Canada and The Cold War 1945-1968. Igor Gouzenko.

Canada and The Cold WarCanada and The Cold War

1945-19681945-1968

Igor GouzenkoIgor Gouzenko

The Igor Gouzenko AffairThe Igor Gouzenko Affair Igor GouzenkoIgor Gouzenko, a Russian clerk at the Soviet embassy in Ottawa, , a Russian clerk at the Soviet embassy in Ottawa,

had defected from the Soviet Union to Canada.had defected from the Soviet Union to Canada.

1945 – Gouzenko took documents that proved that a Soviet spy 1945 – Gouzenko took documents that proved that a Soviet spy ring was operating within the Canadian government to the ring was operating within the Canadian government to the Ottawa Ottawa JournalJournal newspaper and to the offices of the RCMP, the department newspaper and to the offices of the RCMP, the department of justice, and the prime minister, but of justice, and the prime minister, but no one no one paid attention.paid attention.

Only when Soviet agents broke into Gouzenko’s apartment did the Only when Soviet agents broke into Gouzenko’s apartment did the Ottawa police finally listen to his story. Shocked Canadian officials Ottawa police finally listen to his story. Shocked Canadian officials secretly informed the British and U.S. governments that secretly informed the British and U.S. governments that a Soviet a Soviet spy ring had been operating in Canada.spy ring had been operating in Canada.

1946 – the RCMP rounded up several people suspected of being 1946 – the RCMP rounded up several people suspected of being Soviet spies. The suspects were kept in isolation, without charge, Soviet spies. The suspects were kept in isolation, without charge, and without legal counsel. and without legal counsel. Eventually 18 people were brought to Eventually 18 people were brought to trial; 8 were found guilty and imprisoned.trial; 8 were found guilty and imprisoned.

The spy ring was likely trying to discover the secrets of The spy ring was likely trying to discover the secrets of the the atomic bomb.atomic bomb.

During WW II, the During WW II, the U.S.U.S. and the and the Soviet Union Soviet Union had been had been allies, but had little in common except for their allies, but had little in common except for their opposition to the Axis powers. Once the war was over, opposition to the Axis powers. Once the war was over, tensions grew tensions grew and the 2 powers were soon openly and the 2 powers were soon openly hostile towards each other, though they were careful hostile towards each other, though they were careful not to start a new war. Instead, they used espionage not to start a new war. Instead, they used espionage ((spiesspies) and helped their allies () and helped their allies (satellite statessatellite states) in ) in “little wars” and revolutions.“little wars” and revolutions.

Both East and West built stockpiles of conventional Both East and West built stockpiles of conventional arms, powerful nuclear weapons, biological and arms, powerful nuclear weapons, biological and chemical weapons, long-range bombers, missiles, and chemical weapons, long-range bombers, missiles, and atomic submarines.atomic submarines.

King and the Gouzenko AffairKing and the Gouzenko Affair PM Mackenzie King was PM Mackenzie King was

shocked by Gouzenko’s shocked by Gouzenko’s claims about the USSR’s claims about the USSR’s international spy ringsinternational spy rings

Immediately warned Immediately warned President Truman and UK PM President Truman and UK PM AttleeAttlee

Canadian Government Canadian Government arrested suspected spies and arrested suspected spies and King ordered a royal King ordered a royal commissioncommission

World’s first Cold War World’s first Cold War Scandal happens in Canada Scandal happens in Canada

The Cold War BeginsThe Cold War Begins The military strength of the Soviet Union and the U.S. The military strength of the Soviet Union and the U.S.

made them made them superpowerssuperpowers, each capable of inflicting , each capable of inflicting massive destructionmassive destruction. They did not fight a direct war . They did not fight a direct war because they knew that would mean nuclear annihilation because they knew that would mean nuclear annihilation ((complete destructioncomplete destruction). ).

Instead, they competed for political influence in other Instead, they competed for political influence in other parts of the world, especially in parts of the world, especially in developing nations developing nations that were poorer and less politically stable than that were poorer and less politically stable than themselves. themselves.

This rivalry was called the Cold War because it did not This rivalry was called the Cold War because it did not erupt into an open (hot) war. It lasted over 40 years.erupt into an open (hot) war. It lasted over 40 years.

The roots of the Cold War lay in the differing views The roots of the Cold War lay in the differing views these 2 countries had on these 2 countries had on political and economic political and economic systems.systems.

FEAR: FEAR: – Western countries feared communists aimed to Western countries feared communists aimed to

overthrow Western societies.overthrow Western societies.– The Soviet Union feared Western countries might try to The Soviet Union feared Western countries might try to

invade Soviet territory throughout Europe.invade Soviet territory throughout Europe.

Duck and Cover?

To create a To create a bufferbuffer between the USSR and Western between the USSR and Western Europe, the Soviets took over the countries of Eastern Europe, the Soviets took over the countries of Eastern Europe and established communist governments there. Europe and established communist governments there. Then communists took over Then communists took over ChinaChina in 1949, and the in 1949, and the former government fled to Taiwan.former government fled to Taiwan.

