Canada

Canada 1

Canada

Canada

Motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare  (Latin)"From Sea to Sea"

Anthem: "O Canada"Royal anthem: "God Save the Queen"[1][2]

Capital Ottawa45°24′N 75°40′W

Largest city Toronto

Official language(s) English and French

Recognised regional languages Chipewyan, Cree, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Slavey (North and South)and Tłįchǫ[3]

Demonym Canadian

Government Federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy[4]

 -  Monarch Elizabeth II

 -  Governor General David Johnston

 -  Prime Minister Stephen Harper

 -  Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin

Legislature Parliament

 -  Upper house Senate

 -  Lower house House of Commons

Establishment from the United Kingdom 

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 -  Constitution Act,1867

July 1, 1867 

 -  Statute ofWestminster

December 11, 1931 

 -  Canada Act April 17, 1982 

Area

 -  Total 9,984,670 km2 (2nd)3,854,085 sq mi 

 -  Water (%) 8.92 (891,163 km2/344,080 mi2)

Population

 -  2012 estimate 34840000[5] (35th)

 -  2011 census 33,476,688[6]

 -  Density 3.41/km2 (228th)8.3/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2011 estimate

 -  Total $1.396 trillion[7] (14th)

 -  Per capita $40,541[7] (12th)

GDP (nominal) 2011 estimate

 -  Total $1.736 trillion (10th)

 -  Per capita $50,436[7] (9th)

Gini (2005) 32.1[8] (medium) 

HDI (2011) 0.908[9] (very high) (6th)

Currency Canadian dollar ($) (CAD)

Time zone (UTC−3.5 to −8)

 -  Summer (DST)  (UTC−2.5 to −7)

Date formats dd-mm-yyyy, mm-dd-yyyy, and yyyy-mm-dd (CE)

Drives on the Right

ISO 3166 code CA

Internet TLD .ca

Calling code +1

Canada (  /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in thenorthern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, andnorthward into the Arctic Ocean. Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common borderwith the United States is the world's longest land border.The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy, culminating in

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the Canada Act 1982.Canada is a federal state governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with QueenElizabeth II as its head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level. As of 2011, it has a populationof approximately 33.4 million. Canada's economy is one of the world's largest and is reliant upon its naturalresources and trade, particularly with the United States with which it also has a long and complex relationship. Percapita income is the world's ninth highest. It is a member of the G7, G8, G20, NATO, OECD, WTO, Commonwealthof Nations, Francophonie, OAS, APEC, and United Nations.

EtymologyThe name Canada comes from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata, meaning "village" or "settlement".[10] In1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer JacquesCartier to the village of Stadacona.[11] Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village,but the entire area subject to Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona); by 1545, European books and maps had begunreferring to this region as Canada.[11]

In the 17th and early 18th centuries, "Canada" referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. LawrenceRiver and the northern shores of the Great Lakes. The area was later split into two British colonies, Upper Canadaand Lower Canada. They were reunified as the Province of Canada in 1841.[12]

Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country, and the word Dominionwas conferred as the country's title.[13] However, as Canada asserted its political autonomy from the UnitedKingdom, the federal government increasingly used simply Canada on state documents and treaties, a change thatwas reflected in the renaming of the national holiday from Dominion Day to Canada Day in 1982.[14]

History

Aboriginal peoplesArchaeological studies and genetic analyses have indicated a human presence in the northern Yukon region from24,500 BC, and in southern Ontario from 7500 BC.[15][16][17] The Paleo-Indian archaeological sites at Old CrowFlats and Bluefish Caves are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada.[18][19][20] The characteristics ofCanadian Aboriginal societies included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and tradingnetworks.[21][22] Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th andearly 16th centuries, and have only been discovered through archaeological investigations.[23]

The aboriginal population is estimated to have been between 200,000[24] and two million in the late 15th century,[25]

with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Health.[26] As a consequence of theEuropean colonization, Canada's aboriginal peoples suffered from repeated outbreaks of newly introduced infectiousdiseases such as influenza, measles, and smallpox (to which they had no natural immunity), resulting in a forty- toeighty-percent population decrease in the centuries after the European arrival.[24] Aboriginal peoples in present-dayCanada include the First Nations,[27] Inuit,[28] and Métis.[29] The Métis are a mixed-blood people who originated inthe mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married European settlers.[30] In general, the Inuit hadmore limited interaction with European settlers during the colonization period.[31]

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European colonizationFurther information: Former colonies and territories in Canada

Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe(1771) dramatizes James Wolfe's death during the

Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Quebec in1759.

The first known attempt at European colonization began whenNorsemen settled briefly at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundlandaround 1000 AD.[32] No further European exploration occurred until1497, when Italian seafarer John Cabot explored Canada's Atlanticcoast for England.[33] Basque and Portuguese mariners establishedseasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast in theearly 16th century.[34] In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartierexplored the St. Lawrence River, where on July 24 he planted a10-metre (unknown operator: u'strong' ft) cross bearing the words"Long Live the King of France", and took possession of the territory inthe name of King Francis I of France.[35]

In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed St. John's, Newfoundland, asthe first North American English colony by the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I.[36] French explorer Samuelde Champlain arrived in 1603, and established the first permanent European settlements at Port Royal in 1605 andQuebec City in 1608. Among the French colonists of New France, Canadiens extensively settled the St. LawrenceRiver valley and Acadians settled the present-day Maritimes, while fur traders and Catholic missionaries exploredthe Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana. The Beaver Wars broke out in themid-17th century over control of the North American fur trade.[37]

The English established additional colonies in Cupids and Ferryland, Newfoundland, beginning in 1610. TheThirteen Colonies to the south were founded soon after.[34] A series of four French and Indian Wars erupted between1689 and 1763.[38] Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht; the Treaty ofParis (1763) ceded Canada and most of New France to Britain after the Seven Years' War.[39]

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 created the Province of Quebec out of New France, and annexed Cape BretonIsland to Nova Scotia.[14] St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) became a separate colony in 1769.[40] Toavert conflict in Quebec, the British passed the Quebec Act of 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakesand Ohio Valley. It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law there. This angered manyresidents of the Thirteen Colonies, fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the 1775 outbreak of theAmerican Revolution.[14]

