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Abbasid caliphate, 415–16‘Abbas I (Safavid shah), 41–2, 53–4, 138–9Abdüllatif Çelebi. See LatifíAbdülvehhab Efendi, 193–5Abdüssamed Diyarbekri, 29absolutism
architecture as reflection of, 465central European dynasties’ adoption of,
251–2domestic borrowing rejected by Ottoman,
256–8Ottoman expansion and role of, 248–52
Abu Bakir Darani, 147–8Abu Hanıfa, 339–40Abūl-Fidā al-Hamawi, 422Acem Alisi (Alaüddin), 511Aceman, 494action radius, military strategy and importance
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-62094-9 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603: Volume 2Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate FleetIndexMore information
architecture in, 474auxiliary forces in, 296–7bandit armies in, 386–7Bayezid II’s incursions into, 28–9carpet production and export in, 484–5
grain harvests in, 383internal disorder in 1526–9 in, 228Islam’s roots in, 320–1judiciary system in, 328–9Mediterranean coastline seized, 144Mehmed II’s administration of, 74–91nomad migration from, 398–401Ottoman expansion and control in, 74–96in poetry, 574–5population demographics in, 375–9, 385–6post-conquest rebellion in, 211–12provincial government in, 225–6revolt in 1520 in, 115–17Selim I and, 30–2, 107Süleyman and, 32–3, 34, 44See also Rum
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-62094-9 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603: Volume 2Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate FleetIndexMore information
army of the Ottoman Empire auxiliary forces in, 296–7deployments in 1453 campaign and, 303fortress garrisons in, 297–302historiography concerning, 280–2janissaries as land force of, 282–4salaried horsemen in, 284–6sipahis in, 286–96
artisan production costs of war and conquest and drafting of, 14decorative aesthetic and, 474–86longevity of Ottoman political economy and,
arts in Bayezid II’s reign, 8–9imperial image articulated in, 491–528Ottoman literary discourse on, 544–7visual arts, 457–60See also architecture; literary production and
tradition; visual artsaruz metric form, poetry in, 567, 581–3Asafname (Lütfi Paşa), 434–5ashlar masonry, in Ottoman architecture, 469Asian Mode of Production, imperial revenues
and expenditures and, 246Aşik Çelebi, 445–6, 548, 559–60, 567
biographical dictionary of, 589–91discourses on poetry by, 559n34, 584, 590n123
Aşikpaşazade, Ottoman chronicler, 409on Bayezid II, 113historical narratives of, 3–4, 447–8on Mehmed II, 74–5, 75n5, 77–8, 80, 81, 92–3prose style of, 562–5
askeri. See military administrative class (askeri)Assmann, Jan, 439astrology, Ottoman interest in, 416–18
prognostications and end of time predictions and, 453–5
astronomy, Ottoman knowledge of, 415–20Astuacatar, 322–5Atayi, Nevizade, 332, 342, 576–8Athar al-bilad, 412–13Atjeh, Sultan of, 243–4atlases, Ottoman production of, 421–3Attar (scholar and writer), 560–2, 576–8attraction (mahabbet), Ottoman principle of, 435–8
Aulic War Council, 316–17autobiography
in poetry, 572–6in prose, 576–8, 578n90
auxiliary military forces in Ottoman Empire, 303avariz registers
costs of war and conquest and, 13–15population data from, 363–5
Ayalon, David 117Aya Sofya (Hagia Sophia) church/mosque, 324,
378–9, 415–16, 465–6artistic images of, 534–43
Ayas Paşa, 452Aydınoğulları, history of, 449Aynı Ali, 214–15, 434–5Ayşe Sultan, 539azeb (azab), 307–8
Baba İlyas-ı Horasani, 321Baba Nakkaş ceramics, 476–80Baba Zul-Nun, 340Babai uprising, 321, 346–7babas (spiritual leaders), 321Baghdad, as cultural center, 542–3al-Baghdadi, 325–6Baharistan (Land of Spring) ( Jami), 538, 586–9Bahjatu t-tawarikh (Şükrullah), 449Bahrü‘l-Ma’arif (The Sea of Knowledge), 581–3Baki (poet), 218–19, 432, 568–70, 578–9Baykara meclisi (literary gathering), 555n22Balastero, Andrea, 151Balbi, Nicolò, 166Balbi da Correggio, 164n192, 164–5Balım Sultan, 346–7Balkans
Catholic population in, 370–2cizye payments in, 363–5forced migrations from, 390–3gazi architectural projects in, 473Islamization in, 374–5nomad migration from Anatolia to, 398–401in official illustrated histories, 508–9Ottoman expansion into, 249–52, 256–8population data for, 370, 372timar system in, 287 See also Albania; Bosnia; Hungary
bandit armies, integration of, 386–7Barakat II b. Muhammad b. Barakat (Şerif of
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-62094-9 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603: Volume 2Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate FleetIndexMore information
Barbarossa/Barbaros. See HayreddinBarbera, Benedicto, 150Barbosa, Duarte, 189–90Barendse, René J. 196–7Barkan, Ömer Lütfi, 246, 262–3, 267, 361–2, 375–6Barkey, Karen, 386–7Basra, beylerbeylik established in, 181–2, 352–4Bathori, Stephen, 42, 53–4Battalname, 441–2, 552–5Bayezid (son of Süleyman), 38–9, 126, 127–8,
207–8, 220, 238–9Bayezid I (1389–1402), 2, 9, 347–8
Byzantines and, 395Timur’s attacks on, 365–6
Bayezid II (1481–1512) administrative legacy of, 239–40anonymous texts concerning, 2–3architecture in reign of, 8–9, 466, 472, 477–69art in reign of, 8–9, 487–90astronomers in court of, 417calligraphy and book arts under, 478–9collections of art and manuscript in reign
of, 476colleges founded by, 333–4Halvetiye religious order and, 342Hanefi school of Islamic law and, 234–6historical writing in reign of, 439history of reign of, 27–30, 45, 173–5janissaries under, 216–17land and tax laws under, 237leadership style of, 219–20legal system under, 325–6library of, 409literary patronage in reign of, 552–6, 562–5Mamluks and, 91–6Mediterranean expansion under, 148–55Mehmed II and, 22as Mehmed II’s successor, 148naval forces under, 304periodization in regime of, 50–2population growth under, 375–9Quaytbay and, 94–6religious institutions in reign of, 339–40, 346–7rivalry with Cem (brother), 27–30, 50–2, 91–6,
148–9, 149n68, 207–8scholarly and literary activities sponsored
of Egypt and the Hijaz, 186–90establishment in Basra of, 181–2establishment in Yemen of, 179–80, 181, 191–3of Ethiopia, 193–5provincial government structure, 225–6
beylerbeyis architectural projects of, 472–3governmental duties of, 226–32judiciary as check on, 232–3
biographical dictionaries development in Rum of, 548–51, 559–60histories of Rum poets as, 586–92table of, 588–92
Birgevi Mehmed b. Pir Ali, 341–3, 411, 432–3Bistami, Abd al-Rahman al-, 491–2, 539–40Blackburn, Richard, 191Black Sea