Louis St. LaurentLouis St. Laurent As Canada’s Minister of As Canada’s Minister of

External Affairs, he was External Affairs, he was instrumental in Canada’s initial instrumental in Canada’s initial involvement in NATOinvolvement in NATO

Replaced King as PM in 1948Replaced King as PM in 1948 Believed in stopping the Believed in stopping the

spread of communism world spread of communism world wide and was supportive of US wide and was supportive of US Foreign Policy of containmentForeign Policy of containment

Ordered Canada’s military Ordered Canada’s military involvement in Korea as part involvement in Korea as part of the UN Forceof the UN Force

The Cold War at HomeThe Cold War at Home

1949 – the leader of the Conservative Party tried to 1949 – the leader of the Conservative Party tried to make the spread of communism, or the “make the spread of communism, or the “red menacered menace” ” – the term used to describe the Soviets – an issue. He – the term used to describe the Soviets – an issue. He accused the government of keeping communists in the accused the government of keeping communists in the civil service.civil service.

Union leaders who fought for better conditions for Union leaders who fought for better conditions for workers came under suspicion of being communists. workers came under suspicion of being communists. Defence industries secretly sent lists of their employees Defence industries secretly sent lists of their employees to Ottawa for screening. to Ottawa for screening.

In Quebec, Premier In Quebec, Premier Maurice Duplessis Maurice Duplessis took a strong stand against communism.took a strong stand against communism.

– Police raided offices and private homes Police raided offices and private homes searching for “revolutionary” material.searching for “revolutionary” material.

– The Padlock Law was used to shut down The Padlock Law was used to shut down suspected organizations and newspapers.suspected organizations and newspapers.

– When a poorly constructed bridge collapsed When a poorly constructed bridge collapsed in Trois-Rivieres in 1951, Duplessis blamed in Trois-Rivieres in 1951, Duplessis blamed communist sabotage.communist sabotage.

NATO and the Warsaw PactNATO and the Warsaw Pact NATO AND THE WARSAW PACT 1949 – Canada, the U.S., Britain,

and other Western European nations joined in a military alliance – the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

– aimed at protecting Western countries from the threat of invasion by the Soviet Union

– If conventional weapons were not enough, NATO members would use tactical nuclear weapons – atomic bombs and artillery shells.

– As a last resort, they would be prepared to wage total nuclear war.

When NATO included West Germany as a member, the Soviet Union felt threatened and established the Warsaw Pact in 1955.– Made up of Eastern European countries to protect themselves and the

Soviet Union from attack

Countries continually added to their arsenal of weapons. The United States and the USSR probed for weaknesses in their enemy’s security, searching for secrets and carrying out assassinations and murders, promoting revolutions and counter-revolutions.

1961 – Communist-controlled East Germany built the Berlin Wall around West Berlin to keep East Berliners in and West Berliners out. The Berlin Wall became a powerful symbol of the Cold War and the tensions that divided East from West.

Canada’s Commitment to NATO

Canada agreed to keep a full army brigade (4000 to 5000 troops) and several air squadrons in Europe.

It built and supplied military bases overseas.

Canadian ships and aircraft tracked the movements of Soviet submarines.

Canadian forces participated regularly in military exercises with Canada’s allies.

THE ISSUE OF NORTH AMERICAN DEFENCE

When long-range bombers were developed to carry warheads to distant targets, North America became vulnerable.

To protect against direct Soviet attack from the air, the U.S. built 3 lines of radar stations across Canada.– the Pinetree Line, the Mid-Canada Line,

– In the Arctic – the DEW (Distant Early Warning) Line - designed to detect a surprise Soviet attack over the North Pole, giving the U.S. time to launch a counterattack

DEW: Distant Early WarningDEW: Distant Early Warning Canada is geographically Canada is geographically

between the USSR and the USAbetween the USSR and the USA 1957: Canada and the US build a 1957: Canada and the US build a

line of long range warning line of long range warning stationsstations

Stations monitor northern Stations monitor northern airspace for potential attacksairspace for potential attacks

If there was a threat, NORAD If there was a threat, NORAD would be warned immediatelywould be warned immediately

The cost was $250,000,000 and The cost was $250,000,000 and was paid for by the US was paid for by the US

For the first time, U.S. military personnel were stationed on Canadian soil.

Soon the superpowers developed intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM), armed with nuclear warheads. Missiles launched from the USSR could reach North American cities within 30 minutes. The radar stations in Canada would not be able to detect them in time for anything to be done.

1957 - Canada and the U.S. established an integrated North American Air Defence agreement (NORAD).

would include fighter forces, missile bases, and air-defence radar, all controlled by a central command station in Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado.

had a force of 1000 bombers, some of which were always in the air, armed with nuclear weapons.

