CÁC GIẢI PHÁP KẾT CẤU

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CC GII PHP KT CUKt cu,vt liu v k thut thi cng trong t chc xy dng v iu kin vt chtkinh t k thut ca tc phm kin trc,nhm to ra cc khng gian phc v cngnng hp l v an ton cho cng trnh cho nn lun m bo hai yu cu chnh: lchu lc v bao che.

+ Cc kt cu chu lc cn tha mn cc yu cu bn vng,n nh,bn lu thongqua cc b phn thng ng nh tng,ct,cun,mng m ch yu l chu lc nnv cc b phn nm ngang nh dm,v ko,sn ch yu chu lc un.

+ Cc kt cu bao che thng ch lm nhim v vngn che to khng gianring bit,cn phi m bo cc yu cu d dng to tin nghi sinh hot v sinh v

an ton cho con ngi bng cc bin php t nhin v nhn to nh che manng,cch m,cch nhit,nh sang,chng m,chng bi,to lp cc iu kin vi khhu ni tht tt,

Ngoi ra cn c h thng kt cu sn,nn v cc kt cu phkhc nh: cuthang,lan can,ca

I) H THNG KT CU CHU LCKt cu chu lc l cc b phn chu lc thng ng v nm ngang cangi nh c lin kt vi nhau to thnh bsn chu lc,chu ton blc tc ng ln ngi nh truyn xun mng v qua mng truyn vot nn mng nh gnh chu,m cn phi to ra sn nh v vngcng cn thit m bo ngi nh bn vng,an ton trong sut qu trnh sdng,khai thc

I.1 PHN LOI KT CU CHU LC NHCNG NGHIP

1) Phn loi theo c im chu lc:Theo c im chu lc, kt cu chu lc c phn thnh:

a) Kt cu tng chu lc: Ch yu c s dng cho cc cng trnh c quym nh, mt tng, v dnh trm bin th, cng trnh nh hnh chnh, phc vsinh hot..

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b) Kt cu khung chu lc: Hu nh kt cu chu lc trong nh cng nghip sdng dng khung chu lc. Vc bn kt cu khung chu lc p ng c cc yucu i vi nh cng nghip; khng i hi qu phc tp vic t chc thi cng xydng v c chi ph hp l. Phn cu to kin trc di y ch yu cp n

dng ny. Trong kt cu khung chu lc cn c phn thnh kt cu khung phngv kt cu khung khng gian;

c) Cc kt cu khc:mi dy cng, vm, v, mi bng vt liu tng hp ...

2) Phn loi theo vt l iu:

Theo vt liu hnh thnh (khng k mng v dm mng thng lm bngBTCT), kt cu chu lc nh cng nghip phn thnh:

a) Kt cu chu lc bng b tng ct thp:

C bn cao, khng chy, t bin dng, t b xm thc, chi ph xy dng vbo qun trong qu trnh s dng thp. Nhc im c bn ca chng l c trnglng ring ln, chi ph vn chuyn v xy lp cao. Vic s dng kt cu dnglc cho php gim chi ph vt liu, mrng phm vi s dng v vt qua nhngnhp ln.

Kt cu b tng ct thp c s dng kinh t nht cho cc khng gian sn

xut c nhp di 30m, bc ct n 12m, chiu cao ct di 14,4m, ti trng cutrc vi sc trc t 50T trxung.

b) Kt cu chu lc bng kim loi - kt cu thp:

C khnng chu lc cao, nh, ddng p ng yu cu cng nghip hatrong ch to; thun tin cho vic xy lp; chi ph vn chuyn thp. Nhc im cbn ca kt cu kim loic bit kt cu thpl d b bin dng, ph hoi bitc ng ca nhit cao v cc cht xm thc thng ny sinh trong qu trnh sn

xut.Tuy nhin, do c nhiu u im nn chng c s dng rt rng ri trong

cc ngnh c kh, luyn kim, cho cc nh cng nghip thp tng cn xy dngnhanh. Vi cc ngnh sn xut yu cu khng gian ln, c th s dng kt cu kimloi dng khung khng gian, dy cng...