Mehmed II’s expansion in, 79, 144–5Ottoman expansion in, 25–6, 52, 57–9piracy in, 74–5
Blount, Henry, 171–2Bocskai, István, 63–4Bodrum, 154body and health, Ottoman knowledge of, 430–3book arts
manuscript culture in Rum and, 551n8 See also calligraphy and book arts
Book of Dede Korkut, 441–2Book of Forty Questions, 414–15border agreements, Ottoman terms for, 13border regions in Ottoman Empire
geographic knowledge and, 421–3migration patterns in, 396–8
Bosnian kingdom fortress garrisons in, 300Islamization in, 374–5
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-62094-9 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603: Volume 2Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate FleetIndexMore information
Botero, Giovanni, 248–9Boxer, C. R., 195–6, 198Brahe, Tycho, 419Branković, George, 22, 23–4Branković, Lazar, 23–4Braudel, Fernand, 174–5, 195–6, 197–8, 361Brummett, Palmira, 21, 44–73Buonrizzo, Alvise, 166–7Burak Reis, 149–50, 151bureaucratization in Ottoman Empire
architectural influence of, 511–13, 527–8as historical source, 5impact of war on, 55–7institutions of government and, 222–32integration of military and, 65–8Ottoman capital formation and servile status
of bureaucrats, 263Ottoman Red Sea expansion and importance
of, 185–6post-conquest administration, 63–4prose structure development and, 562–5state stability linked to, 20structural reforms in, 100 See also beylerbeylik
Bursa caravansarys in, 472economic productivity in, 273historical sources on, 5kadı hierarchy in, 328, 332–4population estimates for, 376private profit limitations in, 268slave population in, 370textile production in, 481
Busbecq, Ogier Ghislain de (Habsburg ambassador), 121–2, 126–7, 163–4, 248
on plague outbreaks, 365–6Byzantine Empire
decline of, 276–7migration patterns in, 395Ottoman identification with, 241–2
Cafer Paşa, 170–1Caffa (Kefe), Ottoman capture of, 144–5Cairo
cultural influence of, 475fortress garrisons in, 301–2kadı hierarchy in, 332–4Mamluk presence in, 174–5
Ottoman development of, 45urbanization and population growth in,
379–82Çaldıran, battle of (1514), 19–20, 30–2, 109–10caliphate
declining status of, 350Ottoman legal theory and, 325–6social order and position of, 437–8
calligraphy and book arts, 476–80ornament aesthetic and, 493–504
Cami’ün-Neza’ir (A Compilation of Parallel Poems), 580–1
Campanella, Tommaso, 396canal construction, Selim II’s initiatives for, 39–40Canale, Nicolò da, 25, 144n23Canatar, Mehmet, 366–7Çandarlı dynasty, 212–13, 321, 337–8Çandarlı Halil, 212–13Çandarlı İbrahim, 212–13cannon foundries, Ottoman armanents
and, 262–7Capsali, Moses, 322–5captives of Ottoman soldiers, forced migration
of, 387–90Caraldo, Pero, 177–9caravansarys, pilgrimages to Mecca and, 352–4Carlos V (King of Spain), 177–9carpet production, 484–5, 501Castaldo, Giovan Battista, 37–8castles, fortress garrisons in, 297–302Cateau-Cambrésis, peace of, 38–9, 121–2Catholics in Ottoman Empire
Orthodox Christians’ dispute with, 374population data for, 370–1
Cavalli, Marino, 156–7cavalry in Ottoman army, 284–6cebecis in Ottoman army, 285–6cebelis, timar system and, 293–6Celâleddîn-i Rumi, 343, 576–8celalis, 43, 55, 386–7Celalzade Mustafa Çelebi
administrative legacy of, 239–40dynastic rivalries and, 209–10, 223–4as historical source, 4, 70–3, 100histories written by, 444–5, 452prose works by, 562–5
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-62094-9 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603: Volume 2Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate FleetIndexMore information
knowledge of astronomy in, 415–16Ottoman travel narratives on, 425–6
Chios island, Ottoman capture of, 142n59–148, 142–3, 165–6
Christianity in Ottoman Europe, 65–8Ottoman expansion and, 11in Ottoman paintings, 543Ottoman Red Sea operations and, 173–5Ottoman tolerance of, 248–50Red Sea expansion by Ottoman Empire and,
176–7rhetoric of Ottoman expansion and, 69–70tolerance in Istanbul of, 322–5Uzun Hasan’s relations with, 84
warfare justified as defense against, 277–80
See also Orthodox Christianity; ProtestantsChronology of Ottoman history, xvii–xxiçift, Ottoman laws relating to, 236–7Ciğalazade Sinan Paşa, 137, 170–1, 215–16Cihannüma (Katip Çelebi), 423Cihannüma (Neşri), 449Cinani (poet), 576–8Ciudadela, 163–4cizye registers, population data from, 363–5‘classical age’, Ottoman history in context of, 2classicism, Ottoman visual arts and, 457–8climes (iqlim), Ottoman system of, 420–1, 422coffee trading, Ottoman Red Sea expansion
and, 185collective homage, in Ottoman
conquests, 48–9college system in Ottoman empire, 326–32
ulema career path through, 332–4‘command economy’, interregional/ inter-
empire trading and, 6–7commentaries (şerh) on poetry, 581–3communication systems in Ottoman Empire,
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-62094-9 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603: Volume 2Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate FleetIndexMore information
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-62094-9 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603: Volume 2Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate FleetIndexMore information
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-62094-9 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603: Volume 2Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate FleetIndexMore information
characteristics of, 62–8conquest and administration patterns in, 63–4definitions and terminology, 46–9Eastern expansion and consolidation, 104–25political factors in, 248–52in Red Sea, 173–201rhetoric of, 68–73trans-imperial zones and frontiers in, 59–60zones, stages and context of, 57–62
expenditures. See revenues and expendituresexplosive devices, military development of,
Holy League and, 159–60Süleyman’s campaign against, 51–2
Ferdinand I, Duke of Tuscany, 261–2Ferhad Paşa, 41, 137, 221–2Feridun Ahmed Bey, 4, 533, 544fermans (sultanic commands), 187–8Ferrante (King of Naples), 144Ferrara, Constanzo da, 486–7fesahat poetic technique, 584–5fetvas (legal opinions)
against astronomy and astrology, 415legal authority of, 234–5, 330
Figueira, Luiz, 181–2Filarete (Florentine architect), 465Fil Yakup Paşa, 118–19
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-62094-9 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603: Volume 2Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate FleetIndexMore information
