388 THEORY, POLITICS AND EXPERIMENT IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: A RESPONSE The values and perspectives expressed in the paper by Walker and Evers are to be commended. These authors reject a naive empiricism in educational research. Never- theless, their treatment of the issues which they have raised is both incomplete and inadequate: In part, the problems which are encountered in reviewing their article, 'Theory, Politics and Experiment in Educational Research Methodology', arise from the very limited view which they present of what educational researchers consider to be educational research. The only publication that they cite in their article, which they tacitly assume to represent the field of educational research, is Foundations of Behavioral Research by Kerlinger (1973). It is wrong for these authors to suggest that this publication provides a comprehensive overview of educational research. The two authors are Australian scholars and it might be assumed that they are writing about educational research in the country in which they live. Perhaps it is because I am also an Australian engaged in educational research that I have been in- vited to respond to their article. However, the naively empirical view of educational research is not held in Australia and certainly not in the two universities where Walker and.Evers work. To provide evidence of my claim I note that the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia has sponsored the preparation of a trend report which reviews the very substantial quantity of educational research conducted in Australia during the past 20 years. The first section of the report considers educational research from the disciplinary perspectives of philosophy, history, sociology and curriculum studies. The second section is concerned with fields of investigation, namely, educa- tional achievement, teaching and learning, teacher education, and tertiary education. The final section involves reviews of research into significant issues in Australian education, namely, privilege and disadvantage, youth in transition, Australian Aboriginals, migrants and multicultural education, and the education of girls (Keeves, 1986). The contents of this volume reveal that the educational research which has been undertaken in Australia during the past 20 years employs a broad range of research methods and is far removed from the perspectives attacked by Walker and Evers., The research traditions and current emphases differ considerably in different parts of the world where educational research is conducted, and it is not clear from the ar- ticle under review whether the authors have in mind a particular setting when they examine a view of research that is extremely narrow. Under these circumstances, I draw their attention to the recently published volumes of The International Encyclo- pedia of Education. Although it must be acknowledged that the ten volumes of this encyclopedia have been weighted heavily towards the writings and approaches to research of those scholars who have been able to write in English, different perspec- tives and different methodologies which currently comprise the field of educational research across the world are nevertheless well represented. I would contend that the particularly narrow view which Walker and Evers take to be typical of the field, is belied by the contents of this encyclopedia. Writing in the Encyclopedia, Hus6n has considered 'Research Paradigms in Educa- tion' thus: 'The twentieth century has seen the conflict between two main paradigms employed in researching educational problems. The one is modeled on the natural sciences with an emphasis on empirical quantifiable observations which lend themselves to anal- International Review of Education - Internationale Zeitschrift fiir Erziehungswissenschaft - Revue lnternationale de P~dagogie XXXII (1986), 388-397. All rights reserved. Copyright © by Unesco Institute for Education, Hamburg and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht.
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C 0.6 adimensionalI 43.7567568 mm/horaA 5
Q= 36.4931351 mᶟ/s
km²
a 24.85b 0.22c 0.5d 0.1
M 43.75
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t0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!5 125.607283 146.299021 178.97329 208.456202 255.012591
