Camp Prjoect

8/9/2019 Camp Prjoect

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1.GENERAL INTRODUCTION

In order to enable students to practice diferent

surveying instruments; to inculcate in themleadership quality, co-ordination o work, team

management and to ace practical diculties in

eld and lie, a training or one month is provided

to them on some hilly tract! "his training known as

“Survey Camp” orms an essential part o their

study curriculum! "he survey camp is held inprenal or nal year o #$ivil %ngg!& trade

generally to achieve the ollowing ob'ectives(

)a* "o impart intensive training to the students to

learn and use diferent types o surveying

instruments!

)b* "o make students conversant with the camp

lie!

)c* "o train them properly to ace practical

diculties while surveying in the eld!

)d* "o make them adapt to local condition and

people o diferent culture!)e* "o provide opportunity to develop team spirit in

them!

)* "o train them or sel-management!


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)g* "o enable them to learn co-ordination o work

within the group and between diferent groups!

lthough diferent ob'ectives have been listed

above, but urvey $amp has well dened purpose

i!e! to prepare topographical map o an area

showing diferent physiographical eatures! "he

general between an ordinary map and

topographical map is the depiction o contour lines

in a topographic map showing elevation and

depression o area!

1.1.SITE SELECTION

urvey camp can be concluded on any site! .ut

surveying on some hilly tract or practicing is

always advantageous! "he students not only learn

to survey dicult tracts and routes but such alocation is also quite suitable to draw the contours

o the area!

The follow!" fea#ure$ are e$$e!#al #o ma%e

a!y $elee' $#ea! 'eal o!e(

)a* road or railway line ad'oining or at nearby site

or establishment o permanent bench mark!

)b* %levation or depression o some part to draw

the contour o the area!


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)c* ome important eatures like overhanging clif,

vertical clif, ridge, valley etc!

)d* .uildings, ponds, orchards, roads and other

eatures to draw the ob'ects properly!

S#e or lo&a#o! o! wh&h $urvey

&amp wa$ hel'()

“*ILL TO+ AREA O, A+ GO-AL UNIERSIT-”

1./.SURE- CA0+ OR2 "he whole work o survey camp is mainly divided

into ollowing parts(

)a* 0ield work

)b* lotting work

0or doing eld work, the students are divided into

diferent groups and each group is allotted work

independently! "he spirit o competition develops

enthusiasm in students and each group tries its

best, toils hard and work with determination and

sincerity to perorm better and achieve the nal

goal!

1.3.,IELD OR2


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"he eld work in the survey camp is divided into

ollowing phases(

1! "heodolite "raversing

+! lane table urvey

/! $ontouring

1.3.1.Theo'ol#e Traver$!"( In "heodolite

traversing, rst o all reconnaissance is done andthe survey stations or 3ag points are selected,

keeping in view all the necessary precautions! "he

stations should be selected on a rm ground and

should be visible rom the orward and backward

station! ter choosing the suitable stations, their

location is marked and recorded! "he theodolite are

4ed on the respective stations and the angles

measured by repetition method with three

readings, on ace let and three readings on ace

right respectively! ter taking the successive

readings, the mean angle is taken is taken and all

the readings should be entered on the eld book!

0ore bearing o a line . is measured by usingcircular compass or tubular compass which is

attached to the tandard o a theodolite by

loosening its screw and 4ing the notch o compass


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to them and again tightening the screw! 0rom this

measured bearing, bearing o other lines are also

calculated! 6engths o diferent lines are measured

by stepping method rom top to bottom oraccurate results! "he diferent lengths and angles

can be checked by tacheometric surveying!

1.3./. +la!e #a4le $urvey!"( In plane table

surveying intermediate stations are marked to

acilitate the smooth conduct o work between

diferent stations! %ach group perorms the planetable survey o area allotted to It! ome common

area or points are also identied which are to be

surveyed by ad'acent groups or overlapping the

entire surveyed area to get the complete map!

7iferent ob'ects are thus plotted inside as well as

outside the traverse! ll important ob'ects areplotted by radial line method! 0ar of distant

ob'ects are plotted by intersection method! t

every setting, orientation is done by back sighting

and already plotted work is checked beore starting

the work at the orward stations to remove any

crept in error!

"he checking is usually done by measuring some

odd distances on the ground by tape and

comparing them with the same plotted ob'ects on

sheet by scale conversion! lane table survey is


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generally nished at the starting point to generate

a closed loop by traversing!

It is the main and central phase o survey camp

which takes the ma4imum period to complete! It

should be airly accurate and number o traverse

stations determines the accuracy! 9ore the number

o traverse stations, greater is the accuracy! t the

end o the days work, beore shiting o

instruments to the camp oce, location o current

traverse station and orward station )where to startne4t day:s work*must be taken!

1.3.3. Co!#our!"( 0or contouring, a station

having ma4imum !6! )


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diferent points at 4ed hori?ontal equivalent along

radial lines are measured with the help o a dumpy

level! $eylon ghat tracer and bney:s level can be

used or speedy work but accuracy is reduced! llthe values o !6!:s are written on a drawing sheet

4ed on a plane table in the eld itsel or

subsequent interpolating! "he !6! o highest point

= is 4ed by 3y leveling by shiting the level rom a

nearest permanent bench mark with the help o a

digital dumpy level! I no permanent bench mark isavailable !6! o point = is taken 1@@!@@ or

according to situation as an arbitrary bench mark!

1.5. +LOTTING OR2

"he plotting work o survey camp is divided into

ollowing phases(

1! reparation o "heodolite "raversing sheet!

+! reparation o lane "abling sheet!

/! reparation o $ontour map!

2! reparation o "opographic map!

1.5.1. +repara#o! of Theo'ol#e Traver$!"

Shee#( ter the completion o eld work, the ne4t

step in the second phase o survey camp is to plot

the details o work done in the eld on drawing


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sheets as a record! "o prepare the theodolite

traversing sheet, rst o all, Bale:s traverse table is

prepared! 0or this, sum o included angles o

traverse are checked out by )+C-2* rt! angles,where C is the number o sides o the closed

traverse! "he diference between the theoretical

sum and that o measured angles in a closed

traverse is called angular error! "his error is equally

distributed in all the measured angles! "he reduced

bearings are calculated rom D!$!.! and theirquadrants are mentioned! "he independent co-

ordinates are calculated by applying any one o

"ransit, .owditch or "hird rule ormula ater

calculating the latitudes and departures! "he

traverse is then plotted to a suitable already 4ed

scale! "he area o closed traverse is calculated by

arranging the co- ordinates in determinant orm

and cross multiplying! "he relative closing error is

calculated by dividing the closing error by

perimeter o the traverse! "he sample o sheet has

been attached in the workbook! ight hand side is

used or printing work giving details o site

location, Corth direction, cale etc! emember, thelongest line between two 3ag station should be

selected and accurately measured! "his line is

known as E.ase line: around which network o


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triangles is built! 0or this, base line measurement

table should be lled and correction applied!