armaments technology in, 309–10domestic borrowing system in, 252–3emerging commercial power of, 242–3Ottoman alliances with, 32–3, 38–9, 159–64Ottoman trading and, 6–7public debt in, 252–3revenues and expenditures in, 247
François I, 35–6, 159–64fratricide, dynastic disputes and practices of,
207–8
free market conditions longevity of Ottoman political economy and,
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-62094-9 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603: Volume 2Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate FleetIndexMore information
travel and Western culture and expanded knowledge of, 423–9
Georgia, Ottoman occupation of, 41, 105Gerber, Haim, 268Gerlach, Stephan, 142n59–148, 170al-Ghazālī, 434gift exchange, artisan production and influence
of, 474–86Giray dynasty, 399–400girih (decorative interlace), 475–6Giustiniani, Gieronimo, 165–6Göde Ahmed Bey, 85–6Godhino, Vitorino Magalhães, 177–9, 195–6, 197Golden Horn aesthetic style in faience, 496governance structures in Ottoman Empire,
205–40divan-ı-hümayun (Imperial Council), 222–32institutions of government and, 222–32processes of government and, 218–38sultan’s authority and, 207–18
grain harvests and shipments beylerbeyis’ duties regarding, 188–9food supply estimates and, 382–7protection in Mediterranean of, 171–2
Habsburgs Counterreformation initiated by, 249–50European military revolution and, 315–19Mehmed III and, 42–3migration patterns in border regions near,
396–8military parity with Ottomans of, 277Murad III and, 42Ottoman confrontation with, 45, 50–2Ottoman Empire rivalry with, 241–2Ottoman Mediterranean expansion and
conflict with, 159–64piracy sponsored by, 14–15serfdom under, 250Süleyman and, 32–3, 38–9War Council of, 251–2 See also Holy Roman Empire
Hacı Bektaş, 346–7, 441–2, 473Hadidi, 100–1Hadikatü‘ssu’ada (Fuzûlî), 440–1
hâdim al-haramayn (servitor of the two holy sanctuaries), sultans as, 349–52
Hadım Ali Paşa, 30Hadım Süleyman Paşa, 177–9, 191Hadis-i nev, 425–6Hafez (poet), 582–3Hagia Sophia. See Aya Sofya (Hagia Sophia)
church/mosquehagiographies
Ottoman historiography and, 434of poets, 445–6
Hakim İshak, 340–1Halife, Hasan, 103–4Halife Çelebi, 472–4Halil, Çandarli, 22–3, 97–8, 321Halili (penname), 572–6Halvetiye order of dervishes, 342, 443
Hamdallah Mustawfi, 422Hamon, Moses, 432Hamza Bali, 342–3, 344–5Hamza Saru Görez, Müftü, 107, 142–3, 221–2Hanbalis, 348–9Hanefi school of Islamic law, 234–6, 238, 320–1,
325–6, 348–9Haniwaldanus, anonymous author, 94–6Haremeyn, beylerbeyis’ duties regarding, 187–8Hasan Bey, 75–6Hasan Paşa, 43, 542–3Hasb-i Hal (Nev’i), 567hass, tax and population data and, 358–60Hass Murad Paşa, 212–13hatayi decorative aesthetic, 475–6, 495, 501–4Hayali (poet), 568–70, 582–3Hayat al-hayavan (al-Damiri), 429Haydar (son of Tahmasp), 132–3Haydar the Geomancer, 454–5Hayreddin Bey, 178Hayreddin Reis (Hayreddin Paşa), 12, 153, 225–6,
hazine (treasury), cultural production and, 493health, Ottoman knowledge of, 430–3Heberer von Bretten, Johann Michael, 171–2, 387Heinen, Anton, 412–13heliocentric systems, Ottoman disinterest in,
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-62094-9 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603: Volume 2Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate FleetIndexMore information
Bey), 445–6, 586heterodoxy, in Sunni Islam, 338–47Hevesname (Book of Desire) (Cafer Çelebi),
572–6, 584–5Hevesname (Book of Desire) (Paşa Çelebi), 572–6,
581–3Hidaya (al-Marghinani), 327–8Hijaz
beylerbeylik of, 186–90Ottoman relations with, 173–5, 185–6pilgrimages to, 347–8
Hijra (627–28), 330–1hilat (honour robes), 474–86historical overview of Ottoman Empire
from 1451 to 1603, 19–431451 to mid-sixteenth century, 22–36mid-sixteenth century to 1603, 36–43
historiography of Ottoman Empire archaeometry and, 15–16army structure and history, 280–2coverage of international trade and, 195–201definitions of conquest in, 48–9definitions of Europe and expansion in, 46–9dynastic history and, 445–9in illustrated manuscripts, 504–9, 529–43imperial revenues and expenditures, data on,
246–8official court historiographers and, 508–9Ottoman concepts of time and, 439–45pepper and spice trade data and, 199–201rhetoric of expansion and, 68–73stereotyping of Ottoman Empire and, 1world history and, 449–53zones, stages, and contexts of, 57–62
complex on site of, 462–6Holy League including Venice, 35–6, 39–40, 53–4,
159–60, 167–8, 169Holy Roman Empire
governance in, 248–9Ottoman Empire ambitions and,
241–2
holy war doctrine, Ottoman warfare and role of, 277–80
House of Osman, historical narratives of, 451–2Hud (Arabian prophet), 440Hülägü (son of Chingiss Han), 415–16humouralism
Kınalızade’s discussion of, 435–7in Ottoman knowledge of body and health,
430–3Hundi Hatun, 210–11Hünername (Book of Arts and Skills), 72–3,
533–4, 537Hungary
Catholic population in, 370–2cizye payments in, 363–5economic importance of, 67–8European military revolution and, 315–19fortress garrisons in, 297–302janissary participation in campaign for, 283Mehmed II’s focus on, 144–5, 276–7naval river flotillas in, 308Ottoman expansion in, 23–4, 28, 32–3, 38–9,
42–3, 51–2Ottoman military strategy concerning, 279population estimates for, 376serfdom in, 250timar system in, 288–96
Hunyadi, John, 22Hürrem Sultan/Roxelana (wife of Süleyman I),
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-62094-9 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603: Volume 2Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate FleetIndexMore information
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-62094-9 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603: Volume 2Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate FleetIndexMore information
Christian-Islam confrontations, Ottoman European expansion and, 65–8
conversions to, 323, 369–75data on women’s conversion to, 366–9dominance in post-conquest Constantinople
of, 322–5Hanefi school of Islamic law and, 234in illustrated manuscripts, 539–40institutional polity in Ottoman empire of, 317Iranian-Ottoman conflict and, 11kaside (praise poetry) and, 570–2Ottoman embrace of, 45Ottoman legal system and influence of, 232Ottoman warfare and role of, 277–80padişah of, 348–9slavery and conversion to, 372–3voluntary conversions to, 323–4 See also Shi’a Islam; Sunni Islam
