Cadmium

Cadmium 1

Cadmium

Cadmium

Appearance

silvery bluish-gray metallic

General properties

Name, symbol, number cadmium, Cd, 48

Pronunciation /ˈkædmiəm/ KAD-mee-əm

Element category transition metal

Category notes Alternatively considered a post-transition metal

Group, period, block 12, 5, d

Standard atomic weight 112.411 g·mol−1

Electron configuration [Kr] 5s2 4d10

Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 (Image)

Physical properties

Phase solid

Density (near r.t.) 8.65 g·cm−3

Liquid density at m.p. 7.996 g·cm−3

Melting point 594.22 K,321.07 °C,609.93 °F

Boiling point 1040 K,767 °C,1413 °F

Heat of fusion 6.21 kJ·mol−1

Heat of vaporization 99.87 kJ·mol−1

Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 26.020 J·mol−1·K−1

Vapor pressure

P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k

at T/K 530 583 654 745 867 1040

Atomic properties

Oxidation states 2, 1 (mildly basic oxide)

Electronegativity 1.69 (Pauling scale)

Cadmium 2

Ionization energies 1st: 867.8 kJ·mol−1

2nd: 1631.4 kJ·mol−1

3rd: 3616 kJ·mol−1

Atomic radius 151 pm

Covalent radius 144±9 pm

Van der Waals radius 158 pm

Miscellanea

Crystal structure hexagonal

Magnetic ordering diamagnetic[1]

Electrical resistivity (22 °C) 72.7 nΩ·m

Thermal conductivity (300 K) 96.6 W·m−1·K−1

Thermal expansion (25 °C) 30.8 µm·m−1·K−1

Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 2310 m/s

Young's modulus 50 GPa

Shear modulus 19 GPa

Bulk modulus 42 GPa

Poisson ratio 0.30

Mohs hardness 2.0

Brinell hardness 203 MPa

CAS registry number 7440-43-9

Most stable isotopes

Cadmium 3

iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP

106Cd 1.25% >9.5×1017 y εε2ν - 106Pd

107Cd syn 6.5 h ε 1.417 107Ag

108Cd 0.89% >6.7×1017 y εε2ν - 108Pd

109Cd syn 462.6 d ε 0.214 109Ag

110Cd 12.49% 110Cd is stable with 62 neutron

111Cd 12.8% 111Cd is stable with 63 neutron

112Cd 24.13% 112Cd is stable with 64 neutron

113Cd 12.22% 7.7×1015 y β− 0.316 113In

113mCd syn 14.1 y β− 0.580 113In

IT 0.264 113Cd

114Cd 28.73% >9.3×1017 y ββ2ν - 114Sn

115Cd syn 53.46 h β− 1.446 115In

116Cd 7.49% 2.9×1019 y ββ2ν - 116Sn

Cadmium (  /ˈkædmiəm/ KAD-mee-əm) is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. Thissoft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Like zinc,it prefers oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds and like mercury it shows a low melting point compared totransition metals. Cadmium and its congeners are not always considered transition metals, in that they do not havepartly filled d or f electron shells in the elemental or common oxidation states. The average concentration ofcadmium in the Earth's crust is between 0.1 and 0.5 parts per million (ppm). It was discovered in 1817simultaneously by Stromeyer and Hermann, both in Germany, as an impurity in zinc carbonate.Cadmium occurs as a minor component in most zinc ores and therefore is a byproduct of zinc production. It wasused for a long time as a pigment and for corrosion resistant plating on steel while cadmium compounds were usedto stabilize plastic. With the exception of its use in nickel–cadmium batteries and cadmium telluride solar panels, theuse of cadmium is generally decreasing. These declines have been due to competing technologies, cadmium’stoxicity in certain forms and concentration and resulting regulations.[2] Although cadmium has no known biologicalfunction in higher organisms, a cadmium-dependent carbonic anhydrase has been found in marine diatoms.