1.5./. +repara#o! of +la!e #a4l!" $hee#( "he

plane table sheets o diferent groups are collected

and the plotted traverse is traced out on a tracing

paper!

Dhen all the drawing sheets o diferent groups are

traced on diferent tracing papers, they are

overlapped on common points careully 4ing all

the sheets and 'ointly tracing into a common sheet

which is generally a superior tracing sheet such as

gateway paper! =n right hand side o the sheet, a

margin o +5mm is let or survey sheet heading ,

name block and other particulars etc!

ter drawing diferent ob'ects, oil pastel coloursare used at the back sides o sheet to colour

various ob'ect! Gery light colours are used to

diferentiate diferent ob'ects according to the

conventional signs but uniormity o colours should

be obtained! "raverse stations should be marked

with a light yellow colour!

1.5.3. +repara#o! of Co!#our map( 0or

preparing contour map, a suitable contour interval

is selected! Cow interpolation o contour is started

on a drawing sheet which was prepared in the eld


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with diferent radial lines emerging rom the

highest point! =n the radial lines, !6!:s o diferent

points are subscribed as per the scale and

hori?ontal equivalent! Dhen diference contoursare interpolated by simple arithmetical method,

they are checked or accuracy by keeping the

traced sheet above the sheet o plane tabling!

roper contours should indicate distinct eatures

like valley, ridges, depression, steep slope etc!

coincidal with the sheet eatures! "he value o diferent contours should be written at the end and

middle such that they are read rom two right

angled directions! imilarly +5mm space is let in

right hand side o sheet or name block, heading

etc! "he contour lines should be marked with a

preerable black colour! election should be done

by drawing a section line running through the

contour rom let to right at suitable location and

distinctive eatures drawn! "he contour map

showing sectional eatures should be drawn on a

black sheet preerably marked with silver and

golden colours!

1.5.5. +repara#o! of #opo"raph& map( ter

preparing all the three necessary sheets i!e!

"heodolite traversing, lane table survey and

$ontouring map ; the ourth and nal sheet o


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"opographical map is prepared! It is a complete

map o any area which clearly represents various

topographical eatures o area i!e! general

topography o land! It is generally a merger o allthe three sheets!

It is prepared by tracing the diferent contours on

plane table survey sheet! "he theodolite traverse is

also marked showing the diferent 3ag stations!

3. T*EODOLITE 6 SURE-ING3.1. INTRODUCTION

theodolite is mostly used or measuring the

hori?ontal and vertical angles accurately! In a

theodolite, there are two scales or measuring

hori?ontal and vertical angles! It is also used tomeasure the bearing o a line and to prolong a

survey line! It consist o a telescope which rotates

in the hori?ontal plane to measure the hori?ontal

motion on the hori?ontal graduated circle by

means o hori?ontal verniers! It can also rotated in

the vertical plane to measure vertical motion on

vertical graduated circle by means o two vernier

attached to vertical circle!


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3./. T-+ES O, T*EODOLITES

"here are two types o theodolites()a* "ransit "heodolite)b* Con "ransit "heodolite

7a8Tra!$# Theo'ol#e( In this, type o

theodolite the telescope can be revolved through

a complete revolution about its hori?ontal a4is in

the vertical plane and now a day, such type o theodolite are generally in practice!

748 No! #ra!$# Theo'ol#e( In this case, the

telescope cannot be revolved through a complete


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revolution about hori?ontal a4is and such types

o theodolites are absolute!

3.3. 0AIN +ARTS O, ERNIERTRANSIT T*EODOLITE

7a8 Trpo' S#a!'( It is a three leg stand on

which the theodolite is supported!

748 +lum4 4o4( It:s main unction is to acilitate

centering work and it is hung rom a hookprovided at the bottom o the hori?ontal circle

plates!

7&8 Levell!" hea'( It consists o two parts )a*

$enter shiting arrangement or quick setting i!e!

centering )b*"ribrach plate with three arms, each

carrying a leveling screw!7'8 Sp!'le$( It is conical in shape and orms

the vertical a4is o the instrument! "here are two

spindles, one inside the other! "he inner spindle

is solid and conical in shape, whereas the outer

one is hollow!

7e8 Lower &r&ular pla#e( It is a plate havingcircular shape! It is graduated rom angle @

degree to /8@ degree in clockwise direction! "he

movement o such plate is done by lower


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clamping screw and lower tangent screw! Dhen

the clamping screw is tightened, the lower

tangent screw is used or slow motion!

7f8 Upper pla#e( It is attached to the inner

spindle! It is tted above the lower circular plate

and is also circular in shape! It carries two

verniers with magniers placed at angle o 1A@

degree apart or reading the hori?ontal angle to a

least count o one minute or +@ seconds!

7"8 Level #u4e( Dith the help o this, levelling o

the theodolite is done, same as in case o level!

"he bubble is brought in the centre o its run

through levelling screws!

7h8 S#a!'ar'$( "he two uprights are called

standards!78 Compa$$( "he circular prismatic compass is

attached above the upper circular plate to

measure the hori?ontal angle! "his compass is

rarely used!

798 Tele$&ope( "he telescope which is tted is

either e4ternal ocusing or internal ocusing butnow a days, internal ocusing telescopes are

preerred!


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7%8 er#&al &r&le( "he two vertical scales like

that o hori?ontal circle are used to measure the

vertical angle! "he vertical circle is divided into

our quadrants! "he graduations in eachquadrant are numbered rom angle @ to F@

degree in the opposite direction rom the two

?eros placed at ends to hori?ontal diameter o

the vertical circle so that the line 'oining the

?eros is parallel to the line o collimation when it

is hori?ontal!

3.5. I0+ORTANT TER0S USED INT*EODOLITE SURE-


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7a8 Sw!"!"( It is the turning o telescope in

the hori?ontal plane!

