Cancer Patient Survival - Ministry of Health NZ · Contents Introduction 4 Cancer survival 4 Methods 5 Interpretation 6 Site-speciﬁc cancer survival data 7 Five-year survival: summary

Cancer Patient SurvivalCovering the Period

1994 to 2003

New Zealand Health Information Service – 2006

MINISTRY OF

HEALTHMANATU HAUORA¯

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Disclaimer

The purpose of this publication is to inform discussion and assist in future policy development. The

opinions expressed in the publication do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Ministry of

Health.

The Ministry of Health gives no indemnity as to the correctness of the information or data supplied.

The Ministry of Health shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising directly or indirectly from the

supply of this publication.

Acknowledgements

Many people have assisted in the production of this publication. In particular, the assistance of internal

and external peer reviewers is appreciated.

Other publications from NZHIS

This publication is one of a series of eight publications produced by NZHIS for the year to 30 June

2006. The eight publications are:

• Cancer: New Registrations and Deaths 2002

• Mortality and Demographic Data 2002 and 2003

• Selected Morbidity Data for Publicly Funded Hospitals 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2003

• Selected Privately Funded Morbidity Data 2002

• Mental Health: Service Use in New Zealand 2003

• Report on Maternity: Maternal and Newborn Information 2003

• Fetal and Infant Deaths 2002

• Cancer Patient Survival Covering the Period 1994 to 2003

© 2006 Ministry of Health, PO Box 5013, Wellington, New Zealand

ISBN: 0-478-30012-3 (Book)

ISBN: 0-478-30013-1 (Web)

This document is available on the Ministry of Health’s web site:

http://www.moh.govt.nz

and the web site of the New Zealand Health Information Service:

http://www.nzhis.govt.nz

Contents

Introduction 4Cancer survival 4Methods 5Interpretation 6

Site-specific cancer survival data 7Five-year survival: summary 11

All cancers summary 14

Cancer of the head, neck and larynx 16

Cancer of the oesophagus 18

Cancer of the stomach 20

Cancer of the colorectum and anus 22

Cancer of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts 24

Cancer of the pancreas 26

Cancer of the trachea, bronchus and lung 28

Malignant melanoma of the skin 30

Cancer of the female breast 32

Cancer of the cervix uteri 34

Cancer of the corpus uteri 36

Cancer of the ovary 38

Cancer of the prostate 40

Cancer of the testis 42

Cancer of the bladder 44

Cancer of the kidney, ureter and urethra 46

Cancer of the brain 48

Cancer of the thyroid gland 50

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 52

Leukaemia – all forms 54

Appendix 56Definition of terms 56Data used in this report 56

References 58

4 CANCER PATIENT SURVIVAL COVERING THE PERIOD 1994 TO 2003

Introduction

Time since Patients alive Patients Patients Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative diagnosis at the start died withdrawn observed expected relative survival survival survival

1 year 13,643 9724 0 0.287 0.962 0.299

2 years 3919 1730 335 0.155 0.923 0.168

3 years 1854 466 213 0.114 0.883 0.129

4 years 1175 204 150 0.092 0.844 0.110

5 years 821 87 135 0.082 0.805 0.102

In this case, patients were alive at the start of the fifth year of follow-up. The cumulative observed survival figure of . indicates that . percent of patients with this cancer survived for five years. The cumulative expected survival for the general

The length of time that a person diagnosed with cancer survives is one of the most important indicators of the effect of cancer on society. It is of great interest to cancer patients, and is a valuable way of measuring the success of cancer treatments.

The cancer registration data analysed in this report is from the years to . This period

follows the introduction of the Cancer Registry Act , which resulted in more complete reporting of the incidence of cancer in New Zealand.

The measurement of cancer survival rates requires at least five years of comparable data. This data must include new cancer cases and the outcomes of those cases, which will be either survival or death.

CANCER SURVIVAL

In this report, cancer survival is calculated by comparing the number of people who died with a particular type of cancer over a five-year period with the number of people in the general population who would have been expected to die over the same period. The survival is given as a ratio of the observed survival rate experienced by cancer patients to the expected survival rate of a group of people from the general population who are of age and sex (1, 2). This is an indication of how many extra deaths are due to cancer, and is known as the relative survival ratio. It is a number typically between 0 and 1, where 0 would indicate that no one survived and 1 would indicate that patients with this cancer experience mortality rates no higher than those in a comparable group from the general population. Note that estimates of the relative survival ratio

greater than 1 are possible and indicate that the observed survival of the cancer patients is better than that expected from the general population.

There are two ways of presenting this ratio. The first is known as a cumulative relative survival ratio, and the second is known as the interval-specific relative survival ratio.

Cumulative relative survival is a measure of patient survival corrected for the effect of other independent causes of death. It represents the proportion of patients alive after a certain number of years of follow-up where all excess mortality experienced by the patients is attributed to the cancer.

For example, the table below represents the cumulative relative survival ratios for cancer of the trachea, bronchus and lung:

population is . percent. Hence the cumulative relative survival ratio is . / . = ..

With interval-specific relative survival ratios, however, the ratios are calculated separately for each of the five years. Thus the figures given here are for

CANCER PATIENT SURVIVAL COVERING THE PERIOD 1994 TO 2003 5

survival in each year of follow-up. By following progress in this way it is possible to see how the probability of survival varies over time.

For example, the table below presents the interval-specific relative survival ratios for cancer of the trachea, bronchus and lung. In this case, the interval-specific figure of . indicates that . percent of

Interval- Interval- Interval- Time since Patients alive Patients Patients specific specific specific diagnosis at the start died withdrawn observed expected relative survival survival survival

1 year 13,643 9724 0 0.287 0.962 0.299

2 years 3919 1730 335 0.539 0.966 0.558

3 years 1854 466 213 0.733 0.964 0.760

4 years 1175 204 150 0.815 0.966 0.844

5 years 821 87 135 0.885 0.965 0.917

METHODS

Cancer data was obtained from the New Zealand Cancer Registry (3) and death data from the Mortality Data Collection (4) both of which are databases administered by the New Zealand Health Information Service of the Ministry of Health. The data was processed using the SURV3 program developed at the Finnish Cancer Registry (5).

Relative survival is derived from data on observed and expected survival. Expected survival is calculated from life tables for the total New Zealand resident population produced by Statistics New Zealand (6). These tables include information on the probability of death and the life expectancy for both sexes and by single year of life.

Relative survival is calculated by dividing the observed survival by the expected survival. The information is presented as graphs showing the relative survival over time and as tables giving the relative survival across age groups, ethnicity and the extent of disease at diagnosis. Where present, confidence intervals of the estimated relative survival are calculated by using the Eurocare methods (7). The percent confidence limits are presented in order to provide an indication of the level of statistical uncertainty in the estimated five-year relative survival ratios.

A further analysis breaks the survival figures down by sex, by ethnic group and by the extent of the disease at the time of registration.

The ethnicity of each patient is the ethnicity recorded at the time of registration of the cancer. The ethnic data in this publication is based on prioritised self-identified ethnicity, where individuals select up to three ethnic groups that they feel they belong to. This data is then prioritised so that any person who selects Maori as one of their three ethnicities will be recorded with a Maori ethnicity. The ethnicity recorded on the Cancer Registry is taken from hospital discharge information, the National Health Index (NHI) and the mortality collection.

The extent of the disease is recorded according to the information that is available at registration into several broad categories: localised (the tumour is confined to the organ of origin), regional (metastases to regional lymph nodes), distant (metastases to distant lymph nodes), and not known (the information is not sufficient or the primary site is unknown). The extent is determined using all diagnostic and therapeutic evidence available and may be modified within three months of diagnosis if more information comes to hand.

patients who had survived to the end of the fourth year also survived to the end of the fifth year. The expected survival for the general population is . percent. Dividing the figure of . by . produces the interval-specific relative survival ratio of . for patients in the fifth year of follow-up.