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Hin ti, kt cu kim loi thng s dng nht trong cc trng hp sau: Nhpnh t 30m trln v bc ct t 12m, chiu cao ct t 14,4m trln; nh c titrng ng ln, c s dng cu trc vi sc trc Q> 50T;

c) Kt cu chu lc hn hp:Kt cu chu lc hn hp thng c dng ct bng BTCT v kt cu mang lc

mi bng thp.

Trong thc t xy dng hin nay cn xut hin dng kt cu hn hp khc:Phn chu lc bng thp (l cc thp hnh), c bao ph ra ngoi bng vt liu btng tn dng u im chu lc ca kt cu thp va tng cng kh nngchng ho hon ca kt cu.

d) Cc kt cu chu lc khc:

Kt cu bng g (cu to t cc mnh g p li) hin cng c s dng rngri trong nh cng nghip ti mt snc trn th gii; kt cu bng vt liu tnghp...

3) Phn loi theo bin php thi cng xy dng:

- Kt cu chu lc ton khi bng BTCT;

- Kt cu chu lc lp ghp bng BTCT v bng thp;- Kt cu chu lc hn hp ton khi v lp ghp.

4) Phn loi theo stng nh:

- Kt cu chu lc nh cng nghip mt tng;

- Kt cu chu lc nh cng nghip nhiu tng

I.2 CC KT CU CHU LCTHNG GPTRONG KIN TRC CNG TRNH

1) Tng chu lc1.1) Phn loi:- Kt cu tng chu lc c thphn chia thnh tng ngang chu lc, tngdc chu lc, tng ngang dc cng chu lc.

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+Tng ngang chu lc cho cng ngang nh ln nhng kh to ra cckhng gian ln v cc tng ngang thng cch nhau khng qu 4,5m.+Tng dc chu lc c cng ngang nh yu hn nhng d to cc khnggian ln.

- Tng chu lc co chiu dy t 220mm trln bng gch c hoc khixy, ph thuc vo cc loi lc tc ng, chiu cao, chiu di tng. Tini c t dm mi cn xy thm b tr.Tng chu lc c xy lnmng.

1.2) Vt liu lm tngTng c to ra c th bng gch mc, t nn, xy , xy gchnung, hoc lp ghp t cc khi block, cc tm panel nh hay cc cukin c kch thc ln hoc dc bng b tng ct thp lin khi

a) Tng gch

- Tng gch xy thi cng l thng dng nht.

- Ch tiu k thut ca gch: kch thc (220x105x55),cng chu lc R=75-200 kg/cm2 (gch my) v R=35-75 kg/cm2 (gch th cng).

- Mc t: 35-200

- Chiu dy tng ph thuc vo tnh cht lm vic, iu kin cch nhit cch m,

cch m.

- Tng na gch: dy 105 (110), k ctrt 140 (tng con kin hay tng n).

- Tng mt gch: dy 220 k c va l 250 (tng i).

- Tng gch ri: dy 335 (330) k c va l 370.

- Tng hai gch: dy 450 k c va l 480 (dng cho tng mng).

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MT S LOI GCH THNG GP

Gch.

Gchl mt loivt liu xy dngc lm t t st nung. Lch s sn xut v s dng gchvn l mt iu gy tranh ci, nhng c loi ngi s dng hng ngn nm trc Cngnguyn. Hin vt gch c tm thy ayn, mt khu vc gnTigrisc nin i 7500 trcCng nguyn [cndnngun]. Do c tnh bn b theo thi gian, gch c s dng cho cc cngtrnh xy dng c tui th hng ngn nm.

1.1SN XUT

Mt l gch x Tn Bnh (Chu Thnh,ng Thp)

t stc o ln v trn vi nc v nhi k cho nhuyn v c a vo khun (bng myhoc th cng) in ra vin. Vin t st cphi hoc sy cho kh v cht vo l. Nhin liu

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t l l ci, than trn bn lm thnh vin hockh thin nhinc t bn di l. Lc t trong nhiu ting ng h cho n khi gch "chn", chuyn sang mu hoc nu sm.L c tt v i n khi ngui th d gch ra.