748 Tra!$#!"( It is the turning o telescope over

its supporting a4is through the angle o 1A@

degree in vertical plane by bringing it upside

down!

7&8 *or:o!#al a;$( It is the a4is about which

the telescope can be revolved in the hori?ontal

plane!

7'8 er#&al a;$( It is the a4is about which the

telescope can be revolved in the hori?ontal

plane!

7e8 L!e of &ollma#o!( It is the imaginary line

'oining the intersection o cross hair o the

diaphragm to the optical center o the ob'ectglass!

7"8 ,a&e lef#(Dhen the vertical circle o the

theodolite is on the let o the observer, then it is

called ace let!

7h8 ,a&e R"h#( Dhen the vertical circle o the

theodolite is on the right o the observer, then it

is called ace right!

78 Ce!#er!"( $entering is done by means o

legs o tripod stand so that the hung plumb bob


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is at the center o the cross, marked on the top o

the driven wooden peg by intersecting the two

diagonals! It can also done by center shiting

device! In hilly areas, two legs downhill and oneleg up hill side is always placed or 4ing the

theodolite!

798 Levell!"(6oose all the oot screws so that all

the three are at the centers! otate the

instrument and placed it parallel to any two oot

screws! Cow move the two oot screws eitherinward or outward so that the bubble o the plate

level is at the center! Cow move the instrument

perpendicular to the rst position i!e! parallel to

the third screw! "hen again, same procedure is

ollowed using the third screw until the bubble is

at the centre! gain repeat the procedure! It iscontinued till the bubble is at the centre o its run

in both the cases without using oot screws when

a complete revolution is given!

7%8 ,o&u$!"( "his is done by ollowing two

methods(

(a) Focusing the eye piece: 9ove the eye pieceso that the two cross wires i!e! hori?ontal and

vertical can be clearly seen! It is also done by

placing a piece o paper in ront o the telescope!


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(b) Focusing the object glass: It is done with the

help o ocusing screw so that clear image o the

ob'ect is seen through the eye piece!

3.. *O TO +ER,OR0

T*EODOLITE SURE-ING IN T*E

GIEN AREA?

7uring theodolite surveying, work is divided into

ollowing steps (1. Re&o!a$$a!&e( It is the preliminary

inspection o the area to be surveyed! It is

generally done by moving in the area along

with survey team or inspecting site and


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marking the stations temporarily! "hese are

reerred as 0lag points! It is reerred to as recci:

in military language! It is done without the help

o an instrument!/. +erma!e!# 0ar%!" of $#a#o!$( ter

the reconnaissance, the main stations are

marked in such a way that they could be easily

discovered on the ground! ter this, ranging

rods are 4ed on that station with colourul

3ags so that they become easily visible rom adistance! square wooden peg ater marking

both the diagonal on the top o the peg is

driven in the hole ater removing the ranging

rod or 4ing theodolite! In this way, stations

are marked!3. Lo&a#o! of $#a#o!$(ter marking the

stations, the location o each station isrecorded in the manual book by taking e4act

measurements with tape rom the respective

station to the nearby well dened ob'ects so

that the station is easily discovered whenever

required! long with this, also mark the Corth

direction in the work book using prismaticcompass or any other suitable instrument!

5. Lea$# &ou!#( Cote down the least count o

the theodolite which is usually employed!


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Benerally the theodolite having the least count

o +@ seconds is used!. @ear!" of a l!e( "he bearing o a line

should be noted careully with the help o

theodolite ater 4ing the circular or tubular

compass on to the theodolite!. 0ea$ureme!# of '$#a!&e( "he distance

between the two consecutive stations arenoted careully, with the help o measuring

tapes i!e! rstly measure the distance in the

orward direction and then the same distance


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in the backward direction and then take the

mean o the two distances!HB. A'9u$#me!# of a!"ular error( ter

measuring all the interior angles o thetraverse, take the sum o all the interior

angles; it should be equal to )+C-2* right

angles!


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sheet! lane table surveying is advantageous as

all eatures plotted on the sheet are present in

the eld which can be easily measured,

compared and corrected! o i proper orientationis ollowed, chances o error occurring is

minimum!

"he disadvantages o plane table survey are as

ollow(

1!7iferent types o loose and cumbersome

accessories are there along with plane table

and the stand which are to be carried in the

eld and taken care of!+!ractically dicult to carry out surveying on a

rainy day! Benerally on hilly tracts where

rainall can occur at any time, it is very dicult

to work on a plane table! light shower mayspoil the whole work! "o save this, water proo

cover must be kept and carried along with the

other accessories by the surveyor!


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"he diferent instruments and accessories are(

1. +LANE TA@LE( It is simply like a drawing

board made o 9ahogany wood with a brass

clamp at the center on the back side! $lamp is

opened and screwed to stand, on to which the

table is properly 4ed! "he stand is a tripodone which can be olded or convenience o

transportation! "he drawing board is

sometimes tted with a levelling head or a ball

and socket arrangement or the purpose o

levelling! Cow a days, plastic plane tables are

also available in the market!

/. ALIDADE( "he alidade is a straight ruletted with such an arrangement as to provide

a line o sight! It is used or sighting ob'ects

and drawing rays along one o its beveled


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edges known as ruling or working or ducial

edge! "he ducial edge is graduated so as to

serve as a scale o plotting distances! It is

available in two orms )i* lain alidade and )ii* "elescopic alidade!

"he telescopic alidade is used in the hilly areas

when ar of or distant ob'ects are to be plotted

with accuracy!

A&&e$$ore$( "he accessories attached to the

plane table are(

)a* trough compass, used or making the

direction o the magnetic meridian on the

sheet o the plane table!)b* plumbing ork or L-rame with s plumb bob

used or centering the table!)c* spirit level or levelling the table!

.esides these, the other accessories are drawing

sheet, a water proo cover to protect the drawing

sheet and common drawing instruments like

pencils, rubber, scale sharpener, drawing pins,

cello tape etc!

5./. SETTING U+ T*E TA@LE

"he setting up o the plane table includes ollowing

three operations(


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)a* 6evelling)b* =rientation)c* $entering

"o avoid error, setting should be very accurate!

5./.1. 7a8 Levell!"( lace the table over the

station-point and spread out the legs to make it

level and at a convenient height, preerably not

above the elbow!

"hen orient and center the tableappro4imately ase4plained in the ollowing two operations and

complete the nal levelling! "he levelling is done

by simply ad'usting the legs o the tripod stand!


