I HC NNG TRUNG TM PHT TRIN PHN MM NGHNH CNG NGH MNG & TRUYN THNG
GVHD: Ks.Hong B i ngha SVTH : Nguyn ng Tun
Gii thiu v nh TuynS pht trin ca Internet cng ng ngha vi vic tng trng v quy m v cng ngh nhiu loi mng LAN, WAN V c bit l lu lng thng tin trn mng tng ng k . Chnh iu lm cho vn chia s thng tin trn mng hay l vn nh tuyn tr nn quan trng hn bao gi ht . Trong vic thit k mng v la chn giao thc nh tuyn sao cho ph hp vi chi ph , ti nguyn ca t chc l c bit quan trng .
Khi nim nh tuyn (Routing)nh tuyn l qu trnh chn la cc ng i trn mt mng my tnh gi d liu qua d . nh tuyn ch ra hng , ng di tt nht ( best path ) t ngun n ch ca gi tin (packet) thng qua cc node trung gian l cc router . C 2 loi nh tuyn : tnh v ng Trong nh tuyn tnh , sau khi cu hnh ng i l c nh . Khi thay i trong mng phi cu hnh li . Ph hp vi mng nh . Rt kh trin khai trong mng ln. Dynamic Routing : nh tuyn ng chim u th trn mng Intrenet ngy nay . Cc ng i n ch c tnh linh hot . Cc kiu nh tuyn ng : 1. RIP ( Routing information protocol ) 2. IGRP ( Interior Gateway Routing Protocol ) 3. EIGRP ( Enhanced IGRP ) 4. OSPF ( Open Shortest Path First ) 5. IS-IS ( Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System ) 6. BGP ( Border Gateway )
Cc thut ton tm ng Distance Vector 1 1. RIP ( ver 1 & 2 ) 2. IGRP 3. EIGRP 1. OSPF 2. IS-IS Link State 2
nh tuyn tnh
1. Hot ng ca Static Routing : Hot ng ca nh tuyn tnh c th chia ra lam 3 bc sau: -u tin, ngi qun tr mng phi cu hnh cc ng c nh cho router. -Router ci t cc ng i ny vo bng nh tuyn. -Gi d liu c nh tuyn theo cc ng c nh. 2. Static routing. Router (config)# ip route {destination network} {subnet mask} {nexthop ip address | outgoing interface} Administrative distance (AD) la mt tham s tuy chon, chi ra tin cy cua mt con ng. Con ng co gia tri cang thp thi cang c tin cy. Gia tri AD mc inh cua tuyn ng tinh la 1.
nh tuyn tnh3. Default Route. Cu phap: ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 {nexthop ip address | outgoing interface} Default route c s dung gi cac packet n cac mang ich ma khng co trong bang inh tuyn. Thng c s dung trn cac mang dang stub network (mang chi co mt con ng i ra bn ngoai) 4. Dynamic routing l g ? L qu trnh m trong giao thc nh tuyn phi tm ra ng tt nht trong mng v duy tr chng. C rt nhiu cch xy dng ln bng nh tuyn mt cch ng. Nhng tt c u thc hin theo quy tc sau: n s khm tt c cc tuyn ng n ch c th v thc hin mt s quy tc nh trc xc nh ra ng tt nht n ch.