The 1783 Treaty of Paris recognized American independence and ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to theUnited States. New Brunswick was split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in theMaritimes. To accommodate English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided theprovince into French-speaking Lower Canada (later Quebec) and English-speaking Upper Canada (later Ontario),granting each its own elected legislative assembly.[41]

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Robert Harris's Fathers of Confederation (1884),an amalgamation of the Charlottetown and

Quebec conferences of 1864.[42]

The Canadas were the main front in the War of 1812 between theUnited States and Britain. Following the war, large-scale immigrationto Canada from Britain and Ireland began in 1815.[25] Between 1825and 1846, 626,628 European immigrants reportedly landed at Canadianports.[43] Between one-quarter and one-third of all Europeans whoimmigrated to Canada before 1891 died of infectious diseases.[24]

The desire for responsible government resulted in the abortiveRebellions of 1837. The Durham Report subsequently recommendedresponsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians intoEnglish culture.[14] The Act of Union 1840 merged the Canadas into aunited Province of Canada. Responsible government was established for all British North American provinces by1849.[44] The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundarydispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel. This paved the way for British colonies onVancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858).[45]

Confederation and expansion

An animated map showing the growth and change of Canada's provinces andterritories since Confederation in 1867.

Following several constitutionalconferences, the 1867 Constitution Actofficially proclaimed CanadianConfederation on July 1, 1867, initially withfour provinces – Ontario, Quebec, NovaScotia, and New Brunswick.[46][47][48]

Canada assumed control of Rupert's Landand the North-Western Territory to form theNorthwest Territories, where the Métis'grievances ignited the Red River Rebellionand the creation of the province of Manitobain July 1870.[49] British Columbia andVancouver Island (which had been united in1866) joined the Confederation in 1871,while Prince Edward Island joined in1873.[50] Prime Minister John A.Macdonald and his Conservativegovernment established a National Policy oftariffs to protect the nascent Canadianmanufacturing industries.[48]

To open the West, the government sponsored the construction of three transcontinental railways (including theCanadian Pacific Railway), opened the prairies to settlement with the Dominion Lands Act, and established theNorth-West Mounted Police to assert its authority over this territory.[51][52] In 1898, during the Klondike Gold Rushin the Northwest Territories, the Canadian government created the Yukon Territory. Under the Liberal PrimeMinister Wilfrid Laurier, continental European immigrants settled the prairies, and Alberta and Saskatchewanbecame provinces in 1905.[50]

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Early 20th century

Canadian soldiers and a Mark II tank at the Battleof Vimy Ridge in 1917.

Because Britain still maintained control of Canada's foreign affairsunder the Confederation Act, its declaration of war in 1914automatically brought Canada into World War I. Volunteers sent to theWestern Front later became part of the Canadian Corps. The Corpsplayed a substantial role in the Battle of Vimy Ridge and other majorengagements of the war.[53] Out of approximately 625,000 Canadianswho served in World War I, around 60,000 were killed and another173,000 were wounded.[54] The Conscription Crisis of 1917 eruptedwhen conservative Prime Minister Robert Borden brought incompulsory military service over the objections of French-speakingQuébécois. In 1919, Canada joined the League of Nationsindependently of Britain,[53] and the 1931 Statute of Westminsteraffirmed Canada's independence.[4]

The Great Depression of the early 1930s brought great economic hardship to Canada. In response to the downturn,the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a welfare state (aspioneered by Tommy Douglas) in the 1940s and 1950s.[55] Canada declared war on Germany independently duringWorld War II under Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, three days after Britain. The firstCanadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939.[53]

Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war, including the failed 1942 Dieppe Raid, theAllied invasion of Italy, the Normandy landings, the Battle of Normandy, and the Battle of the Scheldt in 1944.[53]

Canada provided asylum for the monarchy of the Netherlands while that country was occupied, and is credited by theNetherlands for major contributions to its liberation from Nazi Germany.[56] The Canadian economy boomed duringthe war as its industries manufactured military materiel for Canada, Britain, China, and the Soviet Union.[53] Despiteanother Conscription Crisis in Quebec, Canada finished the war with a large army and strong economy.[57]

Modern times

At Rideau Hall, Governor General the ViscountAlexander of Tunis (centre) receives the bill

finalizing the union of Newfoundland and Canadaon March 31, 1949.

The Dominion of Newfoundland (now Newfoundland and Labrador)was unified with Canada in 1949.[58] Canada's post-war economicgrowth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments,led to the emergence of a new Canadian identity, marked by theadoption of the current Maple Leaf Flag in 1965,[59] theimplementation of official bilingualism (English and French) in1969,[60] and the institution of official multiculturalism in 1971.[61]

Socially democratic programs were also instituted, such as Medicare,the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans, thoughprovincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposedmany of these as incursions into their jurisdictions.[62] Finally, anotherseries of constitutional conferences resulted in the 1982 patriation ofCanada's constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with thecreation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[63] In 1999,Nunavut became Canada's third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government.[64]

At the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, giving birth to a modern nationalist movement. The radical Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) ignited the October Crisis in 1970,[65] and the sovereignist Parti Québécois was elected in 1976, organizing an unsuccessful

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referendum on sovereignty-association in 1980. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionallythrough the Meech Lake Accord failed in 1990.[66] This led to the formation of the Bloc Québécois in Quebec andthe invigoration of the Reform Party of Canada in the West.[67][68] A second referendum followed in 1995, in whichsovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of just 50.6 to 49.4 percent. In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled thatunilateral secession by a province would be unconstitutional, and the Clarity Act was passed by parliament, outliningthe terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation.[66]

In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1980s andearly 1990s. These included the explosion of Air India Flight 182 in 1985, the largest mass murder in Canadianhistory;[69] the École Polytechnique massacre in 1989, a university shooting targeting female students;[70] and theOka Crisis of 1990,[71] the first of a number of violent confrontations between the government and Aboriginalgroups.[72] Canada also joined the Gulf War in 1990 as part of a US-led coalition force, and was active in severalpeacekeeping missions in the late 1990s.[73] Canada sent troops to Afghanistan in 2001, but declined to send forcesto Iraq when the US invaded in 2003.[74] In 2011, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention intothe Libyan civil war.[75]

Geography

A satellite composite image of Canada. Boreal forests prevail on therocky Canadian Shield, while ice and tundra are prominent in the

Arctic. Glaciers are visible in the Canadian Rockies and CoastMountains. The flat and fertile prairies facilitate agriculture. TheGreat Lakes feed the St. Lawrence River in the southeast, where

lowlands host much of Canada's population.