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)i* .y the use o a magnetic needle

)ii* .y back sighting

Ore!#a#o! 4y 4a&% $"h#!"( uppose the tableis to be set over a station M represented on the

paper by a point q which has been plotted by

means o a line pq drawn rom previous station !

"he orientation consists in bringing qp on the

paper parallel to M on the ground!

"he edge o the alidade is thereore placed alongqp and the table is turned until the point is

bisected by the line o sight! "hen clamp the table

in position!

5./.3. 7&8 Ce!#er!"( "he point on the paper

representing the station being occupied should be

vertically over the point on the ground! "hisoperation is known as centering o the table! "his

may be done by means o a plumbing ork or L-

rame! "o do this, place the pointed end o the ork

touching with the point on the paper and suspend

a plumb bob rom the other end! hit the table

bodily until the plumb bob hangs vertically over thecenter o the station peg! I plumb bob is not

available, centering may be done by dropping a

piece o small stone rom a point on the underside


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5.5. 0ET*ODS O, +LANE TA@LING

"he various methods are described below(

1. Ra'a#o!( In this method, the plane tableis set up at only one station and points to be

plotted are located by radiating rays rom the

instrument-station to the points and plotting to

scale the respective distances along rays!/. I!#er$eo!( In this method, the position

o the points are 4ed on the sheet by theintersection o the rays drawn rom two

instrument- stations! "he line 'oining these

stations is termed as base line! "he only linear

measurement required in the method is that o

the base line! "is method is largely employed

or locating outward details and or locating the

points to be used subsequently as instrument-

stations! "his may also be used or plotting

long distant and inaccessible ob'ects, like river

electric poles etc! It is much suitable or

plotting ob'ects or hilly country where it is

dicult to measure the lens hori?ontal

distances!3. Traver$!"( "his is the main method o

plane tabling and is similar to that o compass

or theodolite traversing! It is used or running

survey lines o a closed or open traverse! "he


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detail may be located by ofsets taken in the

usual manner or by the radiation or by

intersection method o plane tabling!

5. Re$eo!( "his method is used orlocating the station points only! "he

characteristic eature o resection is that the

point plotted on the sheet is the stations

occupied by the table! ter the stations are

4ed, surrounding details is located by

radiation or intersection!


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ground and on the map it is the line 'oining these

points! I we trace contour line earth:s surace, it is

called contouring!


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contour are outside and

the contours are closed!)* I the higher values o

contours are inside andthe contours are closed!


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ma4imum points is covered! In 3y levelling,

instrument is shited ater each 0ore sight reading

i.e. there are no intermediate sights in 3y- leveling!

It is done or speedy work!

In 7ouble K levelling, two level men and one staf

man are involved! "he method is the same as that

o 0lylevelling but ater every .ack sight and 0ore

sight reading, the diference o the above reading

taken with the two levels must be same! In such a

way, work is proceeded up to the highest pointrom where radial contour lines are run!

/!Ra'al L!e me#ho'( 7raw the radial lines on

the ground at similar angle say /@ degree! I

the angle is less the accuracy is more! ter

drawing the radial lines, 4 the wooden pegs at

equal distance equal to the hori?ontalequivalent! "he distance can be ad'usted i

some important eature is in between! ter

this, 4 the 7umpy level in such position so

that ma4imum readings o points are to be

covered rom one setting! 0or speedy work in

hilly areas readings can also be taken by bneylevel or $eylon ghat tracer! ter this, contours

are interpolated!


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6evel diference between N and 2@m contour

point 2@!@@-/F!/5 @@!85m

7istance o the 2@m contour rom N

)@@!85P/!/@*Q1@m @1!F8m

imilarly, other distances are calculated!


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)b*anging rods

)c* 6eveling staf


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)d* 9easuring tapes

)e* rrows

)* Dooden pegs


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Re'u&e' level$ from ero

po!# #o hll #op()tation

point

.ack

sight

Intermedi

ate sight

0ore sight rise all educe

level


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/A

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1A! !+F 5!A2 5!>55 F12!AA>1F! !11 5!85 5!/8@ F@F!5+>+@! !@F5 /!A5 /!>2@ F@5!>A>+1! !/5 5!+5 5!155 F@@!8/+++! !1+ 5!>1 5!/8@ AF5!+>++/ !8+5 /!>5 /!8/@ AF1!82++2 !215 5!82 5!@15 AA8!8+>+5 !155 5!2> 5!@55 AA1!5>++8 !/F5 2!>/ 2!5>5 A>8!FF>+> !/+5! 5!2/ 5!@/5 A>1!F8++A !/25 8!@@ 5!8>5 A88!+A>+F !185 2!1F /!A25 A8+!22+/@ !//5 5!>2 5!5>5 A58!A8>/1 !/@5 5!F5 5!815 A51!+5+/+ !/+5 5!>5 5!225 A25!A@>// !51@ 5!/1 2!FA5 A2@!A++/2 !585 5!85 5!12@ A/5!8A+/5 !8A5 5!8F 5!1+5 A/@!55>/8 !F15 2!F5 2!+85 A+8!+F+/> !555 5!A15 2!F@@ A+1!/F+/A 1!>>5 2!81 2!@55 A1>!//>/F !2/5 5!81 /!A/5 A1/!5@+2@ !+/@ 5!22 5!@@5 A@A!2F>

21 !125 5!8> 5!22@ A@/!@5>2+ /!/@5 2!+1 2!@>@ >FA!FA>2/ !8/5 5!8+ +!/15 >F8!8>+22 !885 5!F/ 5!+F5 >F1!/>>25 !/+@ 5!22 2!>>5 >A8!8@+28 !>F@ 5!A8 5!52@ >A1!@8+2> !A>@ 2!2>8 /!8A8 >>>!/>82A !>@@ 5!F15 5!@25 >>+!//1


39/55

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2F !A15 /!>> /!@>@ >8F!+815@ !225 2!82 /!A+5 >85!2/851 !F85 5!F+5 5!2A@ >5F!F585+ 1!@2 2!/>5 /!21@ >58!5285/ !>/5 5!A@ 2!>8@ >51!>A852 !A1@ 5!8/ 2!AF5 >28!AF155 1!/F5 @!5A5 >28!/@8

R+5/!8F R+5/!8F

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sight

Intermedi

ate sight

0ore sight ice 0all educe

level58 !28@ 1!/F5 @!5A5 >28!/@85> 1!285 /!F /!22 >2+!A885A 1!1A5 /!A8 +!/F5 >2@!2>1

