Cancer Different Types

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Cancer: Different Types

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Bone Cancer

Paige Mitchell-Spears

David Schmidt



History

• Strontium was

discovered in 1798 and

metallic strontium was

first isolated by Sir

Humphry Davy in 1808

using electrolysis.

• The radioactive 90Sr can

lead to various bonedisorders and diseases,

including bone cancer.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sir_Humphry_Davy.jpg



Osteosarcoma• most common type

• develops in new tissue in growing bones

• originates in the Osteoid tissue commonlylocated in the knees, upper legs, and upperarms

• common between the ages of 10 and 25

• about 50% more common in males than infemales

• about 900 new cases diagnosed in the UnitedStates each year

• about 400 of these cases occur in children andadolescents younger than 20 years old

• most occur between the ages of 10 and 30

• teenagers are the most commonly affected agegroup, but it can occur at any age

• about 10% occur in people over the age of 60

http://www.mayoclinic.org/osteosarcoma/images/osteosarcoma-lg.jpg



Chondrosarcoma

• arises in cartilage located

in the pelvis, upper legs,

and shoulders

• common between the

ages of 50 and 60



Ewing’s Sarcoma

• begins in immature nerve

tissue in bone marrow

located in the pelvis, upperlegs, ribs, and arms

• common between the ages

of 10 and 20



Diagnosis• First the doctor will ask about the patients personal andmedical history and then perform a medical exam.

• There are 3 different types of medical exams that can beperformed to diagnose bone cancer:

– A blood test to determine the level of the enzyme alkaline

phosphatase (vital for child growth, mending broken bones, andproduction of abnormal bone tissue). Because there is a highabundancy of this enzyme in growing children, this test is not veryreliable.

– An x-ray to show the location, size, and shape of a bone tumor. If it suggests that a tumor may be cancer, the doctor may

recommend special imaging tests such as a bonescan, a CT scan, anMRI, or an angiogram.

– A needle biopsy or an incisional biopsy where a piece of thecancerous tissue is removed for study by an oncologist or apathologist.



Causes

• not known

• radiation or chemotherapy for other conditions

may increase the risk of bone cancer• adults with Paget’s disease (a noncancerous

condition characterized by abnormaldevelopment of new bone cells) may be at

increased risk for osteosarcoma• a small number of bone cancers are due to

heredity.



Symptoms• vary depending on the location and size of the cancer• pain is the most common

• tumors in or near joints may cause swelling or tendernessin that area

• bone cancer can interfere with normal movements andweaken the bones, sometimes leading to a fracture.

• fatigue, fever, weight loss, and anemia

• none are reliable signs of cancer, they can also be causedby other, less serious conditions.



Treatments• depend on the type, size, location, stage of

the cancer, and the person’s age andgeneral health

• surgery is often the primary treatment• amputation of a limb is sometimes

necessary

– to avoid amputation, a surgeon will onlyremove the cancerous section of the bone andreplace it with a prosthesis

• Chemotherapy and radiation may also be

used together or alone



Survival Stats• The overall 5-year relative survival rate for

1996-2002 from 17 SEER geographic areaswas 67.9%.

• Five-year relative survival rates by race andsex were:

– 64.4% for white men

– 72.1% for white women

– 65.5% for black men

– 67.5% for black women



Morality Rate

• In 2006, about 2,760 new cases of cancer of the bones and joints will be

diagnosed, and about 1,260 deaths from these cancers are expected.• From 2000-2003, the median age at death for cancer of the bones and joints

was 59 years of age 4.

– Approximately 14.8% died under age 20; 14.1% between 20 and 34;7.3% between 35 and 44; 8.9% between 45 and 54; 11.2% between 55and 64; 13.7% between 65 and 74; 18.6% between 75 and 84; and

11.3% 85+ years of age.• Death rates by race and sex were:

Race/Ethnicity Men Women

All Races 0.5 per 100,000 men 0.3 per 100,000 women

White 0.6 per 100,000 men 0.4 per 100,000 women

Black 0.5 per 100,000 men 0.4 per 100,000 women

Asian/Pacific Islander 0.3 per 100,000 men 0.2 per 100,000 women

American Indian ^ per 100,000 men ^ per 100,000 women

Hispanic 0.5 per 100,000 men 0.3 per 100,000 women



Branden Lombardi

•17-years-old•Osteosarcoma•Chemotherapy

•Replacement of cancerous portion of tibiawith donor bone•Lead to nodules in lungs•Has been cancer free for 2.5 years with

help of chemotherapy



Works Cited

• http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/bones.html

• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonecancer.html#statistics

• http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Sites-Types/bone• http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/bone/mortality/

• http://aolsearch.aol.com/aol/imageDetails?invocationType=imageDetails&query=bone+cancer&img=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sarcoma.org%2Fpathology_review%2Fcourse%2520materials%2Fanatomic%2520locations.gif&site=www.mic.ki.se&host=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mic.ki.se%2FDiseases%2FC04

• http://aolsearch.aol.com/aol/imageDetails?invocationType=imageDetails&query=osteosarcoma&img=http%3A%2F

%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fosteosarcoma%2Fimages%2Fosteosarcoma-lg.jpg&site=www.mayoclinic.org&host=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fosteosarcoma%2Fdetails-osteosarcoma.html&b=image%3Fquery%3Dosteosarcoma%26invocationType%3Dbottomsearchbox.image



Colon Cancer

Katie Asman

Chris Johnson



Timeline of Cancer

• The earliest indications of cancer were described in seven papyridiscovered in the 19th century. The cancer descriptions were writtenaround 1600 BC and are believed to date back to sources as early as2500 B. C.

• Ancient Egyptians were able to determine whether or not tumors werebenign or malignant.

• Hippocrates named “cancer” “karkinioma” because he saw thatmalignant tumors looked like a crab which is also why it is known ascancer today

• Back in the 17th century Gaspare Aselli found the vessels of the

lymphatic system and believed that cancer was caused byabnormalities in the lymph.

• Oncology was established as a science with the research in cell

culture, diagnostic treatments and chemotherapy. • Finally in 1971, Richard M. Nixon signed the National Cancer Act which

launched a program administered by the National Cancer Institutewhich contains the United State legislative cancer policies from 1937



Who it afftects

• Colorectal cancer affects men andwomen usually 50 years or older

• Cancer of the colon and rectum isthe third most diagnosed cancer inthe US.