1.2GCH KHNG NUNG

Mt loi gch khng nung.

Gch khng nungl mt loigchm sau nguyn cng nh hnh th t ng rn t cc ch sv c hc nh cng nn, un, ht nc... m khng cn qua nhit , khng phi s dngnhit nung nng vin gchnhm tng bn ca vin gch. bn ca vin gch khngnung c gia tng nhlcp hoc rung hoc c p ln rung ln vin gch v thnh phn kt

dnh ca chng.

M T CHUNG V GCH KHNG NUNG

V bn cht ca s lin kt to hnh, gch khng nung khc hngch t nung. Qu trnh sdng gch khng nung, do cc phn ngho ca n trong hn hp to gch s tng dn bn theo thi gian. Tt ccc tng kt v th nghim trn c cp giy chng nhn: bn, rn vin gch khng nung tt hn gch t st nung v c kim chng tt c cc

nc trn th gii: M, c, Trung Quc, Nht Bn,...

Gch khng nung Vit Nam i khi cn c gi l gchblock, gch blc, gch b tng, gchblock b tng,... tuy nhin vi cch gi ny th khng phn nh y khi nim vgch khngnung. Mc d gch khng nung c dng ph bin trn th gii nhng Vit Nam gch khngnung vn chim t l thp .

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Gch nung c khong t 70 n 100tiu chunquc t, vi kch thc tiu chun khc nhau. TiVit Nam gch ny c kch thc ph bin l 210x100x60mm, gch khng nung th c khong300 tiu chun quc t khc nhau vi kch c vin gch khc nhau, sc nn vin gch khngnung ti a t 35MPa.

Sn phm gch khng nung c nhiu chng loi trn mt loi gch c th s dng rng ri tnhng cng trnh ph tr nh n cc cng trnh kin trc cao tng, gi thnh ph hp vi tngcng trnh. C nhiu loi dng xy tng, lt nn, k v trang tr... Hin nay, gch khngnung khng nh ch ng vng chc trong cc cng trnh, n ang dn tr ln ph bin hnv c u tin pht trin. C rt nhiu cng trnh s dng gch khng nung, t cng trnh nhl, ph tr cho n cc cng trnh dn dng, nh cha, nh hng, sn gn, khu ngh dng, caoc,... Mt s cng trnh in hnh nh:KeangnamH Ni Landmard Tower (ng Phm Hng,H Ni),Habico Tower(ng Phm Vn ng, H Ni), Khch sn Horinson (H Ni), HNi Hotel Plaza (ng Trn Duy Hng, H Ni), Sng Gi resort (Hi Phng), Sn vn ngM nh (H Ni), Lng Vit Kiu Chu u (H ng, H Ni),...

SO SNH VI GCH TNUNG

So snh hiu qu kinh t k thut sn xut v s dng, sn phm vt liu xy dng khng nungc nhiu tnh cht vt tri hn vt liu nung:

- Khng dng nguyn liu t st sn xut. t st ch yu khai thc t t nng nghip, lmgim din tch sn xut cy lng thc, ang l mi e da mang tnh ton cu hin nay.

- Khng dng nhin liu nh than, ci.. t. tit kim nhin liunng lng, v khng thikhi bi gy nhimmi trng.

- Sn phm c tnh chu lc cao,cch m,cch nhitphng ho, chng thm, chng nc, kchthc chun xc, quy cch hon ho hn vt liu nung. Gim thiuckt cu ct thp, rtngn thi gian thi cng, tch kimva xy, gi thnh h.

- C th to a dng loi hnh sn phm, nhiu mu sc khc nhau, kch thc khc nhau, thchng tnh a dng trong xy dng, nng cao hiu qukin trc.