INTERPRETATION

The sites of cancer for which survival data was calculated are:

• head, neck and larynx• oesophagus• stomach• colorectum and anus• liver and intrahepatic bile ducts• pancreas• trachea, bronchus and lung• malignant melanoma of the skin• female breast• cervix uteri• corpus uteri• ovary• prostate• testis• bladder• kidney, ureter and urethra• brain• thyroid gland• non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma• leukaemia – all forms.

These sites provide a sufficient number of cases for meaningful analysis. The number of cases ranged from for cancer of the testis to , for cancer of the prostate. The estimates for all cancers combined are also presented, but it should be noted that these will vary over time because of changes in the mix of sites.

It should also be noted that when the results are analysed by sex, age and ethnicity, numbers within some of these groups may be very low. Where this is the case, the survival ratios for those categories should be treated with caution and should not be relied on for predictions, as a change in only one

death would make a large difference to the survival ratio.

For example, a number of cancers, such as cancer of the prostate, are diseases of older people. Because the Maori population has a younger age structure than the non-Maori population, the number of Maori with these cancers will be comparatively small.

Similarly, with some cancers the number of patients surviving to the fourth or fifth year is low, and therefore these ratios have to be treated with care.

Registrations with unspecified ethnicity are in-cluded in the non-Maori category in the compari-son of Maori versus non-Maori, so caution should be used when interpreting such comparisons.

There is difference between the extent, which refers to the degree to which the cancer has advanced, and the clinical stage, which describes the progression of cancer from the original site to other organs and parts of the body. Care should also be used in interpreting analyses that use the extent to which the cancer had already spread when it was diagnosed, as this was sometimes not recorded. The percentage of cases where information on the extent of disease was not available ranged from . percent for melanoma to . percent for cancer of the bladder. The cases that lack this information (. percent overall) have not been presented.

Additional analyses need to be done to determine differences between patient groups such as ethnic and socio-economic inequalities. This could include the use of life tables for specific ethnic or social classes, or of age-standardised and stage-standardised relative survival rates, to provide further insights (8).


Site-specific cancer survival data

Table 1: Cumulative relative survival ratios — all-sites summary by sex and ethnicity, 1994 to 2003

Males FemalesSite Survival

Total Maori Non-Maori Total Maori Non-Maori

Head, neck and larynx 1 year 0.781 0.787 0.780 0.803 0.893 0.795 5 years 0.558 0.465 0.566 0.597 0.530 0.603

Oesophagus 1 year 0.290 0.144 0.302 0.310 0.249 0.313 5 years 0.111 0.023 0.118 0.136 0.239 0.132

Stomach 1 year 0.392 0.343 0.399 0.378 0.352 0.383 5 years 0.196 0.177 0.199 0.196 0.194 0.197

Colorectum and anus 1 year 0.778 0.666 0.782 0.776 0.724 0.777 5 years 0.588 0.385 0.596 0.615 0.445 0.620

Liver and intrahepatic 1 year 0.239 0.220 0.246 0.234 0.227 0.235bile ducts 5 years 0.111 0.071 0.124 0.127 0.157 0.124

Pancreas 1 year 0.168 0.153 0.170 0.143 0.139 0.143 5 years 0.060 0.102 0.056 0.048 0.073 0.046

Trachea, bronchus and lung 1 year 0.287 0.243 0.292 0.317 0.287 0.324 5 years 0.095 0.044 0.103 0.111 0.065 0.121

Malignant melanoma of skin 1 year 0.970 0.933 0.971 0.982 0.951 0.982 5 years 0.892 0.814 0.892 0.943 0.915 0.943

Breast (female) 1 year - - - 0.952 0.935 0.954 5 years - - - 0.817 0.714 0.827

Cervix uteri 1 year - - - 0.877 0.811 0.954 5 years - - - 0.724 0.630 0.827

Corpus uteri 1 year - - - 0.872 0.806 0.880 5 years - - - 0.754 0.608 0.771

Ovary 1 year - - - 0.704 0.746 0.700 5 years - - - 0.463 0.581 0.451

Prostate 1 year 0.938 0.869 0.940 - - - 5 years 0.855 0.650 0.863 - - -

Testes 1 year 0.979 0.954 0.985 - - - 5 years 0.954 0.901 0.967 - - -

Bladder 1 year 0.868 0.860 0.868 0.788 0.626 0.794 5 years 0.749 0.648 0.751 0.661 0.437 0.670

Kidney, ureter and urethra 1 year 0.700 0.655 0.703 0.703 0.729 0.702 5 years 0.571 0.427 0.582 0.558 0.478 0.563

Cumulative relative survival ratio and interval-specific relative survival ratio for each cancer site are provided in the following sections. A summary of the cumulative relative survival ratios for all sites is

provided in Table , and a summary of the interval-specific relative survival ratios for all sites is provided in Table .


Brain 1 year 0.364 0.375 0.363 0.313 0.344 0.312 5 years 0.187 0.178 0.187 0.174 0.260 0.168

Thyroid 1 year 0.911 0.923 0.910 0.944 0.937 0.946 5 years 0.874 0.708 0.892 0.938 0.951 0.935

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 1 year 0.722 0.672 0.724 0.702 0.630 0.707 5 years 0.540 0.455 0.545 0.538 0.466 0.543

Leukaemia - all forms 1 year 0.681 0.724 0.678 0.668 0.664 0.668 5 years 0.483 0.411 0.489 0.495 0.392 0.502

Table 1 (continued): Cumulative relative survival ratios — all-sites summary by sex and ethnicity, 1994 to 2003





Head, neck and larynx 1st year 0.781 0.787 0.780 0.803 0.893 0.795 2nd year 0.846 0.833 0.847 0.888 0.891 0.887 3rd year 0.912 0.869 0.916 0.934 0.909 0.936 4th year 0.945 0.938 0.945 0.940 0.884 0.947 5th year 0.963 0.870 0.970 0.931 0.822 0.941

Oesophagus 1st year 0.290 0.144 0.302 0.310 0.249 0.313 2nd year 0.641 0.436 0.648 0.616 0.854 0.606 3rd year 0.714 0.336 0.721 0.809 1.005 0.799 4th year 0.792 1.005 0.790 0.863 1.007 0.855 5th year 0.983 1.005 0.983 0.944 1.007 0.938

Stomach 1st year 0.392 0.343 0.399 0.378 0.352 0.383 2nd year 0.704 0.760 0.697 0.739 0.779 0.732 3rd year 0.838 0.830 0.839 0.834 0.861 0.830 4th year 0.891 0.832 0.899 0.851 0.796 0.861 5th year 0.913 0.975 0.906 0.942 1.010 0.930

Colorectum and anus 1st year 0.778 0.666 0.782 0.776 0.724 0.777 2nd year 0.890 0.828 0.892 0.892 0.853 0.893 3rd year 0.925 0.826 0.928 0.935 0.825 0.937 4th year 0.947 0.869 0.949 0.959 0.913 0.960 5th year 0.965 0.951 0.965 0.980 0.946 0.981

Liver and intrahepatic 1st year 0.239 0.220 0.246 0.234 0.227 0.235bile ducts 2nd year 0.705 0.628 0.728 0.639 0.795 0.619 3rd year 0.732 0.652 0.750 0.861 0.829 0.865 4th year 0.897 0.894 0.898 0.952 1.018 0.945 5th year 0.950 0.850 0.967 0.977 1.031 0.971

Table 2: Interval-specific relative survival ratios — all-sites summary by sex and ethnicity, 1994 to 2003