How its diagnosed

• Symptoms of colon cancer includeabdominal pain, diarreha,

constipation and blood in the feces• Symptoms vary from case to case

and some do not have any

symptoms



Causes

• Causes of most colorectal cancers areunknown but certain risk factors have

been identified• factors include older age, ulcerative

colitis (causes inflammation of thecolon), and family history of colon

cancer• Most colorectal cancers start as a

benign tumor on the wall of the rectum



Affected Body Parts

• The cancer can begin in any of the4 regions of the colon or the

rectum• Each section is made up of several

layers of tissue, cancer begins inthe inner layer and grows throughsome if not all of the layers

• The spread of cancer depends onwhich layer it begins in



Treatments

• The treatments depend on what stage thecancer is at, radiation is a rare treatment of colon cancer

• Primary treatment is to remove the portion of the colon where the cancer lies along with thelymph nodes and blood supply

• Surgery is the primary option when the canceris in the first three stages

• After the portion of the colon is removed it isrebuilt called anastomosis

• Chemotherapy is used on patients who had atumor removed and is in danger of getting

another



Survival Statistics

• 50% of patients treated for coloncancer survive

• 15% of people are at stage 1 and85-90% survive

• 20-30% are at stage 2 65-75%

survival• 30-40% at stage 3 55% survive

• 20-25% at stage 4 and is rarely

cured



Mortality

• 94,000 cases of colon cancer arediagnosed each year

•it accounts for 10% of cancers in menand 11% of cancers in women

• it occurs second most in both sexesbehind cancer

• 49,000 died from colon cancer in the USin 2000

• The disease has occurred less in the USbut the mortality rate has increased



Cheryl’s Story

• In 1999 and even before that, my doctor was very concerned about why I was soanemic. I was put on iron supplements, but nothing seemed to change the anemia. Mydoctor had also questioned me about my bowel movements. I actually thought theywere quite normal. I guess I had not really had a normal one in so long that I did notknow what normal was. Actually, they were quite loose most of the time and not reallyvery formed. But, as I said, my doctor was quite concerned about the anemia. After afew visits, he insisted I have a colonoscopy, so I did. The procedure itself was noproblem; the prep was the worst part of the whole thing.

• Then on March 16, 1999, I had the colonoscopy and the physician told me I had atumor that might or might not be cancerous (I am sure he knew that it most likelywas.). He also told me it had to come out surgically, regardless. He then said to call mydoctor in a week for the results. The next week my doctor called me and said it wascancer. I really don't know how I felt. A little shocked, I guess. How could this be? It was

a very large polyp that now was cancer.

• On April 1, 1999, I had surgery to remove this cancer by taking out the section with thetumor and several feet of my colon. I am not sure what stage cancer this was, but I doknow it started through the wall and that is why I see the cancer doctor frequently forblood tests to see if there are any cancer cells in my body. So far, he tells me that I amin remission.I still have trouble thinking of myself as a cancer patient. Thank goodness for my doctorand the colonoscopy. It saved my life. Colonoscopy: such a simple thing to do to saveyour life.



LUNG CANCER

By Josh Lee and Josh Feaster



HISTORY

• Lung cancer was very rare before people started smokingcigarettes. There are only 100 cases of lung cancer inmedical history before the 1900’s. After WWI (1918),cigarette smoking became very popular. Doctors began

seeing a sudden epidemic of lung cancer in the 1930’s.Doctors began seeing a link between cigarette smoking andlung cancer, and they determined that smoking causes one’schances to develop the disease to increase greatly. By the1970’s, lung cancer had gone from one of the rarest cancersto the number one killer cancer in the U.S.



WHO DOES IT AFFECT?

• Lung cancer affects all men and women of allethnicities.

• In the US, 175,000 new cases are expected in2006: 90,700 in men and 80,000 in women.

• Although lung cancer was previously an illnessthat affected predominately men, the lung cancer rate for women has been increasing in the last few

decades .



HOW IS IT DIAGNOSED?

• Performing a chest X-ray is the first step if a patient reports symptomsthat may be suggestive of lung cancer. This may reveal an obviousmass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymphnodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (infection) and

pleural effusion. If there are no X-ray findings but the suspicion ishigh, bronchoscopy and/or a CT Scan may provide the necessaryinformation. In any case, bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is oftennecessary to identify the tumor type.

• Blood tests and spirometry (lung function testing) are also necessary toassess whether the patient is well enough to be operated on.



CAUSES OF LUNG CANCER

• There are four major causes of lung cancer (and cancer ingeneral):

• Carcinogens such as those in cigarette smoke

• Radiation exposure• Genetic susceptibility

• Viral infection

• In the United States, smoking is estimated to account for

87% of lung cancer cases (90% in men and 79% inwomen).



WHAT PARTS OF THE BODY

ARE AFFECTED?• If the cancer grows into the lumen it may obstruct the

airway, causing breathing difficulties. This can lead toaccumulation of secretions behind the blockage, allowingthe patient to pneumonia.

• Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoasttumors, may invade the local part of the sympatheticnervous system, leading to changed sweating patterns andeye muscle problems (a combination known as Horner'ssyndrome), as well as muscle weakness in the hands due to

invasion of the brachial plexus.



COMMON TREATMENTS

• Treatment for lung cancer depends on the

cancer's specific cell type, how far it has

spread, and the patient's performance status.• Common treatments include surgery,

chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.



CASE STUDY



• Ann Shnur was diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer in 2002.Her doctors told her that her chances of curing the cancer were veryslim, so all they could do was try to manage it. When she found out,she immediately quit smoking. She started to undergo chemotherapy

and radiation, but it was having little effect on her tumor. She wasgiven an experimental drug called Iressa to treat the cancer instead of the chemo. She says that she made a point to savor every moment withfamily and friends because she did not know what could happen next.Everything seemed to be under control until April of 2006, when aroutine scan revealed that a lymph node near her original tumor had

become cancerous as well. Her doctors immediately switched her

treatment from Iressa to Tarceva, and since this switch, the tumor hasnot grown any larger. Doctors say they would do a biopsy, but thesurgery would be life threatening based on the location of the tumor.Shnur and her doctors have already planned that she will add Avastinto her treatment if the cancer spreads. Shnur, in the meantime, iscontinuing to live her normal life.