Cadmium 4

Characteristics

Physical propertiesCadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, bluish-white divalent metal. It is similar in many respects to zinc but formscomplex compounds.[3] Unlike other metals, cadmium is resistant to corrosion and as a result it is used as aprotective layer when deposited on other metals. As a bulk metal, cadmium is insoluble in water and is notflammable; however, in its powdered form it may burn and release toxic fumes.[4]

Chemical propertiesAlthough cadmium usually has an oxidation state of +2, it also exists in the +1 state. Cadmium and its congeners arenot always considered transition metals, in that they do not have partly filled d or f electron shells in the elemental orcommon oxidation states.[5] Cadmium burns in air to form brown amorphous cadmium oxide (CdO); the crystallineform of this compound is a dark red which changes color when heated, similar to zinc oxide. Hydrochloric acid,sulfuric acid and nitric acid dissolve cadmium by forming cadmium chloride (CdCl2), cadmium sulfate (CdSO4), orcadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2). The oxidation state +1 can be reached by dissolving cadmium in a mixture of cadmiumchloride and aluminium chloride, forming the Cd2

2+ cation, which is similar to the Hg22+ cation in mercury(I)

chloride.[3]

Cd + CdCl2 + 2 AlCl3 → Cd2(AlCl4)2

Isotopes

The cadmium-113 total cross section clearlyshowing the cadmium cut-off

Naturally occurring cadmium is composed of 8 isotopes. Two of themare naturally radioactive, and three are expected to decay but have notbeen experimentally confirmed to do so. The two natural radioactiveisotopes are 113Cd (beta decay, half-life is 7.7 × 1015 years) and 116Cd(two-neutrino double beta decay, half-life is 2.9 × 1019 years). Theother three are 106Cd, 108Cd (both double electron capture), and 114Cd(double beta decay); only lower limits on their half-life times havebeen set. At least three isotopes – 110Cd, 111Cd, and 112Cd – are stable.Among the isotopes that do not occur naturally, the most long-lived are109Cd with a half-life of 462.6 days, and 115Cd with a half-life of 53.46hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that areless than 2.5 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are

less than 5 minutes. Cadmium has 8 known meta states, with the most stable being 113mCd (t½ = 14.1 years), 115mCd(t½ = 44.6 days), and 117mCd (t½ = 3.36 hours).[6]

The known isotopes of cadmium range in atomic mass from 94.950 u (95Cd) to 131.946 u (132Cd). For isotopeslighter than 112 u, the primary decay mode is electron capture and the dominant decay product is element 47 (silver).Heavier isotopes decay mostly through beta emission producing element 49 (indium).[6]

One isotope of cadmium, 113Cd, absorbs neutrons with very high probability if they have an energy below thecadmium cut-off and transmits them otherwise. The cadmium cut-off is about 0.5 eV. Neutrons with energy belowthe cutoff are deemed slow neutrons, distinguishing them from intermediate and fast neutrons.[7]

Cadmium is created via the long s-process in low-medium mass stars with masses of 0.6 to 10 solar masses, whichlasts thousands of years. It requires a silver atom to capture a neutron and then undergo beta decay.[8]

Cadmium 5

History

Friedrich Stromeyer

Cadmium (Latin cadmia, Greek καδμεία meaning "calamine", acadmium-bearing mixture of minerals, which was named after the Greekmythological character, Κάδμος Cadmus, the founder of Thebes) was discoveredsimultaneously in 1817 by Friedrich Stromeyer[9] and Karl Samuel LeberechtHermann, both in Germany, as an impurity in zinc carbonate.[2] Stromeyer foundthe new element as an impurity in zinc carbonate (calamine), and, for 100 years,Germany remained the only important producer of the metal. The metal wasnamed after the Latin word for calamine, since the metal was found in this zinccompound. Stromeyer noted that some impure samples of calamine changedcolor when heated but pure calamine did not. He was persistent in studying theseresults and eventually isolated cadmium metal by roasting and reduction of thesulfide. The possibility to use cadmium yellow as pigment was recognized in the1840s but the lack of cadmium limited this application.[10][11][12]