5F 1!+ /!2A +!+F5 >/A!1>8 "ree no

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2

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40/55


41/55

21

A2 2!>>5 @!8+ >/+!1F1A5 2!8@5 @!1> >/+!/81A8 2!F@5 @!/ >/+!@81A> 2!8@5 @!/ >/1!>81AA 2!>/5 @!1/ >/1!8/1F1 2!8F@ @!@25 >/1!5A8F8 5!125 @!255 >/1!1/1FF 5!A1 @!885 >/@!2882@ !>1@ 5!1 >/5!588/A !A@@ @!@F >/5!2>8/F 1!8F@ @!AF >/2!5A8/> !815 1!@>5 >/5!811/2 1!@>5 @!28 >/5!+@1// 1!/F5 @!/+ >/2!AA1/+ 1!@F@ @!/@5 >/5!1A8/8c p 5!>25 1!>1@ @!8+ >/2!588++ /!/25 +!2 >/8!F88

+1 /!@@ @!/25 >/>!/11+@ +!>8 @!+2 >/>!5511F +!5F5 @!185 >/>!>18+2 /!@> @!2>5 >/>!+21+5 /!/A @!/1 >/8!F/1+8-+> /!2A @!1@ >/8!A/11>-1A 1!FF 1!2F >/A!/+1.rick

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12c p +!>+5 1!+F5 @!+85 >/F!@181/ +!>F @!@85 >/A!F511+ +!1>5 @!815 >/F!588Lnknown 1!5A @!5F5 >2@!1815 1!28 @!1+ >2@!+A1Lnknown 1!F2 @!2A >/F!A@12 @!555 1!/A5 >21!1A8/ !/>5 @!1A >21!/88+ /!F@5 !11@ @!+85 >21!8/11 /!//5 @!5> >2+!+@1


42/55

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tation no

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.ack sight Intermedi

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level

6ine -1 1!F15 >/8!@>8oint no 1 1!>F5 @!1+ >/8!1F8oint no + 1!82@ @!155 >/8!/51oint no / 1!+15 @!2+5 >/8!>>8oint no 2 !F@5 @!/1 >/>!@A8oint no 5 !>>@ @!1/5 >/>!++1oint no 8 !F8@ @!1F >/>!@/16ine K +oint no 1 1!F+@ @!F8 >/8!@>1

oint no + 1!A/@ @!@F >/8!181oint no / 1!AF@ @!@8 >/8!1@1oint no 2 1!AF5 @!@@5 >/8!@F8oint no 5 +!+8 @!/85 >/5!>/16ine no /oint no 1 1!FA@ @!+A >/8!@11oint no + +!@+@ @!@2 >/5!F>1oint no / +!@/ @!@1 >/5!F81oint no 2 +!5> @!52 >/5!2+1oint no 5 +!F@5 @!//5 >/5!@A8oint no 8 1!/1@ 1!5F5 >/8!8A1oint no > 1!/2@ @!@/ >/8!8516ine no 2oint no 1 1!525 @!+@5 >/8!228

oint no + 1!@A@ @!285 >/8!F116ine no 5oint no 1 1!8A@ @!8 >/8!/11oint no + 1!//5 @!/25 >/8!8586ine no 8oint no 1 1!A>5 @!52 >/8!118oint no + 1!AF5 @!@+ >/8!@F8oint no / 1!A>5 @!@+ >/8!118oint no 2 1!A>5 @ >/8!118oint no 5 +!@@@ @!1+5 >/5!FF1oint no 8 +!15@ @!15 >/5!A21oint no > +!@A@ @!@> >/5!F116ine no >oint no 1 +!@+@ @!@8 >/5!F>1oint no + +!1A5 @!185 >/5!A@8oint no / +!+85 @!@A >/5!>+8oint no 2 +!2+5 @!18 >/5!588oint no 5 +!5>5 @!15 >/5!218oint no 8 +!5>5 @ >/5!2186ine no A 1!155 1!>> >/8!@>8


43/55

2/

oint no 1 1!/25 @!1F >/5!AA8oint no + 1!2F5 @!15 >/5!>/8oint no / 1!815 @!1+ >/5!818oint no 2 1!AF@ @!+>5 >/5!/21oint no 5 +!>A@ @!AF >/2!251oint no 8 +!>85 @!@15 >/2!288oint no > /!@5@ @!+A5 >/2!1A1oint no A /!+A@ @!+/ >//!F51oint no F /!++ @!@8 >/2!@11oint no

1@

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11

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1@oint no 1 1!2@@ +!@@5 >/5!A/1oint no + +!AA5 1!2A5 >/2!/28oint no / /!@15 @!1/ >/2!+18oint no 2 /!/A5 @!/> >//!A286ine no

11

oint no 1 1!>/ 1!855 >/5!5@1oint no + +!A5 1!1+ >/2!/A1oint no / /!+8 @!21 >//!F>16ine no

1+oint no 1 1!/>5 1!AA5 >/5!A58oint no + +!A5 1!2>5 >/2!/A1oint no / /!1>5 @!/+5 >/2!@58oint no 2 /!/1 @!1/5 >//!F+16ine no

1/

oint no 1 1!+F5 +!@15 >/5!F/8oint no + +!>>5 1!2A >/2!258oint no / +!FF @!+15 >/2!+21oint no 2 /!+8 @!+> >//!F>1oint no

5

/!/+5 @!@85 >//!F@8

6ine no

12


44/55

22

oint no 1 1!+85 +!@8 >/5!F88oint no + +!28 1!1F5 >/F!>>1oint no / +!F1 @!25 >/2!/+1oint no 2 /!@F @!1A >/2!121oint no 5 /!++ @!1/ >/2!@11oint no 8 /!+2 @!@+ >/2!@/16ine no

15oint no 1 +!5/5 1!21 >/8!5+1oint no + 1!12@ 1!/F5 >/>!F18oint no / !>55 @!/A5 >/A!/@1oint no 2 !/5@ @!2@5 >/A!>@86ine no