- C s sn xut c th pht trin theo nhiu quy m khc nhau, khng b khng ch nhiu vmt bng sn xut. Sut u t thp hn vtliu nung

- c sn xut t cng ngh, thit b tin tin ca quc t, n c cc gi php khng ch v s

m bo cht lng hon thin, quy cch sn phm chun xc. C hiu qu trong xy dng rrng, ph hp vi ccTCVN. Cc c im cng ngh gch khng nung

-Nguyn liuu vo thun li khng kn chn nhiu v tn.

- My mc thit b dy chuyn t sn xutch toc c trong v ngoi nc.

- Xy dng nh my khp mi a hnh t hi o ti nh ni cao.

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- Ph gia vt t sn c trn th trng.

- Sn xut t th cng ti t ng ha hon ton

- Cht lng vin gch tiu chun tt.

- Gi thnh h hn so vigch nung.

LI CH CA GCH KHNG NUNG

Hin nay thn th gii p dng nhiu cng ngh sn xut vt liu xy dng khng nung, nhmgim thiu s nhim mi trng trong qu trnh khai thc, sn xut v mang li nhiu ktqu tch cc nh: tn dng c nhiu ngun nguyn liu r tin hin c ti cc vng min, tora c nhiu loi VLXD c gi thnh thp,... Ngoi ra vt liu xy dng khng nung cn mangli hiu qu kinh t cao cho cc ch th trong ngnh cng nghip xy dng nh: ch t chthu thi cng, nh sn xut vt liu x dng v cui c ng l li ch ca ngi tiu dng.

*Li ch x hiTheo c tnh, mi nm nc ta tiu th khong 20 t vin gch. Vi pht trin ny, n nm2020, lng gch cn cho xy dng l hn 40 t vin/1 nm.

t c s lng gch trn, nu dng t nung th s mt rt nhiu t canh tc, s nhhng nghim trong nan ninh lng thc, v phi s dng mt lngthanha thch khngl, km theo l mt lng ci t rt ln dn n cht phrng, mt cn bngsinh thi, huha cathin tai, v nghim trng hn na n cn gy nhim mi trng nghim trng, nhhng n mi trng vt nui, sc khe con ngi, v hu qu li cn lu di.

Khi s dng cng ngh gch khng nung s khc phc c nhng nhc im trn, em licng vic n nh cho ngi lao ng, ph hp vi ch chng chnh sch ca ng, nh ncv nguyn vng ca nhn dn, tit kim c thi gian v tin bc em li li ch chox hi.

S dng gch khng nung cho cng trnh bn p, hiu qu kinh t cao.

*Thn thin mi trngKhi s dng gch t st, chng ta phi s dng ngun t khai thc t t rung, t ph sa, tst tc l ngunti nguynrt qu him ca mt quc gia, hin nay, ngun ti nguyn ny

bt u ang cn kit v chc chn s khng cn nhiu trong tng lai. Lng t st ny, chngta c th dng vo vic sn xut cc sn phm cao cp hn, thm m hn, mang li gi tr kinh thn thay cho vic sn xut gch xy thng thng. Mt khc, trong qu trnh sn xut gch tst nung, khi nung gch s gy ra tnh trng nhim mi trng xung quanh. khp ni trnt Nam ra Bc, i u chng ta cng c th nhn thy cc l gch xkhi bi, nhim mitrng, lm thit hi n ma mng trong vng ln cn. Gch khng nung s dng cc ngunnguyn vt liu chnh trong t nhin nh:,ct,xi mng,... Cc loi nguyn vt liu ny c mt khp ni, vic khai thc v s dng chng khng gy tc ng n mi trng t nhin ca

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quc gia. C th ni, Gch khng nung khng ch l sn phm gch xy thng thng m khi sdng, n cn manggi tr nhn vncao c v n bo v mi trng, bo v cuc sng ca chngta.

Qu trnh sn xut gch khng nung khng sinh ra cht gy nhim, khng to ra cht ph thi

hoc cht thi c hi. Nng lng tiu th trong qu trnh sn xut gch khng nung chim mtphn nh so vi qu trnh sn xut cc vt liu khc.

