Cambridge University Press 0521806496 - Reduplication ......0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in Morphology Sharon Inkelas and Cheryl Zoll Frontmatter More information In this series
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R E D U P L I C AT I O N
This groundbreaking new study takes a novel approach to reduplication, aphenomenon whereby languages use repetition to create new words. SharonInkelas and Cheryl Zoll argue that the driving force in reduplication is identityat the morphosyntactic, not the phonological, level and present a new model ofreduplication – Morphological Doubling Theory – that derives the full range ofreduplication patterns. This approach shifts the focus away from the relativelysmall number of cases of phonological overapplication and underapplication,which have played a major role in earlier studies, to the larger class of caseswhere base and reduplicant diverge phonologically. The authors conclude byarguing for a theoretical shift in phonology, which entails more attention toword structure. As well as presenting the authors’ pioneering work, this bookalso provides a much-needed overview of reduplication, the study of whichhas become one of the most contentious in modern phonological theory.
sharon inkelas is Professor in the Department of Linguistics, Universityof California at Berkeley. She has over fifteen years’ research and teachingexperience and has been in the Department of Linguistics at the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley since 1992. She is the author of a wide variety of articlesin phonology and morphology.
cheryl zoll is Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics andPhilosophy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with research interests inphonology and morphology, particularly in relation to African languages. Sheis the author of Parsing Below the Segment (1998) as well as numerous articleson a variety of topics in phonology and morphology.
65 eve v. clark: The lexicon in acquisition66 anthony r . warner: English auxiliaries: structure and history67 p. h . matthews: Grammatical theory in the United States from Bloomfield
to Chomsky68 lj il jana progovac: Negative and positive polarity: a binding approach69 r . m . w. d ixon: Ergativity70 yan huang: The syntax and pragmatics of anaphora71 knud lambrecht: Information structure and sentence form: topic, focus, and the
mental representation of discourse referents72 luig i burzio: Principles of English stress73 john a. hawkins: A performance theory of order and constituency74 al ice c . harr i s and lyle campbell: Historical syntax in cross-linguistic
perspective75 l il iane haegeman: The syntax of negation76 paul gorrel: Syntax and parsing77 guglielmo cinque: Italian syntax and universal grammar78 henry smith: Restrictiveness in case theory79 d. robert ladd: Intonational morphology80 andrea moro: The raising of predicates: predicative noun phrases and the theory
of clause structure81 roger lass: Historical linguistics and language change82 john m. anderson: A notional theory of syntactic categories83 bernd heine: Possession: cognitive sources, forces and grammaticalization84 nomt erteschik- sh ir: The dynamics of focus structure85 john coleman: Phonological representations: their names, forms and powers86 chri st ina y. bethin: Slavic prosody: language change and phonological theory87 barbara dancygier: Conditionals and prediction88 claire lefebvre: Creole genesis and the acquisition of grammar: the case of
Haitian creole89 heinz gieger ich: Lexical strata in English90 keren rice: Morpheme order and semantic scope91 apr il m cmahon: Lexical phonology and the history of English92 matthew y. chen: Tone Sandhi: patterns across Chinese dialects93 gregory t. stump: Inflectional morphology: a theory of paradigm structure94 joan bybee: Phonology and language use95 laurie bauer: Morphological productivity96 thomas ernst: The syntax of adjuncts97 el izabeth closs traugott and r ichard b. dasher: Regularity in
semantic change98 maya hickmann: Children’s discourse: person, space and time across languages99 diane blakemore: Relevance and linguistic meaning: the semantics and
pragmatics of discourse markers100 ian roberts and anna roussou: Syntactic change: a minimalist approach to
grammaticalization101 donka minkova: Alliteration and sound change in early English102 mark c . baker: Lexical categories: verbs, nouns and adjectives103 carlota s . sm ith: Modes of discourse: the local structure of texts104 rochelle l ieber: Morphology and lexical semantics105 holger diessel: The acquisition of complex sentences106 sharon inkelas and cheryl zoll: Reduplication: doubling in morphology
C A M B R I D G E S T U D I E S I N L I N G U I S T I C S
General editors: p. aust in, j . bresnan, b. comrie ,s . cra in, w. dressler , c . j . ewen, r . lass ,d. l ightfoot, k . r ice , i . roberts , s . romainen. v. smith