SURVIVAL RATE

• Only 14% of patients with lung cancer survive for morethan five years after diagnosis. If the lung cancer isdetected before it has had a chance to spread to other

organs, and if it is treated appropriately, at least 49% of patients can survive five years or longer after the initialdiagnosis. Only 15% of lung cancers, however, are foundat this early stage. About 10% of patients can expect to becured.



MORTALITY RATE

• Although the rate of men dying from lung cancer isdeclining in western countries, it is actually increasing for women due to the increased takeup of smoking by this

group. Among lifetime non-smokers, men who have never smoked have higher age-standardized lung cancer deathrates than women. Of the 80,000 women who arediagnosed with lung cancer in 2006, approximately 70,000are expected to die from it.



Healthy Lung

• This is an image of a

very healthy lung.



Cancerous Lung

• This is a cancerous

lung.



Melanoma

Skin Cancer Jackie Ardalan / Brian Ramsey



General Information

• Most serious type of skin cancer

• Begins in skin cells called melanocytes

• Melanocytes are the cells that make

melanin, which gives the skin its color

• With too much ultraviolet (UV) radiation,

the melanocytes may begin to grow

abnormally and become cancerous



What causes it

• Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is

the most recognized cause of all types of

skin cancer • Tanning lamps are another source of UV

radiation

• The invisible effects of UV radiationaccumulate over a lifetime



Who it affects

• Both sexes are affected

• In America, it is the sixth most common cancer in men andthe seventh most common in women

• Race plays a large role• White Americans are 20 times more likely to develop

melanoma than African Americans

• Worldwide, white populations have the highest risk of

developing melanoma, and Asian populations the lowestrisk

• General rule: fair skin is more susceptible



How it is spotted

• Doctors often spot melanoma during a skin

inspection or annual physical

• Among men, melanoma most often shows up onthe upper body and on the head and neck

• In women , melanoma often develops on the

fingernails, on the palms of hands, and on the

soles of the feet

• However, it can appear anywhere on the skin



What to look for (the ABCD’s)

• A = Asymmetry: Melanoma lesions are typically irregular inshape (asymmetrical) / benign (non-cancerous) moles aretypically round (symmetrical)

• B = Border: Melanoma lesions often have irregular borders(ragged or notched edges) / benign moles have smooth, even borders.

• C = Colors: Melanoma lesions often contain many shades of brown or black / benign moles are usually a single shade of

brown.• D = Diameter: Melanoma lesions are often more than one

fourth an inch or six millimeters in diameter (about the sizeof a pencil eraser) / benign moles are usually less than that



Treatment

• The treatment for melanoma depends on the

person’s age, health, and stage of the disease

• Surgery is the first treatment for all stages of melanoma

• Later stages of melanoma (thick melanoma or

those that have spread to the nearby lymph nodes),

call for other treatments, such as immunotherapy,chemotherapy, and radiation therapy



Statistics

• The average five-year survival rate for melanoma patients is about 89 percent

• Once the cancer spreads to the lymph nodes, thesurvival rate drops to a range of 13 to 70 percent,depending on how many lymph nodes are affected

• An estimated 62,000 Americans are diagnosedwith melanoma each year

• Nearly 8,000 people die from the disease annually



Pancreatic Cancer

Maddie Norman and Amy Kim



Illustration of healthy pancreas

• Cancer was first

recorded in Egypt in

2500 B.C. (tumors on

breasts)

• majority of pancreatic

cancer occurs in people

older than 65• Black men and women

have a higher risk

• More men than women



• Difficult to diagnose

• Complete physical exam• Feces can become clay-colored

• Ultrasound imaging, CT scan, MRI,

endoscopic retrogradecholangiopancreatiography (ERCP),

endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), percutaneous

transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), biopsy,laparoscopy



• 3 stages – respectable: all the tumor nodules can be removed

– locally advanced: because the cancer has spread totissues around the pancreas or into the bloodvessels, it can no longer be completely removed

– metastatic: at this stage, the cancer has spread to

distant organs, such as the lungs and liver

• Unsure what causes the DNA to becomedamaged thus causing cancer in most cases

• Genetic predisposition (only 10%)• Most cases caused by lifestyle factors such as

smoking and diet



Cancerous pancreas

• Stage 1; pancreatic cancer isconfined only to the pancreas.

• Stage 2; pancreatic cancer has spread somewhere, possibly to the lymph nodes, but not into large bloodvessels nearby.

• Stage 3, pancreatic cancer hasinvaded lardge blood vessels,may be in the lymph nodes, but hasn’t spread to distantsites.

• Stage 4, means the cancer hasspread to a distant site or sitesin your body.



• Can only be treated in very early stages

• Pancreatic cancer is treated with surgery, radiation

therapy, or chemotherapy (like most other cancers)• one-year relative survival rate is 20%, and the five-year rate is 4%

• fewer than 10% of patients' tumors are confined to the

pancreas at the time of diagnosis (no surgery option)• average survival rate is 18 to 20 months if surgery is possible. The overall five-year survival rate is about10%, although can be as high as 20% to 25% if thetumor is removed completely and cancer has not

spread to lymph nodes



• Patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer have a poor prognosis because the cancer usually causes no symptomsearly on, leading to metastatic disease at time of diagnosis.

• Median survival from diagnosis is around 3 to 6 months;5-year survival is much less than 5%.

• 32,180 new diagnoses in the United States every year

• 31,800 deaths

• mortality approaches 99%, giving pancreatic cancer the #1fatality rate of all cancers and the #4 cancer killer in theUnited States amongst both men and women



In Real Life

My mom’s cousin was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer after being in the hospital for 1-2 months with severeabdominal pain. It took that long to figure out the source of

the pain and by the time they did, the cancer had alreadyspread all over her body. The only practical treatmentoption was medication to ease the pain. She lived in thehospital for the 4 months following her diagnosis (the restof her life) with a distended belly and unable to keep food

down. My mom compared it to a baby constantly spittingup food. She was aware that she was very ill but becauseof her severe autism could not communicate very well andwas relatively unaware of her treatment and treatmentoptions.