Gch khng nung bo v ngi nh ca bn thng qua tnh nng lm gim s tc ng ca mitrng bn ngoi,gip tit kim nng lng trong vic lm mt (hoc lm m) cho ngi nh.

Ngoi ra, mt trong nhng u im ln ca Gch khng nung l n c th lm gim kh nng tcng ca nhit bn ngoi v lm tng hiu qu s dng nng lng bn trong ca ta nh .

*u im ca gch khng nung cngcao,bo n,cch nhittt c th thay th hon ton cc loi vt liu cch nhit hin ctrn th trng, phng ho, chng thm, chng nc, kch thc chun xc, quy cch honhon nng cao hiu qu kin trc, gim thiu c kt cu ct thp, rt ngn thi gian thicng, tch kim va xy, gi thnh h.

Sn phm gch khng nung c nhiu chng loi trn mt loi gch c th s dng rng ri tnhng cng trnh ph tr nh n cc cng trnh kin trc cao tng, gi thnh ph hp vi tngcng trnh. C nhiu loi dng xy tng, lt nn, k v trang tr.

Gch khng nung c sn xut t cng ngh, thit b tin tin ca quc t, n c cc gi phpkhng ch v s m bo cht lng hon thin, quy cch sn phm chun xc. C hiu qu

trong xy dng r rng, ph hp vi cc TCVN do b xy dng cng b. N tng hp ccc tnh nng u vit, l loi vt liu xy dng mi tit kim nng lng, hin nay nc ta angy mnh m rng s dng loi vt liu ny.

*Tit kim hng triu mt khi t sn xut mt t vin gch t st nung c kch thc tiu chun s tiu tn khong 1.500.000m3 t st, tng ng 75 hat nng nghip( su khai thc l 2 m) v 150.000 tn than,ng thi thi ra khong 0,57 triu tn kh CO2 - gyhiu ng nh knhv cc kh thi c hikhc gy nhim mi trng

Theo quy hoch tng th pht trin vt liu xy dng n nm 2020, nhu cu s dng vt liuxy tng ng khong 42 t vin gch quy chun. Nu p ng nhu cu ny bng gch t stnung s tiu tn khong 57 n 60 triu m3 t st tng ng vi 2.800 n 3.000ha t nngnghip; tiutn t 5,3 n 5,6 triu tn than, thi ra khong 17 triu tn kh CO2 gy hiu ngnh knh. V vy, vic thay th gch t st nung bng VLXKN c u im ln nht l hn chc cc tc ng bt li trn, bo v mi trng, an ninh lng thc v to vic lm cho nngdn. Ngoi ra, vi li th v cng ngh, VLXKN cn bin mt phn ng k ph thi ca ccngnhnhit in,luyn kim,khai khong... thnh vt liu (c tnh n nm 2020 lng ph thi

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tro, x khong 45 triu tn s mt khong 1.100ha mt bng cha), ng thi tc ng tch ccn mt s lnh vc v chng trnh khc nh kch cu tiu th hng triu tn xi mng mi nm;gim ng k lng tiu hao than; tit kim in trong s dngiu ha nhit nh cch nhittt; to iu kin chuyn i mt s doanh nghip sn xut gch t st nung bng l th cngsang sn xut VLXKN. Nh nhng u im trn, s dng VLXKN tr thnh xu th chung

ca cc nc trn th gii. Trung Quc, n nm 2010 vt liu xy kiu mi phi chim t lhn55%; Anh, VLXKN ang chim 60% trong tng s vt liu xy.

*Phn tch u im ca gch khng nung theo mt sphng din

1.2.1.1 Nhng u im chung

- Qu trnh sn xut gch khng nung khng s dng n t nng nghip do khng nhhng n din tch t nng nghip. Mt khc do khng dng n than ci, nn tit kimc nhin liu, trnh c tnh trng ph rng trn lan v khng gy nhim mi trng.