Pancreas 1st year 0.168 0.153 0.170 0.143 0.139 0.143

2nd year 0.506 0.679 0.492 0.480 0.648 0.465

3rd year 0.765 0.901 0.749 0.765 0.890 0.748

4th year 0.884 1.014 0.865 0.924 0.856 0.935

5th year 0.977 1.011 0.972 0.915 1.004 0.906

Trachea, bronchus and lung 1st year 0.287 0.243 0.292 0.317 0.287 0.324

2nd year 0.546 0.441 0.558 0.576 0.456 0.599

3rd year 0.755 0.570 0.771 0.766 0.711 0.774

4th year 0.838 0.866 0.836 0.853 0.801 0.859

5th year 0.929 0.820 0.937 0.901 0.872 0.904

Malignant melanoma of skin 1st year 0.970 0.933 0.971 0.982 0.951 0.982

2nd year 0.973 0.917 0.974 0.988 0.968 0.988

3rd year 0.978 0.892 0.979 0.987 0.991 0.987

4th year 0.976 1.019 0.976 0.986 0.986 0.986

5th year 0.985 1.021 0.985 0.996 1.008 0.996

Breast (female) 1st year – – – 0.952 0.935 0.954

2nd year – – – 0.953 0.920 0.956

3rd year – – – 0.956 0.931 0.959

4th year – – – 0.967 0.945 0.969

5th year – – – 0.967 0.940 0.969

Cervix uteri 1st year – – – 0.877 0.811 0.892

2nd year – – – 0.914 0.881 0.921

3rd year – – – 0.954 0.957 0.953

4th year – – – 0.969 0.953 0.972

5th year – – – 0.965 0.962 0.965

Corpus uteri 1st year – – – 0.872 0.806 0.880

2nd year – – – 0.943 0.922 0.945

3rd year – – – 0.953 0.926 0.955 4th year – – – 0.972 0.958 0.974

5th year – – – 0.976 0.910 0.983

Ovary 1st year – – – 0.704 0.746 0.700

2nd year – – – 0.817 0.890 0.810

3rd year – – – 0.882 0.927 0.877

4th year – – – 0.923 0.972 0.918

5th year – – – 0.952 0.962 0.950

Prostate 1st year 0.938 0.869 0.940 – – –

2nd year 0.965 0.912 0.967 – – –

3rd year 0.973 0.948 0.973 – – –

4th year 0.976 0.928 0.977 – – –

5th year 0.976 0.925 0.978 – – –



Table 2 (continued): Interval-specific relative survival ratios — all-sites summary by sex and ethnicity, 1994 to 2003


Testes 1st year 0.979 0.954 0.985 – – –

2nd year 0.987 0.977 0.989 – – –

3rd year 0.995 0.990 0.996 – – –

4th year 0.993 0.988 0.994 – – –

5th year 0.999 0.985 1.002 – – –

Bladder 1st year 0.868 0.860 0.868 0.788 0.626 0.794

2nd year 0.928 0.902 0.929 0.908 0.818 0.910

3rd year 0.957 0.914 0.958 0.950 1.020 0.949

4th year 0.979 0.971 0.979 0.971 0.893 0.974

5th year 0.974 0.923 0.975 0.966 0.937 0.967

Kidney, ureter and urethra 1st year 0.700 0.655 0.703 0.703 0.729 0.702

2nd year 0.905 0.851 0.908 0.904 0.894 0.905

3rd year 0.943 0.901 0.946 0.932 0.834 0.939

4th year 0.959 0.864 0.964 0.962 0.921 0.964

5th year 0.977 0.981 0.976 0.947 0.948 0.947

Brain 1st year 0.364 0.375 0.363 0.313 0.344 0.312

2nd year 0.642 0.517 0.648 0.693 0.726 0.691

3rd year 0.866 0.877 0.865 0.902 1.002 0.894

4th year 0.923 1.003 0.919 0.878 1.002 0.866

5th year 0.925 1.003 0.920 0.940 1.002 0.932

Thyroid 1st year 0.911 0.923 0.910 0.944 0.937 0.946

2nd year 0.994 0.941 1.000 0.986 0.996 0.985

3rd year 0.974 0.920 0.980 0.994 1.005 0.992

4th year 1.012 1.009 1.012 1.001 1.004 1.001

5th year 0.971 0.867 0.981 1.000 1.004 0.999

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 1st year 0.722 0.672 0.724 0.702 0.630 0.707

2nd year 0.877 0.832 0.880 0.887 0.949 0.883

3rd year 0.909 0.888 0.911 0.937 0.858 0.942

4th year 0.942 0.925 0.943 0.935 0.967 0.933

5th year 0.960 0.979 0.959 0.951 0.919 0.953

Leukaemia (all forms) 1st year 0.681 0.724 0.678 0.668 0.664 0.668

2nd year 0.886 0.832 0.890 0.893 0.848 0.896

3rd year 0.901 0.905 0.900 0.936 0.935 0.936

4th year 0.919 0.843 0.925 0.920 0.874 0.924

5th year 0.929 0.872 0.933 0.939 0.839 0.945



Table 2 (continued): Interval-specific relative survival ratios — all-sites summary by sex and ethnicity, 1994 to 2003


FIVE-YEAR SURVIVAL: SUMMARY

Figure 1: Five-year survival, by type of cancer

Figure compares the five-year relative survival for the types of cancer detailed in this report. The

overall relative survival ratio for all cancers is ..

Relative survivalratio

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Live

r an

d in

trah

epat

ic b

ile d

ucts

(C22

)

Panc

rea

(C25

)

Trac

hea,

bro

nchu

s an

d lu

ng (C

33–C

34)

Oes

opha

gus

(C15

)

Brai

n (C

71)

Stom

ach

(C16

)

Ova

ry (C

56)

Leuk

aem

ia –

all

form

s (C

91–C

95)

Non

-Hod

gkin

’s ly

mph

oma

(C82

–C85

, C96

)

Kid

ney,

ure

ter

and

uret

hra

(C64

–C66

, C68

)

Hea

d, n

eck

and

lary

nx (C

00–C

14, C

32)

Col

orec

tum

and

anu

s (C

18–C

21)

All

can

cers

(C00

–C96

)

Cer

vix

uter

i (C

53)

Blad

der

(C67

)

Cor

pus

uter

i (C

54)

Brea

st (f

emal

e) (C

50)

Pros

tate

(C61

)

Mal

igna

nt m

elan

oma

of s

kin

(C43

)

Thyr

oid

glan

d (C

73)

Test

es (C

62)


Cancer site Cumulative relative Lower confidence limit Upper confidence limit survival ratio

Head, neck and larynx 0.570 0.545 0.594

Oesophagus 0.119 0.101 0.140

Stomach 0.196 0.179 0.213

Colorectum and anus 0.602 0.593 0.611

Liver and intrahepatic bile ducts 0.117 0.096 0.141

Pancreas 0.054 0.044 0.065

Trachea, bronchus and lung 0.102 0.096 0.108

Malignant melanoma of skin 0.918 0.909 0.926

Breast (female) 0.817 0.809 0.825

Cervix uteri 0.724 0.699 0.747

Corpus uteri 0.754 0.731 0.777

Ovary 0.463 0.440 0.487

Prostate 0.855 0.845 0.865

Testes 0.954 0.937 0.968

Bladder 0.725 0.705 0.745

Kidney, ureter and urethra 0.566 0.543 0.589

Brain 0.182 0.163 0.203

Thyroid gland 0.921 0.898 0.942

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 0.539 0.520 0.557

All leukaemias 0.488 0.468 0.509

All cancers 0.605 0.602 0.609

Table 3: Cumulative relative survival ratios — confidence intervals for all sites


Age-standardised Cancer site cumulative relative Lower confidence limit Upper confidence limit survival ratio

Head, neck and larynx 0.552 0.531 0.573

Oesophagus 0.138 0.132 0.145

Stomach 0.197 0.190 0.203

Colorectum and anus 0.602 0.594 0.610

Liver and intrahepatic bile ducts 0.103 0.097 0.109

Pancreas 0.066 0.064 0.068

Trachea, bronchus and lung 0.109 0.108 0.111

Malignant melanoma of skin 0.900 0.886 0.915

Breast (female) 0.803 0.791 0.814

Cervix uteri 0.551 0.526 0.577

Corpus uteri 0.728 0.700 0.757

Ovary 0.374 0.360 0.389

Prostate 0.842 0.831 0.853

Testes 0.873 0.823 0.923

Bladder 0.739 0.718 0.759

Kidney, ureter and urethra 0.551 0.531 0.570

Brain 0.099 0.095 0.103

Thyroid gland 0.829 0.784 0.875

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 0.508 0.493 0.522

All leukaemias 0.480 0.466 0.494

All cancers 0.589 0.586 0.592

Table 4: Age-standardised* cumulative relative survival ratios — confidence intervals for all sites

* The ratios in this table have been age-standardised to the New Zealand cancer incidence population 1994–2003.