Canada occupies a major northern portion of NorthAmerica, sharing land borders with the contiguousUnited States to the south and the US state of Alaska tothe northwest. Canada stretches from the AtlanticOcean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; tothe north lies the Arctic Ocean.[76][77] Greenland is tothe northeast, while Saint Pierre and Miquelon is southof Newfoundland.

By total area (including its waters), Canada is thesecond-largest country in the world, after Russia. Byland area alone, Canada ranks fourth.[77] The countrylies between latitudes 41° and 84°N, and longitudes 52°and 141°W.

Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of theArctic between 60° and 141°W longitude,[78] but thisclaim is not universally recognized. Canada is home to the world's northernmost settlement, Canadian Forces StationAlert, on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island – latitude 82.5°N – which lies 817 kilometres (unknown operator:u'strong' mi) from the North Pole.[79] Much of the Canadian Arctic is covered by ice and permafrost. Canada hasthe longest coastline in the world, with a total length of 202080 kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong' mi);[77]

additionally, its border with the United States is the world's longest land border, stretching 8891 kilometres(unknown operator: u'strong' mi).[80]

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The Horseshoe Falls in Niagara Falls, Ontario, isone of the world's most voluminous

waterfalls.[81]

Since the end of the last glacial period, Canada has consisted of eightdistinct forest regions, including extensive boreal forest on theCanadian Shield.[82] Canada has around 31,700 large lakes,[83] morethan any other country, containing much of the world's fresh water.[84]

There are also fresh-water glaciers in the Canadian Rockies and theCoast Mountains. Canada is geologically active, having manyearthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager,Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley, and the Mount Edziza volcaniccomplex.[85] The volcanic eruption of the Tseax Cone in 1775 wasamong Canada's worst natural disasters, killing 2,000 Nisga'a peopleand destroying their village in the Nass River valley of northern BritishColumbia. The eruption produced a 22.5-kilometre (unknown

operator: u'strong' mi) lava flow, and, according to Nisga'a legend, blocked the flow of the Nass River.[86]

Canada's population density, at 3.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (unknown operator: u'strong' /sq mi), isamong the lowest in the world. The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City – WindsorCorridor, situated in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.[87]

Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh inmany parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate,where daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F), but can drop below −40 °C (−unknown operator:u'strong' °F) with severe wind chills.[88] In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months ofthe year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate,with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C(70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), withtemperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 °C (unknown operator: u'strong' °F).[89]

Government and politics

Parliament Hill in Canada's capital city, Ottawa

Canada has a parliamentary system within the context of aconstitutional monarchy, the monarchy of Canada being the foundationof the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[90][91][92][93] Thesovereign is Queen Elizabeth II, who also serves as head of state of 15other Commonwealth countries and each of Canada's ten provinces andresides predominantly in the United Kingdom. As such, the Queen'srepresentative, the Governor General of Canada (presently DavidLloyd Johnston), carries out most of the federal royal duties inCanada.[94][95]

The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in areas ofgovernance is limited;[92][96][97] in practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by the Cabinet, a committeeof ministers of the Crown responsible to the elected House of Commons and chosen and headed by the PrimeMinister of Canada (presently Stephen Harper),[98] the head of government, though the governor general or monarchmay in certain crisis situations exercise their power without ministerial advice.[96] To ensure the stability ofgovernment, the governor general will usually appoint as prime minister the person who is the current leader of thepolitical party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the House of Commons.[99] The Prime Minister's Office(PMO) is thus one of the most powerful institutions in government, initiating most legislation for parliamentary

approval and selecting for appointment by the Crown, besides the aforementioned, the governor general, lieutenant governors, senators, federal court judges, and heads of Crown corporations and government agencies.[96] The leader

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of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition (presentlyThomas Mulcair) and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check.[100]

The Senate chamber within the Centre Block onParliament Hill

Each of the 308 Members of Parliament in the House of Commons iselected by simple plurality in an electoral district or riding. Generalelections must be called by the governor general, on the advice of theprime minister, within four years of the previous election, or may betriggered by the government losing a confidence vote in the House.[101]

The 105 members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on aregional basis, serve until age 75.[102] Five parties had representativeselected to the federal parliament in the 2011 elections: theConservative Party of Canada (governing party), the New DemocraticParty (the Official Opposition), the Liberal Party of Canada, the BlocQuébécois, and the Green Party of Canada. The list of historical parties

with elected representation is substantial.

Canada's federal structure divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the ten provinces.Provincial legislatures are unicameral and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons.[97]

Canada's three territories also have legislatures, but these are not sovereign and have fewer constitutionalresponsibilities than the provinces.[103] The territorial legislatures also differ structurally from their provincialcounterparts.[104]

LawThe Constitution of Canada is the supreme law of the country, and consists of written text and unwrittenconventions. The Constitution Act, 1867 (known as the British North America Act prior to 1982) affirmedgovernance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments;the Statute of Westminster 1931 granted full autonomy; and the Constitution Act, 1982, ended all legislative ties tothe UK, added a constitutional amending formula, and added the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, whichguarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually cannot be overridden by any government – though anotwithstanding clause allows the federal parliament and provincial legislatures to override certain sections of theCharter for a period of five years.[105]

The Indian Chiefs Medal, presented tocommemorate the Numbered Treaties

Although not without conflict, European Canadians' early interactionswith First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful. TheCrown and Aboriginal peoples began interactions during the Europeancolonialization period. Numbered Treaties, the Indian Act, theConstitution Act of 1982, and case laws were established.[106] A seriesof eleven treaties were signed between Aboriginals in Canada and thereigning Monarch of Canada from 1871 to 1921.[107] These treaties areagreements with the Government of Canada administered by CanadianAboriginal law and overseen by the Minister of Indian Affairs andNorthern Development. The role of the treaties was reaffirmed bySection Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982, which "recognizes and affirms existing Aboriginal and treatyrights".[106] These rights may include provision of services such as health care, and exemption from taxation.[108]