Islamic holy cities beylerbeyis’ duties regarding, 187–8kadı hierarchy in, 328Mamluk presence in, 174–5Ottoman control of, 45, 113Ottoman Red Sea expansion and, 173–5sultans as servitors of, 349–52treaty of Amasya and protection of, 126–7
Isma’il (son of Tahmasp), 132–9Ismail Abu Taqiyya, 273, 379–80İsmail Bey (İsfendiyaroğulları ruler), 75–6, 80Isma’il Safavid (Shah), 10, 29–30, 34–5, 44, 97
ascends Iranian throne, 322Ottoman Eastern expansion and
consolidation and, 104–25posthumous power of, 116religious beliefs of, 339–40Safavid ascendancy and, 97–104Selim I’s war with, 50–2, 70–3, 106–13, 276–7
İsmihan (daughter of Selim II), 525isolarii (maps and sailing handbooks), 423–5
as illustrated history, 504–5Issawi, Charles, 380Istanbul
Albanian migration to, 394–5architecture in, 459–74
Catholic population in, 370–2conquest of, 9, 21, 44, 241–2economic and trade importance of, 142–3empire consolidation and, 45European influences in, 46–9Ottoman sources on history of, 2population growth in, 6–7, 377–9religious tolerance in, 322–5shipyards in, 305symbolism in Islam of, 347–8under Mehmed II, 22–3
istimalet (accommodation/persuasion) in Balkan provinces, 251decline of, 251–2Ottoman expansion and role of, 249–50
Italy domestic borrowing system in, 256–8Mehmed II’s campaign in, 145–8migrations to Ottoman Empire from, 396Muslim slaves in, 14–15Ottoman western Mediterranean expansion
and attacks on, 159–64Ottoman withdrawal from, 27–30textile production in, 481trading restrictions in ports of, 261–2
Ivan IV (RussianTsar) (1547–84), 53–4Iyas, Ibn, 112İz, Fahir, 562–5İznik (Nicaea) pottery, 8–9
as army land forces, 282–4Bayezid II and, 27–30conversion to Islam among, 373–4corsair capture of, 153devşirme as route to service in, 215–16, 282–3garrisons in beylerbeyliks of, 179–80, 185–6,
189–90living conditions in military garrisons for,
313–15in naval forces, 307–8raiding parties organized by, 397revolt of, 41Safavid war and, 108, 126Selim I supported by, 27–30support of sultan by, 216–18timars received by, 229–30
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-62094-9 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603: Volume 2Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate FleetIndexMore information
training and selection process for, 216–18Jeddah, Ottoman protection of, 175Jerba, 161Jewish population in Ottoman Empire
data on women in, 369in imperial Istanbul, 322–5tax farming by, 262–7, 270–1restrictions on tax farming, 261–2
John IV (Byzantine rule of Trebizond/Trabzon), 76
judiciary system in Ottoman Empire, 232consultations on conquest and war and, 330–1kadı hierarchy and, 328ulema hierarchy and, 328–32venality and unemployment in, 334–7
Julius III (Pope), 162–3, 163n179juros (Castilian annuities), 252–3
Karaman dynasty Bayezid II and, 28–9decorative aesthetic of, 475
Mamluk involvement in, 86–91Mehmed II’s campaign against, 22–3, 82–3rebellion in, 212–14
Karamanlı Nişancı Mehmed Paşa, 144–5Kara Memi, 496–7Kara Yazıcı, 43kaside (praise poetry), 567–8, 570–2Kasım (brother of Pir Ahmed), 82Kasım Paşa, 114–15Kaşşaf (Seyyid el-Şerif ), 333–4Kastriota, George, 25, 394–5. See also Skanderbeg
uprisingKatib Çelebi, 157, 165–6, 168, 170
Cihannüma of, 423, 455–6on Mehmed II, 145statecraft manual by, 434–5
Kitab-i Bahriye (Piri Reis), 427Kava’idü‘l-Fürs, 560–2, 561n44–562Kaykavus İbn Iskandar, 434Kazimierz IV (King of Poland), 27–8, 29–30Kemalpaşazade (İbn Kemal), 72–3, 88–9, 92,
277–8, 340–1, 344on Bayezid II regime, 50–1on Bayezid II’s Mediterranean expansion, 152–3historical narrative of, 448–9on Mehmed II, 81prose work of, 576–8publications of, 560–2on Selim-Isma’il war, 107, 111on Venetian-Ottoman conflict, 143–4
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-62094-9 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603: Volume 2Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate FleetIndexMore information
147–8prisoners of, 14–15protection in Mediterranean from, 171–2Süleyman and, 32–3, 51–2, 155westward Mediterranean move by Ottomans
and, 161–2knowledge and knowledge production
of astronomy, 415–20of cosmography, 412–15dynastic history and, 445–9of human body, 430–3importance of, in Ottoman society, 407–8,
455–6of maritime geography, 423–9of natural history, 429–30Ottoman historiography and, 439–45production and dissemination in Ottoman
Empire of, 20–1prognostications and end of time and, 453–5of social order and politics, 433–8systematization of, 409–12of universal geography, 420–3world history and, 449–53
Koca Sinan Paşa, 42, 221–2Koçi Bey, 434–5Komnenos dynasty, 75Konya
battle of, 207–8carpet production in, 484–5list of foundations in, 2–3
kul (sultan’s servitors), 248career mobility for, 337–8standing army and, 282–4 See also slavery
Künhü‘l-Ahbar (Gelibolulu Mustafa Ali), 450–1Kuran, Timur, 265–6Kurdoğlu, Fevzi 156–7Kuru, Selim, 20–1Kütükoğlu, Mübahat, 269–72
Lajos II (King of Hungary and Bohemia), 32–3, 225–6
Lala Mustafa Paşa, 12–13, 39–40, 41, 42–3, 135–7, 221–2, 537–8
Lamii (poet and scholar), 576–8, 583–6land system
land surveys in Anatolia and, 116Ottoman property rights law concerning,
235–8post-conquest annexation practices and, 212sipahi’s duties in maintenance of, 286–96
Lane, F. C., 195–6language
learning tools for, 560–2multilingualism in Rum and, 558n30, 558–60in Ottoman historical sources, 4Rum literary tradition and evolution of, 551,
552–5, 556–8 See also specific languages
Łaski, Hieronymus, 278–9Latifi, 562–5, 576–8, 579–80, 588–90, 590n123‘Latin campaign’ of 1204, 9Latin-Greek divisions, Mehmed II’s exploitation
of, 147–8la Vigne, Jean de, 163‘Law Book of Mehmed II’, 208–9, 224Le’ali (poet), 559n36–560Lef kas islands, 145–6, 152
corsair attacks on, 156–7legal infrastructure in Ottoman
Empire, 232–8heresy accusations and, 340–1Islamic schools of law and, 348–9Ottoman warfare and role of, 277–80şeri’at and kanun and, 325–6sultan’s authority and, 207–18, 221, 437–8 See also cursus honorum (legal education);
kannuname (law code)Le Historie de Europa (Ulloa), 67–8Lemnos, 142–3, 147–8
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Lepanto battle of, 44, 53–4Bayezid’s siege of, 150–3Mehmed II’s siege of, 144–5Ottoman attack of 1571 on, 167–70
Lesbos, Venetian-Ottoman conflict over, 143–4Letaifname (Book of Witticisms), 576–8levends in naval fighting force, 307–8.