Sources

• http://www.pancreatic.org/site/c.htJYJ8MPIwE/b.891917/k htm

• www.mayoclinic.com/health/pancreatic-cancer/DS00357

• www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/pancreatic/patient

• www.pancreatica.org

• www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic _ cancer

• http://cancer.about.com/od/historyofcancer/a/cancerhistory.htm

• Jill Norman provided the information for the real-life story

http://www.pancreatic.org/site/c.htJYJ8MPIwE/b.891917/k.ECAD/Prognosis.htm








Who does it affect?

-Testicular cancer affects over 8000 people a year in

the US.

-Caucasian males ages 15-40 are the most affected

while it would be extremely rare to see a AfricanAmerican male with TC.



How is it diagnosed?

-Many methods of diagnosing, but self-diagnosis is

primary method before people consult professional help.

-First symptoms of TC:

-pain/tenderness in testicles

-build-up of fluid in scrotum

-hard lump gradually growing in size



What are the chances of

survival?-TC is one of the most curable cancers (90% cure rate)

-If it is caught in Stage 1, the cure rate is virtually 100% if

it is treated properly.

-After patients are treated there is a less than 5% chance

of the cancer coming back.



How is TC treated?

-3 methods

-surgery

-chemotherapy

-radiation therapy



Surgery

-In surgery, one or both testicle are surgically

removed in order to stop the spread of the cancer.

-most popular treatment choice

-success rate; very high

-early stage of cancer

- < 5% of chance of chance spreading again.



Chemotherapy

-2nd most popular treatment choice

-compatible with all stages of TC

-high success rate



Radiation Therapy

-rarely used because high doses are dangerous for

sensitive testicular area.

-when used, used for stage 2/3 patients.

-50% average survival rate



wrap up

-TC is responsible for about 300 deaths a year( US only)

-every male should self-examine themselves at least once a

year



Cervical Cancer

Autumn Thomson

Derek McConnell



What is Cervical Cancer?

• Malignancy of the

cervix

• The cancer begins atthe lining of the cervix

• The cancer is not

suddenly formed, but

progresses intransitional stages

Cervix connects the uterus to the

vagina

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Female_anatomy_frontal.png

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Female_anatomy_frontal.png



History/Facts

Naked HPV • 2nd leading cause of

cancer death in women

• HPV is responsible for 90% of Cervical

Cancer

• HPV - 16, 18, 31, 33,

42, 52 and 58 are the 7most common strands



Symptoms

• Symptoms may be completely

asymptomatic

• Vaginal bleeding, contact bleeding, or vaginal masses may indicate malignancy

• In advanced cases, metastases may spread

to the lungs or abdomen



Picture of Cervical Cancer



Treatment

• Hysterectomy (IA)

• Lymph Nodes (IA2)

• Trachelectomy (early

stages)

• Cone Biopsy

Hysterectomy Stages





LUNG CANCER A Presentation by

Megan Hansonand

Cameron Hostetter



Healthy Lung Lung Cancer



Smoking is cool!!!

Historical Origins of Lung




Cancer

• Not Common Before

WWI

• Tobacco companiesgave away free

cigarettes to millions

of soldiers

• After the war that it became popular in

America




Cancer • Influx of lung cancer cases in the 1930s

• Soon the correlation between smoking and

lung cancer was discovered




Cancer • By the 1970s, lung

cancer had gone fromone of the rarest forms

of cancers to thenumber one killer cancer in the WesternWorld




Cancer • By the 1970s, lung

cancer had gone fromone of the rarest forms

of cancers to thenumber one killer cancer in the WesternWorld




Cancer • Although initially many believed that lung

cancer had only to do with smoking,

• Recent studies are revealing even moreregarding the causes of the disease



Demographics

• African-American men who smoke

more at risk than among Caucasian

men

• Lung cancer is rapidly becoming a

female’s disease.



Demographics

• Lung cancer is rapidly becoming a female’sdisease

• Women now accountfor nearly half of allnew lung cancer cases

• Women are morelikely to develop lungcancer than men

Dana Reeves



Demographics

• Those who quit

smoking reduce risk of

lung cancer

• Also, exposure to

other carcinogens such

as asbestos and radon

gas increases risk



http://www.ovc.uoguelph.ca/BioMed/Courses/Public/Pharmacology/pharmsite/98-409/Cancer/Cancer_cases/LUNG199.jpg










How Is It Diagnosed?

• X-ray may reveal:

– an obvious mass

– a widening of the mediastinum, – infection and excess fluid

• CT scan can be used if the X-ray in unable

to reveal anything



Types of Lung Cancer

• Commonly divided into two types:

– Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

which is the most common and the causeof 80% of all lung cancer case

– Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) the

cause of 20% of all cases.



Types of Lung Cancer

• Small Cell LungCancer is almostalways a result of smoking and itstumors can spreadfrom the lungs to

the entire body.



Treatments

• Three main forms of treatment for lung

cancer:

– Surgery

– Chemotherapy

– Radiation



Mortality Rate

• Only 14% of patients

with lung cancer

survive for more than

five years after

diagnosis.

• Only about 10% of

patients can expect to be 'cured'

Peter Jennings



Mortality Rate

• Lung cancer is the number one cancer killer

in America, claiming more lives than breast,

prostate, and colorectal cancers combined.



Thank You



Breast Cancer

Hershel Mehta

Jessica RoanKacey Kim



Breast Cancer

• Breast cancer is a serious issue in society

today.

• However, the cancer of the breast tissue isnot only a recent problem;

• Cases of breast cancer have dated back to

ancient Egypt in 1600 BC.



• The first surgery done to remove the tumor over the breastwas done in the early 1700s by Jean Louis Petit. Hissuccessful work was carried on by William StewartHalsted who started performing mastectomies in 1882. He

became known for his Halsted radical mastectomy, asurgical procedure that remained popular up to the 1970s.

• Now breast cancer has become a major epidemic amongstwomen, there are many charity walks and events to help

find a cure.



• Breast cancer can affect both men and

women, but is much more common with

women. It affects one out of every nine tothirteen women. Breast cancer only affects

1% of the male population.

• It is the second most common in mortalityrate after lung cancer. The chances of

obtaining breast cancer increase with age.