Even though cadmium and its compounds may be toxic in certain forms andconcentrations, the British Pharmaceutical Codex from 1907 states that cadmium iodide was used as a medication totreat "enlarged joints, scrofulous glands, and chilblains".[13]

In 1927, the International Conference on Weights and Measures redefined the meter in terms of a red cadmiumspectral line (1 m = 1,553,164.13 wavelengths).[14] This definition has since been changed (see krypton).After the industrial scale production of cadmium started in the 1930s and 1940s, the major application of cadmiumwas the coating of iron and steel to prevent corrosion; in 1944, 62% and in 1956, 59% of the cadmium in the UnitedStates was for coating.[2][15] In 1956, 24% of the cadmium used within the United States was used for the secondapplication, which was for red, orange and yellow pigments based on sulfides and selenides of cadmium.[15] Thestabilizing effect of cadmium-containing chemicals like the carboxylates cadmium laureate and cadmium stearate onPVC led to an increased use of those compounds in the 1970s and 1980s. The use of cadmium in applications suchas pigments, coatings, stabilizers and alloys declined due to environmental and health regulations in the 1980s and1990s; in 2006, only 7% of total cadmium consumption was used for plating and coating and only 10% was used forpigments.[2] The decrease in consumption in other applications was made up by a growing demand of cadmium innickel-cadmium batteries, which accounted for 81% of the cadmium consumption in the United States in 2006.[16]

Occurrence

Cadmium metal

Cadmium makes up about 0.1 ppm  of the Earth's crust. Comparedwith the more abundant 65 ppm zinc, cadmium is rare.[17] Nosignificant deposits of cadmium-containing ores are known.Greenockite (CdS), the only cadmium mineral of importance, is nearlyalways associated with sphalerite (ZnS). This association is caused bythe geochemical similarity between zinc and cadmium which makesgeological separation unlikely. As a consequence, cadmium isproduced mainly as a byproduct from mining, smelting, and refiningsulfidic ores of zinc, and, to a lesser degree, lead and copper. Smallamounts of cadmium, about 10% of consumption, are produced fromsecondary sources, mainly from dust generated by recycling iron andsteel scrap. Production in the United States began in 1907,[12] but it

Cadmium 6

was not until after World War I that cadmium came into wide use.[18][19] One place where metallic cadmium can befound is the Vilyuy River basin in Siberia.[20]

Rocks mined to produce phosphate fertilizers contain varying amounts of cadmium, leading to a cadmiumconcentration of up to 300 mg/kg in the produced phosphate fertilizers and thus in the high cadmium content inagricultural soils.[21][22] Coal can contain significant amounts of cadmium, which ends up mostly in the flue dust.[23]

Production

World production trend

Cadmium output in 2005

The British Geological Survey reports that in 2001, China was the topproducer of cadmium, producing almost one-sixth of the world share,closely followed by South Korea and Japan.[24]

Cadmium is a common impurity in zinc ores, and it is most oftenisolated during the production of zinc. Some zinc ores concentratesfrom sulfidic zinc ores contain up to 1.4% of cadmium.[25] In 1970s,the output of cadmium was 6.5 pounds per ton of zinc.[25] Zinc sulfideores are roasted in the presence of oxygen, converting the zinc sulfideto the oxide. Zinc metal is produced either by smelting the oxide withcarbon or by electrolysis in sulfuric acid. Cadmium is isolated from thezinc metal by vacuum distillation if the zinc is smelted, or cadmiumsulfate is precipitated out of the electrolysis solution.[19][26]

Applications

Cadmium has many common industrial uses as it is a key componentin battery production, is present in cadmium pigments,[27] coatings,[28]

and is commonly used in electroplating.[29]

Batteries

Ni-Cd batteries

In 2009, 86% of cadmium was used in batteries, predominantly inrechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries. Nickel-cadmium cells have anominal cell potential of 1.2 V. The cell consists of a positive nickelhydroxide electrode and a negative cadmium electrode plate separatedby an alkaline electrolyte (potassium hydroxide).[30] The EuropeanUnion banned the use of cadmium in electronics in 2004 with severalexceptions but reduced the allowed content of cadmium in electronicsto 0.002%.[31]

Cadmium 7

Electroplating

A photograph and representative spectrum ofphotoluminescence from colloidal CdSe quantum

dots.