The legal and policy framework within which Canada and First Nations operate was further formalized in 2005,through the First Nations–Federal Crown Political Accord.[106]

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The Supreme Court of Canada in Ottawa, west ofParliament Hill

Canada's judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and hasthe power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution. TheSupreme Court of Canada is the highest court and final arbiter and hasbeen led by the Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin, P.C. (the firstfemale Chief Justice) since 2000.[109] Its nine members are appointedby the governor general on the advice of the Prime Minister andMinister of Justice. All judges at the superior and appellate levels areappointed after consultation with nongovernmental legal bodies. Thefederal cabinet also appoints justices to superior courts at theprovincial and territorial levels.[110]

Common law prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where civil law predominates. Criminal law is solely a federalresponsibility and is uniform throughout Canada.[111] Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is officially aprovincial responsibility, conducted by provincial police forces.[112] However, in most rural areas and some urbanareas, policing responsibilities are contracted to the federal Royal Canadian Mounted Police.[113]

Foreign relations and military

Prime Minister Stephen Harper meeting Presidentof the United States Barack Obama in 2009

Canada currently employs a professional, volunteer military force ofover 67,000 regular personnel and approximately 43,000 reservepersonnel, including supplementary reserves.[114] The unifiedCanadian Forces (CF) comprise the Canadian Army, Royal CanadianNavy, and Royal Canadian Air Force. In 2011, Canada's militaryexpenditure totalled approximately C$24.5 billion.[115]

Canada and the United States share the world's longest undefendedborder, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are eachother's largest trading partner.[116] Canada nevertheless has anindependent foreign policy, most notably maintaining full relations with Cuba and declining to officially participatein the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Canada also maintains historic ties to the United Kingdom and France and to otherformer British and French colonies through Canada's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and theFrancophonie.[117] Canada is noted for having a positive relationship with the Netherlands, owing, in part, to itscontribution to the Dutch liberation during World War II.[56]

Canada's strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in British militaryefforts in the Second Boer War, World War I and World War II. Since then, Canada has been an advocate formultilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations.[118][119] Canada was afounding member of the United Nations in 1945 and of NATO in 1949. During the Cold War, Canada was a majorcontributor to UN forces in the Korean War and founded the North American Aerospace Defense Command(NORAD) in cooperation with the United States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the Soviet Union.[120]

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Canadian Army soldiers from the Royal 22ndRegiment deploying during UNITAS exercises in

April 2009

During the Suez Crisis of 1956, future Prime Minister Lester B.Pearson eased tensions by proposing the inception of the UnitedNations Peacekeeping Force, for which he was awarded the 1957Nobel Peace Prize.[121] As this was the first UN peacekeeping mission,Pearson is often credited as the inventor of the concept. Canada hassince served in 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UNpeacekeeping effort until 1989,[53] and has since maintained forces ininternational missions in Rwanda, the former Yugoslavia, andelsewhere; Canada has sometimes faced controversy over itsinvolvement in foreign countries, notably in the 1993 SomaliaAffair.[122]

Canada joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990 and hosted the OAS General Assembly inWindsor, Ontario, in June 2000 and the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City in April 2001.[123] Canadaseeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperationforum (APEC).[124]

The Halifax-class frigate HMCS Regina, awarship of the Royal Canadian Navy, during the

2004 RIMPAC exercises

In 2001, Canada deployed troops to Afghanistan as part of the USstabilization force and the UN-authorized, NATO-led InternationalSecurity Assistance Force. Starting in July 2011, Canada beganwithdrawing its troops from Afghanistan. In all, Canada lost 158soldiers, one diplomat, two aid workers, and one journalist during themission,[125] which cost approximately C$11.3 billion.[126]

In February 2007, Canada, Italy, the United Kingdom, Norway, andRussia announced their joint commitment to a $1.5-billion project tohelp develop vaccines for developing nations, and called on othercountries to join them.[127] In August 2007, Canada's territorial claimsin the Arctic were challenged after a Russian underwater expedition tothe North Pole; Canada has considered that area to be sovereign territory since 1925.[128] In July 2010, the federalgovernment announced the largest purchase in Canadian military history – the acquisition of 65 F-35 Lightning II jetfighters, totalling C$9 billion.[129] Between March and October 2011, Canadian forces participated in aUN-mandated NATO intervention into the 2011 Libyan civil war.[130]

Provinces and territoriesCanada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories. In turn, these may be grouped into four mainregions: Western Canada, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Canada ("Eastern Canada" refers toCentral Canada and Atlantic Canada together). Provinces have more autonomy than territories, having responsibilityfor social programs such as health care, education, and welfare. Together, the provinces collect more revenue thanthe federal government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world. Using its spending powers, thefederal government can initiate national policies in provincial areas, such as the Canada Health Act; the provincescan opt out of these, but rarely do so in practice. Equalization payments are made by the federal government toensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorerprovinces.[131]

A clickable map of Canada exhibiting its ten provinces and three territories, and their capitals.

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Economy

Representatives of the governments of Canada,Mexico, and the United States sign the NorthAmerican Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in

1992.