18oint no 1 +!5@5 +!155 >/8!551oint no + 1!@A@ 1!2+5 >/>!F>8oint no / !A/5 @!+25 >/A!++1

oint no 2 !/@5 @!5/ >/A!>510encing +!FF5 >/8!@>8oint no 1 1!585 1!2/ >/>!5@8oint no + !555 1!@1 >/A!5180encing !5 1!>> >/8!@>8oint no 1 /!12@ +!82 >//!2/80encing 1!155 >/8!@>8oint no 1!AF5 !>2 >//!//8oint no 1!//5 !58 >//!AF8oint $tree no F8 !F+5 2!F@5 >/1!1/1

6ine no 1oint no 1 1!/15 @!/F >/@!>21oint no + !F+5 @!F+5 >/1!888oint no / !5+@ @!2@5 >/+!@>16ine no +oint no 1 1!+A5 @!>85 >/1!/@8oint no + !@5F@ 1!++8 >/+!5/+6ine no /oint no 1 1!/2@ 1!+A1 >/1!+51oint no + 1!15@ @!1F >/1!221oint no / !A>@ @!+A >/1!>+1oint no 2 !8+@ @!+5 >/1!F>1

6ine no 2oint no1 1!/A@ @!>8 >/1!+11oint no + 1!+/5 @!125 >/1!/58oint no / 1!1@@ @!1/5 >/1!2F1oint no 2 1!@2@ @!@8 >/1!551oint no 5 !F/5 @!1@5 >/1!858oint no 8 !A5@ @!@A5 >/1!>216ine no 5


45/55

25

oint no 1 1!/>5 @!5+5 >/1!+18oint no + 1!/+@ @!@55 >/1!+>1oint no / 1!+A@ @!@2 >/1!/11oint no 2 1!+55 @!@+5 >/1!//8oint no 5 1!+A@ @!@+5 >/1!/11oint no 8 1!/A@ @!1 >/1!+116ine no 8oint no 1 1!/5@ @!@/ >/1!+21oint no + !FA@ @!/> >/1!811oint no / !855 @!/+5 >/1!F/86ine no >oint no 1 1!/A5 @!>/ >/1!+@8oint no + 1!1A5 @!+ >/1!2@8oint no / !A8@ @!/+5 >/1!>/1oint no 2 !555 @!/@5 >/+!@/86ine no Aoint no 1 1!5/5 @!FA >/1!@58

oint no + 1!25@ @!@A5 >/1!121oint no / 1!/@5 @!125 >/1!+A8oint no 2 1!@A5 @!++ >/1!5@8oint no 5 !A85 @!++ >/1!>+8oint no 8 !88@ @!+@5 >/1!F/1oint no > !5+@ @!12 >/+!@>16ine no Foint no 1 +!1+5 1!8@5 >/@!288oint no + +!1F5 @!@> >/@!/F8oint no / +!1F5 @ >/@!/F8oint no 2 +!185 @!@/ >/@!2+8oint no 5 +!1@@ @!@85 >/@!2F1oint no 8 1!2F@ @!81 >/1!1@1oint no > 1!//5 @!155 >/1!+58oint no A 1!12@ @!1F5 >/1!251oint no F !F>@ @!1> >/1!8+1oint no

1@

!A1@ @!18 >/1!>A1

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1@+

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6ine no1oint no 1 1!+@ @!++5 >/1!5A1

oint no + 1!/@5 @!1@5 >/1!2>8oint no / 1!22 @!1/5 >/1!/21oint no 2 1!5@ @!@@8 >/1!//5oint no 5 1!815 @!115 >/1!++@oint no 8 1!85@ @!@/5 >/1!1A56ine no +oint no 1 1!++@ @!2/ >/1!815oint no + 1!/1@ @!@F >/1!5+5


46/55

28

oint no / 1!>F5 @!2A5 >/1!@2oint no 2 +!@2@ @!+25 >/@!>F5oint no 5 +!+@@ @!18 >/@!8/5oint no 8 +!+2@ @!@2 >/@!5F56ine no /oint no 1 1!+@@ 1!@2 >/1!8/5oint no + 1!8+@ @!2+ >/1!+15oint no / 1!F>@ @!/5 >/@!A85oint no 2 +!/25 @!/>5 >/@!2Foint no 5 +!>55 @!21 >/@!@Aoint no 8 /!+25 @!2F >+F!5F0encing /!28@ @!+15 >+F!186ine no 2oint no 1 1!/F5 +!@85 >/1!++5oint no + 1!8>@ @!+>5 >/@!F5oint no / 1!F25 @!+>5 >/@!8>5oint no 2 +!2F@ @!525 >/@!1/

oint no 5 +!>8@ @!+> >+F!A8oint no 8 /!+/5 @!585 >+F!+F5oint no > /!81@ @!/>5 >+A!F+oint no A /!A8@ @!+5 >+A!8>0encing /!F25 @!@A5 >+A!5A56ine no 5oint no 1 1!2@5 +!52 >/1!1+5oint no + 1!8@5 @!+ >/@!>+5oint no / 1!>F5 @!1F >/@!5/5oint no 2 1!F85 @!1> >/@!/85oint no 5 +!@/5 @!@> >/@!+F5oint no 8 +!@25 @!@1 >/@!+A5oint no > +!@/5 @!@1 >/@!+F5oint no A 1!F+@ @!1155 >/@!210encing6ine no 8oint no 1 1!/8@ @!58 >/@!F>oint no + 1!5/@ @!1> >/@!Aoint no / 1!815 @!@A5 >/@!>15oint no 2 1!>+@ @!1@5 >/@!81oint no 5 1!A @!@A >/@!5/6ine no >oint no 1 1!//5 @!285 >/@!FF5

oint no + 1!/25 @!@1 >/@!FA5oint no / 1!21@ @!@85 >/@!F+0encing 1!225 @!@/5 >/@!AA56ine no Aoint no 1 1!11@ @!//5 >/1!++0encing 1!@85 @!@25 >/1!+856ine no Foint no 1 !F>5 @!8/ >/1!AF5


47/55

2>

0encing !F@@ @!@>5 >/1!F>6ine no

1@oint no 1 !F/@ @!@/ >/1!F2oint no+ !>@5 @!++5 >/+!1850encing !51@ @!1F5 >/+!/86ine no

11oint no 1 -oint no + !8/@ @!1+ >/+!+2oint no / !/F5 @!+/5 >/+!2>5oint no 2 !1F5 @!+ >/+!8>50encing !1>5 @!@+ >/+!8F56ine no

