and burned it to the ground causing Berkeley to flee
• Bacon’s Rebellion An armed uprising in 1676, led by Nathaniel
Bacon, against Virginia governor Sir William Berkeley. Initially the rebels attacked Indian settlements but later moved against Berkeley’s political faction and burned Jamestown, capital of the colony. After Bacon’s death that year, the rebellion collapsed.
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
The CarolinasThe Carolinas
• English and, after 1700, Scots-Irish settlers of the tidewater parts of Carolina also practiced agriculture: Tobacco in the future North Carolina Rice (replacing furs and cereals in 1696) in
what would become South Carolina
• Rice became a major cash crop 65 million tons were produced by eve of
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
The Carolinas (cont'd)The Carolinas (cont'd)
• Factors, agents in England and Scotland, managed the sale of crops, bought the required manufactures, and extended credit Small scale manufacturing did not emerge in
South as it did in the North Retarded development of urban life with
Charleston the only city of note until the rise of Baltimore in the 1750s
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
The Carolinas (cont'd)The Carolinas (cont'd)
• Acculturated slaves, those that could speak English, use European tools, perhaps practice a trade, were more valuable but also more likely to run away or resist
• Field hands expressed dissatisfaction by pilferage, petty sabotage, laziness or feigned stupidity
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Home and Family in the South (cont'd)Home and Family in the South (cont'd)
• Well-to-do, “middling” planters had maybe three rooms for a family of four or five, plus servants Also had a greater variety of food Children were put to useful work at an early
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Home and Family in the South (cont'd)Home and Family in the South (cont'd)
• Until the early 18th Century, few achieved real wealth such as that held in 1732 by Robert Carter, whose 1,000 slaves and 300,000 acres made him the richest man in America
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Home and Family in the South (cont'd)Home and Family in the South (cont'd)
• Men like Carter lived in solid, two-story houses of six or more rooms, furnished with English and other imported carpets, chairs, tables, wardrobes, chests, china, and silver and were able to send their children abroad for schooling
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Georgia and the Back Country (cont'd)Georgia and the Back Country (cont'd)
• England (who would transport 50,000 convicts during the colonial period) granted a charter for Georgia in 1732 after the philanthropists agreed to operate the colony without profit to themselves for 21 years
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Georgia and the Back Country (cont'd)Georgia and the Back Country (cont'd)
• In 1733, their leader, James Oglethorpe, founded Savannah with a vision of creating a colony of sober, yeomen farmers Land grants limited to 50 acres and made
non-transferable Alcohol was banned So were slaves Indian trade was strictly regulated
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Georgia and the Back Country (cont'd)Georgia and the Back Country (cont'd)
• By 1770 the back country had about 250,000 settlers, 10% of the population, yet often they felt underrepresented, which could result in conflict with the Low Country 1771: Regulators in North Carolina
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
The Puritan Family (cont'd)The Puritan Family (cont'd)
• Puritan family was hierarchical, husbands ruled over wives and parents over children and obedience was expected Physical correction of children was common Girls worked around the house Boys worked outdoors When older they were sent to nearby families
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Visible Puritan Saints and OthersVisible Puritan Saints and Others
• Church membership was to be a joint decision between would-be member, who would relate why they believed they received God’s grace, and those already in the church
• Originally, those who could not “prove” salvation were excluded
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Visible Puritan Saints and Others Visible Puritan Saints and Others (cont'd)(cont'd)
• Half-Way Covenant – To cope with the third generation who were
neither baptized nor church members, in 1662, 80 ministers and laymen developed a limited form of membership for any applicant not known to be a sinner who was willing to accept the provisions of the church covenant- They and their children could be baptized but they
could not receive communion nor participate in church decisions
- 1664 the General Court extended the vote to halfway church members
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Visible Puritan Saints and Others Visible Puritan Saints and Others (cont'd)(cont'd)
• Opponents of the covenant said it reflected a slackening of religious fervor
• Historian Perry Miller suggests that the 1660s marked the beginning of religious decline yet there was a rise in church membership, ministers continued to be accorded prestige and there was a lessening of intra-church squabbling
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Visible Puritan Saints and Others Visible Puritan Saints and Others (cont'd)(cont'd)
• Historian Perry Miller suggests that the 1660s marked the beginning of religious decline yet there was a rise in church membership, ministers continued to be accorded prestige and there was a lessening of intra-church squabbling
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Visible Puritan Saints and Others Visible Puritan Saints and Others (cont'd)(cont'd)
• Half-Way Covenant A modification of puritan practice, adopted by
many Congregational churches during the 1650s and afterwards, that allowed baptized puritans who had not experienced saving grace to acquire partial church membership and receive sacraments.