A separate Canadian command post, under joint control, was established deep inside tunnels at North Bay, Ontario.

Civil Defence: Civil Defence: The Home Front in the Cold WarThe Home Front in the Cold War

Some Canadian cities had nuclear shelters in deep Some Canadian cities had nuclear shelters in deep basements or subway lines.basements or subway lines.

If an attack were to occur, If an attack were to occur, sirenssirens would sound a would sound a warning and people would try to find shelter.warning and people would try to find shelter.

Schools ran drills to teach students to “Schools ran drills to teach students to “duck and duck and covercover” (hide under desks) or to lie in ditches.” (hide under desks) or to lie in ditches.

Ironically, the existence of nuclear weapons – and the Ironically, the existence of nuclear weapons – and the threat of mass destruction – threat of mass destruction – probably prevented an probably prevented an all-out war between the superpowers.all-out war between the superpowers.

PLANNING FOR PEACE: THE UNPLANNING FOR PEACE: THE UN

Apr. 1945 – delegates from 51 countries, including Apr. 1945 – delegates from 51 countries, including Canada, drew up a charter for the United Nations. it Canada, drew up a charter for the United Nations. it was based on the idea of was based on the idea of collective security collective security like the like the League of Nations, but this time the nations of the League of Nations, but this time the nations of the world were ready to support the idea.world were ready to support the idea.

The UN was given 3 powers it could use against The UN was given 3 powers it could use against aggressor nations:aggressor nations:– condemn the aggressor through speeches and condemn the aggressor through speeches and

resolutionsresolutions– use economic sanctionsuse economic sanctions– respond militarily by sending in an armed forcerespond militarily by sending in an armed force

The The Security Council Security Council is the body of the United Nations that is is the body of the United Nations that is responsible for maintaining peace and security.responsible for maintaining peace and security.

It has It has FIVEFIVE permanent members – the “Big Five” powers – permanent members – the “Big Five” powers – Britain, France, the U.S., Russia (formerly the Soviet Britain, France, the U.S., Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), and ChinaUnion), and China

The Un has The Un has TENTEN other non-permanent members, each holding other non-permanent members, each holding a a TWOTWO -year term.-year term.

Decisions need the consent of Decisions need the consent of 99 members, but each of the members, but each of the 55 permanent members permanent members has the power of has the power of vetoveto – the right to – the right to reject actions they disagree with.reject actions they disagree with.

The founders of the United Nations also pledged to abolish The founders of the United Nations also pledged to abolish disease and famine and to protect human rights – created the disease and famine and to protect human rights – created the WHOWHO (World Health Organization) and (World Health Organization) and UNICEFUNICEF (United (United Nations Children’s Fund).Nations Children’s Fund).

The UN established the The UN established the IMFIMF (International Monetary (International Monetary Fund) to stabilize the world economy by helping Fund) to stabilize the world economy by helping countries that face great debt and the collapse of their countries that face great debt and the collapse of their currencies.currencies.* * The IMF often attaches high interest rates and expects a The IMF often attaches high interest rates and expects a

country to sell resources if they can’t make payments.country to sell resources if they can’t make payments.

Through a variety of UN agencies, Canada has aided Through a variety of UN agencies, Canada has aided refugees from war or natural disasters and worked on refugees from war or natural disasters and worked on development projects in various countries, building development projects in various countries, building schools, dams, and roads.schools, dams, and roads.

By 1999, Canadian peacekeepers had been involved in By 1999, Canadian peacekeepers had been involved in every UN operation since the start of these missions in every UN operation since the start of these missions in 1956.1956.

UN AcronymsUN Acronyms

WHOWHO – World Health Organization – World Health Organization UNICEFUNICEF – – United Nations International

Children's Emergency Fund IMF – International Monetary Fund ILO – International Labor Organization IAEA – International Atomic Energy

Agency

The Korean ConflictThe Korean Conflict World War II left the Asian country of Korea World War II left the Asian country of Korea divideddivided..

– The north was a The north was a communist communist state, supported by the USSR and state, supported by the USSR and communist China.communist China.

– The south was a fragile The south was a fragile “democracy”“democracy” backed by the United States. backed by the United States. 1950 – war broke out as North Korea tried to invade South Korea.1950 – war broke out as North Korea tried to invade South Korea. A A UN forceUN force, mostly Americans, tried to force the invaders to , mostly Americans, tried to force the invaders to

retreat; Canada sent thousands of troops and 3 naval destroyers retreat; Canada sent thousands of troops and 3 naval destroyers to Korea.to Korea.

The U.S. considered using the atomic bomb, but a ceasefire was The U.S. considered using the atomic bomb, but a ceasefire was reached in 1953.reached in 1953.

First time UN had a First time UN had a peacemakingpeacemaking expedition. expedition.