Canada is the world's eleventh-largest economy, with a 2011 nominalGDP of approximately US$1.74 trillion.[7] It is a member of theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)and the G8, and is one of the world's top ten trading nations, with ahighly globalized economy.[132][133] Canada is a mixed economy,ranking above the US and most western European nations on theHeritage Foundation's index of economic freedom.[134] The largestforeign importers of Canadian goods are the United States, the UnitedKingdom, and Japan.[135]

In the past century, the growth of Canada's manufacturing, mining, andservice sectors has transformed the nation from a largely ruraleconomy to an advanced, urbanized, industrial one. Like many otherFirst World nations, the Canadian economy is dominated by the service industry, which employs aboutthree-quarters of the country's workforce.[136] However, Canada is unusual among developed countries in theimportance of its primary sector, in which the logging and petroleum industries are two of the most prominentcomponents.[137]

Canada is one of the few developed nations that are net exporters of energy.[138] Atlantic Canada possesses vast offshore deposits of natural gas, and Alberta also hosts large oil and gas resources. The immense Athabasca oil sands give Canada the world's second-largest proven oil reserves, after Saudi Arabia.[139] Canada is additionally one of the world's largest suppliers of agricultural products; the Canadian Prairies are one of the most important global

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producers of wheat, canola, and other grains.[140] Canada is a major producer of zinc and uranium, and is a leadingexporter of many other minerals, such as gold, nickel, aluminum, and lead.[138][141] Many towns in northern Canada,where agriculture is difficult, are sustainable because of nearby mines or sources of timber. Canada also has a sizablemanufacturing sector centred in southern Ontario and Quebec, with automobiles and aeronautics representingparticularly important industries.[142]

Canada's economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since World War II. TheAutomotive Products Trade Agreement of 1965 opened Canada's borders to trade in the automobile manufacturingindustry. In the 1970s, concerns over energy self-sufficiency and foreign ownership in the manufacturing sectorsprompted Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's Liberal government to enact the National Energy Program (NEP) and theForeign Investment Review Agency (FIRA).[143] In the 1980s, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's ProgressiveConservatives abolished the NEP and changed the name of FIRA to "Investment Canada", in order to encourageforeign investment.[144] The Canada – United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) of 1988 eliminated tariffsbetween the two countries, while the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) expanded the free-trade zoneto include Mexico in 1994.[140] In the mid-1990s, Jean Chrétien's Liberal government began to post annualbudgetary surpluses, and steadily paid down the national debt.[145]

In 2008, Canada's imported goods were worth over $442.9 billion, of which $280.8 billion originated from theUnited States, $11.7 billion from Japan, and $11.3 billion from the United Kingdom.[135] The country’s 2009 tradedeficit totaled C$4.8 billion, compared with a C$46.9 billion surplus in 2008.[146]

The global financial crisis of 2008 caused a major recession, which led to a significant rise in unemployment inCanada.[147] By October 2009, Canada's national unemployment rate reached 8.6 percent, with provincialunemployment rates varying from a low of 5.8 percent in Manitoba to a high of 17 percent in Newfoundland andLabrador.[148] Between October 2008 and October 2010, the Canadian labour market lost 162,000 full-time jobs anda total of 224,000 permanent jobs.[149] Canada's federal debt was estimated to total $566.7 billion for the fiscal year2010–11, up from $463.7 billion in 2008–09.[150] Canada’s net foreign debt rose by $41 billion to $194 billion in thefirst quarter of 2010.[151]

Science and technology

The Canadarm robotic manipulator in action onSpace Shuttle Discovery during the STS-116

mission in 2006.

In 2011, Canada spent approximately C$29.9 billion on domesticresearch and development.[152] The country has produced ten Nobellaureates in physics, chemistry and medicine,[153] and is home to anumber of global technology firms, such as smartphone makerResearch In Motion and video games developer BioWare.[154] Canadaranks twelfth in the world for Internet users as a proportion of thepopulation, with over 28 million users, equivalent to around 84 percentof its total 2011 population.[155]

The Canadian Space Agency operates a highly active space program,conducting deep-space, planetary, and aviation research, anddeveloping rockets and satellites. In 1984, Marc Garneau becameCanada's first astronaut. As of 2012, nine Canadians have flown into space, over the course of fifteen mannedmissions.[156] Canada is a participant in the International Space Station (ISS), and is a pioneer in space robotics,having constructed the Canadarm, Canadarm2 and Dextre robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA. Since the1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including Radarsat-1 and2, ISIS and MOST.[157] Canada has also produced a successful and widely used sounding rocket, the Black Brant;over 1,000 Black Brants have been launched since the rocket's introduction in 1961.[158]

Canada 14

Demographics

Historical populationsYear Pop. ±%

1851 2415000 —

1861 3174000 +31.4%

1871 3689000 +16.2%

1881 4325000 +17.2%

1891 4833000 +11.7%

1901 5371000 +11.1%

1911 7207000 +34.2%

1921 8788000 +21.9%

1931 10377000 +18.1%

1941 11507000 +10.9%

1951 14009000 +21.7%

1961 18238000 +30.2%

1971 21962000 +20.4%

1981 24820000 +13.0%

1991 28031000 +12.9%

2001 31021000 +10.7%

2011 33476000 +7.9%

Source: StatisticsCanada[6][159]

The 2011 Canadian census counted a total population of 33,476,688, an increase of around 5.9 percent over the 2006figure.[6][160] Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overallgrowth. The main drivers of population growth are immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth. Aboutfour-fifths of the population lives within 150 kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong' mi) of the United Statesborder.[161] Approximately 80 percent of Canadians live in urban areas concentrated in the Quebec City – WindsorCorridor, the BC Lower Mainland, and the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor in Alberta.[162] In common with many otherdeveloped countries, Canada is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more retirees andfewer people of working age. In 2006, the average age was 39.5 years;[163] by 2011, it had risen to approximately39.9 years.[164]

According to the 2006 census, the country's largest self-reported ethnic origin is Canadian (accounting for 32% ofthe population), followed by English (21%), French (15.8%), Scottish (15.1%), Irish (13.9%), German (10.2%),Italian (4.6%), Chinese (4.3%), First Nations (4.0%), Ukrainian (3.9%), and Dutch (3.3%).[165] There are 600recognized First Nations governments or bands, encompassing a total of 1,172,790 people.[166]

Canada's aboriginal population is growing at almost twice the national rate, and four percent of Canada's population claimed aboriginal identity in 2006. Another 16.2 percent of the population belonged to a non-aboriginal visible minority.[167] The largest visible minority groups are South Asian (4.0%), Chinese (3.9%) and Black (2.5%). Between 2001 and 2006, the visible minority population rose by 27.2 percent.[168] In 1961, less than two percent of Canada's population (about 300,000 people) could be classified as belonging to a visible minority group, and less than one percent as aboriginal.[169] By 2007, almost one in five (19.8%) were foreign-born, with nearly 60 percent of