Time since Maori population Non-Maori population Total population

diagnosis Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females Total

1 year 0.549 0.670 0.615 0.738 0.758 0.748 0.727 0.751 0.739

2 years 0.451 0.579 0.522 0.674 0.696 0.684 0.661 0.687 0.673

3 years 0.401 0.534 0.475 0.642 0.664 0.653 0.627 0.654 0.640

4 years 0.374 0.506 0.448 0.621 0.644 0.632 0.606 0.633 0.619

5 years 0.352 0.480 0.424 0.608 0.631 0.619 0.592 0.619 0.605

Cumulative relative survival ratios, by sex and ethnicity

Cumulative relative survival

Numbers of cases included in analysis, by age, sex and ethnicity

All cancers summary (ICD codes C00–C96)

RELATIVE SURVIVAL, 1994 to 2003

Cumulative relative survival ratios, by sex

Cumulative relative survival ratios, by extent of disease

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5

Years after diagnosis

MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


LocalisedRegional metastasesDistant metastases

Maori population Non-Maori population Total population Age group

Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females Total

15–44 682 1257 1939 4548 7835 12,383 5230 9092 14,322 45–54 630 1249 1879 6449 9721 16,170 7079 10,970 18,049

55–64 1241 1311 2552 14,468 12,344 26,812 15,709 13,655 29,364

65–74 1286 1004 2290 25,199 14,898 40,097 26,485 15,902 42,387

75+ 523 435 958 23,123 19,322 42,445 23,646 19,757 43,403

Total 4362 5256 9618 73,787 64,120 137,907 78,149 69,376 147,525

Cumulative relative survival ratios, by ethnicity




1 year 0.549 0.670 0.615 0.738 0.758 0.748 0.727 0.751 0.739

2 years 0.820 0.863 0.846 0.909 0.913 0.911 0.905 0.909 0.907

3 years 0.886 0.918 0.906 0.947 0.947 0.947 0.945 0.945 0.945

4 years 0.929 0.943 0.938 0.963 0.963 0.963 0.962 0.962 0.962

5 years 0.938 0.943 0.941 0.972 0.972 0.972 0.971 0.970 0.971

Interval-specific relative survival ratios, by sex and ethnicity

Interval-specific relative survival

Extent of disease at diagnosis, by age groups

All cancers summary (ICD codes C00–C96)

RELATIVE SURVIVAL, 1994 to 2003 (continued)

Interval-specific relative survival ratios, by sex

Interval-specific relative survival ratios, by extent of disease

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5



Age Localised Regional Distant Not Total

group metastases metastases stated

15–44 7252 2444 1315 3311 14,322 45–54 7344 3620 2394 4691 18,049 55–64 9515 5556 4574 9719 29,364 65–74 10,477 6774 7187 17,949 42,387

75+ 8248 6007 7569 21,579 43,403

Total 42,836 24,401 23,039 57,249 147,525

Interval-specific relative survival ratios, by ethnicity


Cancer of the head, neck and larynx (ICD codes C00–C14, C32)




15–44 26 18 44 127 74 201 153 92 245

45–54 45 12 57 257 102 359 302 114 416

55–64 47 14 61 452 132 584 499 146 645

65–74 28 14 42 561 181 742 589 195 784

75+ 6 3 9 378 242 620 384 245 629

Total 152 61 213 1775 731 2506 1927 792 2719



1 year 0.787 0.893 0.817 0.780 0.795 0.784 0.781 0.803 0.787

2 years 0.656 0.796 0.696 0.663 0.709 0.677 0.663 0.716 0.678

3 years 0.570 0.725 0.615 0.611 0.668 0.627 0.608 0.673 0.627

4 years 0.535 0.642 0.565 0.580 0.637 0.597 0.577 0.637 0.594

5 years 0.465 0.530 0.483 0.566 0.603 0.577 0.558 0.597 0.570




1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5



Cumulative relative survival ratios, by ethnicity Cumulative relative survival ratios, by extent of disease



Cancer of the head, neck and larynx (ICD codes C00–C14, C32)




15–44 61 83 15 86 245

45–54 72 156 32 156 416

55–64 121 208 32 284 645

65–74 148 218 48 370 784

75+ 124 158 32 315 629

Total 526 823 159 1211 2719



1 year 0.787 0.893 0.817 0.780 0.795 0.784 0.781 0.803 0.787

2 years 0.833 0.891 0.851 0.847 0.887 0.859 0.846 0.888 0.858

3 years 0.869 0.909 0.883 0.916 0.936 0.922 0.912 0.934 0.919

4 years 0.938 0.884 0.917 0.945 0.947 0.946 0.945 0.940 0.943

5 years 0.870 0.822 0.853 0.970 0.941 0.961 0.963 0.931 0.953




Interval-specific relative survival ratios, by ethnicity Interval-specific relative survival ratios, by extent of disease

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5



Extent of disease at diagnosis, by age groups Note: As shown in the graph at bottom right, for cases diagnosed with distant metastases, the interval-specific relative survival ratio exceeded 1.0 for the interval from 4 to 5 years. This result is based on small numbers and should be interpreted with caution.


Cancer of the oesophagus (ICD code C15)




15–44 3 3 6 22 7 29 25 10 35

45–54 14 5 19 81 25 106 95 30 125

55–64 25 7 32 207 65 272 232 72 304

65–74 29 7 36 393 151 544 422 158 5800

75+ 15 7 22 392 357 749 407 364 771

Total 86 29 115 1095 605 1700 1181 634 1815



1 year 0.144 0.249 0.170 0.302 0.313 0.306 0.290 0.310 0.297

2 years 0.064 0.218 0.103 0.198 0.193 0.196 0.188 0.194 0.190

3 years 0.022 0.225 0.076 0.146 0.158 0.150 0.137 0.161 0.145

4 years 0.023 0.232 0.079 0.117 0.138 0.125 0.110 0.142 0.121

5 years 0.023 0.239 0.081 0.118 0.132 0.123 0.111 0.136 0.119




Cumulative relative survival ratios, by extent of disease


1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5



1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori


Note: The cumulative relative survival ratios for Maori were based on small numbers and should be interpreted with caution.


Cancer of the oesophagus (ICD code C15)




15–44 2 6 14 13 35

45–54 7 33 28 57 125

55–64 32 56 74 142 304

65–74 47 91 121 321 580

75+ 50 41 94 586 771

Total 138 227 331 1119 1815



1 year 0.144 0.249 0.170 0.302 0.313 0.306 0.290 0.310 0.297

2 years 0.436 0.854 0.597 0.648 0.606 0.633 0.641 0.616 0.632

3 years 0.336 1.005 0.719 0.721 0.799 0.748 0.714 0.809 0.747

4 years 1.005 1.007 1.006 0.790 0.855 0.814 0.792 0.863 0.819

5 years 1.005 1.007 1.007 0.983 0.938 0.965 0.983 0.944 0.967






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5



1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

Note: In a large percentage of cases there was no stated extent; these cases have been excluded.