Canada in KoreaCanada in Korea Canadian Government Canadian Government

sent troops, three navy sent troops, three navy destroyers and air craftdestroyers and air craft

Over 22,000 Canadian Over 22,000 Canadian fought in Korea between fought in Korea between June 1950 and July 1953June 1950 and July 1953

309 were killed, 1,203 309 were killed, 1,203 were wounded and 32 were wounded and 32 became POWsbecame POWs

The Suez CrisisThe Suez Crisis The The Suez Canal Suez Canal links the Mediterranean and Red Seas, and links the Mediterranean and Red Seas, and

provides the shortest sea route from Europe to the Indian Ocean. provides the shortest sea route from Europe to the Indian Ocean. It was privately owned by British and French investors.It was privately owned by British and French investors.

1956 – Egypt’s government took over the canal.1956 – Egypt’s government took over the canal. The neighbouring state of Israel was frightened by what it saw as The neighbouring state of Israel was frightened by what it saw as

Egyptian aggression, as Egypt threatened to bar ships to and from Egyptian aggression, as Egypt threatened to bar ships to and from Israel from using the canal.Israel from using the canal.

Britain and France Britain and France supported an Israeli invasion and, ignoring a supported an Israeli invasion and, ignoring a UN Security Council resolution to end hostilities, they landed UN Security Council resolution to end hostilities, they landed troops in the canal zone.troops in the canal zone.

The The Soviet Union Soviet Union immediately offered Egypt financial aid and immediately offered Egypt financial aid and missiles.missiles.

The The U.S.U.S. was angry at its allies, Britain, France, and Israel, who was angry at its allies, Britain, France, and Israel, who had not consulted the U.S. government before attacking Egypt, but had not consulted the U.S. government before attacking Egypt, but the U.S. still threatened retaliation against any Soviet involvement.the U.S. still threatened retaliation against any Soviet involvement.

The Conservative Party and many other The Conservative Party and many other Canadians felt it was their duty to Canadians felt it was their duty to support Britain.support Britain.

Liberal Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent Liberal Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent denounced the British and French denounced the British and French intervention and refused to support intervention and refused to support them.them.

Lester Pearson proposed that a Lester Pearson proposed that a United United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) be be sent to the Suez Canal to separate and sent to the Suez Canal to separate and mediate between the rival armies.mediate between the rival armies.

The force, under the command of a The force, under the command of a Canadian general, was chosen from Canadian general, was chosen from

countries not directly involved in the countries not directly involved in the conflict.conflict.

For his efforts in defusing the crisis, For his efforts in defusing the crisis, Lester Pearson was awarded the Lester Pearson was awarded the

Nobel Peace Prize.Nobel Peace Prize.

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis 1959 – Cuban rebels under the leadership of Fidel Castro 1959 – Cuban rebels under the leadership of Fidel Castro

overthrew Cuba’s pro-U.S. leader in a revolution.overthrew Cuba’s pro-U.S. leader in a revolution. 1962 – U.S. planes took photographs showing that the USSR was 1962 – U.S. planes took photographs showing that the USSR was

installing offensive nuclear missile bases in Cuba.installing offensive nuclear missile bases in Cuba. President Kennedy announced a naval and air blockade of Cuba. President Kennedy announced a naval and air blockade of Cuba.

U.S. forces and U.S. forces and NORADNORAD were were readied for war. Aircraft readied for war. Aircraft loaded with bombs loaded with bombs were constantly in the air. were constantly in the air. The world was on the brink The world was on the brink of war.of war.

Soviet Premier Nikita Kruschev at first refused to remove the Soviet Premier Nikita Kruschev at first refused to remove the missiles. Soviet armed forces were put on full alert and Soviet missiles. Soviet armed forces were put on full alert and Soviet ships were mobilized. ships were mobilized.

At the last minute, Kruschev agreed to dismantle the missile bases At the last minute, Kruschev agreed to dismantle the missile bases in exchange for a promise that the U.S. would not invade Cuba. in exchange for a promise that the U.S. would not invade Cuba. The Americans had won a game of “nuclear chicken.”The Americans had won a game of “nuclear chicken.”

Prime Minister Diefenbaker was Prime Minister Diefenbaker was reluctantreluctant to have Canada drawn to have Canada drawn into a major conflict that seemed largely rooted in U.S. policy and into a major conflict that seemed largely rooted in U.S. policy and interests.interests.

The Canadian government refused to place Canada’s NORAD The Canadian government refused to place Canada’s NORAD forces on alert. Nor did it allow forces on alert. Nor did it allow U.S. planes with atomic U.S. planes with atomic weapons to land at Canadian bases.weapons to land at Canadian bases.

The Avro ArrowThe Avro Arrow 1950s – Canada and the A.V. Row (Avro) Company developed the 1950s – Canada and the A.V. Row (Avro) Company developed the

Arrow, a state-of-the-art Arrow, a state-of-the-art supersonic jet aircraftsupersonic jet aircraft.. 1959 – The project was cancelled by the Diefenbaker government. 1959 – The project was cancelled by the Diefenbaker government.