See also corsairsLevni, 8–9Leyla and Mecnun, 572–6life-time tax-farm (malikane), 255literary production and tradition
cosmography in, 413–15discourse on poetry and, 583–6discourse on the arts in, 544–7dynastic history and, 445–9elite vs. folk literatures, 549n5histories of Rum poets and, 586–92literary tools for poetry in Rum and, 578–86manuals and commentaries and, 581–3new forms of, 566–78in Ottoman Empire, 20–1Ottoman historiography and, 439–45Ottoman travel narratives in, 423–9parallel poetry anthologies, 580–1poetic form and content and, 566–78prose structure and, 562–5prose vs. poetry and, 565–6rare book collections and, 476–80of Rum, 548–92statecraft manuals and, 433–8on wonders (acaib), 539–40 See also illustrated manuscripts
Livorno, trade with Ottoman merchants in, 261–2Lokman ibn Seyyid Hüseyin, 72–3Lokman, 433, 449–50, 533, 535–6, 537, 544long war between Ottomans and Habsburgs
Lopes de Castanheda, Fernão, 177–9Lopes de Sequeira, Diogo, 176Louis, William (Willem Lodewijk), 284Louis XIV (King of France), 245–6, 248–9love poetry
form and content of, 572–6history of, 589
Lowry, Heath, 360
Lubenau, Reinhold, 249–50Lucano, Giovanni Albino, 148n64Ludovisi, Danielle de’, 149–50Lütfi Paşa, 111, 118–19, 122, 159–60
on conquest of Rhodes, 154–5on execution of Ibrahim Paşa, 209–10history by, 452marriage to Şahi Hatun, 210–11military provision system under, 310statecraft manual by, 434–5
Luther, Martin, 248–50Lybyer, A. H., 195–6
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 207, 248–9Macuncuzade Mustafa Efendi, 171–2, 571magic, Ottoman study of, 430Mahdia, 161mahmal, mehmel (palanquin sent to Mecca), 351–2Mahmud (son of Mehmed III), execution of, 209–10Mahmud Paşa
appointment of, 190, 212–13commercial centre built by, 472execution of, 212–13hagiography of, 434Mehmed II and, 23–4, 82mosque of, 466–70naval skills of, 146–7Ottoman expansion and, 75–6, 183–4
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geographic configurations and zones of operation and, 57–9
impact on geographic knowledge of, 423–9Ottoman eastern Mediterranean expansion
and, 141–8Ottoman expansion and, 11, 45Ottoman Red Sea expansion and, 195–201protection, in Mediterranean, of, 171–2Red Sea as strategic location in, 175–85
Maronite Christians, population data on, 370–1Marranos (reconverted Jews), 261–2, 270–1marriage
as dynastic tool, 210–11of Ottoman soldiers, 313–15
Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando, 285–6Martinuzzi, George, 33–4, 37–8martolos (Christian fighting unit in Ottoman
service), 397martyrology, 440–1Marxist ideology
Ottoman capital formation and, 262–7Ottoman imperial revenues and expenditures
in context of, 246masjid
elite architectural patronage and construction of, 466–70
in socio-religious complexes, 462–6Massawa, 182–3Maşukî, İsmail, 344Masum Sultan Safavi, 130–1Matali’üs-Sa’ade, 539, 540–2mathematics, Ottoman knowledge of, 415–20Matrakçı Nasuh, 428–9, 505–7Matthias Corvinus (King of Hungary), 276–7mausoleums, architectural design and
construction of, 459–74, 522
al-Mawardi, 325Maximillian II (Holy Roman Emperor), 38–9Mazzaoui, Michael M. 106–7Mecca
Ottoman reconstruction of Great Mosque in, 351
pilgrimages to, Ottomans as protectors of, 10, 352–4
Mecmu’atü‘n-Nezair (An Anthology of Parallel Poems), 580–1
medical knowledge, Ottoman study of, 430–3medical services for Ottoman military, 313–15Mediterranean region, Ottoman expansion in,
12, 29–30eastern consolidation from 1481 to 1533, 148–55eastern expansion, 1451–81, 141–8fortress garrisons in, 300–1post-1574 strategies, 170–2western expansion, 1533–74, 155–70
medreses astronomy and mathematics in, 415–20code of conduct for, 409–10heresy trials and network of, 340–1hierarchy and categories of, 327–8medical training and, 431muvakkıthane in, 416palace schools and, 216–18post-conquest system of, 326–32ulema career path through, 332–4unemployment problems and enrollment
in, 384Meğri, 152Mehmed I (1413–21), 321Mehmed II (1451–81)
architectural projects under, 459–60, 472art and pictorial representation in reign of,
487–8artisan production in reign of, 476–80colleges founded by, 324, 333–4conquest of Constantinople and, 241–2, 347–8cosmography and knowledge in reign of,
413–15Crimea khanate and, 9death of, 148decline of Venice and, 9dynastic rivalry in reign of, 207–8, 209–10educational institutions in reign of, 558–60Eight Medreses of, 233–4, 327–8, 333–4epidemics in reign of, 365–6executions by, 321, 395
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Mehmed III (1595–1603) death of, 241European expansion under, 53–4fratricide committed by, 208–9illustrated history of, 537, 538leadership style of, 219–20military campaigns of, 283–4, 318–19prognostication in reign of, 454–5reign of, 42–3son’s execution ordered by, 209–10
Mehmed IV (1648–87), 172, 267
Mehmed Ağa, 538Mehmed Aşik
on body and health, 430–1on cosmography, 413–16, 440, 455–6on geography, 420–3, 428–9on natural history, 429–30
Mehmed, Kemâl al-Dîn, 409–10Mehmed Paşa, 27–30Mehmed Reis ibn Menemenli, 427Meilink-Roelofsz, M. A. P., 195–6Melami dervishes, 343–7Melheme (Şemsiye), 417Membré, Michele, 117, 122memory, rhetoric of Ottoman expansion and,
69–70Ménage, Victor, 195Menakıb-ı Hünerveran (Gelibolulu Mustafa Ali),
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marriage to Rüstem Paşa, 210–11military administrative class (askeri), 65–8
beylerbeylik of Egypt and the Hijaz and, 186–90
beylerbeylik of Yemen and, 191–3Ottoman capital formation and, 262–7, 269–72standing army and, 282–4ulema structure and, 326–32
military histories (gazavatnames, fethnames), 444–5
military structure advances after 1453, 49–50armaments technology and, 309–10border guards in, 397enforced enrollment of slaves in, 387–90equipment and tactics in, 318in Ethiopian beylerbeylik, 195European military revolution, Ottoman
military and, 315–19increased costs and difficulties of, 19–20living conditions of soldiers in, 313–15Ottoman Empire consolidation and, 45, 185–6Ottoman sources on, 9–13provisioning systems in, 310–12sixteenth-century Ottoman superiority and,
241–6spying systems in, 312strategic importance of Suez to, 187sultan’s leadership role in, 218–22technological changes to, 238–9warfare from 1453 to 1603 and, 276–319.
