Canadian Culture

Canadian CultureCanadian Culture

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRI-A3vakVg&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1CwZgb_iAI

Protecting Canadian CultureProtecting Canadian Culture

1.1. Massey CommissionMassey Commission National Film Board strengthenedNational Film Board strengthened

2.2. CBC TVCBC TV

3.3. Canada CouncilCanada Council

4.4. CRTCCRTC

5.5. FIRAFIRA

1. Massey Commission1. Massey Commission

1949 - Because of large influence of Hollywood and US 1949 - Because of large influence of Hollywood and US media in general, the Canadian government established media in general, the Canadian government established the the Massey CommissionMassey Commission to investigate the state of to investigate the state of Canadian culture Canadian culture

1951 – Commission reported that Canadian culture 1951 – Commission reported that Canadian culture needed to be protected from US influences – needed to be protected from US influences – recommended that the recommended that the National Film Board (est. in National Film Board (est. in 1939)1939) be strengthened and that the federal government be strengthened and that the federal government become involved in funding universities and the artsbecome involved in funding universities and the arts

Massey Commission -

1949

2. CBC TV2. CBC TV

1952 – CBC Television established (CBC Radio Established in 1936)

1st to appear on CBC TV – Percy Saltzman

3. Canada Council3. Canada Council 1957 –based on the Massey Commission’s 1957 –based on the Massey Commission’s

recommendations– recommendations– Canada CouncilCanada Council was established to was established to award tax-funded grants to writers, artists, and theatresaward tax-funded grants to writers, artists, and theatres

National Ballet and Royal Winnipeg ballet – soon won National Ballet and Royal Winnipeg ballet – soon won international acclaiminternational acclaim

well-known well-known authors emerged – authors emerged – Robertson Davies, Robertson Davies, Margaret Lawrence Margaret Lawrence and W.O. Mitchelland W.O. Mitchell

Largest arts grant to an individual is $10,000 to Helen

Creighton (here in Nova Scotia in 1955) to transcribe folk tunes

on tape at the National Museum.

4. CRTC4. CRTC 1952 – CBC put in charge of development 1952 – CBC put in charge of development

of televisionof television 1968 – established the 1968 – established the Canadian Radio-Canadian Radio-

television and Telecommunications television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTCCommission (CRTC)) agency that regulates the amount of foreign agency that regulates the amount of foreign

material broadcast over the airwaves and material broadcast over the airwaves and imposes rules requiring “Canadian Content” imposes rules requiring “Canadian Content” (Cancon)(Cancon)

http://archives.cbc.ca/arts_entertainment/media/topics/1150/

5. FIRA5. FIRA 1973 – Trudeau 1973 – Trudeau

established the Foreign established the Foreign Investment Review Investment Review Agency (FIRA)Agency (FIRA)

To approve the To approve the establishment of any establishment of any new foreign companies new foreign companies in Canadain Canada

Intended to target Intended to target American investment & American investment & protect Canadian protect Canadian industriesindustries

Developing Canadian CultureDeveloping Canadian Culture

1. PM Louis St Laurent 1. PM Louis St Laurent (1948-1957)(1948-1957)

Trans-Canada Highway, Trans-Canada Highway, St Lawrence Seaway, St Lawrence Seaway, and Trans-Canada and Trans-Canada PipelinePipeline

All linked Canada in new All linked Canada in new ways geographically and ways geographically and economicallyeconomically

Newfoundland joined Newfoundland joined Confederation (1949)Confederation (1949)

Joey Smallwood Joey Smallwood (right) – 1(right) – 1stst Premier of Premier of NfldNfld

2.2. PM John Diefenbaker (1957-1963) PM John Diefenbaker (1957-1963)

Raised pensions for elderly & Raised pensions for elderly & disabled* (*Social Safety Net)disabled* (*Social Safety Net)

Gave financial aid to farmersGave financial aid to farmers ******1960 1960 – created the – created the

Canadian Bill of Rights Canadian Bill of Rights – – guaranteed all basic freedoms guaranteed all basic freedoms to Canadians to Canadians

Freedom of speech, worship & Freedom of speech, worship & assemblyassembly

Dief with Bill of Rights

3. PM Lester B. Pearson (1963-1968)3. PM Lester B. Pearson (1963-1968)

Before PM – Minister of External Affairs – Before PM – Minister of External Affairs – won won Nobel Peace Prize in 1957Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for UN Emergency for UN Emergency Force suggestion in Suez CrisisForce suggestion in Suez Crisis

• 1963 - Appointed 1963 - Appointed Royal Royal Commission on Bilingualism Commission on Bilingualism & Biculturalism (“Bi and Bi & Biculturalism (“Bi and Bi Commission”)Commission”) to look into to look into French-English RelationsFrench-English Relations

• Discovered that French-Discovered that French-Canadians did not receive Canadians did not receive the same benefits as English-the same benefits as English-Canadians outside of Quebec Canadians outside of Quebec (i.e. jobs in gov.)(i.e. jobs in gov.) Bi and Bi Commission