Existing planes were cut up for scrap, and most of Avro’s designers Existing planes were cut up for scrap, and most of Avro’s designers and engineers moved to the and engineers moved to the United StatesUnited States..

Canadians often feel that they lost an opportunity to establish their Canadians often feel that they lost an opportunity to establish their country as a country as a technological leadertechnological leader. Some believed that the . Some believed that the American government had conspired to kill the project because if American government had conspired to kill the project because if they could not build so grand a fighter, they could not build so grand a fighter, Canada couldn’t have Canada couldn’t have one eitherone either..

However, the Arrow was extremely However, the Arrow was extremely expensiveexpensive to build and no to build and no one, not even the one, not even the Canadian Air ForceCanadian Air Force, wanted to buy it., wanted to buy it.

Avro ArrowAvro Arrow This was a Canadian made jet This was a Canadian made jet

built by the A.V. Roe Companybuilt by the A.V. Roe Company Fastest and most innovative jet Fastest and most innovative jet

of it’s timeof it’s time A.V Roe expected international A.V Roe expected international

sales would be around 600 jetssales would be around 600 jets Price went from 2 million to 12.5 Price went from 2 million to 12.5

millionmillion Canada felt the cost to build was Canada felt the cost to build was

too high too high PM Diefenbaker PM Diefenbaker said Canada said Canada

would buy US made jets instead would buy US made jets instead and cancelled the project in and cancelled the project in February 1959February 1959

Led to the loss of 14,000 jobsLed to the loss of 14,000 jobs Canadians were upset at Canadians were upset at

Diefenbaker’s decisionDiefenbaker’s decision

The Nuclear Issue in CanadaThe Nuclear Issue in Canada

When the Avro Arrow was scrapped, Canada had When the Avro Arrow was scrapped, Canada had agreed to accept U.S. agreed to accept U.S. Bomarc missilesBomarc missiles, which were , which were capable of carrying capable of carrying nuclear warheadsnuclear warheads..

Many people were starting to realize that nuclear war Many people were starting to realize that nuclear war amounted to global suicide.amounted to global suicide.

During the election campaign of 1963, the Liberals, During the election campaign of 1963, the Liberals, under the leadership of Lester Pearson, proposed that under the leadership of Lester Pearson, proposed that Canadian forces Canadian forces accept nuclear weapons under accept nuclear weapons under certain conditions.certain conditions.

Prime Minister Diefenbaker and the Conservatives Prime Minister Diefenbaker and the Conservatives appealed to Canadian nationalism, including Canada’s appealed to Canadian nationalism, including Canada’s right to decide right to decide for itself on international mattersfor itself on international matters..

Many business leaders and influential newspapers Many business leaders and influential newspapers supported the Liberals, fearing that Diefenbaker’s anti-supported the Liberals, fearing that Diefenbaker’s anti-Americanism would hurt trade and investment from the Americanism would hurt trade and investment from the U.S.U.S.

Diefenbaker was narrowly defeated in the election of Diefenbaker was narrowly defeated in the election of 1963, and the Liberals formed a minority government – 1963, and the Liberals formed a minority government – the first federal election since 1911 fought over the first federal election since 1911 fought over Canada-U.S. relations.Canada-U.S. relations.

Vietnam WarVietnam War Communist North Vietnam Communist North Vietnam

invaded capitalist South Vietnaminvaded capitalist South Vietnam The United States entered the The United States entered the

war to stop Vietnam from war to stop Vietnam from becoming a united communist becoming a united communist nationnation

The US were involved militarily in The US were involved militarily in Vietnam from the early 1960s Vietnam from the early 1960s until they withdrew in 1975until they withdrew in 1975

The comminists took control of The comminists took control of VietnamVietnam

The war divided the people of the The war divided the people of the United StatesUnited States

1.3 million Vietnamese and 1.3 million Vietnamese and 58,000 Americans were killed as 58,000 Americans were killed as a result of the conflicta result of the conflict

The Vietnam WarThe Vietnam WarCanada’s Reaction to the WarCanada’s Reaction to the War

Canadians were at first divided over the war in Canadians were at first divided over the war in Vietnam.Vietnam.– Canadian firms sold military goods Canadian firms sold military goods such as berets, boots, such as berets, boots,

airplane engines, and explosives airplane engines, and explosives to the U.S. Defence to the U.S. Defence DepartmentDepartment..

– Most Most people still saw communism as a real threat people still saw communism as a real threat to to Western security.Western security.

– But But many were not sure that the peasants of Vietnam many were not sure that the peasants of Vietnam were “were “better dead than Redbetter dead than Red (communist).” (communist).”

1965 – Prime Minister Lester Pearson 1965 – Prime Minister Lester Pearson criticizedcriticized Operation Rolling Thunder – the name of the U.S. Operation Rolling Thunder – the name of the U.S. bombing campaign of Northbombing campaign of North

President Johnson was enraged that the Canadian President Johnson was enraged that the Canadian leader had dared to criticize him in his own country.leader had dared to criticize him in his own country.

