Dec 18, 2015
CHAPTER 7 –CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Can anyone explain what “life is cellular” means?
7-1 Life is Cellular
Discovery of the cell
Robert Hooke The study of cells is
known as cytology. Cytology began in 1665,
when Robert Hooke, an English scientist, first glimpsed into the microscopic world of cells by examining dead cork cells
All Hooke was able to observe were the thick walls that surrounded each cell.
Theorize how Mr. Hooke came up with the name of “cells”
Discovery of the cell
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - 1674
Observed living organisms in pond water
Cell Pioneers – Cell Theory
During the next 170 years, other scientists used microscopes to further advance their knowledge of cells.
Matthias Schleiden - 1838 Concluded that all plants are made
of cells
Theodore Schwann – 1839 Concluded that all animals are made
of cells
Rudolph Virchow - 1858 Said that cells come from cells
The Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
New cells are produced from existing cells.
2 Basic Types of Cells
Prokaryotes (prokaryotic cells) Does have – DNA, cell wall, cytoplasm and
ribosomes DO NOT have - a Nucleus, Membrane bound
organelles Examples: bacteria
Eukaryotes (eukaryotic cells) Cells that DO have a nucleus and other
organelles Examples: plant cells and animal cells
Prokaryotes:-No nucleus
-no membrane bound organelles
-bacteria
Both:-cell wall
-cytoplasm-ribosomes
-DNA
Eukaryotes:-nucleus
-membrane bound organelles
-plants/animals/fungi/protists
Identify What kind of cell
Identify What kind of cells
Identify What kind of cell
Identify What kind of cell
CELL STRUCTURES
Chapter 7Sections 1 & 2
Cell Structures
Specialized structures that perform specific functions in the cell are called organelles.
Organelle means “little organ”.
Example how to take notes:
1 – Name: Cell Wall
2 - Picture – this should be an illustration that shows what the structure does; what is the function of the structure? NOT a picture straight from textbook.
3 - Description of the picture that you came up with; Example: Rigid wall that surrounds the cell.
4 – Function - How does your picture connect to the function of the cell part? Example: the cell wall protects and supports the cell. It also helps control what comes in and out
5 - Type - Plant or Animal cell; Prokaryote or Eukaryote; Example: found in all prokaryotes, fungi and, plant cells; NOT found in animal cells!!!
Cell Membrane
Physical Description: thin, flexible barrier around the cell (just inside the cell wall OR the outside border of animal cells)
Function: controls what enters and leaves the cell; selectively permeable; support and protection
Type of Cell: found in all cells
Analogy: it is like the Shipping/receiving department of a factory
Monday 1/30
Explain the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
Identify the organelle that acts as the “Shipping/receiving department ” of the cell
Prokaryotes:-No nucleus
-no membrane bound organelles
-bacteria
Both:-cell wall
-cytoplasm-ribosomes
-DNA
Eukaryotes:-nucleus
-membrane bound organelles
-plants/animals/fungi/protists
Monday 1/30
Explain the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
Identify the organelle that acts as the “Shipping/receiving department ” of the cell
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm Physical Description: the fluid-like material
inside the cell membrane
Function: contains the organelles; “cell jelly” Site for chemical reactions
Type of Cell: found in all cells
Analogy: it is like the air of a factory
Nucleus
Physical Description: large organelle that is usually near the center; contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA)
Function: Controls the cells activities
Type of Cell: found in eukaryotes
Analogy: it is like the boss of a factory
Nuclear Membrane (aka Nuclear Envelope)
Physical Description: double layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus; has pores
Function: Protects the nucleus; pores allow material in and out of the nucleus.