Detecting Breast Cancer

• There are many ways to detect breast cancer atan early stage. For instance, there are self breastexams or a mammograms which are extremelyuseful in early discovery which is essential for surviving breast cancer.

• Also one can get an MRI (magnetic resonanceimaging), but this is sometimes expensive andcan give a false positive because of its acute

sensitivity. Ultrasound is sometimes, but rarelyused.



Causes

• There are many theories as to what exactly causes breastcancer.

• Some believe that two genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are

responsible for the formation of the cancerous tumor.• Another theory is that excessive alcohol consumptionleads to an increase in the risk of getting breast cancer.

• Hormones is another theory flying around estrogen,androgen, and testosterone levels may also be a reason

for someone acquiring breast cancer.



Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

By:

Jack FergusonBrittany Morphew



When, Who and Where

• Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is named after the

British physician Thomas Hodgkin, who

first described the disease in 1832 and notedseveral characteristics that distinguish it

from other lymphomas.



Who does it affect?

• Hodgkin’s disease most commonly affects people betweenthe ages of 15 and 40 and people older than age 55. It’sone of two common types of cancers of the lymphaticsystem.

• It is most common in white people but affects every race.

• Males are “slightly” more likely to develop Hodgkin’s.

• People who have had illnesses caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, such as mononucleosis may be four times more

likely to develop Hodgkin’s.



How is it diagnosed?

• There are many ways to detect Hodgkin’slymphoma.

• Often a lymph node swells, especially in theupper body area. Other times on feels theyhave a lack of energy.

• More serious symptoms can include weight

loss, fever, and drenching night sweats.• Many, many more!



Medical Diagnosis

• A biopsy of the area is taken and is

searched for the presence of Reed-Sternberg

cells.• Other exams include: chest x-rays,

collecting medical history, CT scans, PET

scans, and gallium scans.



Suspected Causes

• Abnormal B Cells

• Genetics

• Medical History



Affected Body Parts

• Hodgkin’s disease commonly begins in the

lymph nodes. Some lymph nodes are in

areas readily noticed, such as in your neck,above your collarbone, under your arms,

groin area, and in the chest cavity.

• Lymphomas may spread outside the lymphnodes to virtually any part of your body.



Pics



Stages

I) Involves one lymph node region.

II) Involves two or more lymph node

regions on the same side of thediaphragm.

III) Involves lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm.

IV) Involves other organs besides the lymphsystem.



Treatment and Survival Rates

• Radiation, Chemotherapy, Bone MarrowTransplant.

• More than 80% of people with stage 1 or stage 2 Hodgkin’s disease for 10 years or more with proper treatment.

• The five-year survival rate for those with

widespread Hodgkin’s disease is about60%.



Survival Rates

• Stage I- 90% to 95%

• Stage II- 90% to 95%

• Stage III 85% to 90%

• Stage IV 80% to 85%



Mortality Rates

• Each year, about 1,300 Americans die of

Hodgkin’s disease.



References

• http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hodgkin

• http://www.lymphomainfo.net/hodgkins/dia

• http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/995.• http://www.lymphomainfo.net/tests/gallium

scan.html

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hodgkins-disease/DS00186/DSECTION=1

http://www.lymphomainfo.net/hodgkins/diagnosis.html

http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/995.html

http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/995.html

http://www.lymphomainfo.net/hodgkins/diagnosis.html

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hodgkins-disease/DS00186/DSECTION=1





LeukemiaLeukemiaCorinne Watson

Elieka Ghafari

Period: 4

HistoryHistory



HistoryHistory

• Cancer of the blood that develops in the bonemarrow (soft tissue that fills the inside of bones and

produces new blood cells)

• First diagnosed in 1845 by John Hughs Benett

• One of the ten most common types of cancer

• Most common type of cancer diagnosed in childern

• Predicted that 30,000 people will be diagnosed thisyear



CausesCauses

• No known cause of leukemia

• Possible causes: radiation,chemicals, viruses, andgenetic factors.

• Result from somaticmutations in the DNA, whichdisrupt the regulation of celldeath, differentiation or

division.• Viruses have also been linked

to some forms of leukemia.

Symptons

Symptons



SymptonsSymptons

• Lack of red blood cells – anemia

• Damage to the bone marrow

• Suppressed or Dysfunctional white blood cells – infections

• Fever, chills, and other flu-like symptoms

• Weakness and fatigue

• Easy bruising/bleeding

• Loss of appetite and/or weight

• Swollen or bleeding gums

• Neurological symptoms (headache)

• Enlarged liver and spleen



Acute vs. ChronicAcute vs. Chronic

Acute Leukemia• rapid growth of immature blood

cells

• Crowding disables production of

healthy blood cells• Can occur in children and young

adults.

• Immediate treatment is requireddue to the rapid progression andaccumulation of the malignant

cells, which can spill over into thebloodstream and spread to otherorgans of the body

• If left untreated, the patient candie in a few months, or evenweeks

Chronic• excessive build up of relatively

mature, but still abnormal, bloodcells

• Typically taking months to yearsto progress, the cells areproduced at a much higher ratethan normal cells, resulting inmany abnormal white blood cellsin the blood.

• Mostly occurs in older people

• Unlike acute leukemia, chronicforms are sometimes monitoredfor some time before treatment toensure maximum effectiveness of therapy

Lymphoid vs MyeloidLymphoid vs Myeloid



Lymphoid vs. Myeloid Lymphoid vs. Myeloid •

Diseases are classified according to the type of abnormal cell found most in theblood.

• When leukemia affects lymphoid cells (lymphocytes and plasma cells), it is called

lymphocytic leukemia.

• When myeloid cells (eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils) are affected, the

disease is called myeloid or myelogenous leukemia.

• Acute lymphocytic leukemia (also known as Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, or

ALL) is the most common type of leukemia in young children. This disease also

affects adults, especially those age 65 and older.

• Acute myelogenous leukemia (also known as Acute Myeloid Leukemia, or AML)

occurs more commonly in adults than in children. This type of leukemia was

previously called acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) most often affects adults over the age of 55.

It sometimes occurs in younger adults, but it almost never affects children.

• Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) occurs mainly in adults. A very small

number of children also develop this disease.