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Cc c im chnh ca RIP: - L giao thc nh tuyn theo Distance Vector. - Thng tin nh tuyn l s lng hop. - Nu gi d liu n mng ch c s lng hop ln hn 15 th gi d liu s b hy b. - Chu k cp nht mc nh l 30 giy. RIPv1 l giao thc nh tuyn c s dng ph bin v mi router u c h tr giao thc ny. RIPv1 c ph bin v tnh n gin v tnh tng thch ton cu ca n, n c th chia ti ra ti a l 6 ng c metric bng nhau. Mt s gii hn ca RIPv1 - Khng gi thng tin subnet mask trong thng tin nh tuyn - Gi qung b thng tin nh tuyn theo a ch 255.255.255.255 - Khng h tr xc minh thng tin nhn c - Khng h tr VLSM v CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing)
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)RIPv2 c pht trin t RIPv1 nn vn gi cc c im nh RIPv1: L mt giao thc theo Distance Vector, s dng s lng hop lm thng s nh tuyn. - S dng thi gian holddown chng loop vi thi gian mc nh l 180 giy. - S dng c ch split horizon chng loop. - S hop ti a l 15. - RIPv2 gi thng tin nh tuyn theo a ch Multicast 224.0.0.9 RIPv2 c nhng u im hn nh sau: Cung cp thm nhiu thng tin nh tuyn hn. C c ch xc minh gia cc router khi cp nht bo mt cho bng nh tuyn. C h tr VLSM (variable Length Subnet Masking-Subnet mask c chiu di khc nhau). Cu hnh : Router(config)#router rip (dng giao thc nh tuyn RIP) Router(config-router)#network a_ch_ip (a ch mng mun qung b bng giao thc RIP) Router(config-router)#version 2 (dng RIP version 2,mc nh l version 1)
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)EIRGP l giao thc ring ca Cisco, c a ra vo nm 1994, c pht trin t giao thc IGRP. EIGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn lai (hybrid routing), n va mang nhng c im ca distance vector va mang mt s c im ca link-state. c im : - Giao thc c quyn cua Cisco. - Giao thc inh tuyn classless (gi kem thng tin v subnet mask trong cac update). - Tc hi t nhanh . - S dng bng thng hiu qu . - Chi gi update khi co s thay i trn mang. - H tr cac giao thc IP, IPX va AppleTalk. - H tr VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask) v CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing) - Cho phep thc hin qua trinh summarization tai bin mang. - La chon ng i tt nht thng qua giai thut DUAL. - Xy dng v duy tri cac bang neighbor table, topology table v routing table. - Metric c tinh da trn cac yu t: bandwidth, delay, load, reliability. - Gia tri AD bng 90. - Khc phuc c vn discontiguous network gp phai i vi cac giao thc RIPv1 va IGRP. - EIGRP l mt la chn l tng cho cc mng ln, a giao thc c xy dng da trn cc Cisco router. Cu hnh EIGRP Router(config)# router eigrp autonomous-system Router(config-router)# network network-number
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)Kim tra cu hnh EIGRP - kim tra xem EIGRP c cu hnh ng cha bn dng lnh show ip route - kim tra xem cng Ethernet c cu hnh ng cha th bn dng lnh show interface fa0/0. - kim tra EIGRP c chy trn router cha th bn dng lnh show ip protocols. X l s c ca EIGRP Phn ln cc s c ca IGRP l do bn khai bo sai lnh network ,a ch mng IP khng lin tc khai bo s AS sai * Cc lnh c s dng tm s c ca IGRP : Show ip protocols Show ip route Debug ip eigrp events Debug ip eigrp transactions Ping Traceroute
Chia ti v chn ng i ngn nht
T router E > A s chn ng i E > C > A .
Open Shortert Path First ( OSPF ). OSPF l giao thc nh tuyn dng Link-state da trn chun m c pht trin thay th phng thc Distance Vector ( RIP ). . OSPF ph hp vi mng ln , c kh nng m rng , khng b lp trong mng . . u dim cua OSPF : 1. Tc hi t nhanh . 2. H tr mng con ( VLSM ) . 3. C th p dng cho mng ln . 4. Chn ng theo trng thi ng link hiu qu hn distance vector . 5. ng i linh hot hn . 6. H tr xc thc ( Authenticate ) . . Trong 1 h thng dng disistance vector ( RIP ) th mt mng ch qu 15 router th khng th n c . iu ny lm kch thc mng dng RIP nh , kh nng m rng km . OSPF th khng b gii hn v kch thc , tng kh nng m rng . . OSPF c th cu hnh theo nhiu vng ( area ) , bng cch ny c th gii hn lu thng trong tng vng . Thay i vng ny khng nh hng n vng khc . Do vy kh nng m rng cao . Cu hnh c bn : Router(config)# router ospf process ID Router(config-router)# network Network_number Wildcard_mask area_ID
M phng bng packet tracer
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