TRUDEAU’S FOREIGN POLICYTRUDEAU’S FOREIGN POLICY

1968 – Pierre Elliott Trudeau, a Liberal, was 1968 – Pierre Elliott Trudeau, a Liberal, was elected prime elected prime minister.minister.

1970 – Canada officially recognized the communist government of 1970 – Canada officially recognized the communist government of the the People’s Republic of China People’s Republic of China

– signaled Trudeau’s foreign policy would be was less signaled Trudeau’s foreign policy would be was less dependent on U.S. approval.dependent on U.S. approval.

– as a major purchaser of Canadian wheat and other goods, as a major purchaser of Canadian wheat and other goods, China was an important trading partner.China was an important trading partner.

At the same time, Trudeau had no wish to anger the U.S. He At the same time, Trudeau had no wish to anger the U.S. He compared living next to the U.S. to compared living next to the U.S. to sleeping with an elephantsleeping with an elephant. .

Read part of his speech on p. 146.Read part of his speech on p. 146.

Trudeau wanted to scale back Canada’s participation in Trudeau wanted to scale back Canada’s participation in the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union to ease the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union to ease Cold War tensions.Cold War tensions.

1970-1972 – nuclear missiles were removed from 1970-1972 – nuclear missiles were removed from Canada’s NATO forces in Europe.Canada’s NATO forces in Europe.

Bomarc missile Bomarc missile sites that Pearson had accepted in sites that Pearson had accepted in 1963 were dismantled.1963 were dismantled.

19841984 – the last nuclear warheads were removed from – the last nuclear warheads were removed from Canadian soil.Canadian soil.

Canada’s national defence budget was cut and its NATO Canada’s national defence budget was cut and its NATO contingent in Europe was reduced to ½ , in spite of contingent in Europe was reduced to ½ , in spite of protests from military officers, diplomats, and the U.S. protests from military officers, diplomats, and the U.S. embassy.embassy.

Canada as a Middle PowerCanada as a Middle Power Most of the new nations (Most of the new nations (freed from colonial rule after WW IIfreed from colonial rule after WW II) )

were located in the were located in the southern hemispheresouthern hemisphere. They were far less . They were far less industrialized than countries in the northern hemisphere.industrialized than countries in the northern hemisphere.

While the Cold War split the world politically between East While the Cold War split the world politically between East (communist China, the Soviet Union, and countries friendly to it) (communist China, the Soviet Union, and countries friendly to it) and West (the U.S. and its allies), a huge economic gap separated and West (the U.S. and its allies), a huge economic gap separated the rich North from the poor Souththe rich North from the poor South..

The Trudeau government aimed to bridge both gaps in order to The Trudeau government aimed to bridge both gaps in order to promote promote world peace and understanding among nationsworld peace and understanding among nations..

Canada had become a “Canada had become a “middle powermiddle power,” building links between ,” building links between East and West and North and South.East and West and North and South.– Trudeau reduced nuclear weapons and established trade and sporting Trudeau reduced nuclear weapons and established trade and sporting

links with communist states.links with communist states.– He called for more aid for the poor countries of the world.He called for more aid for the poor countries of the world.– He believed that the prosperous nations of the North should be helping He believed that the prosperous nations of the North should be helping

the poverty-stricken countries of the South to develop their economies the poverty-stricken countries of the South to develop their economies and improve living conditions for their people.and improve living conditions for their people.

THE MULRONEY ERA: CLOSER THE MULRONEY ERA: CLOSER TIES WITH THE UNITED STATESTIES WITH THE UNITED STATES

1984 – Conservative leader Brian Mulroney became Canada’s 1984 – Conservative leader Brian Mulroney became Canada’s prime minister. He developed a close prime minister. He developed a close personal relationship personal relationship with with U.S. President Ronald Reagan, with whom he shared a similar U.S. President Ronald Reagan, with whom he shared a similar conservativeconservative philosophy. philosophy.

1985 – the U.S. government announced a plan to create a defence 1985 – the U.S. government announced a plan to create a defence shield, part of which would orbit the Earth – Strategic Defence shield, part of which would orbit the Earth – Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI), nicknamed “Initiative (SDI), nicknamed “Star WarsStar Wars.”.”

Across Canada, anti-nuclear groups protested Canada’s possible Across Canada, anti-nuclear groups protested Canada’s possible involvement.involvement.

Prime Minister Mulroney said no to Canada’s official participation, Prime Minister Mulroney said no to Canada’s official participation, but but private Canadian companies private Canadian companies could bid on Star Wars could bid on Star Wars contacts if they wished.contacts if they wished.