TreatmentsTreatments

• Combination of drugs

• Bone Marrow/Stem Cell

Transplants

• Chemotherapy

• 43% overall survival

rate (for all ages)

Steve SpragueSteve Sp

rague



Steve SpragueSteve Sprague

Surviving Leukemia...One Man's Cord Blood Miracle.

• Steve was diagnosed with CML in 1995 when he was 47years old. In those pre-Gleevec days, the standardchemo for leukemia failed after only 17 months whenSteve went into blast crisis. An only child and unable to

find a matched unrelated donor for transplant, hebecame one of the first to participate in a clinical trialfor end-stage adult CMLers using matching stem cellsobtained from umbilical cord blood (UCB) and expandedex vivo (in the lab). Now a 4+ year survivor, Stevevolunteers his time as a cord blood advocate and has

published a short story about his unique transplantexperience. His tale may be helpful to patients, care-givers and even prospective parents interested indonating their infant's umbilical cord blood.



lymphoma

by: rebecca choi

troy manansala

h t i it?



what is it?

• broad term for a variety of cancers inthe lymphatic system

• lymphatic system-important for

fighting disease and filtering outbacteria

l h ti t



lymphatic system

• Lymph nodes are oval, pea-sizedorgans

• Found beneath skin along large blood

vessels and grouped at the neck,underarms, groin, abdomen, andpelvis

• Also in spleen, thymus gland, bonemarrow, adenoids, and tonsils

t t



two types• two main types of lymphoma:

-Hodgkin’s Disease

-Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Cause: unknownSuspected causes:

-viral/bacterial infections-pesticides, solvents, arsenate,

lead, hair dyes, radiation, paint thinners

NOT CONTAGIOUS.

S i f ti



Some information• Can occur in both children and adults

• Most common in early adulthood (15-40) andlate adulthood (after 55).

• High survival rate

• Effects more men than women.

• Especially high among Jewish populationsand low among Asian pop.

• Approx. 25,000 die from this cancerworldwide

H d ki ’ di



Hodgkin’s disease• malignant (cancerous) growth of cells in

the lymph system• Has Reed-Stemberg cells in the cancerous

area (while Non-Hodgkin’s doesn’t)

• better known form of lymphoma• High survival rate

• number of cases:

– 7880 cases in US this year• 4330 men

• 3550 women

H d ki ’ Di i



Hodgkin’s Diagnosis• Lymph nodes can swell, upper body

area

• Feeling of lack of energy

• Weight loss, fever, drenching night

sweats, itching, lower back pain• Usually a shock and surprise

• Take tissue sample (biopsy) and

search for Reed-Stemberg cells• X-rays or PET scans or CT scans

H d ki ’ T t t



Hodgkin’s Treatment

• Chemotherapy• Bone marrow and peripheral blood

transplants

• Immunotherapy– Trys to help body fight cancer

• Radiation therapy

– High energy x-rays kill cancer cells andshrink tumors

–SURVIVAL STATISTICS UNKNOWN

N H d ki ’ Di



Non-Hodgkin’s Disease

• Is also malignant

• Growth of B or T cells in lymph

system• Cases outweigh those of Hodgkin’s

disease

• 29 types of lymphoma are non-Hodgkin’s

Non Hodgkin’s Diagnosis



Non-Hodgkin’s Diagnosis

• Some symptoms: lymph node swelling,unexplained itching, fever, weight loss,lack of energy

• Will be tested and doctor will determinewhich type of lymphoma

• Take biopsy (surgical preferred over

needle biopsy)

Non-Hodgkin’s Treatment



g

• Several types of treatment– Chemotherapy is most common

– Radiation therapy

– Immunotherapy

– Bone marrow transplants

– Watch and wait

– The survival statistics of treatments areunknown

the history of Hodgkin’s



the history of Hodgkin’s

• Disease named after Thomas Hodgkin(1798-1866)

• English scholar and Quaker physician

working at Guy’s Hospital in England• Publishes paper on lymphatic disease

• 1666 first recorded description of HD byMalpight

case study



case study• Frank Choi

– Diagnosed at age 27 with lymphaticcancer

– Symptoms: turning an unhealthy shade

of yellow, indigestion, bloating– Needed surgery but doctors unable to

operate because of the unbelievably

huge tumor near his stomach (15 cm indiameter)

Case study contd



Case study contd.• Underwent one session of

chemotherapy no hope of gettingrid of cancer

• Tumor growing controllably

• Was given two weeks to live

• Five days after the failed surgery, hiscancer was miraculously releasedthrough excrement and he washealed.

And he’s definitely healthy



y ynow

peectures



peectures

Dividing Hodgkin’s diseasecells

Tissue sample of HD Normal lymph tissue

sites visited



sites visited

• http://www.oncologychannel.com/nonhodg

• http://www.lymphomainfo.net/hodgkins/des

• http://www.lymphomainfo.net/nhl/treatment.html

http://www.oncologychannel.com/nonhodgkins/

http://www.lymphomainfo.net/hodgkins/description.html

http://www.lymphomainfo.net/nhl/treatment.html







http://www.lymphomainfo.net/hodgkins/description.html

http://www.oncologychannel.com/nonhodgkins/



Ovarian Cancer

By:

Fred Ghamyan

and Charmaine Terania

Basic History



Basic History

Basic History

Who can get affected?



Who can get affected?

• Women (Usually of older age)

•American Indians and Alaska Nativewomen show both a higher ovariancancer incidence and mortality ratethan white American women

according to statistics developed bythe National Cancer Institute'sSurveillance, Epidemiology and End

Results Pro ram but not included in

How do you know if you have



the cancer?

• One of the most difficult cancers totrace

• Some symptoms that mightencourage a woman to seek if shehas ovarian cancer:– pain in the abdomen

– a feeling of being bloated– fatigue

– weight loss

– or problems with urination

If I think I have it, then



what?• First, an ultrasound scan of the

abdomen is performed. Sometimes thescan is taken from inside the vagina.

• The second test is to measure the levelof the CA125 marker in the blood.

• However, neither of these tests gives adefinite diagnosis of ovarian cancer, but

if both tests are positive, the patient isusually referred to a surgeon who willoperate to see if the ovaries show anysigns of cancer

What can cause this



cancer?• There is some evidence that being

overweight can increase your risk of ovarian cancer. Some research has

suggested that beta-carotene in the dietcan reduce the risk of this cancer,although this finding has not yet beenconfirmed.