Cancer of the stomach (ICD code C16)




15–44 50 44 94 70 46 116 120 90 210

45–54 53 35 88 151 90 241 204 125 329

55–64 68 33 101 336 116 452 404 149 553

65–74 59 65 124 613 277 890 672 342 1014

75+ 26 25 51 699 544 1243 725 569 1294

Total 256 202 458 1869 1073 2942 2125 1275 3400



1 year 0.343 0.352 0.347 0.399 0.383 0.393 0.392 0.378 0.387

2 years 0.262 0.274 0.267 0.282 0.284 0.283 0.279 0.282 0.280

3 years 0.218 0.237 0.226 0.239 0.240 0.239 0.236 0.239 0.237

4 years 0.182 0.190 0.185 0.217 0.209 0.214 0.212 0.206 0.210

5 years 0.177 0.194 0.185 0.199 0.197 0.198 0.196 0.196 0.196






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




Cancer of the stomach (ICD code C16)




15–44 22 66 84 38 210

45–54 50 114 96 69 329

55–64 71 192 164 126 553

65–74 157 303 266 288 1014

75+ 123 261 257 653 1294

Total 423 936 867 1174 3400



1 year 0.343 0.352 0.347 0.399 0.383 0.393 0.392 0.378 0.387

2 years 0.760 0.779 0.769 0.697 0.732 0.709 0.704 0.739 0.717

3 years 0.830 0.861 0.844 0.839 0.830 0.835 0.838 0.834 0.836

4 years 0.832 0.796 0.815 0.899 0.861 0.885 0.891 0.851 0.876

5 years 0.975 1.010 0.991 0.906 0.930 0.914 0.913 0.942 0.924






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




Cancer of the colorectum and anus (ICD codes C18–C21)




15–44 24 44 68 304 326 630 328 370 698

45–54 57 57 114 938 872 1810 995 929 1924

55–64 126 87 213 2394 2053 4447 2520 2140 4660

65–74 120 67 187 3887 3070 6957 4007 3137 7144

75+ 49 42 91 3249 4267 7516 3298 4309 7607

Total 376 297 673 10,772 10,588 21,360 11,148 10,885 22,033



1 year 0.666 0.724 0.692 0.782 0.777 0.779 0.778 0.776 0.777

2 years 0.553 0.618 0.582 0.698 0.697 0.697 0.693 0.694 0.694

3 years 0.459 0.511 0.482 0.649 0.655 0.652 0.642 0.651 0.647

4 years 0.401 0.468 0.431 0.617 0.631 0.624 0.609 0.626 0.618

5 years 0.385 0.445 0.412 0.596 0.620 0.608 0.588 0.615 0.602






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




Cancer of the colorectum and anus (ICD codes C18–C21)




15–44 155 318 159 66 698

45–54 519 782 423 200 1924

55–64 1251 2163 883 363 4660

65–74 2051 3145 1350 598 7144

75+ 2078 3158 1240 1131 7607

Total 6054 9566 4055 2358 22,033



1 year 0.666 0.724 0.692 0.782 0.777 0.779 0.778 0.776 0.777

2 years 0.828 0.853 0.840 0.892 0.893 0.892 0.890 0.892 0.891

3 years 0.826 0.825 0.826 0.928 0.937 0.933 0.925 0.935 0.930

4 years 0.869 0.913 0.890 0.949 0.960 0.955 0.947 0.959 0.953

5 years 0.951 0.946 0.949 0.965 0.981 0.973 0.965 0.980 0.973






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




Cancer of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts (ICD code C22)




15–44 25 8 33 50 18 68 75 26 101

45–54 56 12 68 81 21 102 137 33 170

55–64 70 15 85 136 63 199 206 78 284

65–74 37 10 47 174 111 285 211 121 332

75+ 6 4 10 146 132 278 152 136 288

Total 194 49 243 587 345 932 781 394 1175



1 year 0.220 0.227 0.221 0.246 0.235 0.242 0.239 0.234 0.237

2 years 0.139 0.182 0.147 0.180 0.147 0.168 0.170 0.151 0.163

3 years 0.091 0.151 0.103 0.137 0.130 0.134 0.126 0.132 0.128

4 years 0.083 0.154 0.096 0.126 0.125 0.126 0.115 0.129 0.119

5 years 0.071 0.157 0.087 0.124 0.124 0.124 0.111 0.127 0.117






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5



Note: Cumulative relative survival ratios for Maori were based on small numbers and should be interpreted with caution.


Cancer of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts (ICD code C22)




15–44 10 5 22 64 101

45–54 18 6 39 107 170

55–64 26 12 55 191 284

65–74 28 13 73 218 332

75+ 13 7 53 215 288

Total 95 43 242 795 1175



1 year 0.220 0.227 0.221 0.246 0.235 0.242 0.239 0.234 0.237

2 years 0.628 0.795 0.662 0.728 0.619 0.688 0.705 0.639 0.683

3 years 0.652 0.829 0.695 0.750 0.865 0.788 0.732 0.861 0.773

4 years 0.894 1.018 0.925 0.898 0.945 0.914 0.897 0.952 0.915

5 years 0.850 1.031 0.892 0.967 0.971 0.968 0.950 0.977 0.958






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5



Note: Because of the high mortality in the first 12-month interval after diagnosis, the interval-specific relative survival ratios for cancer of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts should be interpreted with caution.

In a large percentage of cases there was no stated extent; these cases have been excluded.

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori


Cancer of the pancreas (ICD code C25)




15–44 9 10 19 44 20 64 53 30 83

45–54 19 19 38 98 73 171 117 92 209

55–64 33 25 58 235 175 410 268 200 468

65–74 33 32 65 404 368 772 437 400 837

75+ 13 17 30 436 621 1057 449 638 1087

Total 107 103 210 1217 1257 2474 1324 1360 2684



1 year 0.153 0.139 0.146 0.170 0.143 0.156 0.168 0.143 0.155

2 years 0.105 0.091 0.098 0.084 0.068 0.076 0.086 0.070 0.078

3 years 0.096 0.082 0.089 0.064 0.052 0.058 0.067 0.054 0.060

4 years 0.099 0.071 0.085 0.056 0.049 0.053 0.060 0.051 0.056

5 years 0.102 0.073 0.087 0.056 0.046 0.051 0.060 0.048 0.054






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5



Note: Ratios for Maori were based on small numbers and should be interpreted with caution.


Cancer of the pancreas (ICD code C25)




15–44 7 17 44 15 83

45–54 13 35 107 54 209

55–64 21 75 221 151 468

65–74 37 98 376 326 837

75+ 30 41 384 632 1087

Total 108 266 1132 1178 2684



1 year 0.153 0.139 0.146 0.170 0.143 0.156 0.168 0.143 0.155

2 years 0.679 0.648 0.664 0.492 0.465 0.480 0.506 0.480 0.494

3 years 0.901 0.890 0.896 0.749 0.748 0.748 0.765 0.765 0.765

4 years 1.014 0.856 0.938 0.865 0.935 0.898 0.884 0.924 0.903

5 years 1.011 1.004 1.008 0.972 0.906 0.939 0.977 0.915 0.946






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5



Note: Because of the high mortality in the first 12-month interval after diagnosis, the interval-specific relative survival ratios for cancer of the pancreas should be interpreted with caution.