Cadmium electroplating, consuming 6% of the global production, canbe found in the aircraft industry due to the ability to resist corrosionwhen applied to steel components.[29] This coating is passivated by theusage of chromate salts.[28] A limitation of cadmium plating ishydrogen embrittlement of high-strength steels caused by theelectroplating process. Therefore, steel parts heat-treated to tensilestrength above 1300 MPa (200 ksi) should be coated by an alternativemethod (such as special low-embrittlement cadmium electroplatingprocesses or physical vapor deposition). In addition, titaniumembrittlement caused by cadmium-plated tool residues resulted inbanishment of these tools (along with routine tool testing programs to detect any cadmium contamination) from theA-12/SR-71 and U-2 programs, and subsequent aircraft programs using titanium.[32]

Nuclear fissionCadmium is used as a barrier to control neutrons in nuclear fission.[29] The pressurized water reactor designed byWestinghouse Electric Company uses an alloy consisting of 80% silver, 15% indium, and 5% cadmium.[29]

Compounds

Train painted with cadmium orange

Cadmium oxide is used in black and white television phosphors and inthe blue and green phosphors for color television picture tubes.[33]

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) is used as a photoconductive surface coatingfor photocopier drums.[34]

Cadmium sulfide

In paint pigments, cadmium forms various salts, with CdS being the most common. Thissulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium selenide can be used as red pigment,commonly called cadmium red. To painters who work with the pigment, cadmiumyellows, oranges, and reds are the most brilliant and long-lasting colors to use. In fact,during production, these colors are significantly toned down before they are ground withoils and binders, or blended into watercolors, gouaches, acrylics, and other paint andpigment formulations. Since these pigments are potentially toxic, it is recommended touse a barrier cream on the hands to prevent absorption through the skin when workingwith them[27] even though the amount of cadmium absorbed into the body through theskin is usually reported to be less than 1%.[4]

In PVC, cadmium was used as heat, light, and weathering stabilizers.[29][35] Currently, cadmium stabilizers havebeen completely replaced with barium-zinc, calcium-zinc and organo-tin stabilizers. Cadmium is used in many kindsof solder and bearing alloys, due to a low coefficient of friction and fatigue resistance.[29] It is also found in some ofthe lowest-melting alloys, such as Wood's metal.[36]

Cadmium 8

Laboratory uses

Violet light from a helium cadmium metal vaporlaser. The highly monochromatic color arises

from the 441.563 nm transition line of cadmium.

Helium–cadmium lasers are a common source of blue-ultraviolet laserlight. They operate at either 325 or 422 nm and are used influorescence microscopes and various laboratory experiments.[37][38]

Cadmium selenide quantum dots emit bright luminescence under UVexcitation (He-Cd laser, for example). The color of this luminescencecan be green, yellow or red depending on the particle size. Colloidalsolutions of those particles are used for imaging of biological tissuesand solutions with a fluorescence microscope.[39]

Cadmium is a component of some compound semiconductors, such ascadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, and cadmium telluride, which canbe used for light detection or solar cells. HgCdTe is sensitive toinfrared[29] light and therefore may be utilized as an infrared detectoror switch for example in remote control devices.