• Genes also have a great deal to do withit– Overall, if you have one close relative

(mother, sister or daughter) who has hadovarian cancer, your risk goes up about 4-

What does the cancer



affect?• The part of the body affected is the

female's ovaries located in thefallopian

tubes of the female

reproductive system.

However, it alsoprovides pain to parts

of the abdomen.

Is there treatment?



Is there treatment?

• The treatment used will depend on howadvanced the cancer is and how old thepatient is.– For younger patients with early cancer, limited

surgery is used to preserve their fertility.– For older patients with more advanced cancers, the

ovaries and the womb are usually removed. If thecancer has spread, further tissue may need to beremoved to get out as much of the cancer aspossible.

•Chemotherapy is normally used after thesurgery to kill any remaining cancer cells.Sometimes it is also used before the surgery toshrink the tumor and make it easier to removecompletely.

What are the chances that Iwill be cured if I do get



will be cured if I do get

cancer?• Overall, only about two out of every five

women with ovarian cancer can be cured.

Like all other cancers, the stage at whichovarian cancer is diagnosed determineshow easily it is to cure. If diagnosed andtreated while the cancer is still confined tothe ovaries, nearly 75% of women can becured. However, once it has spread intothe pelvic cavity, the cure rate drops toone third. If it has spread further, only onequarter to on sixth of patients can be

How many people areaffected by this cancer per



affected by this cancer per

year?• In 2005, more than 22,000 womenwere diagnosed with the disease.

• An estimated 16,000 women diedfrom ovarian cancer in 2005.

Cancer Cells Dividing >>

Case Study

http://www.cancerworld.org/mediacentre/images/gallery/large/Ovarian%20cancer%20cells%20dividing.jpg

http://www.cancerworld.org/mediacentre/images/gallery/large/Ovarian%20cancer%20cells%20dividing.jpg



Case Study

Case Study



Prostate Cancer

By Chandler Sheilds and Joshua Im

History Timeline



History Timeline

• The prostate organ was first described by Venetian anatomist Niccolò Massa in 1536 and illustrated

by Flemish anatomist Andreas Vesalius in 1538.

• Prostate cancer was identified in 1853.• The prostate gland was first removed through

radical perineal prostatectomy in 1904 byHugh Young at Johns Hopkins Hospital.

• Removal of the prostate and lymph nodes while

allowing penile function (radical retropubic prostatectomy) was developed in 1983 by Patrick Walsh.

Who Does it Affect?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol?_Massa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesalius

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatectomy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Young

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Young

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatectomy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesalius

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol?_Massa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice



Who Does it Affect?

• Prostate cancer is most common amongst men

over fifty (exclusively restricted to infecting men).

• Prostate cancer is the ninth most common cancer

in the world,

• Prostate cancer is the number one non-skin cancer

that is found amongst United States men.

• Prostate cancer is least common among Asianmales and most common among black males.

Diagnosis



Diagnosis

• Prostate cancer is mostcommonly diagnosed by

physical examination or byscreening blood tests, such asthe PSA (

prostate specific antigen) test.• Suspected prostate cancer is

most of the time confirmed byremoving a piece of the prostateand examining it under amicroscope.

• Other tests, such as X-rays and bone scans, are utilized in order to determine whether prostatecancer has spread.

Suspected Causes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_test

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_specific_antigen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_scan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_scan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_specific_antigen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_test

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination



Suspected Causes

• Even though the cause

of prostate cancer is

ultimately unknown, a

man's risk of attaining prostate cancer is

related to his age,

genetics, race, diet,

lifestyle, medications,

and other factors.

Body Parts Affected

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifestyle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifestyle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging



Body Parts Affected

• This particular cancer infects the prostate glandin the male’s reproductivesystem.

• The cancer will usuallyspread to the bones andthe lymph nodes.

• Prostate cancer can cause

pain, difficulty inurinating,erectile dysfunction, andother symptoms.

Common Treatments

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination



Common Treatments

• Prostate cancer can be treated through

surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy

, sometimes chemotherapy, watchful

waiting, or some combination of these

methods.

Survival Statistics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_therapy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_therapy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery



Survival Statistics

• The success rate of each of these tactics depends

upon such criteria as the stage of the cancer, the

PSA level, and the Gleason score.

• As the result of prostate cancer’s relatively slow-

growing nature, the 5-year survival rate for

prostate cancer diagnosed at all stages is 98%, the

relative 10-year survival rate is 84% and the 15-

year survival rate drops to 56%.

Mortality Rate



Mortality Rate

• In 2006, over 232,000 men will be

diagnosed with prostate cancer, and over

30,000 men will be killed by it.

Case Study: William Greenberg





BREAST

CANCERPRESENTED BY:

AUGUSTA CLEMENT

JUSTIN KO

THE ORIGIN OF BREAST

CANCER



CANCER • The origin of breast cancer goes as

far as 1600 BC in Egypt.

• In Edwin Smith Papyrus’ paper, hedescribed 8 cases of cancer where breast had to be treated bycauterization-process of removing

body parts by burning it.• The discovery of breast cancer was

founded by French surgeon JeanLouis Petit and Scottish surgeonBenjamin Bell in 17th centurywhere they had removed a lymphgland, breast tissue and chest

muscle.

THE EPIDOMIOLOGY OF

AFFECTED



AFFECTED

INDIVIDUALS• Age/gender

The older you are, the more likely you are todevelop breast cancer. A woman who is 90 years

old have the chances of getting breast cancer increases to 14.3%. For men on the other hand,generally are invulnerable to breast cancer buthappens to every 1000 males.

As you increase in age, the chances of you getting breast cancer increases. Also, the potency tends to be greater.

RACE



RACE

• It has been reported that Caucasian women have

the overall risk of developing breast cancer

compared to African American women.

• The breast cancer is twice as much in Caucasianwomen compared to Hispanic and Asian women.

• Although occurrence of breast cancer is lower

among African Americans compared toCaucasians, their mortality rate is higher than that

of Caucasians.