Cancer of the trachea, bronchus and lung (ICD codes C33–C34)




15–44 28 39 67 98 137 235 126 176 302

45–54 140 176 316 435 370 805 575 546 1121

55–64 345 321 666 1347 882 2229 1692 1203 2895

65–74 319 290 609 2868 1538 4406 3187 1828 5015

75+ 103 105 208 2586 1516 4102 2689 1621 4310

Total 935 931 1866 7334 4443 11,777 8269 5374 13,643



1 year 0.243 0.287 0.265 0.292 0.324 0.304 0.287 0.317 0.299

2 years 0.108 0.131 0.119 0.164 0.195 0.176 0.157 0.183 0.168

3 years 0.062 0.093 0.077 0.128 0.152 0.137 0.120 0.141 0.129

4 years 0.053 0.075 0.064 0.108 0.132 0.117 0.101 0.122 0.110

5 years 0.044 0.065 0.054 0.103 0.121 0.110 0.095 0.111 0.102






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




Cancer of the trachea, bronchus and lung (ICD codes C33–C34)




15–44 32 44 124 102 302

45–54 78 184 456 403 1121

55–64 218 392 1073 1212 2895

65–74 353 538 1650 2474 5015

75+ 139 324 1217 2630 4310

Total 820 1482 4520 6821 13,643



1 year 0.243 0.287 0.265 0.292 0.324 0.304 0.287 0.317 0.299

2 years 0.441 0.456 0.449 0.558 0.599 0.574 0.546 0.576 0.558

3 years 0.570 0.711 0.645 0.771 0.774 0.772 0.755 0.766 0.760

4 years 0.866 0.801 0.830 0.836 0.859 0.846 0.838 0.853 0.844

5 years 0.820 0.872 0.845 0.937 0.904 0.923 0.929 0.901 0.917






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5



Note: The high mortality of patients with remote metastases in the first three years reduced the number of survivors to a point where the interval-specific relative survival ratios for the fourth and fifth years should be interpreted with caution.



Malignant melanoma of the skin (ICD code C43)




15–44 15 39 54 1298 1969 3267 1313 2008 3321

45–54 9 18 27 1283 1404 2687 1292 1422 2714

55–64 3 12 15 1481 1204 2685 1484 1216 2700

65–74 12 10 22 1744 1249 2993 1756 1259 3015

75+ 6 7 13 1535 1400 2935 1541 1407 2948

Total 45 86 131 7341 7226 14,567 7386 7312 14,698



1 year 0.933 0.951 0.945 0.971 0.982 0.976 0.970 0.982 0.976

2 years 0.860 0.921 0.900 0.945 0.971 0.958 0.945 0.970 0.958

3 years 0.772 0.915 0.864 0.926 0.959 0.943 0.925 0.959 0.942

4 years 0.792 0.905 0.866 0.904 0.946 0.925 0.904 0.946 0.925

5 years 0.814 0.915 0.881 0.892 0.943 0.918 0.892 0.943 0.918






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5



1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori



Malignant melanoma of the skin (ICD code C43)




15–44 3054 89 59 119 3321

45–54 2462 85 64 103 2714

55–64 2410 119 80 91 2700

65–74 2595 183 125 112 3015

75+ 2419 302 110 117 2948

Total 12,940 778 438 542 14,698



1 year 0.933 0.951 0.945 0.971 0.982 0.976 0.970 0.982 0.976

2 years 0.917 0.968 0.950 0.974 0.988 0.981 0.973 0.988 0.981

3 years 0.892 0.991 0.956 0.979 0.987 0.983 0.978 0.987 0.983

4 years 1.019 0.986 0.998 0.976 0.986 0.981 0.976 0.986 0.981

5 years 1.021 1.008 1.013 0.985 0.996 0.991 0.985 0.996 0.991






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




Cancer of the female breast (ICD code C50)


Age group Maori population Non-Maori population Total population

15–44 445 2462 2907

45–54 490 4165 4655

55–64 385 4106 4491

65–74 213 3119 3332

75+ 84 3521 3605

Total 1617 17,373 18,990


diagnosis

1 year 0.935 0.954 0.952

2 years 0.860 0.913 0.909

3 years 0.801 0.877 0.871

4 years 0.759 0.852 0.843

5 years 0.714 0.827 0.817




Numbers of cases included in analysis, by age and ethnicity

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




Cancer of the female breast (ICD code C50)




15–44 1180 1253 100 374 2907

45–54 2131 1685 157 682 4655

55–64 2321 1402 159 609 4491

65–74 1628 1017 174 513 3332

75+ 1094 888 264 1359 3605

Total 8354 6245 854 3537 18,990





1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




diagnosis

1 year 0.935 0.954 0.952

2 years 0.920 0.956 0.953

3 years 0.931 0.959 0.956

4 years 0.945 0.969 0.967

5 years 0.940 0.969 0.967


Cancer of the cervix uteri (ICD code C53)






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




15–44 186 654 840

45–54 89 287 376

55–64 39 179 218

65–74 24 192 216

75+ 8 149 157

Total 346 1461 1807


diagnosis

1 year 0.811 0.954 0.877

2 years 0.715 0.913 0.803

3 years 0.685 0.877 0.768

4 years 0.654 0.852 0.747

5 years 0.630 0.827 0.724


Cancer of the cervix uteri (ICD code C53)




15–44 545 94 28 173 840

45–54 158 49 31 138 376

55–64 77 37 19 85 218

65–74 42 21 29 124 216

75+ 10 9 15 123 157

Total 832 210 122 643 1807





1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




diagnosis

1 year 0.811 0.892 0.877

2 years 0.881 0.921 0.914

3 years 0.957 0.953 0.954

4 years 0.953 0.972 0.969

5 years 0.962 0.965 0.965


Cancer of the corpus uteri (ICD code C54–C55)






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




15–44 38 118 156

45–54 75 344 419

55–64 79 666 745

65–74 46 634 680

75+ 18 507 525

Total 256 2269 2525


diagnosis

1 year 0.806 0.880 0.872

2 years 0.745 0.833 0.824

3 years 0.692 0.799 0.788

4 years 0.665 0.782 0.769

5 years 0.608 0.771 0.754


Cancer of the corpus uteri (ICD code C54–C55)




15–44 88 25 12 31 156

45–54 254 67 41 57 419

55–64 470 112 81 82 745

65–74 427 95 68 90 680

75+ 249 83 58 135 525

Total 1488 382 260 395 2525





1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5



Note: Because of the relatively high mortality of patients with remote metastases in the first two years after diagnosis, the interval-specific relative survival ratios for this group should be interpreted with caution.


diagnosis

1 year 0.806 0.880 0.872

2 years 0.922 0.945 0.943

3 years 0.926 0.955 0.953

4 years 0.958 0.974 0.972

5 years 0.910 0.983 0.976


Cancer of the ovary (ICD code C56)






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




15–44 80 371 451

45–54 55 432 487

55–64 49 491 540

65–74 19 499 518

75+ 9 552 561

Total 212 2345 2557


diagnosis

1 year 0.746 0.700 0.704

2 years 0.665 0.572 0.580

3 years 0.617 0.507 0.517

4 years 0.602 0.470 0.482

5 years 0.581 0.451 0.463


Cancer of the ovary (ICD code C56)




15–44 245 26 144 36 451

45–54 182 40 225 40 487

55–64 160 40 311 29 540

65–74 107 48 335 28 518

75+ 92 41 342 86 561

Total 786 195 1357 219 2557





1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




1 year 0.746 0.700 0.704

2 years 0.890 0.810 0.817

3 years 0.927 0.877 0.882

4 years 0.972 0.918 0.923

5 years 0.962 0.950 0.952


Cancer of the prostate (ICD code C61)






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




15–44 3 44 47

45–54 31 894 925

55–64 235 4435 4670

65–74 384 9031 9415

75+ 170 7777 7947

Total 823 22,181 23,004


diagnosis

1 year 0.869 0.940 0.938

2 years 0.795 0.913 0.908

3 years 0.755 0.892 0.887

4 years 0.702 0.877 0.871

5 years 0.650 0.863 0.855


Cancer of the prostate (ICD code C61)




15–44 17 2 4 24 47

45–54 251 69 20 585 925

55–64 1094 353 148 3075 4670

65–74 1380 433 516 7086 9415

75+ 529 140 804 6474 7947

Total 3271 997 1492 17244 23,004





1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




diagnosis

1 year 0.869 0.940 0.938

2 years 0.912 0.967 0.965

3 years 0.948 0.973 0.973

4 years 0.928 0.977 0.976

5 years 0.925 0.978 0.976

Note: In a large percentage of cases there was no stated extent; these cases have been excluded.