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Democracies without DemocratsDemocracies without Democrats
• Puritans believed government was both a civil covenant, entered into by all who came within its jurisdiction, and the principal mechanism for policing the institutions on which the maintenance of social order depended
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Democracies without Democrats Democracies without Democrats (cont'd)(cont'd)
• Massachusetts and Connecticut Passed laws requiring church attendance,
levying taxes for support of the clergy, and banning Quakers from practicing their religion (when four were hanged, a royal decree was issued in 1662 prohibiting further executions)
Provided the death penalty for adultery and blaspheming a parent
Established the price a laborer might charge for his services or the amount of gold braid servants could wear on their jackets
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
The Dominion of New EnglandThe Dominion of New England
• Most of daily life regulated by towns
• The most serious threat to Puritan control came in the 1680s during the Restoration governments of Charles II (1660–1685) and James II (1685–1688) when the government sought to bring the colonies under effective royal control
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
The Dominion of New England (cont'd)The Dominion of New England (cont'd)
• In 1684, the Massachusetts charter was annulled, as were all charters north of Pennsylvania, and the colonies were combined to form the Dominion of New England
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
The Dominion of New England (cont'd)The Dominion of New England (cont'd)
• In 1686, Edmund Andros, a professional soldier and administrator, arrived to make the colonies behave like colonies and not like sovereign powers Abolished popular assemblies Changed the land-grant system to give the
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
The Dominion of New England (cont'd)The Dominion of New England (cont'd)
• Glorious Revolution The peaceful accession of William II, a
Protestant, and Queen Mary to the British throne in 1688, ending the Catholic rule of James II. Many colonists rebelled against governors who had been appointed by James II and demanded greater political rights.
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Salem Bewitched (cont'd)Salem Bewitched (cont'd)
• In 1689, Samuel Parris became minister after having spent 20 years in the Caribbean as a merchant
• He arrived with his wife, his daughter Betty, a niece—Abigail, and a West Indian slave named Tituba who told fortunes and practiced magic on the side
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Salem Bewitched (cont'd)Salem Bewitched (cont'd)
• By June, when the governor convened a special court, more than 150 persons stood charged with witchcraft
• In the next four months, the court convicted 28, most of them women Five confessed and were spared Several escaped 19 were hanged The husband of one witch, accused of
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Salem Bewitched (cont'd)Salem Bewitched (cont'd)
• The event shows the anxiety Puritans had about women since many of the accused were: Widows of high status Older women who owned property Women who lived apart from the daily
guidance of men
• All potentially subverted the patriarchal authorities of church and state
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Higher Education in New EnglandHigher Education in New England
• With the Great Migration came some 150 university-trained colonists, mostly in divinity, who became the first ministers
• 1636: Massachusetts General Court appropriated money to establish an institution of higher learning to train ministers—Harvard University—which received its charter in 1650
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Higher Education in New England Higher Education in New England (cont'd)(cont'd)
• Below Harvard were the Grammar schools where boys spent 7 years learning Greek and Latin The first was established by Boston in 1636 Massachusetts and Connecticut soon passed
education acts that required all towns of any size to establish such schools
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Higher Education in New England Higher Education in New England (cont'd)(cont'd)
• Even ministers were no longer the unquestioned last word—attacks on Cotton Mather in 1721 for his suggestion of inoculation to combat an outbreak of smallpox
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
A Merchant’s World (cont'd)A Merchant’s World (cont'd)
• In 1643, five New England vessels packed their holds with fish which they sold in Spain and the Canary Islands, taking payment in sherry and Madeira which were tradable in England One took payment in slaves which were sold
in West Indies thereby initiating the triangular trade
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
A Merchant’s World (cont'd)A Merchant’s World (cont'd)
• As maritime trade became the driving force in New England, port towns like Portsmouth, Salem, Boston, New Port, and New Haven became larger and faster growing than interior towns
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
A Merchant’s World (cont'd)A Merchant’s World (cont'd)
• 1720: Boston was the commercial hub of the region with a population of 10,000 making it the third largest city in the British Empire More than one quarter of Boston’s adult male
population had either invested in shipbuilding or were directly employed in maritime commerce
Ships captains and merchants held most public offices
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
““The Best Poor Man’s Country” The Best Poor Man’s Country” (cont'd)(cont'd)
• Philadelphia profited from this (and its inland waterways) and by the 1750s had a population of 15,000, surpassing Boston as America’s largest city Most Philadelphians could do well for
themselves while, increasingly, artisans in Boston were mired in economic stagnation
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
The Politics of Diversity (cont'd)The Politics of Diversity (cont'd)
• Leisler’s Rebellion An uprising in 1689, led by Jacob Leisler, that
wrested control of New York’s government following the abdication of King James II. The rebellion ended when Leisler was arrested and executed in 1690.
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Becoming AmericansBecoming Americans
• In 1650, some 50,000 Europeans had come to North America Most clung to Atlantic seaboard Indians outnumbered Europeans 10 to 1 African slaves were rare French and Spanish colonization relatively
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
This image shows actress Winona This image shows actress Winona Ryder as a young puritan who Ryder as a young puritan who accuses others of witchcraft.accuses others of witchcraft.