Canada 15

new immigrants coming from Asia (including the Middle East).[170] The leading sources of immigrants to Canadawere China, the Philippines and India.[171] According to Statistics Canada, visible minority groups could account fora third of the Canadian population by 2031.[172]

Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world,[173] driven by economic policy and familyreunification, and is aiming for between 240,000 and 265,000 new permanent residents in 2012,[174] a similarnumber of immigrants as in recent years.[175] In 2010, a record 280,636 people immigrated to Canada.[176] Newimmigrants settle mostly in major urban areas like Toronto and Vancouver.[177] Canada also accepts large numbersof refugees.[178] The country resettles over one in 10 of the world’s refugees.[179]

According to the 2001 census, 77.1 percent of Canadians identify as Christian; of this, Catholics make up the largestgroup, accounting for 43.6 percent of the population. The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church ofCanada (accounting for 9.5% of Canadians), followed by Anglicans (6.8%), Baptists (2.4%), Lutherans (2%), andother Christian denominations (4.4%). About 16.5 percent declare no religious affiliation, and the remaining 6.3percent are affiliated with non-Christian religions, the largest of which are Islam (2.0%) and Judaism (1.1%).[180]

Canadian provinces and territories are responsible for education. The mandatory school age ranges between 5–7 to16–18 years,[181] contributing to an adult literacy rate of 99 percent.[77] In 2002, 43 percent of Canadians aged 25 to64 possessed a post-secondary education; for those aged 25 to 34, the rate of post-secondary education reached 51percent.[182] The Programme for International Student Assessment indicates that Canadian students rank well abovethe OECD average, particularly in mathematics, sciences, and reading.[183]

Largest metropolitan areas in Canada by population (2011 Census)

Name Province Population Name Province Population

Toronto Ontario 5,583,064 London Ontario 474,786

Montreal Quebec 3,824,221 St.Catharines–Niagara

Ontario 392,184

Vancouver BritishColumbia

2,313,328 Halifax Nova Scotia 390,328

Ottawa–Gatineau Ontario–Quebec 1,236,324 Oshawa Ontario 356,177

Calgary Alberta 1,214,839 Victoria British Columbia 344,615

Edmonton Alberta 1,159,869 Windsor Ontario 319,246

Quebec Quebec 765,706 Saskatoon Saskatchewan 260,600

Winnipeg Manitoba 730,018 Regina Saskatchewan 210,556

Hamilton Ontario 721,053 Sherbrooke Quebec 201,890

Kitchener–Cambridge-Waterloo Ontario 477,160 St. John's Newfoundland andLabrador

196,966

Canada 16

Language

In 2006, about 17.4 percent of the populationwere reportedly bilingual.  English –

57.8%  English and French (Bilingual) –17.4%  French – 22.1%  Sparsely populated area

(<0.4 persons per km2)

Canada's two official languages are Canadian English and CanadianFrench. Official bilingualism is defined in the Canadian Charter ofRights and Freedoms, the Official Languages Act, and OfficialLanguage Regulations; it is applied by the Commissioner of OfficialLanguages. English and French have equal status in federal courts,Parliament, and in all federal institutions. Citizens have the right,where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal governmentservices in either English or French, and official-language minoritiesare guaranteed their own schools in all provinces and territories.[184]

English and French are the first languages of 59.7 and 23.2 percent ofthe population respectively. Approximately 98 percent of Canadiansspeak English or French: 57.8 percent speak English only, 22.1 percentspeak French only, and 17.4 percent speak both.[185] The English andFrench official-language communities, defined by the first officiallanguage spoken, constitute 73.0 and 23.6 percent of the population

respectively.[186]

The 1977 Charter of the French Language established French as the official language of Quebec.[187] Although morethan 85 percent of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, there are substantial Francophone populations inOntario, Alberta, and southern Manitoba; Ontario has the largest French-speaking population outside Quebec.[188]

New Brunswick, the only officially bilingual province, has a French-speaking Acadian minority constituting 33percent of the population. There are also clusters of Acadians in southwestern Nova Scotia, on Cape Breton Island,and through central and western Prince Edward Island.[189]

Other provinces have no official languages as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and forother government services, in addition to English. Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec allow for both English and Frenchto be spoken in the provincial legislatures, and laws are enacted in both languages. In Ontario, French has some legalstatus, but is not fully co-official.[190] There are 11 Aboriginal language groups, composed of more than 65 distinctdialects.[191] Of these, only the Cree, Inuktitut and Ojibway languages have a large enough population of fluentspeakers to be considered viable to survive in the long term.[192] Several aboriginal languages have official status inthe Northwest Territories.[193] Inuktitut is the majority language in Nunavut, and is one of three official languages inthe territory.[194]

In 2005, over six million people in Canada listed a non-official language as their mother tongue. Some of the mostcommon non-official first languages include Chinese (mainly Cantonese; 1,012,065 first-language speakers), Italian(455,040), German (450,570), Punjabi (367,505) and Spanish (345,345).[195] English and French are themost-spoken home languages, being spoken at home by 68.3 and 22.3 percent of the population respectively.[196]

Canada 17

Culture

Bill Reid's 1980 sculpture Raven and The FirstMen. The Raven is a figure common to many of

Canada's Aboriginal mythologies.

Canadian society is often depicted as being "diverse andmulticultural".[197][198] Canada's culture draws influences from itsbroad range of constituent nationalities, and policies that promotemulticulturalism are constitutionally protected.[199] In Quebec, culturalidentity is strong, and many French-speaking commentators speak of aculture of Quebec that is distinct from English Canadian culture.[200]

However, as a whole, Canada is in theory a cultural mosaic – acollection of several regional, aboriginal, and ethnic subcultures.[201]

Government policies such as publicly funded health care, highertaxation to redistribute wealth, the outlawing of capital punishment,strong efforts to eliminate poverty, an emphasis on multiculturalism,strict gun control, and the legalization of same-sex marriage are furthersocial indicators of Canada's political and cultural values.[202]

Historically, Canada has been influenced by British, French, and aboriginal cultures and traditions. Through theirlanguage, art and music, aboriginal peoples continue to influence the Canadian identity.[203] Many Canadians valuemulticulturalism and see Canada as being inherently multicultural.[63] American media and entertainment arepopular, if not dominant, in English Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers aresuccessful in the United States and worldwide.[204] The preservation of a distinctly Canadian culture is supported byfederal government programs, laws, and institutions such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), theNational Film Board of Canada, and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission.[205]

The Jack Pine by Tom Thomson. Oil on canvas,1916, in the collection of the National Gallery of

Canada.