Cancer of the testis (ICD code C62)






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




15–44 213 743 956

45–54 9 129 138

55–64 3 44 47

65–74 1 16 17

75+ 1 4 5

Total 227 936 1163


diagnosis

1 year 0.954 0.985 0.979

2 years 0.933 0.975 0.966

3 years 0.924 0.971 0.962

4 years 0.913 0.965 0.955

5 years 0.901 0.967 0.954


Cancer of the testis (ICD code C62)




15–44 667 129 85 75 956

45–54 104 13 7 14 138

55–64 32 6 6 3 47

65–74 8 3 3 3 17

75+ 3 0 2 0 5

Total 814 151 103 95 1163





1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




diagnosis

1 year 0.954 0.985 0.979

2 years 0.977 0.989 0.987

3 years 0.990 0.996 0.995

4 years 0.988 0.994 0.993

5 years 0.985 1.002 0.999


Cancer of the bladder (ICD code C67)




15–44 13 7 20 101 44 145 114 51 165

45–54 13 12 25 236 87 323 249 99 348

55–64 12 7 19 594 172 766 606 179 785

65–74 20 4 24 1206 338 1544 1226 342 1568

75+ 15 14 29 1426 637 2063 1441 651 2092

Total 73 44 117 3563 1278 4841 3636 1322 4958



1 year 0.860 0.626 0.771 0.868 0.794 0.849 0.868 0.788 0.847

2 years 0.779 0.513 0.678 0.809 0.728 0.787 0.808 0.720 0.785

3 years 0.716 0.524 0.642 0.778 0.696 0.756 0.777 0.690 0.753

4 years 0.700 0.466 0.610 0.766 0.685 0.744 0.764 0.677 0.740

5 years 0.648 0.437 0.567 0.751 0.670 0.729 0.749 0.661 0.725






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5



Note: The cumulative relative survival ratios for Maori were based on small numbers and should be interpreted with caution.


Cancer of the bladder (ICD code C67)




15–44 30 11 5 119 165

45–54 66 24 7 251 348

55–64 112 53 35 585 785

65–74 197 104 42 1225 1568

75+ 203 117 90 1682 2092

Total 608 309 179 3862 4958



1 year 0.860 0.626 0.771 0.868 0.794 0.849 0.868 0.788 0.847

2 years 0.902 0.818 0.876 0.929 0.910 0.924 0.928 0.908 0.923

3 years 0.914 1.020 0.944 0.958 0.949 0.955 0.957 0.950 0.955

4 years 0.971 0.893 0.948 0.979 0.974 0.978 0.979 0.971 0.977

5 years 0.923 0.937 0.927 0.975 0.967 0.973 0.974 0.966 0.972






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5



1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

Note: Patients diagnosed with distant metastases experienced the highest mortality in the first year after diagnosis; the interval-specific relative survival ratios for this group are therefore based on small numbers and should be interpreted with caution.



Cancer of the kidney, ureter & urethra (ICD codes C64–C66, C68)




15–44 25 17 42 104 88 192 129 105 234

45–54 33 16 49 260 145 405 293 161 454

55–64 33 15 48 376 205 581 409 220 629

65–74 28 14 42 559 308 867 587 322 909

75+ 5 3 8 488 347 835 493 350 843

Total 124 65 189 1787 1093 2880 1911 1158 3069



1 year 0.655 0.729 0.680 0.703 0.702 0.702 0.700 0.703 0.701

2 years 0.558 0.654 0.591 0.642 0.639 0.641 0.637 0.640 0.638

3 years 0.503 0.546 0.518 0.611 0.604 0.609 0.604 0.601 0.603

4 years 0.436 0.504 0.459 0.593 0.589 0.592 0.582 0.584 0.583

5 years 0.427 0.478 0.445 0.582 0.563 0.575 0.571 0.558 0.566






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




Cancer of the kidney, ureter & urethra (ICD codes C64–C66, C68)




15–44 130 30 53 21 234

45–54 248 65 91 50 454

55–64 318 96 149 66 629

65–74 397 152 212 148 909

75+ 252 117 203 271 843

Total 1345 460 708 556 3069



1 year 0.655 0.729 0.680 0.703 0.702 0.702 0.700 0.703 0.701

2 years 0.851 0.894 0.867 0.908 0.905 0.907 0.905 0.904 0.904

3 years 0.901 0.834 0.875 0.946 0.939 0.943 0.943 0.932 0.939

4 years 0.864 0.921 0.884 0.964 0.964 0.964 0.959 0.962 0.960

5 years 0.981 0.948 0.969 0.976 0.947 0.965 0.977 0.947 0.965






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




Cancer of the brain (ICD code C71)




15–44 18 16 34 237 150 387 255 166 421

45–54 12 9 21 203 103 306 215 112 327

55–64 15 10 25 224 146 370 239 156 395

65–74 8 5 13 234 175 409 242 180 422

75+ 1 4 5 175 194 369 176 198 374

Total 54 44 98 1073 768 1841 1127 812 1939



1 year 0.375 0.344 0.361 0.363 0.312 0.342 0.364 0.313 0.343

2 years 0.195 0.252 0.221 0.240 0.219 0.231 0.237 0.221 0.230

3 years 0.173 0.254 0.211 0.212 0.200 0.206 0.210 0.203 0.207

4 years 0.176 0.257 0.214 0.199 0.176 0.190 0.198 0.182 0.191

5 years 0.178 0.260 0.217 0.187 0.168 0.179 0.187 0.174 0.182






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




Cancer of the brain (ICD code C71)




15–44 371 3 6 41 421

45–54 306 2 2 17 327

55–64 350 2 5 38 395

65–74 355 2 3 62 422

75+ 272 0 4 98 374

Total 1654 9 20 256 1939



1 year 0.375 0.344 0.361 0.363 0.312 0.342 0.364 0.313 0.343

2 years 0.517 0.726 0.609 0.648 0.691 0.664 0.642 0.693 0.661

3 years 0.877 1.002 0.945 0.865 0.894 0.877 0.866 0.902 0.880

4 years 1.003 1.002 1.003 0.919 0.866 0.898 0.923 0.878 0.905

5 years 1.003 1.002 1.003 0.920 0.932 0.925 0.925 0.940 0.931






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5



Note: Because of the very small numbers of cases diagnosed with either regional or distant metastases, these results should be interpreted with caution.