THE DIAGNOSIS



THE DIAGNOSIS• The diagnosis of breast

cancer can be done byexamining breast tissueremoved from a patient.Other methods such as fine-needle aspiration, nipples

asiprates, ductal lavage,core needle biopsy, nd localsurgical biopsy.

• Imagining tests are alsoused to detect breast cancer such as chest x-ray, CT,MRI, and PET scanning.

THE CAUSE OF BREAST

CANCER



CANCER

• The cause of breastcancer is suspected to

be a result from DNA

damage. Ionizingradiation or naturalmutation of BCRA1,BCRA2, p53 genescontribute to the causeof DNA damage and

breast cancer.

AFFECTED PARTS OF THE

BODY



BODY• The affected parts of

the body are the breast

unless the cancer the

metastasized, it mayspread to other organs

via blood stream.

• Symptoms-on the

picture right

COMMON TREATMENTS



CO ON N S

• Surgery

The first choice of treatment to remove the affected area.• Radiation therapy

It applies to the affected area with high-energy rays to destroy thecancerous cells. Side effects occur during this process.

• ChemotherapyIt uses anti-cancer drugs (cytotoxic) to destroy cancer cells.

• Hormonal Therapy

Since most breast cancers need estrogen to grow, hormones that helpthe production of estrogen are used as an effective hormonal

treatment.

SURVIVAL STATISTIC



• With the help of treatment, women are able

to survive by 86%.

• Without the treatment only 1% survive.

MORTALITY RATE



• 41,619 women die

annually.

• According to the chart,

Breast cancer isranked 6th as the

leading caused deaths.



THE END

Colon Cancer



Stephanie Granillo

Jeremy Lazarus

Group Affected



p

• Those with history of

colon cancer in family

• Risk increases with age

– 60-70 yrs

• Smokers

• Physically inactive at high

risk

• Alcohol increases risks

Symptoms



y p

• Often, patients are

asymptomatic (have no

symptoms)

•Lesion – The nearer the lesion is the

anus, the more bowel

symptoms

• Anemia

• Anorexia

• Asthenia

Diagnosis



g

• Early detection

recommended since

there may be nosymptoms

• Fecal occult blood

tests

• Endoscopy

• Colonoscopy

Causes



• Mushroom like

growths (adenomatous

polyps) in colon

• Hereditaryonpolyposis colorectal

cancer (HNPCC)

syndromes (heredity)

Affected Areas



• Colon

Treatments



• Surgically remove all

or part of colon

• Chemotherapy after

surgery prolongssurvival



Janice MacAfee



The MacAfees have a strong

history of cancer in their

family, so Janice has been

routinely having cancer

screenings.

She learned she had uterine

cancer and then, 11 years

later, was diagnosed with

colon cancer.

She had to have 1/3 of her

colon removed after a

polyp was found.

The doctor told her of another, controversialtreatment, calledcolectomy, which requires

having the entire colonremoved.

She decided to remove only avery large portion of her colon because it is

recommended for thosewith inherited cancer

Janice MacAfee



Janice eventually took a test for

HNPCC to see if she carried the

gene that causes colon cancer

because she was worried about

the well being of her children

Although her results were

inconclusive, she convinced her

children to take the tests and

continues to encourage the restof their family to do so as well

so they can detect their cancer in

the beginning stages



Skin CancerMia Reyes

Patricia Rodriguez

Get your factsstraight..



- unprotected exposure to the sun in the first 15 years of life more than

doubles the chances of getting skin cancer later in life

- skin cancer is the most common form of cancer, probably accounting for at

least half of all cancers.

- about half of all Americans who live to age 65 will be diagnosed with skin

cancer - according to the ACS, men are about twice as likely to develop non-

melanoma as women

- The American Cancer Society estimates there will be about 10,710 deaths

from skin cancer in 2006 – 7,910 from melanoma and 2,800 from other

skin cancers.- Skin cancer was first described as an inhibitor of tubular morphogenesis in

cells grown in culture.

Causes.



• Sunburn

• UV light

• Tanning

• .. Or anything else that candamage your skin

• Heredity & environment could alsobe contributing factos

Different types of SkinCancer

B l C ll



Basal CellCarcinoma

Is the most common form of skin cancer and accounts for90% of all skin cancer in the

US

These cancers almost neverspread (metastasize) toother parts of the body.

However, they can causedamage by growing and

invading surrounding tissue.

Basal call carcinomacont’d



cont dRemovalThe doctor's main goal is to remove or

destroy the cancer completely with

as small a scar as possible.

Different types of SkinCancer



Squamous Cell Carcinoma

is cancer in the squamous cells (think, flat cells that look

like fish scales under a microscope and found in tissue

that forms on surface of skin)

occurs roughly one-quarter as often as

basal cell carcinoma

cells can metastasize

Do you have skin cancer?



• Doctors often can recognize and distinguishskin cancer just by looking at it.

• Sometimes many people could just detect it

by themselves-It first appears as a growth, or abnormal accumulation of

cells. It sometimes takes the form of a sore or pimplethat does not heal. The sore may bleed or ooze fluid,

crust or scab over, and then ooze or bleed again.

- Skin cancer usually is painless.

Oh no. I have skin cancer..What do I do?



• If melanoma is caught early, it could easily be treatedthrough surgery, medications, or radiation.

• If melanoma is caught during its advanced stages whenthe cancers have metastasized through the blood,

lymph system,or even in organs and bones, cures areless likely.

• As for basal cell or squamous cell cancers, a cure ishighly likely if detected early.

Prevention



- limit recreational sun exposure

- Avoid unprotected exposure to the sun during peak radiationtimes (the hours surrounding noon)

- Wear broad-brimmed hats & tightly-woven protective clothingwhile outdoors in the sun

- Regular use of a waterproof or water resistant sunscreen withUVA

Got sunblock ?



M Y

TH

Myth: In order for sunlight to cause

skin cancer, you must get a sunburn.

Myth: You can prevent skin cancer,

by putting on one application of

sunscreen at the start of each day

Myth: If a mole is flat,

It can’t be dangerous.

Truth: As mentioned above,

Sunscreens do not block 100%

Of the sun’s rays.

T th t l

Truth: People who sunburn

are more likely to get skin

cancer than those who do

not, but sunlight damagesthe skin whether a sunburn

occurs or not.

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Cancer Different Types

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