Canadian visual art has been dominated by figures such as TomThomson – the country's most famous painter – and by the Group ofSeven. Thomson's career painting Canadian landscapes spanned adecade up to his death in 1917 at age 39.[206] The Group were painterswith a nationalistic and idealistic focus, who first exhibited theirdistinctive works in May 1920. Though referred to as having sevenmembers, five artists – Lawren Harris, A. Y. Jackson, Arthur Lismer,J. E. H. MacDonald, and Frederick Varley – were responsible forarticulating the Group's ideas. They were joined briefly by FrankJohnston, and by commercial artist Franklin Carmichael. A. J. Cassonbecame part of the Group in 1926.[207] Associated with the Group wasanother prominent Canadian artist, Emily Carr, known for herlandscapes and portrayals of the indigenous peoples of the PacificNorthwest Coast.[208]

The Canadian music industry has produced internationally renowned composers, musicians and ensembles.[209]

Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and TelecommunicationsCommission (CRTC). The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences presents Canada's music industryawards, the Juno Awards, which were first awarded in 1970.[210] The national anthem of Canada O Canada adoptedin 1980, was originally commissioned by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, the Honourable Théodore Robitaille,for the 1880 St. Jean-Baptiste Day ceremony.[211] Calixa Lavallée wrote the music, which was a setting of a patrioticpoem composed by the poet and judge Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier. The text was originally only in French, before itwas translated to English in 1906.[212]

Canada 18

A scene at the 2010 Winter Olympics inVancouver, seconds after Team Canada won a

gold medal in men's ice hockey.

Canada's official national sports are ice hockey and lacrosse.[213]

Hockey is a national pastime and the most popular spectator sport inthe country. It is also the sport most played by Canadians, with1.65 million participants reported in 2004. Seven of Canada's eightlargest metropolitan areas – Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa,Calgary, Edmonton and Winnipeg – have franchises in the NationalHockey League (NHL), and there are more Canadian players in theNHL than from all other countries combined. Other popular spectatorsports include curling and football; the latter is played professionally inthe Canadian Football League (CFL). Golf, baseball, skiing, soccer,cricket, volleyball, rugby league and basketball are widely played atyouth and amateur levels, but professional leagues and franchises are

not widespread.[214]

Canada has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including the 1976 Summer Olympics inMontreal, the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, the 1994 Basketball World Championship and the 2007 FIFA U-20World Cup. Canada was the host nation for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler, BritishColumbia.[215]

Canada's national symbols are influenced by natural, historical, and Aboriginal sources. The use of the maple leaf asa Canadian symbol dates to the early 18th century. The maple leaf is depicted on Canada's current and previousflags, on the penny, and on the Arms of Canada.[216] Other prominent symbols include the beaver, Canada Goose,Common Loon, the Crown, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police,[216] and more recently, the totem pole andInuksuk.[217]

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Canada 19

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[187] Bourhis, Richard Y; Montaruli, Elisa; Amiot, Catherine E (May 2007). "Language planning and French-English bilingual communication:Montreal field studies from 1977 to 1997". International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2007 (185): 187–224.doi:10.1515/IJSL.2007.031.

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Canada 26

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Further reading

History

• Francis, RD; Jones, Richard; Smith, Donald B (2009). Journeys: AHistory of Canada (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=GbbZRIOKclsC& pg=PP1). Nelson Education.ISBN 978-0-17-644244-6.

• Taylor, Martin Brook; Owram, Doug (1994). Canadian History. 1 & 2.University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-5016-8, ISBN978-0-8020-2801-3

Geography and climate

• Stanford, Quentin H, ed. (2008). Canadian Oxford World Atlas (6th ed.).Oxford University Press (Canada). ISBN 978-0-19-542928-2.

Government and law

• Malcolmson, Patrick; Myers, Richard (2009). The Canadian Regime: AnIntroduction to Parliamentary Government in Canada (http:/ / books.google. com/ books?id=-jpXFH_ZhY8C& pg=PP1) (4th ed.). Universityof Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-0047-8.

• Morton, Frederick Lee (2002). Law, politics, and the judicial process inCanada (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=dj_4_H35nmYC&pg=PP1). Frederick Lee. ISBN 978-1-55238-046-8.

Foreign relations and military

• Granatstein, JL (2011). Canada's Army: Waging War andKeeping the Peace (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=z7E-j1UWuOMC& pg=PP1) (2nd ed.). University ofToronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-1178-8.

Economy

• Canada 2010 (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=tvLuZ2iQAqkC). OECD economic surveys. 2010.ISBN 978-92-64-08325-7.

Demography and statistics

• Statistics Canada (2008). Canada Year Book (CYB) annual1867–1967 (http:/ / www65. statcan. gc. ca/ acyb_r000-eng.htm). Federal Publications (Queen of Canada).

• Statistics Canada (October 27, 2010). Canada Year Book (http:/ /www. statcan. gc. ca/ pub/ 11-402-x/ 11-402-x2010000-eng.htm). Federal Publications (Queen of Canada). Catalogue no11-402-XPE.

Culture

• Magocsi, Paul R (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples(http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC).Society of Ontario, University of Toronto Press.ISBN 978-0-8020-2938-6.