In 1973, the Trudeau government had formed the Foreign In 1973, the Trudeau government had formed the Foreign Investment Review Agency (Investment Review Agency (FIRAFIRA) to block any foreign investment ) to block any foreign investment that seemed not to be in Canada’s interest.that seemed not to be in Canada’s interest.

Mulroney dismantled FIRA and replaced it with Mulroney dismantled FIRA and replaced it with Investment Canada, a body that would Investment Canada, a body that would encourage suitable foreign investmentencourage suitable foreign investment..

1987 – Mulroney started negotiations that led 1987 – Mulroney started negotiations that led Canada into the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Canada into the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States. It with the United States. It removedremoved tariffs on tariffs on goods crossing the border, and opened Canada goods crossing the border, and opened Canada to U.S. investment as well as opening the to U.S. investment as well as opening the United States to Canadian investment.United States to Canadian investment.

Free trade was a very controversial issue for Free trade was a very controversial issue for Canadians.Canadians.

Arguments For:Arguments For:

– Canada would attract Canada would attract more U.S. investment more U.S. investment – help grow Canada’s – help grow Canada’s economy.economy.

– It would also provide It would also provide access to the larger access to the larger U.S. market,U.S. market,

– Canadian products Canadian products could be sold at could be sold at lower prices to lower prices to compete effectively compete effectively with imports.with imports.

Arguments AgainstArguments Against

– U.S. branch plants operating U.S. branch plants operating in Canada to avoid paying in Canada to avoid paying tariffs would return to the tariffs would return to the US, eliminating hundreds of US, eliminating hundreds of thousands of jobs in Canada.thousands of jobs in Canada.

– Canadian businesses would Canadian businesses would be unable to compete be unable to compete against giant U.S. against giant U.S. companies, which were able companies, which were able to flood the Canadian to flood the Canadian market with cheap goods market with cheap goods and services.and services.

– Free trade threatened Free trade threatened Canada’s independence, Canada’s independence, economic union would lead economic union would lead to pressure for political to pressure for political union as well.union as well.

THE NEW WORLD ORDERTHE NEW WORLD ORDER

Aug. 1990 – Iraqi troops invaded the oil-rich country of Aug. 1990 – Iraqi troops invaded the oil-rich country of KuwaitKuwait.. The United Nations demanded that Iraq withdraw from Kuwait, The United Nations demanded that Iraq withdraw from Kuwait,

and threatened and threatened economic sanctions economic sanctions if it refused.if it refused. The U.S. demanded that military force be used as a last resort The U.S. demanded that military force be used as a last resort

to get Iraqi forces out of the country.to get Iraqi forces out of the country. The Americans were joined by a coalition of forces from 27 The Americans were joined by a coalition of forces from 27

other countries.other countries. Jan. 1991 – when the Jan. 1991 – when the UN deadline UN deadline for an Iraqi withdrawal from for an Iraqi withdrawal from

Kuwait came and went, U.S. and coalition forces began Kuwait came and went, U.S. and coalition forces began bombarding targets from the air and sea.bombarding targets from the air and sea.

Canada participated with a squadron of CF-18 fighter bombers, Canada participated with a squadron of CF-18 fighter bombers, units of the Canadian Army, and ships from the Canadian Navy units of the Canadian Army, and ships from the Canadian Navy patrolling the Persian Gulf.patrolling the Persian Gulf.

““Operation Desert StormOperation Desert Storm” had begun.” had begun. The Gulf War destroyed the Iraqi fighting force and much of the The Gulf War destroyed the Iraqi fighting force and much of the

country’s infrastructure.country’s infrastructure. After victory in the Gulf War, U.S. President George Bush After victory in the Gulf War, U.S. President George Bush

proclaimed a “proclaimed a “new world ordernew world order.”.”

– From now on, the UN would take a more active role as a global police From now on, the UN would take a more active role as a global police force.force.

– In the past, the UN had been dedicated to In the past, the UN had been dedicated to peacekeepingpeacekeeping – negotiating – negotiating settlements and keeping warring factions apart.settlements and keeping warring factions apart.

– Now it would have more of a Now it would have more of a peacemakingpeacemaking role: it would, where role: it would, where necessary, use force to punish aggression, preserve long-term peace necessary, use force to punish aggression, preserve long-term peace and security.and security.

– The UN would undertake this role under the guidance of the U.S. which The UN would undertake this role under the guidance of the U.S. which has dominated world affairs since the collapse of the Soviet Union.has dominated world affairs since the collapse of the Soviet Union.

SomaliaSomalia 1992 – the UN launched “Operation Restore Hope” in Somalia, an 1992 – the UN launched “Operation Restore Hope” in Somalia, an

east African nation that had been ravaged by years of civil war and east African nation that had been ravaged by years of civil war and starvation.starvation.

The mission was directed by the U.S., but Canadian forces joined The mission was directed by the U.S., but Canadian forces joined those from other countries in distributing food and other essential those from other countries in distributing food and other essential supplies to the desperate local population.supplies to the desperate local population.