Pearson – con’tPearson – con’t1965 - 1965 - Introduced theIntroduced the Canada Pension Plan Canada Pension Plan* * (*Social Safety Net)(*Social Safety Net)19661966 – introduced – introduced MedicareMedicare* for all * for all Canadians (*Social Safety Net)Canadians (*Social Safety Net)

Tommy Douglas and the CCF 1st introduced Medicare in SaskatchewanPM Pearson

1965 – Pearson introduced Canada’s new national 1965 – Pearson introduced Canada’s new national flag (no longer with British ensign)flag (no longer with British ensign)

• Flag hotly debated in 1964 – those who wanted to honour British heritage Flag hotly debated in 1964 – those who wanted to honour British heritage outragedoutraged

• Flag became a declaration of both independence and unique identityFlag became a declaration of both independence and unique identity

4.4. PM Pierre Elliot Trudeau PM Pierre Elliot Trudeau (1968-1979; 1980 -1984)(1968-1979; 1980 -1984)

““Trudeaumania” –charismatic – treated like Trudeaumania” –charismatic – treated like a rock stara rock star

Trudeau – cont’Trudeau – cont’

His vision: a “just society” – equality for all His vision: a “just society” – equality for all also strong advocate of also strong advocate of individual individual

freedomfreedom – believed gov. should not – believed gov. should not interfere with personal liberties interfere with personal liberties

19691969 – implemented – implemented Official Languages Official Languages ActAct

made Canada truly made Canada truly Bilingual and Bicultural – Bilingual and Bicultural – hoped it would help hoped it would help Quebec feel more a part of Quebec feel more a part of CanadaCanada

Trudeau – cont’Trudeau – cont’

Emphasized increased Emphasized increased independence from USA independence from USA militarily (i.e. cut back on militarily (i.e. cut back on

NATO forces),NATO forces), economically (i.e. FIRA), and economically (i.e. FIRA), and politically (established ties politically (established ties

with communist China and with communist China and Cuba despite US protests)Cuba despite US protests)

Trudeau – cont’Trudeau – cont’

Focus: Foreign Aid to Developing Focus: Foreign Aid to Developing CountriesCountries

While the Cold War politically split the world between the While the Cold War politically split the world between the East and West, an East and West, an economic gap separated the rich economic gap separated the rich North from the poor SouthNorth from the poor South..

The Trudeau government aimed to promote world peace, The Trudeau government aimed to promote world peace, he believed the North should be helping countries struck he believed the North should be helping countries struck with poverty in the South to develop their economies and with poverty in the South to develop their economies and improve living conditions. improve living conditions.

This became known as a policy of “This became known as a policy of “Trade and AidTrade and Aid” of ” of Trudeau’s foreign policy.Trudeau’s foreign policy.

Foreign Aid - CIDAForeign Aid - CIDA

In 1968 the In 1968 the Canadian Canadian International Development International Development Agency (CIDA)Agency (CIDA) was formed to boost was formed to boost foreign aid to less industrialized countries foreign aid to less industrialized countries (countries receiving aid would agree to (countries receiving aid would agree to buy products from Canada, which is called buy products from Canada, which is called ““tied aid”)tied aid”)

MulticulturalismMulticulturalism

With changes to immigration policy came With changes to immigration policy came changes to the composition of Canadian societychanges to the composition of Canadian society

1971 – Trudeau adopted a 1971 – Trudeau adopted a policy of policy of multiculturalismmulticulturalism

Helped schools set up new coursesHelped schools set up new courses Promoted multicultural eventsPromoted multicultural events Set up a council to study issuesSet up a council to study issues Multiculturalism became law with the Multiculturalism became law with the

Multicultural Act of 1988 Multicultural Act of 1988 (PM Mulroney)(PM Mulroney)

Canada Health Act - 1984Canada Health Act - 1984 Canada Health Act (1984) Canada Health Act (1984)

Canada’s Health insurance legislationCanada’s Health insurance legislation Guidelines to ensure all citizens have euql access to Guidelines to ensure all citizens have euql access to

servicesservices Doctors and hospitals not allowed to charge Doctors and hospitals not allowed to charge user user

feesfees

• Each province received $$ Each province received $$ from the federal government from the federal government through through transfer paymentstransfer payments

• Pro of system – EVERYONE Pro of system – EVERYONE has Accesshas Access

• Con of system – VERY Con of system – VERY expensive to administerexpensive to administer

1982 - Repatriation of Constitution1982 - Repatriation of Constitution& & Charter of Rights and FreedomsCharter of Rights and Freedoms

Trudeau’s most valuable contribution to Trudeau’s most valuable contribution to Canadian Society: Repatriation of Canadian Society: Repatriation of Constitution and Charter of Rights and Constitution and Charter of Rights and FreedomsFreedoms

Brought constitution home from Britain Brought constitution home from Britain with Canada Act (1982) and Constitution with Canada Act (1982) and Constitution Act (1982)Act (1982)