External links• Official website of the Government of Canada (http:/ / www. gc. ca/ )• Official website of the Governor General of Canada (http:/ / www. gg. ca/ )• Canada (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ North_America/ Canada/ ) at the Open Directory Project• Canadian Studies: A Guide to the Sources (http:/ / www. iccs-ciec. ca/ blackwell. html)• Canadiana: The National Bibliography of Canada (http:/ / www. collectionscanada. gc. ca/ canadiana/ index-e.

html)• Key Development Forecasts for Canada (http:/ / www. ifs. du. edu/ ifs/ frm_CountryProfile. aspx?Country=CA)

from International Futures

Article Sources and Contributors 27

Article Sources and ContributorsCanada  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=499141936  Contributors: $nn00ŦI-I, $yD!, *hollywood*, -- April, ---adam---, -Edwin-, ...adam..., 000peter, 01011000 (usurped), 0zymandias, 10qwerty, 11.105, 198.103.96.xxx, 1qazxs, 200.191.188.xxx, 23skidoo, 24.70.30.xxx, 2601andrew, 2812, 2Xtreme21, 3193th, 334a, 411junkie, 420eryday, 4mehwuzn, 790, 7heesub, 8ung3st, 9.253, A State Of Trance, A bit iffy, A the 0th, A. Lafontaine, AA, ABCD, ABarnes94, ACD605, AJP, AJR, AKMask, ARUenergy, ASDFGH, ASOTMKX, Aardvark114, Aaron R, Aaron Schulz, Aaron w, Aaron1541, Aaronlantz, Abarag, Abhijitsathe, Abonazzi, AbrahamLincoln, Abraxees, Academic Challenger, Acalamari, Ace ventura, Acerperi, Acetylcholinesterase, Achmelvic, Acjelen, Adam Bishop, Adam sk, Adam.J.W.C., Adam1213, Adambro, Adamizer0, Adashiel, Addicted04, Adelina and Hannah, Adjkasi, Adjusting, Adrian Robson, AdventureGho, Aecis, Aenar, Aesopos, AgarwalSumeet, Ahoerstemeier, Ahuskay, Aim Here, Aiman abmajid, Aiman [email protected], Aitias, Aivazovsky, AjaxSmack, Ajshm, Ajtigger, Akamad, Akanemoto, Aksi great, Alan.ca, Alanharris3, AlbertR, Albertgenii12, AlbionSection, Ale jrb, AlefZet, Alensha, Alex756, AlexRampaul, AlexS4444, Alexander Domanda, Alexandre.dussault, Alexandrelaplante, Alexcaban, Alexius08, AlexiusHoratius, Alexpappas01, Alexwcovington, Ali K, Alias Flood, Allbrowniesarespecial, Alm93, AlonCoret, Alpdpedia, AlphaTwo, Alphaboi867, 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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 29

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Flag of Canada.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Canada.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Coat of arms of Canada.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: User:Fibonacci, User:Jeff3000,User:Zscout370File:Canada (orthographic projection).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Canada_(orthographic_projection).svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: SsolbergjFile:Increase2.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Increase2.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SarangFile:Loudspeaker.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Loudspeaker.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bayo, Gmaxwell, Husky, Iamunknown, Mirithing,Myself488, Nethac DIU, Omegatron, Rocket000, The Evil IP address, Wouterhagens, 19 anonymous editsFile:Benjamin West 005.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Benjamin_West_005.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Adam Cuerden, Alexander Shatulin,Arctic.gnome, Emijrp, Gilbertus, Jkelly, Mattes, Mutter Erde, Nonenmac, Rebel Redcoat, Shakko, Skeezix1000, 2 anonymous editsFile:Fathers of Confederation LAC c001855.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fathers_of_Confederation_LAC_c001855.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Photographer: James AshfieldFile:Canada provinces evolution 2.gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Canada_provinces_evolution_2.gif  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: GolbezFile:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors:Canada. Dept. of National DefenceFile:Alexander-NFLD.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alexander-NFLD.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: National Film Board of CanadaFile:Canada-satellite.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Canada-satellite.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anchjo, DrKiernanFile:Canadian Horseshoe Falls with Buffalo in background.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Canadian_Horseshoe_Falls_with_Buffalo_in_background.jpg  License:Public Domain  Contributors: Ujjwal KumarFile:Canadian parliament MAM.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Canadian_parliament_MAM.JPG  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:Maria Azzurra MugnaiFile:Cansenate.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cansenate.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: MightydrakeFile:Medal-Viki.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Medal-Viki.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Magog the Ogre, WarsFile:Ottawa - ON - Oberster Gerichtshof von Kanada.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ottawa_-_ON_-_Oberster_Gerichtshof_von_Kanada.jpg  License: GNU FreeDocumentation License  Contributors: WladyslawFile:Barack Obama meets Stephen Harper.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Barack_Obama_meets_Stephen_Harper.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:White House photo by Pete SouzaFile:US Navy 090425-M-9917S-314 Canadian Army soldiers assigned to Alpha Company, 3d Battalion, 22d Regiment of Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force-24 depart aU.S. Navy landing craft air cushion (LCAC) and deploy onto Mayp.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_Navy_090425-M-9917S-314_Canadian_Army_soldiers_assigned_to_Alpha_Company,_3d_Battalion,_22d_Regiment_of_Special_Purpose_Marine_Air_Ground_Task_Force-24_depart_a_U.S._Navy_landing_craft_air_cushion_(LCAC)_and_deploy_onto_Mayp.jpg License: Public Domain  Contributors: 1 anonymous editsFile:HMCS Regina (FFH 334) 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:HMCS_Regina_(FFH_334)_1.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Avron, Balcer, Dual Freq,Makthorpe, Shipguy, Soerfm, TabercilFile:Political map of Canada.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Political_map_of_Canada.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: E Pluribus Anthony, transferredto Wikimedia Commons by Kaveh (log), optimized by Andrew pmk.File:Nafta.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nafta.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: unknowFile:STS-116 Payload (NASA S116-E-05364).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:STS-116_Payload_(NASA_S116-E-05364).jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: NASA photoFile:Bilinguisme au Canada-fr.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike  Contributors:User:Ewan ar BornFile:Raven-and-the-first-men.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Raven-and-the-first-men.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Michel Teitenhttp://www.mablehome.comFile:Jackpine.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jackpine.jpeg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Tom Thomson (1877–1917)File:Canada2010WinterOlympicsOTcelebration.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Canada2010WinterOlympicsOTcelebration.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution 2.0  Contributors: s.yume

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