10 88.8177616 103.44903 126.553227 147.400794 180.32113215 72.5193987 84.4657793 103.330277 120.352245 147.23158820 62.8036415 73.1495107 89.4866452 104.228101 127.50629525 56.1732847 65.4269113 80.0392887 93.2244478 114.04509830 51.2789586 59.7263253 73.0655399 85.1018883 104.10845435 47.4750906 55.2958325 67.6455454 78.7890387 96.385699540 44.4088808 51.724515 63.2766137 73.7003972 90.160566245 41.8690944 48.7663404 59.6577635 69.4854008 85.00419750 39.7205105 46.2638127 56.5963238 65.9196392 80.642061955 37.8720208 44.1108146 53.9624775 62.8519099 76.889189260 36.2596994 42.2328897 51.6651387 60.1761223 73.61579465 34.8371923 40.5760479 49.6382597 57.8153482 70.727767170 33.5699585 39.1000581 47.8326239 55.7122636 68.1549818
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#DIV/0! #DIV/0!297.02173 345.951184
210.026079 210.026079171.485576 171.485576148.510865 148.510865132.832156 132.832156121.258613 121.258613112.263662 112.263662
105.01304 105.0130499.0072432 99.0072432
93.926518 93.92651889.5554211 89.555421185.7427878 85.742787882.3790059 82.379005979.3823963 79.3823963
a 24.85b 0.22c 0.5d 0.1
M 88.24216216
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t0 0 0 0 0 05 134.7363041 156.9318987 191.9809035 223.6066062 273.5466699
10 95.27295429 110.9676097 135.7509987 158.1137476 193.426705215 77.79004144 90.60467395 110.8402263 129.0993343 157.932243520 67.36815205 78.46594935 95.99045173 111.8033031 136.773334925 60.255907 70.18207866 85.85647011 99.99991435 122.333789830 55.00586581 64.06717936 78.37587564 91.28701473 111.674960335 50.92553617 59.31468239 72.56196101 84.51535308 103.390922940 47.63647715 55.48380487 67.87549935 79.05687379 96.7133526245 44.91210136 52.3106329 63.99363449 74.53553541 91.1822232950 42.60736044 49.62622374 60.70969222 70.71061755 86.5030523255 40.62452421 47.31674778 57.88442034 67.4199285 82.4774242460 38.89502072 45.30233698 55.42011315 64.54966715 78.9661217465 37.36912716 43.5250775 53.24592241 62.01731418 75.8681957370 36.00979196 41.94181414 51.30905468 59.76137928 73.10842271
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0 0318.6089939 371.0945961225.2905801 225.2905801183.9489884 183.9489884159.3044969 159.3044969142.4862737 142.4862737130.0715771 130.0715771120.4228805 120.4228805112.6452901 112.6452901
106.202998 106.202998100.7530104 100.753010496.06422614 96.0642261491.97449419 91.9744941988.36623571 88.3662357185.15183539 85.15183539
año enero febrero marzo abril mayo1972 0.9 0 14.2 21.7 61.3
1973 0 0 0 27.8 0.4
1974 6.6 0.4 3.2 17.4 44.8
1975 0 0 4 0 64.1
1976 1.8 4.1 0 10.9 36
1977 97.2 0 0 0.3 71.4
1978 0 0 7.8 12.7 32.5
1979 3.2 0 1.6 19.1 72
1980 0.5 20 32.6 71.2 26.2
1981 3.4 47.8 1.7 15 4.7
1982 0.6 0 0 7 82.5
1983 0 2.4 3.5 51.3 65,-2
1984 1.9 0 0 20 39.3
1985 0 0.7 1.1 65.6 36
1986 0.3 9.5 10.4 51.9 71.9
1987 4.49 5.76 5.5 41.36 95.63
1988 6.4 16.1 75.5 9.19 23.9
1989 11.6 3.8 14.5 2.3 83.1
1990 49.5 0 5.5 39.1 42.3
1991 6.41 4.11 1.65 64.34 71.72
1992 0 0 0 0 6.2
1993 17.7 0.4 0.8 63 67
1994 6.4 14.1 15.5 45.95 14.2
1995 0 0 41.2 5.6 13
1996 8.34 4.11 4.5 0 12.7
1997 8.9 84.1 15.5 45.95 62.76
1998 0 16.1 0 100 80
1999 0 2 6 45 101
2000 15 4 5 10 70
2001 0 0 1 9 23
2002 0 0 5.5 57.44 17.93
2003 0 0 0 65.2 23
2004 0 0 0 71 65
2005 8 10 0 23.8 29.2
2006 12.2 0 25.4 96.5 31
2007 0 0 7.2 42.6 114.8
2008 0 0 2.5 121.4 31.4
junio julio agosto septiembre octubre noviembre39.1 0.4 35.6 29.3 16.7 0
37.5 29.2 113.5 52.4 120.6 91.1
2 6.3 27.8 55.2 45.5 57
35.4 43.5 9.7 57.5 70.8 110.8
48.3 9.2 7.3 51.7 52.5 43.5
31.3 36 44.8 18 50 44
4.3 29.5 24.3 41.4 54.4 37.7
57.3 40.3 26.9 65.7 51.9 54
18.2 22.6 64.7 39.9 11 2.7
67.1 41.2 72 37.6 41.5 63.2
42.2 14.5 11.3 61 76.4 0.1
54.3 31.5 32.7 43 53.5 48
22.4 25.1 6 69.3 72 94.9
21.9 21.5 25.5 34 22 26.5
22.7 1.1 10.2 38.1 60.2 22.2
27.03 17.82 13.59 37.4 29.34 41.8
140.55 6.68 37.38 55.29 3.91 7.89
17 25.2 33.8 85.6 56.9 40
25.6 18.2 19.6 12.8 61.5 66.4
7.2 0.2 16.6 12.7 69.2 100.2
25.7 5.7 14.2 27.2 94 35
50.6 13.4 21.7 39.8 33.3 95.43
0.7 68.8 44.8 33.6 38.2 16.2
0 65.9 24 114.2 82.79 29.34
52.2 0 57.2 51.2 30 59.65
35.48 12.9 37.38 63.48 61.62 65.61
30 33 20.39 55.26 1.03 77.54
85 22 67 76 85 60
14 54 42 76 68 40
0 14 30 79 114 25
40.55 12 22.4 27.1 36 0
6.5 14 42 44 67.5 82
37 25 34.7 48 54.1 85.3
72.2 30.96 45.88 66.23 60.45 96.7
22.4 23.6 29.3 64.6 81.5 84.2
42 15.9 44.7 82.79 58.69 35.79
23.2 33.4 40.4 104 60 53
diciembre valores maximos0.7 61.34.5 120.60.8 57
105.1 110.82.1 52.50 97.2
1.2 54.442.5 7247.4 71.286.2 86.25.2 82.50 54.3
3.9 94.980.9 80.90 71.9
53.5 95.6328.52 140.5541.48 85.63.7 66.47.78 100.293 94
25.93 95.431.1 68.8
59.65 114.212.96 59.65
0 84.153 10095 10113 767 114
105 10516 82
11.8 85.37.3 96.76 96.5
58.7 114.84.5 121.4
88.2421621622
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