Type of Cell: found in eukaryotes
Analogy: it is like the office of a factory
Nucleolus Physical Description: small, dense region in the
center of the nucleus
Function: produces ribosomes
Type of Cell: found in eukaryotes
Analogy: it is personnel department (the people who hire workers) for a factory
Cytoplasm
Identify What organelle is called the “air of the factory.” Site for chemical reactions
Cell wall
Identify What organelle protects and supports the cell. Not found in animal cells
Nucleolus
Identify What organelle Produces ribosomes; It is sometimes called the “Personnel” department of the cell
Ribosomes Physical Description: very small, round
structures either attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or free (floating in the cytoplasm)
Function: makes proteins
Type of Cell: found in all CELLS
Analogy: it is like the workers in a factory
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Physical Description: internal membrane system
2 Types: Rough—has ribosomes Smooth—NO ribosomes
Function: Rough—modifies proteins Smooth—assembles components of the cell
membrane Type of Cell: found in eukaryotes
Analogy: it is like the assembly line of a factory
Tuesday 1/31
Get a folder from Mr. Rogers’ Desk
Put your name on the front right corner and wait for instruction
Golgi Apparatus (aka Golgi Body)
Physical Description: stack of membranes in the cytoplasm
Function: attaches carbohydrates and lipids to proteins; gives proteins the “address” of their final destination
Type of Cell: found in eukaryotes
Analogy: it is like the mailroom or packaging department of a factory
Lysosome Physical Description: small, round sacks in the
cytoplasm
Function: breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into useable molecules; break down old or damaged organelles
Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes BUT are very rare in plant cells
Analogy: it is like the janitor/maintenance crew of a factory
Vacuole / Vesicle Physical Description: large, spacious sack in the
cytoplasm
Function: stores materials for the cell (water, food, waste, etc…)
Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes (usually one large vacuole in plants and many small vacuoles in animals)
Analogy: it is like the storage closet of a factory
Mitochondria
Physical Description: “bean-shaped” organelle that has a folded inner membrane (called cristae)
Function: use FOOD to make high-ENERGY compounds for use by the cell; SITE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Type of Cell: found in eukaryotes
Analogy: it is like the power plant or coal-burning furnace of a factory
Chloroplast Physical Description: tubular organelle that
contains chlorophyll (a green pigment)
Function: use energy from SUNLIGHT to MAKE FOOD molecules through photosynthesis
Type of Cell: found in plant cells
Analogy: it is like the cafeteria OR solar energy panels of a factory
Centrioles
Physical Description: bundles of microtubules
Function: part of the cytoskeleton that aids in cellular division
Type of Cell: found only in animal cells
Analogy: it is like the cranes used to move things in a factory
Cytoskeleton
Physical Description: a network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm; made of microtubules and microfilaments
Function: helps support the cell and maintain cell’s shape; moves organelles within the cell; aids in cell movement
Type of Cell: found in all cells
Analogy: it is like the support beams and cranes of a factory
Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells
Cell Wall Chloroplasts No Centrioles Lysosomes are
rare 1 Large Vacuole
No Cell Wall No Chloroplasts Centrioles Lysosomes are
common Several Small
Vacuoles
Cells Alive Website
Job of Cells The main job of all cells is to
make proteins Different cells make different types Protein production:
Ribosome Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Final Destination of the Protein (may
be outside of the cell)
POPQUIZ
Quick Quiz
1. Organelle that is the internal membrane system. It also has ribosomes and modifies proteins.
A. Golgi Apparatus
B. Lysosome
C. Rough ER
D. Smooth ER
Quick Quiz
2. Organelle that attaches carbohydrates and lipids to proteins; gives proteins the “address” of their final destination. Mail room of cell
A. Golgi Apparatus
B. Lysosome
C. Rough ER
D. Smooth ER
Quick Quiz
3. Which one of the following is not a part of the cell theory
A. All living things are composed of cells.B. All plant cells have a cell wallC. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living thingsD. New cells are produced from existing cells.
Quick Quiz
4. Organelle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into useable molecules; break down old or damaged organellesA. Cell membrane
B. Lysosome
C. Nucleus
D. Vacuole
Quick Quiz
5. Organelle that is usually near the center; contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) a boss controls his/her employees
A. Cell membrane
B. Lysosome
C. Nucleus
D. Vacuole
Quick Quiz
Answers
1. C2. A3. B4. b5. C