See also army of the Ottoman Empire; janissaries; navy of the Ottoman Empire
Miller Atlas, 424millet regime, 323Mimar Sinan, 8, 492, 519–22, 530
artisan production and, 391–2autobiography of, 546–7public architecture and, 525
Süleymaniye complex and, 325, 511–13miniature painting, in Ottoman era, 8–9Mirando, António de, 177–9Mir’âtü‘l-Memalik (Seydi Ali Reis), 425, 426–7miri land, Ottoman laws relating to, 235–8Mirim Çelebi, 415–16Mizrahi, Elijah, 322–5mnemohistory, 439Mocenigo, Piero, 144Modon, Ottoman attack on, 150–3Mohács, battle of, 51–2, 277Moldavia
Ottoman expansion into, 33–4, 52, 53–4, 144–5Russian presence in, 53–4
Molla Cami, 555–6, 586–9Molla Kabız, 340–1Mongols, astronomic knowledge of, 415–16Moriscos (Muslims of Granada), 160Morosini, Giovanni Francesco, 169mortality data, population demographics and,
365–6mosques
architectural design and construction of, 459–74, 514–21, 523–5
elite architectural patronage and construction of, 466–70
Mozaffar Han, 137–8Müeyyedzade, 409Müezzinzade Ali Paşa (Ali Paşa at Lepanto), 306mufassal registers, tax and population data
from, 359müftü, in Ottoman legal system, 234, 330Muhammad Hudabanda, 133Muhammad Shaybani Han, 103muhasebe defteri (account register), 298Mutahhar, 184Muhi al-Din ibn Arabi. See Muhieddin Ibn ArabiMuhiddin Karamanî, 345–6Muhieddin Ibn Arabi, 2–3Muhyi-yi Gulşenî, 443Müniri Belgradi, 342–3, 344–5Murad (son of Ahmed, grandson of Bayezid II),
105, 105n258, 207–8Murad I, Ottoman ruler (1362–89), 2, 97–8, 105
kadıaskers under, 328–9Murad II (1421–51), 79–81, 87–8
architectural projects in reign of, 462, 465–6educational institutions in reign of, 558–60literature and poetry in reign of, 551religious persecutions by, 321
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Murad III (1574–95) architecture in reign of, 529–32artisan production in reign of, 498–501European expansion under, 53–4firearms used during reign of, 284fratricide committed by, 208–9Halvetiye religious order and, 342illustrated manuscripts in reign of, 528–9,
532–43Iranian wars and, 132–9knowledge production in reign of, 425–6land and tax registers in reign of, 359leadership style of, 219literature in reign of, 576–8naval redevelopment under, 306–7observatory established by, 418–19poetry of, 559–60prognostication in reign of, 454–5reign of, historical overview, 8–9, 41–2, 44social order under, 437sürgün recruitments by, 391treaty of Amasya and, 131–2
Murad IV (1623–40), 379Murad Paşa, 183–4Murad Reis, 181–2Murphey, Rhoads, 67–8musammat (poetic interpretation), 582–3musical therapy, Ottoman use of, 431–2Muslihüddîn Efendi, 342–3Muslim merchants, European restrictions on,
258–62Mustafa (son of Mehmed II), 85, 212–14Mustafa (son of Süleyman I), 37–8, 125, 413–15
father’s execution of, 209–11, 570–2Mustafa Bey (governor of Yemen), 179–80Mustafa Bey (Karmani pretender), 99–100Mustafa Bey (sancak beyi in Egypt), 193–5Mustafa Bey (Yemeni ruler), 177–9Mustafa Darir, 539–40Mustafa Paşa, 114–15, 164–5, 167, 278–9
college founded by, 333–4Müteferrika, İbrahim, 423, 434–5muvakkıthane, 416Müyessiretü‘l-Ulûm, 560–2mysticism
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observatories, Ottoman construction of, 417–20ocaklık-revenue source, timar system and, 288–9ocaks (infantry corps), 398–401Olbracht, Jan, 27–8omens, books of, 454–5Ömer bin Mezid, 580–1Ömer Rûşenî, 345–6oneiromancy, 453–4Orhan, Ottoman historical sources concerning,
3–4Orhonlu Cengiz, 182–3, 195–6ornament aesthetic, Ottoman development of,
493–504Orthodox Christianity
acceptance of Islam in, 241–2in, Aegean Islands, Latin-Greek rivalry
and, 152architecture in churches for, 525–6Catholic disputes with, 374data on women in, 369fear of Catholic domination in, 249–50hierarchy of, 248in Mehmed II’s reign, 322–5Ottoman legal system and, 232population data and, 369–75timar revenue and institutions of, 251 See also Christianity
historical overview, 1451 to mid-sixteenth century, 22–36
military and political successes in, 9–13
Ottoman sources on, 2–5periodization in history of, 21, 55–7sixteenth-century global dominance of, 241–6treaty of Amasya and, 126–32
Ottoman-Venetian war of 1537–40, 117Özal government, modern capitalism and, 274–5Özdemir Paşa, 181–2, 193–5Özdemiroğlu Osman Paşa, 41, 137, 184Özel, Oktay, 385–6Özvar, Erol, 246
Pacheco, Pietro, 162–3painting
in illustrated histories, 534–43Ottoman aesthetic in, 486–91, 509wall paintings, 543
palace schools, 216–18. See also medresespalatial paradigm, in Topkapı Palace
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histories of poets of, 586–9learning tools for, 560–2Ottoman historical sources and, 4prose structure and, 562–5, 576–8in Rum literary tradition, 552–5, 558n29,
558–60statecraft manuals, 434
Pertev Paşa, 167–8Pervane bin Abdullah, 580–1Pesaro, 261–2Petrović, Peter, 37–8Philip II (King of Spain), 38–9, 162–3, 163n179, 277Philip of Burgundy, 80Philip the Good, 84Phokaea, 142–3physicians in Ottoman Empire, 430–3physiognomy, Ottoman study of, 433Pickthall, Marmaduke, 333–4pictorial representation, Ottoman east/west
horizons in, 486–91piracy
in Black Sea region, 74–5in eastern Mediterranean, 141–2kidnapping and, 389, 397–8Ottoman expansion and, 14–15, 57–9, 153,
166–70protection in Mediterranean from, 171–2
Pir Ahmed, 26, 81–6, 87–8, 89Pires, Lourenço, 199Piri Paşa, 218–19, 337–8Piri Reis, 156–7
plague epidemics, population demographics and, 365–6
poetry discourses on, 583–6divan poetry, 3, 568elite patronage of, 552–5form and content in, 566–78, 567n60
histories of Rum poets and, 586–92literary tools for, 578–86manuals and commentaries on, 581–3multilingualism in, 558n30, 559–60parallel poetry anthologies, 580–1prose vs., 565–6Rum’s identification with, 548–51 See also specific poetic forms, e.g., gazel
infrastructure and, 205–40kaside (praise poetry) and, 570–2longevity of Ottoman political economy and,
272–4Ottoman sources on, 9–13, 433–8overview from 1451 to 1603, 19–43ulema involvement in, 337–8
population demographics in Arab provinces, 379–82cizye and avariz registers and, 363–5data sources on, 360–3food supplies and rural flight and, 382–7illness and death data and, 365–6nomads and settled populations, 398–401non-Muslim population data and, 369–75scarcity of data on women and, 366–9shifts in post-conquest European regions, 64–5tahrirs as sources for, 358–60tax registers as source for, 375–9transformation in Ottoman Empire of, 20,