In molecular biology, cadmium is used to block voltage-dependent calcium channels from fluxing calcium ions, aswell as in hypoxia research to stimulate proteasome-dependent degradation of Hif-1α.[40]

Biological roleCadmium has no known useful role in higher organisms,[41] but a cadmium-dependent carbonic anhydrase has beenfound in some marine diatoms.[42] The diatoms live in environments with very low zinc concentrations and cadmiumperforms the function normally carried out by zinc in other anhydrases. The discovery was made using X-rayabsorption fluorescence spectroscopy (XAFS).[42][43]

The highest concentration of cadmium has been found to be absorbed in the kidneys of humans, and up to about30 mg of cadmium is commonly inhaled throughout childhood and adolescence.[44]

Cadmium can be used to block calcium channels in chicken neurons.[45]

SafetyThe most dangerous form of occupational exposure to cadmium is inhalation of fine dust and fumes, or ingestion ofhighly soluble cadmium compounds.[2] Inhalation of cadmium-containing fumes can result initially in metal fumefever but may progress to chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and death.[46]

Cadmium is also an environmental hazard. Human exposures to environmental cadmium are primarily the result offossil fuel combustion, phosphate fertilizers, natural sources, iron and steel production, cement production andrelated activities, nonferrous metals production, and municipal solid waste incineration.[2] Bread, root crops, andvegetables also contribute to the cadmium in modern populations.[47] There have been a few instances of generalpopulation toxicity as the result of long-term exposure to cadmium in contaminated food and water, and research isongoing regarding the estrogen mimicry that may induce breast cancer.[48] In the decades leading up to World WarII, Japanese mining operations contaminated the Jinzū River with cadmium and traces of other toxic metals. As aconsequence, cadmium accumulated in the rice crops growing along the riverbanks downstream of the mines. Somemembers of the local agricultural communities consuming the contaminated rice developed itai-itai disease and renalabnormalities, including proteinuria and glucosuria.[49]

Cadmium 9

Jinzū River area, which was contaminated withcadmium

The victims of this poisoning were almost exclusivelypost-menopausal women with low iron and other mineral body stores.Similar general population cadmium exposures in other parts of theworld have not resulted in the same health problems because thepopulations maintained sufficient iron and other mineral levels. Thus,while cadmium is a major factor in the itai-itai disease in Japan, mostresearchers have concluded that it was one of several factors.[2]

Cadmium is one of six substances banned by the European Union'sRestriction on Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive, which banscertain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment butallows for certain exemptions and exclusions from the scope of thelaw.[50]

Although some studies linked exposure to cadmium with lung and prostate cancer, there is still a substantialcontroversy about the carcinogenicity of cadmium. More recent studies suggest that arsenic rather than cadmiummay lead to the increased lung cancer mortality rates. Furthermore, most data regarding the carcinogenicity ofcadmium rely on research confounded by the presence of other carcinogenic substances.[2]

Tobacco smoking is the most important single source of cadmium exposure in the general population. It has beenestimated that about 10% of the cadmium content of a cigarette is inhaled through smoking. The absorption ofcadmium from the lungs is much more effective than that from the gut, and as much as 50% of the cadmium inhaledvia cigarette smoke may be absorbed.[51]

On average, smokers have 4–5 times higher blood cadmium concentrations and 2–3 times higher kidney cadmiumconcentrations than non-smokers. Despite the high cadmium content in cigarette smoke, there seems to be littleexposure to cadmium from passive smoking. No significant effect on blood cadmium concentrations has beendetected in children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.[52]

Cadmium exposure is a risk factor associated with early atherosclerosis and hypertension, which can both lead tocardiovascular disease.[53]

RegulationsDue to the adverse effects on the environment and human health, the supply and use of cadmium is restricted inEurope under the REACH Regulation.[54]

Product recallsIn May 2006, a sale of the seats from Arsenal F.C.'s old stadium, Highbury in London, England was cancelled afterthe seats were discovered to contain trace amounts of cadmium.[55] Reports of high levels of cadmium use inchildren's jewelry in 2010 led to a US Consumer Product Safety Commission investigation.[56] The U.S. CPSCissued specific recall notices for cadmium content applying to jewelry sold by Claire's[57] and Wal-Mart[58] stores. InJune 2010 McDonald's voluntarily recalled more than 12 million promotional "Shrek Forever After 3D" CollectableDrinking Glasses due to concerns over cadmium levels in paint pigments used on the glassware.[59] The glasses weremanufactured by Arc International, of Millville, NJ, USA.[60]

Cadmium 10

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Cadmium 12

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[59] Neuman, William (June 4, 2010). "McDonald’s Recalls 12 Million ‘Shrek’ Glasses" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 06/ 05/ business/05recall. html). New York Times. . Retrieved June 5, 2010.

