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CANCER
PredisposingFactors
PrecipitatingFactors
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Exams
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Prevention
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CANC
ER
CA
nCER
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CANCER
PredisposingFactors
PrecipitatingFactors
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Exams
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Prevention
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CANCER-a malignant neoplasm or abnormal mass of thetissue
PredisposingFactors
Age- 65 and
aboveGeneticsGender
PrecipitatingFactors
Dietary factors
Physical ctivityOccupationUrban vs Ruralresidence
Stress
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exposure to carcinogen
damages DNA anything thatpenetrate a cell, gets into thenucleus and damages the
DNA.
additional assaults to thecells results in furthergenetic damage.
cells are increasinglymalignant in appearance andbehavior and develop into
invasive cancer.
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cancer cells move from
primary location by breakingoff from the original groupand establishing remote
colonies. These additionaltumors are calledMetastatic/ SecondaryTumors.
additional assaults to thecells results in further
genetic damage.
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breast lun
g cervicalskin
liver
laryngeal
colon
prostatic
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Clinical Manifestations
-change in bladder and bowelhabits
-a sore that does not heal
-unusual bleeding/ discharge
-thickening of lump in thebreast/ elsewhere
-indigestion/ difficulty inswallowing
-obvious change in wart/ mole
-nagging cough/ hoarseness
CAU
TIONA
L
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Diagnostic Exams
Biopsy-obtaining tissue sample for
analysis of cells to be malignant
1. Needle
2. Incisional3. Exicional
4. Staging
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Diagnostic Exams
1. Needle
-aspiration of the cells in a
fluid/ in a very soft tissue,X-ray & MRI to guide theneedle
2. Incisional-removing wedge ofsuspected tissue from a
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Diagnostic Exams
3. Exicional
-completely removing anentire lesion withoutremoving any adjacent normaltissues
4. Staging
-performing multiple needle/
incisonal biopsies in tissues
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Diagnostic Exams
AFP (alpha-feto protein) liver
CEA (carcinoembryonic-antigen) lungs
HCG(human chorionic cervix
gonadotropin)
Prostatic Acid Phosphatase prostate
PSA prostate
HPV(human papilloma virus) cervixBarium enema colon
Colonoscopy colon
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Treatment
Surgical Interventions
Radiation TherapyChemotherapyImmunotherapyBone MarrowTransplantation
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Surgical Interventions
Cytoreductive Surgery-rebulks removing the part of
the tumor and leaving a knownamt. of gross tumor , cant resultin a cure but chance that other
therapy can be successful.Palliative Surgery-reduce pain by such interrupting
nerve pathways/ implanting pain
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Radiation Therapy
Teletherapy-external radiation, pose no
hazards, distant treatment-radiation source is external tothe client
-client is not radioactive
NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
keep area dry and wash H20, no soap
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material thus the radioisotopecannot circulate throughout
the clients bodyNURSING
RESPONSIBILITIESUse Ducimeter badgeUse long forceps
Save all linens and dressingsafter 24 hrs.Instruct client to flush toilet 2
times.
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Chemotherapy
-destroys the malignant ca cell excessive destruction of normal
cells 3 Types of Chemotherapy1. Adjuvant2. Neo Adjuvant3. Combination
Classification of Chemotherapy1. Alkalyting2.
Antimetabolite3. Antitumor Antibiotic
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3 Types of Chemotherapy
Adjuvant-to eliminate remaining
submicroscopic Ca cells that aresuspected to be still present
Neo Adjuvant-given as pre op to reduce the bulk
or to lower down the stage oftumor making it amenable forsurgery.
Neo Adjuvant
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Classification ofChemotherapy
Alkalyting-to create defects on tumor DNA,
inhibits cell divisionEx: Cisplatin S/E: n/v, cystitis,
stomatitis
Antimetabolites-closely reesemble normal metabolytes
that can fool Ca cells into using the
antimetabolites in cellular reaction
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NURSING RESPONSIBILITIESIn case of anaphylactic reaction:
Stop the drug admin and maintainairway patency
Place in supine position if not C/I Monitor v/s q2mins until the client isstable
Chemo drug escape from the veinsTop infusion & withdraw as much as
possible Dont remove the cannula Inform the physician when flushing
the NSS
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Prevention
Breast >40yrs. annual
mammogram, clinical breastexam and monthly SBE 20-39 yrs. old- breast examevey 3 yrs. & monthly SBEColon and rectum
fecal occult blood- every yr. flexible sigmoidoscopy-
every 5 yrs.
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Prostate 50 or 45 yrs old PSA anddigital exam annually
Cervix 40 yrs (sexually active)- PapSmear & Pelvic Exam21-70 yrs old should undergo
HPV testvaccine
Oral Exam and Skin Exam20- 40 yrs. old- every 3 yrs.
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NursingCarePlans
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Nursing Diagnosis:
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Goal
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NURSING
INTERVENTIONS
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Nursing Diagnosis.
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Goal
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