356–7urbanization and, 375–9 See also population demographics
Porte army Ottoman expansion and, 50–1sipahi rebellion in, 41
chronology of Red Sea operations of, 175–85dominance in Indian Ocean of, 243–4impact of pepper and spice trade on, 199–201Mamluk sultanate threatened by, 11, 29naval incursions against, 304Ottoman Red Sea expansion and, 173–201,
352–4postal service (menzilhane), establishment of, 310
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Mehmed II and, 26, 98Qusayr, Portuguese destruction of, 180Qutbaddīn al-Makki, 428–9
Radu Drakul, 22–3Ramazanoğlu family, 473–4Ramazanzade Mehmed Paşa, 449Ramii (Persian poet), 581–3rare book collections, of Ottoman elites, 476–80Rareş, Petru, 33–4Rasid ibn Makamis, 119–21reaya (non-askeri taxpayers)
Amasya treaty and, 127–8Cüneyd supported by, 101exclusion from public finance of, 262–7land holdings of, 116resistance to Ottomans from, 135, 138–9Safavid alliances among, 98–9, 101–2
Red Sea chronology of Ottoman operations in, 175–85international trade and Ottoman expansion
in, 195–201Ottoman expansion in, 173–201Ottoman naval presence in, 306political, economic and military importance
to Ottomans of, 185–6Reformation, Islamization of Ottoman Europe
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role in Ottoman expansion of, 65–8, 354–5Selim-Isma’il war and role of, 106–7şeri’at and kanun principles and, 327of sixteenth-century sultans, 347–8Sunni ‘right belief ’, heterodoxy and, 338–47syncretism in ulema beliefs and practices, 320–1ulema (scholar-officials) and, 320–38, 354usury prohibitions and, 256–8 See also specific religions
Renaissance, Ottoman architecture and influence of, 465, 469
revenue producing units (mukataa), 186–90revenues and expenditures
administrative shortcomings in management of, 252–3
Balkan expansion and, 248–52impact of revenue system on naval
development, 306–7imperial budgets and, 246–8timar system as revenue source, 288–96 See also specific taxes, e.g., timar and zeamet
revenue systemrhetoric of expansion, Ottoman utilization of,
68–73Rhodes
Mehmed II’s failed campaign in, 145Ottoman attack on, 153–5
riba Islamic definitions of, 256–8 See also interest rates; usury
Rıdvan Paşa, 183–4, 193–5‘right belief ’ heterodoxy, sultans’ religious
policies and, 338–47Risala-i Kutbiya (Kutb al-Din Muhammad Yazdi),
544–6river flotillas, in naval fighting forces, 308Riyazi (poet and scholar), 585–6Riyazü‘ş-Şu’ara (Gardens of Poets), 585–6Roman Empire
architectural patronage in, 556n25‘Baykara meclisi’ (literary gatherings) in,
555n22decorative aesthetic in, 475–6, 484–5, 501–4discourses on poetry in, 583–6
elite patronage of literature in, 552–5, 553n12foreign influences on literature in, 555–6gazel poetry identified with, 568–70histories of poets of, 586–92kaside poetry in, 571literary tools for poetry in, 578–86literature of, 548–92manuals and commentaries on poetry in,
581–3manuscript culture in, 551n8mesnevi poetry in, 568, 572–6multilingualism in, 558n30, 558–60new forms of literature in, 566–78parallel poem composition in, 579–80poetry identified with, 548–51prose structure in literature of, 562–5prose vs. poetry in, 565–6provincial government in, 225–6Turkish language and literature of, 551, 557n28
Rumeli delis (army auxiliary forces) in, 296–7European influences in, 46–9, 52fortress garrisons in, 300judiciary system in, 328–9population estimates for, 375–9post-conquest families’ influence in, 212–14prophetic vision and conquest of, 69–70provincial government in, 225–6Safavid threat in, 105–6timar system in, 286, 288–96 See also Balkans
Rumi identity, 174–5, 177–9Rumiyan, 494Rumlu Dev Ali, 105Rumlu Hasan, 86, 108Rum Mehmed Paşa, 30–2, 42–3, 82, 83–4, 212–13Russia
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and, 309–10Saltukname, 552–5Şamilü‘l-Luğa, 560–2Şamseddin III, 118–19sancak (sub-province)
duties of sancak governors, 226–32in Egypt, 186–90
in Ethiopian beylerbeylik, 193–5geographic configurations and zones of
operation, 57–9judiciary as check on sancak governors, 232–3post-conquest administration and, 63–4in Yemen, 191–2
sanitary conditions for Ottoman military, 313–15Sanudo, Marino, 102, 177–9, 195–6, 197sappers (miners), in Ottoman army, 285–6Sara Hatun (mother of Uzun Hasan), 83–4Satırcı Mehmed Paşa, 209–10‘saz’ ornamental aesthetic, 495, 501–4Scholarios, Georgios (Gennadios II), 322–5Schweigger, Solomon, 106–7, 139–40science in Ottoman Empire
security concerns, migration patterns linked to, 393–5
Sefer Reis, 181–2Sehi Bey, 445–6, 548, 584–5, 586–9, 590–1Şehinşahname, 533, 537şehname histories, 451–2, 533, 537Şehname-i Selim Han, 533, 534, 544Şehrengiz-i Edirne (Mesihi), 574–6şehrengiz poetry genre, 574–6Şehsuvar, 88–9, 110, 111–13Şehsuvaroğlu Ali, 30–2, 110, 112–13, 117Selaniki, 41–2, 132–3, 157, 170–1Selim (son of Bayezid II), 103–4Selim I (1512–20)
accession of, 10artistic images of, 491–2calligraphy and illluminated manuscripts in
reign of, 490–1conquest of Syria and Egypt by, 276–7, 322,
325, 348–9, 552–5cultural influences in reign of, 475death in 1520 of, 154defeat of Isma’il by, 339–40deposition of Bayezid II by, 207–8Eastern expansion and consolidation under,
104–25as Hadimül-Haremeyn-i Şerifeyn (servitor of
the two holy sanctuaries), 349–52Hayreddin and, 12historical narrative concerning reign of, 70–3history of reign of, 30–2
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Ottoman unease concerning, 277–80, 322pilgrimages to Mecca and, 352–4sacred history in, 440–1Sunni clash with, 106–7syncretism of ulema religious practices with,
320–1shipbuilding
Ottoman Mediterranean expansion and importance of, 150
Ottoman naval forces development and, 305Ottoman Red Sea expansion and importance
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forced migration due to, 387–90, 402–3Islamic conversion of slaves, 372–3Istanbul population growth due to, 377–9Mediterranean expansion and, 142n9narrative of, 571in naval fighting forces, 307–8of Ottoman subjects, 14–15, 390physiognomy and, 433in post-conquest European expansion,
64–5Tatar trafficking in, 399 See also kul (sultan’s servitors)
Smith, Adam, 268–9Soarez, Lopo, 175social conditions and society
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absolutist rule of, 248–52architecture as monuments to, 462–6astronomers hired by, 417–20governance processes and role of, 218–22histories of, 444, 445–9legal authority of, 207–18, 221, 437–8poetry by, 560n39sürgün resettlements and, 390–3