1+oint no 1 !F2@ @!>85 >/1!F/oint no + !8@5 @!//5 >/+!+85

oint no / !/5@ @!+55 >/+!2Foint no 2 !185 @!1A5 >/+!8>56ine no

1/oint no 1 !F25 @!>A >/1!AF5oint no + !>1@ @!+/5 >/+!1/oint no / !22@ @!+> >/+!2oint no 2 !+2@ @!+ >/+!86ine no

12oint no 1

oint no + !F25 @!>@5 >/1!AF5oint no / !>A5 @!18 >/+!@55oint no 2 !8/@ @!155 >/+!+1oint no 5 !5@5 @!1+5 >/+!//5oint no 8 !+8@ @!+25 >/+!5Aoint B

"ank line

no

1!8>5 1!/F5 >28!/@8

oint no 1 +!/55 @!8A >25!8+8oint no + +!++5 @!1/ >25!>58oint no / 1!>A5 @!22 >28!1F8

oint no 2 1!/55 @!2/ >28!8+8oint no 5 +!+@5 @!A5 >25!>>8oint no 8 1!12@ 1!@85 >28!A21oint no > 1!1@5 @!@/5 >28!A>8oint no A 1!+ @!@F5 >28!>A16ine no +oint no 1 +!/F@ 1!1F >25!5F1oint no + +!++@ @!1> >25!>81oint no / +!@>5 @!125 >25!F@8


48/55

2A

oint no 2 1!AA@ @!1F5 >28!1@1oint no 5 1!5>@ @!/1 >28!211oint no 8 1!25@ @!1+ >28!5/16ine no /oint no 1 +!2>5 1!@+5 >2>!558oint no + +!/+@ @!2+5 >2>!FA1oint no / +!185 @!155 >2A!1/8oint no 2 +!@/@ @!1/5 >2A!+>10encing +!+/5 @!+@5 >2A!@886ine no 2oint no 1 +!5/5 @!/ >2>!>88oint no + +!2+@ @!115 >2>!AA1oint no / +!/A@ @!@2 >2>!F+16ine no 5oint no 1 +!@2 @!/2 >2A!+81oint no + +!@F@ @!@5 >2A!+11oint no / 1!8+@ @!2> >2A!8A1

oint no 2 1!@+@ @!8 >2F!+A1oint no 5 !8F@ !// >2F!811oint no 8 !525 !125 >2F!>58oint no > !8/@ @!@A5 >2F!8>1oint no A !A/5 @!+@5 >2F!2886ine no 8oint no 1 +!/A5 1!55 >2>!F18oint no + +!@+5 @!/8 >2A!+>8oint no / 1!>>@ @!+55 >2A!5/16ine no >

"ree no+ /!12@ !11@ >2/!AA1oint no1 1!2/5 1!>@5 >25!5A8oint no + 1!15 @!+A5 >25!A>1oint no / !F+5 @!++5 >28!@F8oint no 2 !>25 @!1A >28!+>8oint no 5 !585 @!1A >28!258oint no 8 !51@ @!@55 >28!511oint no > !+>@ @!+2 >28!>51oint no A !+>@ @ >28!>516ine no Aoint no 1 1!>1 1!22 >25!//1oint no + 1!>>@ @!@8 >25!+51oint no / -

6ine no Foint no 1 1!A>5 @!1@5 >25!128oint no + +!+A@ @!2@5 >22!>21oint no / +!AF@ @!81 >22!1/16ine no

1@oint no 1 1!F+@ >25!1@1oint no + +!@/5 >22!FA8


49/55

2F

oint no / /!1/5 >2/!AA8oint no 2 +!FF5 >22!@+8oint no 5 /!1F@ >2/!A/1oint no 8 /!8+ >2/!85Foint no > /!F>@ >2/!@516ine no

11oint no 1 1!F/5 +!@/5 >25!@A8oint no + +!2>@ @!5/5 >22!551oint no / /!/5@ @!AA >2/!811oint no 2 /!AF@ @!52 >2/!1/16ine no

1+oint no 1 1!F/5 1!F55 >25!@A8oint no + +!2 @!28@ >22!A+1oint no / /!125 !>25 >2/!A>8oint no 2 /!5@ @!/55 >2/!5+1

oint "ree no + @!2>@ /!12@ >2/!AA16ine no 1oint no 1 /!525 /!@>5 >2@!A@8oint no + /!155 @!/F >21!1F8oint no / +!51@ @!825 >21!A21oint no 2 +!12@ !/> >2+!+11oint no 5 1!525 @!5F5 >2+!8@8oint no 8 1!@+@ @!5+5 >2/!//1oint no > !>@5 @!/15 >2/!828oint noA !5@5 @!+ >2/!A28

6ine no +oint no 1 >21!1F1oint no + /!18@ +!855oint no / +!285 @!8F5 >21!AA8oint no 2 +!@+@ @!225 >2+!//1oint no 5 1!2>@ @!55 >2+!AA1oint no 8 1!@@@ @!2> >2/!/51oint no > @!2>5 @!5+5 >2/!A>86ine no /oint no 1 /!2/5 +!F8 >2@!F18oint no + /!+1@ @!++5 >21!121oint no / +!5/5 @!8>5 >21!A18

oint no 2 +!/85 @!1> >21!FA8oint no 5 1!F1@ @!255 >2+!221oint no 8 1!/>@ @!52 >2+!FA16ine no 2oint no 1 /!85@ +!+A >2@!>@1oint no + /!1A@ @!2> >21!1>1oint no / +!855 @!5+5 >21!8F8oint no 2 - -


50/55

5@

oint no 5 1!>2@ @!F15 >2+!811oint no 8 1!>A5 @!@25 >2+!588oint no > 1!1>@ @!815 >2/1A1oint no A !F+@ @!+5 >2/!2/16ine no 5oint no 1 /!5>5 +!855 >2@!>>8oint no + /!1>5 @!2 >21!1>8oint no / -oint no 2 +!2+@ @!>55 >21!F/1oint no 5 +!18@ @!+8 >2+!1F1oint no 8 1!F25 @!+15 >2+!2@8oint no > 1!A>5 @!@> >2+!2>86ine no 8oint no 1 /!885 1!>F >2@!8A8oint no + /!25@ @!+15 >2@!F@1oint no / /!1+@ @!// >21!+/1oint no 2 +!>5@ @!/> >21!8@1