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cambridge university pressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, CB2 2RU, UK40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011–4211, USA477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, AustraliaRuiz de Alarcon 13, 28014 Madrid, SpainDock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
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First published 2005
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Acknowledgments page xiTable of languages xiiiAbbreviations used in morpheme glosses xxi
1 Introduction 11.1 Two approaches to duplication 21.2 Morphological Doubling Theory 6
1.2.1 The morphology of reduplication 71.2.2 Constructions in morphology 111.2.3 Constructional semantics 131.2.4 Constructional phonology 161.2.5 The phonology of reduplication 18
1.3 Phonological copying 201.4 Distinguishing the two types of duplication 221.5 Wrapup and outline of book 23
5.3 Morphological opacity outside of reduplication 1565.3.1 Opacity by truncation 1565.3.2 Opacity by infixation 157
5.4 MDT vs. Coerced Identity theories 1585.4.1 Opacity does not always increase identity 1615.4.2 Distribution of opacity 161
5.5 Case study: Fox 1655.5.1 Stem-internal alternations: opaque overapplication
by truncation 1685.5.2 Junctural alternations: normal application 1695.5.3 Summary of Fox 172
5.6 Conclusion: morphology underlies opacity 1735.7 The question of backcopying 174
5.7.1 Lack of evidence for backcopying in morphologicalreduplication 175
5.7.2 Backcopying as phonological assimilation 1775.7.3 Implications 180
6 Case studies 1816.1 Tagalog 181
6.1.1 Alternatives to backcopying 1826.1.2 Prefixation vs. infixation 183
6.2 Chumash 1856.2.1 Alternatives to backcopying 1876.2.2 Chumash verb morphology 1896.2.3 Which prefixes can contribute an overcopying final C? 1906.2.4 Inner (Level 2) prefixes in the reduplication domain 1906.2.5 A split among Inner prefixes in Ineseno 191
6.2.6 Implications of the split among Inner prefixes 1936.2.7 Summary 195
7 Final issues 1977.1 Criteria distinguishing phonological copying from
morphological reduplication 1977.2 The purpose and nature of phonological copying 1977.3 The morphological purpose of reduplication 1997.4 CV reduplication 2017.5 The question of rhyme 2037.6 The question of anti-identity 2107.7 Beyond reduplication 212
Notes 213References 225Index of languages 245Index of names 247Index of subjects 251
The broad focus of this book has given us the opportunity to benefit fromthe expertise of a multitude of linguists whose interest and insightful inputhave contributed immeasurably to the construction of a morphological the-ory of reduplication. Orhan Orgun and Larry Hyman challenged and inspiredus throughout. Juliette Blevins, Andrew Garrett, Michael Kenstowicz, TeresaMcFarland, Anne Pycha, Richard Rhodes, Ronald Sprouse, and Donca Steri-ade all read the manuscript in various stages and facilitated the development ofour ideas with their penetrating critiques. We owe a debt of gratitude as wellto Terry Crowley, Laura Downing, Danny Fox, Claire Lefebvre, Frank Licht-enberk, Johanna Nichols, Nick Sherrard, Galen Sibanda, Rajendra Singh, KenVanBik, and many others who generously provided us with useful materialsand shared their knowledge about languages, phenomena, and theories onceunfamiliar to us. We also thank our students, east and west, for their stimulatinginterest and willingness to participate in the development of MDT. The workbenefited significantly from the feedback of audiences at a number of colloquiaand conferences, including Phonology 2000 (MIT/Harvard), NAPhC (Concor-dia University, Montreal), the 1999 Linguistics Society of America Meeting,and the 2002 Graz Reduplication Conference (Graz, Austria), and from discus-sions at UC Berkeley and MIT during various less formal presentations. Muchof this book was written with the generous support of the Radcliffe Institute forAdvanced Study at Harvard University, which assisted one of the authors witha fellowship in 2001–2002. We are grateful also to the Linguistics Departmentat UC Davis for providing office space and a library card during one crucialsummer. Anne Nesbet, Nancy Katz, Klara Moricz, and David Schneider pro-vided unending encouragement. Vineeta Chand sustained us with her expertand cool-headed copy-editing, and Anne Pycha took time in a busy semesterto research the language table. We thank, finally, our families: the children we
raise on our laps while we type, Jem, Eli, and Lydia, and our spouses, OrhanOrgun and Eric Sawyer, who remove them at crucial moments for their occa-sional bath or hot meal, and who provide boundless moral and logistical support.This book is dedicated to our children, and to Curry Sawyer, whose inspiration,practical assistance, and unparalleled ability to get things done make everythingpossible.