Sunni Islam architectural influence of, 466–70in Mamluk Empire, 10Ottoman expansion of, 11, 13–15Ottoman warfare as defense of, 277–80pilgrimages to Mecca and, 352–4‘right belief ’ in, 338–47Shii clash with, 106–7sultans as champions of, 322ulemas and syncretism with other beliefs and
practices, 320–1sürgün (deportation)
migration patterns due to, 390–3, 401–2nomads in, 398–401
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38–9, 41–2, 117, 118–22Alkas Mirza’s revolt against, 123–5Süleyman I’s defeat of, 339–40treaty of Amasya and, 126–32
tahrir (tapu tahrir) food supply estimates and, 382–7limitations of data from, 360–3population data from, 358–60sheep registrations and, 401urbanization and population growth in Arab
provinces and, 379–82taht kadılıkları ( judgeships of the throne), 328,
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timar revenue system, 55, 99–100, 116, 185–90absence of treasury data on, 247–8administrative reforms and, 100Balkan Christian nobility and, 251Christian participation in, 286food shortage data and, 383–4governing structures for, 226–32population data from, 358–60sipahis as part of, 286–96
time and timekeeping dynastic history and, 445–9importance of, 416Ottoman concept of history and, 439–45Ottoman geographic system and, 420–1prognostications and end of time and, 453–5
Timur, 395, 415–16attacks in Anatolia by, 365–6
Timurid culture decorative aesthetic and, 474–86historical narratives in, 448influence on art and architecture of, 458–9,
470, 473–4omen books and, 454–5ornament aesthetic and, 493–504Ottoman poetry and, 3pictorial representation in, 486–91rare book collections and, 476–80
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on sultanate leadership and authority, 219–20, 221, 437–8
Tuscany domestic borrowing system in, 252–3Ottoman trade relations with, 261–2
Üç Şerefeli Cami mosque, 465–6Uğurlu Mehmed, 85–6Ulama Han, 118–19ulema (scholar-officials), 248
career path for, 332–4fiscal inefficiencies in policies of, 256–8in imperial capital, 322–5importation from outside the Empire, 320–1literary patronage by, 552–5Ottoman capital formation and, 263Ottoman legal system and, 348–9political involvement of, 337–8, 354religious institutions and, 320–38şeri’at and kanun principles and, 327venality and unemployment issues for, 334–7 See also elites
Ulloa, Alfonso, 67–8Uluğ Bey, 415–16Umur Paşa, 434unemployment
migrations due to, 393–5in Ottoman judiciary, 334–7
in Arab provinces, 379–82architectural projects and, 525decorative aesthetic and expansion of, 474–86population demographics and, 375–9
Uruç (brother of Hayreddin), 155–6Uşak, carpet production in, 484–5Uskoks, 14–15, 57–9, 166–70, 171–2, 397–8Üsküdar, growth and development of, 8–9Ustajalu Muhammad Han, 108usury
domestic borrowing as alternative to, 252–3Islamic prohibition against, 256–8
Uzun Hasan, 26, 34Cüneyd and, 97–8marriage to Katherine (Despina Hatun), 76Mehmed II’s expansion in Anatolia and, 75–6,
78–86
rebellion in Karaman and, 212–14
vakıf (pious foundation) absence of treasury data on, 247capital accumulation and, 265–6data on women connected with, 366–9libraries of, 409revenues from, 187–8, 205, 246–7tax and population data and, 358–60, 366–9
Varka and Gülşah, 572–6Vasco da Gama, 196Vatin, Nicolas, 149–50Veinstein, Gilles, 20Veledi dervishes, 343venality in Ottoman judiciary, 334–7Venice
Albanian migration to, 395Bayezid II’s war with, 149–53Cyprus as possession of, 166–70, 330–1Mehmed II’s war with, 143–5Ottoman Red Sea expansion and, 177–9, 196Ottoman threat to, 9, 12–13, 25, 29–30, 39–40,
49–50public debt in, 252–3revenues and expenditures in, 247trade with Ottoman merchants in, 261–2Uzun Hasan’s relations with, 84
vezirs (ministers) administrative reforms and, 100individuals from conquered elites appointed
as, 212–13, 215constraints on sultans’ appointment
calligraphy and book arts, 476–80decorative aesthetic in, 474–86imperial image articulated in, 491–528literary discourse on, 544–7multicultural influences on, 458–9pictorial representation in, 486–91
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-62094-9 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603: Volume 2Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate FleetIndexMore information
Vlad III Drakul, 22–3Vladislas II (King of Bohemia and Hungary),
29–30volleys, firing of, military development of, 284
Wake, C. H., 196–7Wallachia, Ottoman expansion into, 22–3, 52,
53–4warfare, Ottoman military structure from 1453
to 1603 and, 276–319warrior-sultan, Ottoman concept of, 218–22wealth accumulation
data on women and, 366–9Ottoman capital formation patterns and,
262–7weapons technology, Ottoman military
structure and, 309–10Wild, Hans, 372, 387Winter, Michael, 186–90women
architectural patronage of, 516–19, 525, 529data from vakıf (pious foundations)
on, 366–9in military garrisons, 313–15in Ottoman dynasties, authority of sultans
and ineligibility of, 207–18as palace slaves and concubines, 388–9as patrons of illuminated manuscripts, 539religious and charitable efforts of dynastic
women, 8–9scarcity of population data on, 366–9
world histories, Ottoman production of, 449–53, 533–4
Yakub (son of Uzun Hasan), 86, 98Yakub Şah bin Sultan Şah, 466
Yani (shipbuilder), 150Yazıcıoğlu Ahmed Bican, 432–3, 454Yemen
beylerbeyilik established in, 179–80, 181, 183–4, 191–3
fortress garrisons in, 301–2Ottoman presence in, 173Ottoman Red Sea operations and, 175–85Selim II and, 39–40
Yunus (commander under Mehmed II), 142–3yürük (nomads), 398–401Yusuf and Züleyha stories, 572n73, 572–6Yusuf b. Abi Bakr al-Sakkâki, 327
Zabid, 179–80Ottoman control of, 177–9
Zafername, 533Zaganos Paşa, 22–4Zakariyā al-Qazwini, 412–15, 427, 540–2zarar-ı kassabiye (tax), 264–5Zaydis (Yemen), revolt by, 39–40, 183–4, 352–4Zayla, Portuguese protection of, 177–9zeamets (land held in return for military
service), 230gedikli zeamets, 292tax and population data on, 358–60timariot compared with, 291–2
Zen, Pietro, 166–7Zenbilli Ali, 221–2Zeynel Mirza, 474Zeyniyye order, 342Zeyrek Ağa, 538zones of operation, Ottoman expansion and,
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-62094-9 - The Cambridge History of Turkey: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603: Volume 2Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate FleetIndexMore information