oint no 5 +!>F5 @!@25 >21!558oint no 8 1!FF5 @!A >2+!/586ine no >oint no 1 /!A25 1!A5 >2@!5@8oint no + /!>A@ @!@85 >2@!5>1oint no / /!>85 @!@15 >2@!5A8oint no 2 /!>55 @!@1 >2@!5F8oint no 5 /!A@@ @!@25 >2@!551oint no 8 /!@/5 @!>85 >21!/18oint no > /!AF@ @!A55 >2@!2816ine no Aolar light 1!+@5 1!+F >/F!@+1oint no 1 !F@5 @!/ >/F!/+1oint no + !FF@ @!@A5 >/F!+/8oint no / -oint no 2 1!@F5 @!1@5 >/F!1/1oint no 5 1!1+@ @!@+5 >/F!1@8oint no 8 1!1>5 @!@55 >/F!@51oint no > 1!12@ @!@/5 >/F!@A8oint no A +!//@ 1!1F >/>!AF8oint no F +!82@ @!/1 >/>!5A86ine no Foint no 1 !FA@ 1!88 >/F!+28

oint no + 1!1@5 @!215 >/F!1+1oint no / 1!+@@ 1!A25 >/F!@+86ine no

1@oint no 1 1!@85 @!1/5 >/F!181oint no + 1!2A@ @!215 >/A!>28oint no / /!/+5 1!A25 >/8!F@1oint no 2 /!+25 @!@A >/8!FA1


51/55

51

6ine no11oint no 1 1!85@ 1!5F5 >/A!5>8oint no + /!/@@ 1!85 >/8!F+8oint no / /!28@ @!18 >/8!>88oint no 2 /!5@@ @!@2 >/8!>+86ine no1+oint no 1 !2>5 /!@+5 >/F!>51oint no + !+8@ @!+15 >/F!F886ine no

1/ "ree +> 1!+1@ /!2A >/8!F/1oint no 1 @@@ 1!+1 >/A!121oint no + !2/5 !2/5 >/>!>86ine no

12oint no 1 !>85 @!// >/>!/>8oint no + 1!@15 @!+5 >/>!1+8

6ine no15oint no 1 !A55 @!18 >/>!+A8oint no + 1!@5@ @!1F5 >/>!@F1oint no / +!1F@ 1!12 >/5!F51oint no 2 +!>5@ @!58 >/5!/F1oint no 5 2!5@ 1!>5 >//!821oint no 8 2!8@@ @!1 >//!521oint no > 2!8F5 @!@F5 >//!2280encing 2!8F5 @ >//!2286ine no

18oint no 1 !AF@ /!A@5 >/>!+51oint no + 1!@2@ @!15 >/>!1@1oint no / 1!>>5 @!>/5 >/8!/88oint no 2 +!A/5 1!@8 >/5!/@8oint no 5 /!@85 @!+/ >/5!@>8oint no 8 2!8F5 1!8/ >//!228oint no > 2!>F5 @!1 >//!/28oint no A 2!F5@ @!155 >//!1F1oint no F 5!+2@ @!+F >/+!F@1oint no

1@

5!/A5 @!125 >/+!>58

oint no

11

5!2F5 @!11 >/+!828

0encing 5!5F@ @!@F5 >/+!5516ine no

1>oint no 1 !>>5 2!A15 >/>!/88oint no + 1!1F@ @!215 >/8!F51


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oint no / 1!/ @!11 >/8!A21oint no 2 +!>8@ 1!28 >/5!/A1oint no 5 /!155 @!/F5 >/2!FA8

+RACTICAL +RO@LE0S IN SURE-

CA0+

There are varou$ pro4lem$ wh&h we fa&e

'ur!" Fel' wor%. Some of #he$e are'e$&r4e' 4elow(

1. Nor#h 'reo! w#hou# a!y

!$#rume!# ! Fel'( 7irect your hour hand

wrist watch towards sun! "hen appro4imately

bisect the angle between the hour hand and 1+

)gure* printed on the dial! "his gives Corthouth line! I the direction towards the sun is

inclined at angles less than F@ degree, it is

south! I on other hand angle is greater than F@

degree, it is Corth!/. he! #he o49e #o 4e $"h#e' $ #oo

h"h or #oo low ! pla!e #a4le $urvey!"7a8 he! #he o49e $ #oo h"h( In such case,

place the sharp pencil vertical at the center

o ob'ect vane and see at the bottom hole o

the sight vane, pointed tip o the sharp pencil


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5/

and the tip o the ob'ect all clearly visible,

and draw the radial line on the plane table

sheet! hit the plane table to the ne4t

station and doing the back sight orientation,the same ob'ect is sighted ollowed by same

procedure and draw the radial line!748 he! #he o49e wh&h $ #o 4e $"h#e'

$ #oo low( In this case place the sharp

pencil at the center o sight vane and see the

bottom hole o the ob'ect vane by leaningorward, so that the line 'oining the top o the

pointed tip, bottom hole o the ob'ect vane

and the ob'ect all are clearly visible and draw

the radial line and then the above said

procedure is repeated ater doing back sight

orientation on ne4t station! =b'ect is plotted

by intersection method! "he above procedureis adopted in case o plane alidade!

3. here #he 'umpy level $ !o# properly

$e# up( uch problems arises where there will

be steep slope in elevation or in depression! In

this case use bney level tied with the ranging

rod or $eylon ghat tracer! 9ain precaution orworking on such instrument is, that their

position must be hori?ontal while taking the

readings! 0or making them hori?ontal, coincide


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52

the ?ero o vernier with the ?ero division o the

main scale!5. he! #he level!" $#a $ #oo !ear #he

!$#rume!#(In such case the graduation o thestaf are not visible! "hen move up and down a

piece o white paper along the staf until the

edge o the paper is bisected by the line o

collimation! "he reading is noted rom the staf

with the naked eye! ometimes readings are

taken by looking through the ob'ect glass i.e.position o telescope is reversed!


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55

the staf reading is NO and height o bo4 O is

measured with tape!

"he total staf reading is )OJNO*

he! #he o49e o! wh&h #he $#a $

pla&e' $ #oo h"h (Dhen the staf is too high

then place the tie beam hori?ontally and held

the staf in the interval position and the

readings is then taken! Inverted staf readings

are entered with Kve sign in the level book! I

such reading is back sight, -ve and i the same

is oresight then it is Jve!

*ow #o F; #he #emporary 4e!&h mar%

from F;e' 4e!&h mar% for &o!#our!"( In

such case either do 3y leveling or double

leveling rom the 4ed bench mark up to thepoint or place where it is required temporary

bench mark!

Camp Prjoect

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