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External links• ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Cadmium Toxicity (http:/ / www. atsdr. cdc. gov/ csem/

cadmium/ ) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry’s (ATSDR) Toxicological Profile for Cadmium (http:/ / www.

atsdr. cdc. gov/ toxprofiles/ tp5. html)• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – Cadmium Page (http:/ / www. cdc. gov/ niosh/ topics/

Cadmium)• NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Cadmium, Elemental (http:/ / toxnet. nlm. nih. gov/ cgi-bin/ sis/ search/

r?dbs+ hsdb:@term+ @na+ @rel+ cadmium,+ elemental)

Article Sources and Contributors 13

Article Sources and ContributorsCadmium  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=505057291  Contributors: A Raider Like Indiana, ATSDR, Aadal, Aaronmz, Acadapter44, Adamrush, AdjustShift, Ahoerstemeier,Ahruman, Alansohn, Alarichus, Anclation, Andonic, Andros 1337, Animum, Anlace, Antandrus, Anwar saadat, Apau98, Archimerged, Arkuat, AssegaiAli, Aussie Alchemist, Axiosaurus, Beano,Beetstra, Betacommand, Black and White, Bobo192, Bobrayner, Borislav.dopudja, Bork, Brado1001, Brian Huffman, BrianGV, Bryan Derksen, Burntsauce, CYD, Caltas, Can't sleep, clown willeat me, CanisRufus, Carnildo, Cbustapeck, Cekli829, Charles Matthews, ChemNerd, Chemical Restrictions, Chester737, Chris 73, Christian75, CinchBug, Clarenceville Trojan, Conversionscript, Corvus cornix, Costesseyboy, Cryptic C62, Cybercobra, Cyberman, Damnreds, Darrien, David Latapie, Ddroar, Deflective, Deglr6328, Delta G, Deor, DesertAngel, Dlae, Donarreiskoffer,Double sharp, Douggers, Dougher, Dr. Zed, Drphilharmonic, Dufo, Dwmyers, Eagles247, Echris1, Edgar181, El C, Eldin raigmore, Emperorbma, Emurph, EoGuy, Epbr123, Esprit15d,EvilPettingZoo, Evolution686us, Ewsraven, Excirial, Faradayplank, Feezo, Femto, Frankwalker72, Freeeedom, Fresheneesz, Frosted14, Gaius Cornelius, Geoff, Georgewilliamherbert, GerryAshton, Giftlite, Gigemag76, Gimmetrow, Giraffedata, Gobonobo, Graham87, GregorB, Grendelkhan, Gurps npc, Gypsypkd, Hak-kâ-ngìn, Halfdan, Hamamelis, Hamiltha, HazyM, Headbomb,Hede2000, Hellbus, Heron, Holtth, Hu12, Huey45, Hugh Morrow, Icairns, Illustria, J.delanoy, JDspeeder1, JWSchmidt, JaGa, Jaan513, Jab843, JadziaLover, JakeLucas, Jaraalbe, Jauhienij, Jaxl,Jay Litman, Jed 20012, Jeff-swanson, Jerzy, Joan-of-arc, Joanjoc, John, JohnOwens, Johnkimfake, Johnleemk, Jose77, Jrockley, Julesd, Jumbuck, Jusdafax, Ka Faraq Gatri, Kanjilearner,Karl-Henner, KarlJorgensen, KarlM, Kbrose, Keith Edkins, Ken Arromdee, Keraunos, Khoptiar il, Koyaanis Qatsi, Kukini, Kungming2, Kurykh, Kwamikagami, LanguageMan, Lanthanum-138,LcawteHuggle, Leebo, Lethalgeek, Lewis R, Leyo, Linuxmatt, Lithpiperpilot, Lordryker, Lotje, MONGO, Mandel, Manfi, Mark Christensen, Mashford, Materialscientist, Mauimonica, Mav,Mendaliv, Michael Hardy, Mikespedia, Minesweeper, Mr0t1633, MrRandomPerson, NE2, Nakon, Nealmcb, Nemo 0223, Nergaal, Nihiltres, Ntouran, NucleaMachina, Od Mishehu, OlEnglish,Old Moonraker, OwenX, Oxymoron83, Paul August, Peridon, Peyre, Philip Trueman, Physchim62, Pinethicket, Piperh, PlanetStar, Plantsurfer, Pokemonblackds, Polly, Poolkris, Pras, Proguitar,Pusher, Quadrius, QueenCake, Quinsareth, R8R Gtrs, RTC, Raul654, Redux, Remember, Rhelmich, Riana, Rjwilmsi, Roberta