Cancer of the thyroid gland (ICD code C73)




15–44 12 74 86 93 346 439 105 420 525

45–54 8 22 30 59 175 234 67 197 264

55–64 6 21 27 66 129 195 72 150 222

65–74 7 10 17 50 85 135 57 95 152

75+ 1 5 6 26 81 107 27 86 113

Total 34 132 166 294 816 1110 328 948 1276



1 year 0.923 0.937 0.934 0.910 0.946 0.936 0.911 0.944 0.936

2 years 0.868 0.935 0.921 0.912 0.934 0.928 0.907 0.934 0.927

3 years 0.801 0.940 0.913 0.895 0.929 0.920 0.886 0.930 0.919

4 years 0.812 0.945 0.919 0.908 0.933 0.927 0.899 0.935 0.926

5 years 0.708 0.951 0.905 0.892 0.935 0.924 0.874 0.938 0.921






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




Cancer of the thyroid gland (ICD code C73)




15–44 332 127 16 50 525

45–54 165 58 15 26 264

55–64 114 67 17 24 222

65–74 81 33 19 19 152

75+ 39 24 16 34 113

Total 731 309 83 153 1276



1 year 0.923 0.937 0.934 0.910 0.946 0.936 0.911 0.944 0.936

2 years 0.941 0.996 0.985 1.000 0.985 0.989 0.994 0.986 0.988

3 years 0.920 1.005 0.989 0.980 0.992 0.989 0.974 0.994 0.989

4 years 1.009 1.004 1.005 1.012 1.001 1.004 1.012 1.001 1.004

5 years 0.867 1.004 0.981 0.981 0.999 0.994 0.971 1.000 0.993






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5




Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (ICD codes C82–C85, C96)




15–44 46 35 81 294 204 498 340 239 579

45–54 22 21 43 369 260 629 391 281 672

55–64 28 37 65 489 409 898 517 446 963

65–74 29 31 60 659 607 1266 688 638 1326

75+ 14 16 30 630 742 1372 644 758 1402

Total 139 140 279 2441 2222 4663 2580 2362 4942



1 year 0.672 0.630 0.651 0.724 0.707 0.716 0.722 0.702 0.712

2 years 0.559 0.600 0.579 0.642 0.629 0.636 0.637 0.627 0.632

3 years 0.497 0.517 0.507 0.590 0.598 0.593 0.584 0.593 0.588

4 years 0.461 0.503 0.482 0.562 0.563 0.562 0.556 0.559 0.558

5 years 0.455 0.466 0.460 0.545 0.543 0.544 0.540 0.538 0.539






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

Because non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is not a solid cancer, there is no data for the extent of disease.


Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (ICD codes C82–C85, C96)




1 year 0.672 0.630 0.651 0.724 0.707 0.716 0.722 0.702 0.712

2 years 0.832 0.949 0.888 0.880 0.883 0.881 0.877 0.887 0.882

3 years 0.888 0.858 0.872 0.911 0.942 0.925 0.909 0.937 0.922

4 years 0.925 0.967 0.946 0.943 0.933 0.938 0.942 0.935 0.938

5 years 0.979 0.919 0.948 0.959 0.953 0.956 0.960 0.951 0.955





1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori




Leukaemia — all forms (ICD codes C91–C95)




15–44 45 34 79 242 174 416 287 208 495

45–54 25 19 44 243 160 403 268 179 447

55–64 36 36 72 433 248 681 469 284 753

65–74 41 18 59 731 464 1195 772 482 1254

75+ 20 12 32 829 767 1596 849 779 1628

Total 167 119 286 2478 1813 4291 2645 1932 4577



1 year 0.724 0.664 0.699 0.678 0.668 0.674 0.681 0.668 0.676

2 years 0.605 0.566 0.588 0.609 0.602 0.606 0.609 0.600 0.605

3 years 0.551 0.531 0.543 0.554 0.567 0.559 0.553 0.564 0.558

4 years 0.469 0.466 0.468 0.517 0.527 0.522 0.514 0.523 0.518

5 years 0.411 0.392 0.404 0.489 0.502 0.495 0.483 0.495 0.488






1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori

Because leukaemia is not a solid cancer, there is no data for the extent of disease.


Leukaemia — all forms (ICD codes C91–C95)




1 year 0.724 0.664 0.699 0.678 0.668 0.674 0.681 0.668 0.676

2 years 0.832 0.848 0.839 0.890 0.896 0.893 0.886 0.893 0.889

3 years 0.905 0.935 0.918 0.900 0.936 0.915 0.901 0.936 0.916

4 years 0.843 0.874 0.856 0.925 0.924 0.924 0.919 0.920 0.920

5 years 0.872 0.839 0.858 0.933 0.945 0.938 0.929 0.939 0.934





1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaleFemale

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Relative survival

0 1 2 3 4 5


MaoriNon-Maori




Appendix

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Cancer: A range of diseases in which abnormal cells proliferate and grow in an uncontrolled manner. Other terms for cancer are malignant tumours and malignant neoplasms.

Ethnicity: Ethnicity for cancer registrations is based on the concept of self-identification. The classifications that are available to patients are the same as those used in the Census. A comprehensive list of these ethnicity classifications can be found in the New Zealand Cancer Registry data dictionary, available on the NZHIS web site at: www.nzhis.govt.nz/documentation/dictionaries/nzcr-dictionary.

Extent: The extent is degree to which the cancer has advanced. It is classified into several broad categories. The extent is recorded according to the information that is available within three months of diagnosis.

ICD codes: These are codes from the Australian Version of the International Classification of Diseases, th Revision.

Incidence: New diagnoses of primary cancer during a given period. Each year there are about , new primary cancer cases diagnosed in New Zealand. It is possible for a person to have more than one primary cancer and therefore be counted in incidence statistics more than once if the cancers are in different parts of the body or are of a different type.

Mortality: The number of deaths during a given period. Every year there are about deaths in New Zealand in which cancer is recorded as the underlying cause of death.

Survival: The length of time lived after the initial diagnosis of cancer. A number of different statistical procedures can be used to derive survival figures.

DATA USED IN THIS REPORT

This report draws on cancer incidence data from the New Zealand Cancer Registry and data from the New Zealand Health Information Service Mortality Collection, with monthly updates obtained from the New Zealand Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages. The New Zealand Cancer Registry is population-based and has been in existence since . Specific legislation – the Cancer Registry Act and Cancer Registry Regulations – was introduced in , making registration of cancer cases compulsory.

The primary sources of data on cancer incidence are laboratory reports and reports of hospital inpatient discharges, supplemented with information from death certificates and autopsy reports, and by correspondence with cancer treatment providers.

Information about deaths of people registered with cancer was determined by passive follow-up.

The records of all people with cancer registered in the period – were linked with death records for the period January to June from the New Zealand Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages using New Zealand’s unique patient identification number, the National Health Index.

For the purposes of this survival analysis it was assumed that cancer patients for whom no death information was available were alive. Some cancer registrations have been excluded from the analysis, such as children under 15 years, patients whose date of registration was the same as the date of death, and all cases with an address outside New Zealand.

Summary information about the number of new registrations for each of the primary cancer sites recorded at the New Zealand Cancer Registry from July to June , and followed up to June , is given in the table on the next page.


ICD-10 code(s) Site Number of cases

C00–C97 All cancers 147,525

C01–C14, C32 Head and neck, larynx 2719

C15 Oesophagus 1815

C16 Stomach 3400

C18–C21 Colorectal 22,033

C22 Liver and intrahepatic bile ducts 1175

C25 Pancreas 2684

C33–C34 Lung, trachea, bronchus 13,643

C43 Melanoma 14,698

C50 Breast (female) 18,990

C53 Cervix uteri 1807

C54–C55 Corpus uteri 2525

C56 Ovary 2557

C61 Prostate 23,004

C62 Testis 1163

C67 Bladder 4958

C64–C66, C68 Kidney, ureter and urethra 3069

C71 Brain 1939

C73 Thyroid gland 1276

C82–C85, C96 Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 4942

C91–C95 Leukaemia – all forms 4577

Number of new registrations for each primary cancer site, 1994 to 2003


References

1. Ederer F, Axtell LM, Cutler SJ. . The relative survival rate: a statistical methodology. National Cancer Institute Monograph : –.

2. Hakulinen T. . On long-term relative sur-vival rates. Journal of Chronic Diseases :

–.

3. New Zealand Health Information Service. . “Guide to NZHIS National Collections: New Zealand Cancer Registry (NZCR).”

<http://www.nzhis.moh.govt.nz/collections/collections-nzcr.html>

4. New Zealand Health Information Service. . “Guide to NZHIS National Collections: Mortality Collection.”

<http://www.nzhis.moh.govt.nz/collections/collections-mortality.html>

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Cancer Patient Survival - Ministry of Health NZ · Contents Introduction 4 Cancer survival 4 Methods 5 Interpretation 6 Site-speciﬁc cancer survival data 7 Five-year survival: summary

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