Trudeau and Queen Elizabeth II signing Canada Act

Constitution & CharterConstitution & Charter Repatriation of constitution occurred in part due Repatriation of constitution occurred in part due

to a promise Trudeau had made to Quebec to a promise Trudeau had made to Quebec during the 1980 referendumduring the 1980 referendum

Ironically, in the end, Ironically, in the end, Quebec was the only Quebec was the only province to not “sign off” on province to not “sign off” on the new constitution and the new constitution and amending formula, thus amending formula, thus leaving Quebec out of the leaving Quebec out of the constitutional processconstitutional processOutcome opposite of what Outcome opposite of what Trudeau intended: more Trudeau intended: more tensions with French Canadatensions with French Canada

Trudeau – negative legacyTrudeau – negative legacy During the 1970sDuring the 1970s

High inflation - introduced price and wage High inflation - introduced price and wage controls – angered manycontrols – angered many

•OPEC Crisis – 1972OPEC Crisis – 1972•Raised price of oil Raised price of oil from $6 a barrel to from $6 a barrel to $16$16•Unemployment Unemployment high at same timehigh at same time•Led to unions Led to unions demanding higher demanding higher wages – gov. went wages – gov. went into debtinto debt

OPEC CrisisOPEC Crisis

http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/energy_production/clips/2139/

Western AlienationWestern Alienation – – NEPNEP

In response to theIn response to the OPEC CrisisOPEC Crisis – –

Trudeau implemented the Trudeau implemented the National National Energy Policy (NEP) - 1980Energy Policy (NEP) - 1980

Froze Alberta oil prices below world levels to Froze Alberta oil prices below world levels to keep the cost of oil down for Canadianskeep the cost of oil down for Canadians

Also imposed a tariff on oil sold to the USA to Also imposed a tariff on oil sold to the USA to make up for oil imported from OPEC countriesmake up for oil imported from OPEC countries

Elicited angry reactions from Alberta because Elicited angry reactions from Alberta because were prevented from getting fair market value for were prevented from getting fair market value for their oiltheir oil

Led to feelings of Western Alienation Led to feelings of Western Alienation (Central government acting out of self-(Central government acting out of self-interest rather than region’s interests)interest rather than region’s interests)

Trudeau – negative legacyTrudeau – negative legacy

PM Brian Mulroney (1984-1993)PM Brian Mulroney (1984-1993)

Developed very close Developed very close relationship with USA relationship with USA economically and economically and President Reagan President Reagan personallypersonally

Led to Free Trade Led to Free Trade Agreement (1987) and Agreement (1987) and North American Free North American Free Trade Agreement (1992; Trade Agreement (1992; ratified in 1994) ratified in 1994)

Mulroney – Constitutional AccordsMulroney – Constitutional Accords

As Quebec was the only province that did As Quebec was the only province that did not sign the new Canadian constitution = not sign the new Canadian constitution = Mulroney wanted to include Quebec in a Mulroney wanted to include Quebec in a new agreement with the rest of Canada new agreement with the rest of Canada

1987, he negotiated the 1987, he negotiated the Meech Lake Meech Lake Accord Accord with the provincial premiers, a with the provincial premiers, a package of constitutional amendments package of constitutional amendments designed to satisfy Quebec's demand for designed to satisfy Quebec's demand for recognition as a "distinct society" within recognition as a "distinct society" within Canada, and to devolve some powers to Canada, and to devolve some powers to the provincesthe provinces

Unfortunately – Meech Lake did not passUnfortunately – Meech Lake did not pass

Focus of time in office: attempt to resolve Focus of time in office: attempt to resolve the divisive issue of national unitythe divisive issue of national unity

Mulroney – Mulroney – Constitutional AccordsConstitutional Accords

outlined extensive changes outlined extensive changes to the constitution, including to the constitution, including recognition of Quebec as a recognition of Quebec as a distinct societydistinct society

agreement overwhelmingly agreement overwhelmingly defeated in a national defeated in a national referendum in October 1992referendum in October 1992

Failure of Charlottetown Failure of Charlottetown sparked a revival of Quebec sparked a revival of Quebec separatism and another separatism and another Quebec Referendum in Quebec Referendum in 19951995

1991-92 1991-92 Charlottetown AccordCharlottetown Accord – next attempt – next attempt

Mulroney – cont’Mulroney – cont’

1992 - decline of 1992 - decline of cod stockscod stocks in Atlantic Canada in Atlantic Canada led the Mulroney government to impose a led the Mulroney government to impose a moratorium on the cod fisherymoratorium on the cod fishery

Put an end to a large portion of the Put an end to a large portion of the Newfoundland fishing industry, and caused Newfoundland fishing industry, and caused serious economic hardship serious economic hardship

Reinforced feelings of REGIONALISM, as many Reinforced feelings of REGIONALISM, as many blamed the federal government for mishandling blamed the federal government for mishandling the issuethe issue

http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/natural_resources/topics/1595/

http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/natural_resources/topics/1595/

http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/energy_production/clips/2139/