F., Rocket000, Romanm, Ronhjones, Rpeh, Rursus, Ryulong, SMC,Salvio giuliano, Samuell, Saperaud, Schneelocke, Seanisaweird, Sengkang, SeoMac, Shafei, Shanes, Shuipzv3, Skatebiker, Sl, Smallweed, Smokefoot, Songriter en, Spens10, Spiritia, Squids andChips, Stefan da, Stephenb, Stifynsemons, Still, Stone, Stud muffin09, Suisui, Sunborn, SuperDude115, Tagishsimon, Taranah, Tarret, Taztouz, Tetracube, The C of E, The High Fin SpermWhale, The Thing That Should Not Be, Thecurran, Theseeker4, Thingg, Thricecube, Thumperward, Timeastor, Tisdalepardi, Titoxd, Tomaxer, Tony1, Traceymarr, Tristanb, Tullywinters,Uusitunnus, V1adis1av, VermillionBird, Versus22, Vsmith, Vuong Ngan Ha, Waggers, Waisberg, Warut, Watch37264, Waterspell1, Wavelength, Wayne Slam, WhatamIdoing, Whoop whooppull up, WikHead, WikiDao, William Avery, Xerog, Xeworlebi, Yalens, Yekrats, Yyy, 石, 439 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributorsfile:Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg  License: Free Art License  Contributors: Alchemist-hp (talk) (www.pse-mendelejew.de)File:Loudspeaker.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Loudspeaker.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bayo, Gmaxwell, Husky, Iamunknown, Mirithing,Myself488, Nethac DIU, Omegatron, Rocket000, The Evil IP address, Wouterhagens, 20 anonymous editsFile:Cadmium cutoff.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cadmium_cutoff.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: M.B. Chadwick, P. Oblozinsky, M. Herman at al.File:Friedrich Strohmeyer.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Friedrich_Strohmeyer.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Unknown; original upload by userGrzes14 on pl.wikipediaFile:CadmiumMetalUSGOV.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CadmiumMetalUSGOV.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was User: aten.wikipediaFile:Cadmium - world production trend.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cadmium_-_world_production_trend.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: LeyoFile:2005cadmium.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2005cadmium.PNG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Original uploaderwas Anwar saadat at en.wikipediaFile:NiCd various.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NiCd_various.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 1.0 Generic  Contributors: ARTE, Boffy b,Glenn, HenkvD, QurrenFile:CdSeqdots.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CdSeqdots.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NASAFile:Tyne and Wear Metro train 4001 at Pelaw 01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tyne_and_Wear_Metro_train_4001_at_Pelaw_01.jpg  License: unknown Contributors: Jed, Thryduulf, 1 anonymous editsFile:Cadmium sulfide.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cadmium_sulfide.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Chemicalinterest,WoelenFile:HeCd laser.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:HeCd_laser.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: RAM, Ruslik0File:Jinzu River.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jinzu_River.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: RESPITE

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