One night, members of the Canadian Airborne Regiment arrested a One night, members of the Canadian Airborne Regiment arrested a Somali teenager found wandering in the Canadian base camp. Somali teenager found wandering in the Canadian base camp. During the night, the teen was tortured and beaten to During the night, the teen was tortured and beaten to deathdeath. At first, a military inquiry found that only a few low-. At first, a military inquiry found that only a few low-ranking officers had committed this terrible, racist crime. With ranking officers had committed this terrible, racist crime. With more evidence, it became clear that there had been a high-level more evidence, it became clear that there had been a high-level attempt to cover up the incident. In 1995, the Airborne Regiment attempt to cover up the incident. In 1995, the Airborne Regiment was disbanded.was disbanded.

RwandaRwanda This small central This small central AfricanAfrican country was torn apart by ethnic country was torn apart by ethnic

rivalries.rivalries. France and Belgium, the former colonial forces in the area, sent France and Belgium, the former colonial forces in the area, sent

troops to try to control the slaughter.troops to try to control the slaughter. A small detachment of UN peacekeepers was also sent under the A small detachment of UN peacekeepers was also sent under the

command of Canadian command of Canadian Major General Romeo Dallaire.Major General Romeo Dallaire. When Dallaire realized the extent of the planned killings, he sent a When Dallaire realized the extent of the planned killings, he sent a

series of urgent appeals to UN headquarters in New York.series of urgent appeals to UN headquarters in New York.– He believed the UN needed to send a huge multinational force to He believed the UN needed to send a huge multinational force to

disarm the warring factions.disarm the warring factions.– 2 things were needed: speed and the support of the U.S., the only 2 things were needed: speed and the support of the U.S., the only

country that could provide enough troops at short notice.country that could provide enough troops at short notice.– The U.S. feared a defeat similar to that in Somalia; their response and The U.S. feared a defeat similar to that in Somalia; their response and

that of the UN was unenthusiastic.that of the UN was unenthusiastic. Apr. 1994 – the world was horrified to learn of a massive wave of killing in Apr. 1994 – the world was horrified to learn of a massive wave of killing in

Rwanda. Within a few weeks, close to a million people had died, including Rwanda. Within a few weeks, close to a million people had died, including many women, old people, and babies.many women, old people, and babies.

WHAT ROLE SHOULD CANADA PLAY IN U.S.-WHAT ROLE SHOULD CANADA PLAY IN U.S.-DOMINATED MILITARY ALLIANCES?DOMINATED MILITARY ALLIANCES?

1991 – ethnic wars broke out in the former 1991 – ethnic wars broke out in the former YugoslaviaYugoslavia.. By 1992, fighting spread to the By 1992, fighting spread to the Republic of Bosnia-Republic of Bosnia-

HerzegovinaHerzegovina, which formed part of Yugoslavia and was , which formed part of Yugoslavia and was inhabited by Croats, Serbs, and Muslims.inhabited by Croats, Serbs, and Muslims.

Canadians were the first Canadians were the first UN peacekeepers UN peacekeepers to arrive inside to arrive inside Bosnia-Herzegovina, but neither they nor any other UN Bosnia-Herzegovina, but neither they nor any other UN peacekeeping mission were able to keep peace.peacekeeping mission were able to keep peace.

1995 – 1995 – NATONATO forces launched a series of air strikes against forces launched a series of air strikes against the mainly Serbian forces of the Yugoslav army, which was the mainly Serbian forces of the Yugoslav army, which was perceived as the aggressor.perceived as the aggressor.

The Cold War and Civilian LifeThe Cold War and Civilian LifeTHE MASSEY COMMISSIONTHE MASSEY COMMISSION

After the war, Canadians went on After the war, Canadians went on spending spreesspending sprees and purchased vast and purchased vast quantities of consumer goods like quantities of consumer goods like radios and televisionsradios and televisions!!

By the 1960’s watching TV became a family pastime.By the 1960’s watching TV became a family pastime. TV promoted consumer culture as ads encouraged people to spend.TV promoted consumer culture as ads encouraged people to spend. 1952 – first CBC tv broadcast is made1952 – first CBC tv broadcast is made Canadians enjoy shows like the Ed Sullivan Show, Howdy Doody, Mickey Canadians enjoy shows like the Ed Sullivan Show, Howdy Doody, Mickey

Mouse Club… Mouse Club… All American!All American! The The Massey CommissionMassey Commission was developed to investigate if Canadian was developed to investigate if Canadian

culture was being threatened by American influences.culture was being threatened by American influences. 1957 – Canadian Council is established to give grants to Canadian artists 1957 – Canadian Council is established to give grants to Canadian artists

(writers, dancers, etc)(writers, dancers, etc) 1968 – 1968 – CRTCCRTC (Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications (Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications

Commission) regulated the amount of foreign material broadcast and Commission) regulated the amount of foreign material broadcast and imposed Canadian content .imposed Canadian content .