-Nguyn vt liu sn xut gch khngnung ht sc phong ph v c sn trong nc nh mt, ct vng, xi mng, sn phm a dng.

- Dy chuyn sn xut gch khng s dng t cng nhn, do cc khu hu ht c t ng ho.Trong iu kin Vit Nam hin nay, nhn lc th cng nhiu nn c th ch cn t ng ho mts khu quyt nh cht lng sn phm, cn mt s khu c th s dng nhn cng th cng thkhng cn t ng ho gim mc u t.

*Nhng u im ca gch khng nung so vi gch nungtrong vic xy nh cao c v kho tng

- Cng chu lc c th p ng theo nhu cu s dng. y l c tnh m gch nung khngth chu c. i vi nhng v tr yu cu cng rt cao (300 400 kg/cm2) th gch nungkhng p ng c. i vi nhng v tr yu cu cng thp (ch mang tnh cht tngngn) th cho php gim lng xi mng phi liu m bo gi thnh va phi, trnh lng ph.

- Kh nng cch m, cch nhit, chng thm cao. iu ny hon ton ph hp vo kt cu cavin gch v cp phi va b tng.

- Kch thc vin gch ln hn nhiu so vi gch nung (gp t 2 n 11 ln th tch vin gchnung), cho php gim c chi ph nhn cng, t c tin nhanh hn cho cc cng trnh

xy dng. Ngoi ra lng va dng xy tng bng gch khng nung v trt gim ti 2,5 lnso vi gch t nung.

- C th tit kim c thi gian v ti chnh, n gin ho c mt s khu trong qu trnh xydng. -Nu c cht n nh (v d si keramzit, basalt nh, than x) th trng lng vingch gim ng k. - a dng chng loi, mu sc, kch thc ng u v tnh thm m cao.

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*Nhng u im ca vic dng gch khng nung lt ngso vi cc phng php lt ng h khc

- Cng chu lc cao

- ng. h sau khi lt xong c th s dng c ngay lp tc

- Trong qu trnh thi cng, gch lt khng nung khng cn trt mch, do vy tit kim vt liu,nhn cng, gim thi gian thi cng v nht l c tc dng thot nc cho mt va h.

- Khi cn thit c th d dng thay i kiu dng v kch thc ng hoc va h, trong qutrnh s dng c th d dng tho d cc vin gch lt c thay th bng cc vin gch lt mimt cch nhanh chng

- Hnh dng hnh hc v mu sc cc vin gch rt a dng tng tnh thm m.

- Do c im ca gch block l gch b tng t ng cng nn trong qu trnh thi cng khngph thuc vo thi tit nng ma.

MT S LOI GCH KHNG NUNG

*Gch xi mng ct liuGch khng nung xi mng ct liu (Gch xi mng ct liu) cn c gi l gch blc (block)c to thnh t xi mng v mt trong cc hoc nhiu trong cc ct liu sau y: mt , ct

vng, ct en, x nhit in, ph thi cng nghip, t,... Loi gch ny c sn xut v s dngnhiu nht trong cc loi gch khng nung. Trong cc cng trnh th loi gch khng nung nychim t trng ln nht. Loi gch ny thng c cng chu lc tt (trn 80kg/cm2), t trngln (thng trn 1900kg/m3) nhng nhng loi kt cu l th c khi lng th tch nh hn(di 1800kg/m3).

y l loi gch c khuyn khch s dng nhiu nht v c u tin pht trin mnh nht.N p ng rt tt cc tiu ch v k thut, kt cu, mi trng, phng php thi cng,...

Loi gch ny d s dng, dng va thng thng.

Gch xi mng ct liu khng nng nh ngi ta tng

Mc d gch xi mng ct liu b ch nng song thc t l n vn khng nh c gi tr ca n trong xy dng ni chung. Trong mt cng trnh cao tng, vic s dng gch xi mng ct liu lmt tt yu v l do to i trng, kt cu vng chc vi cng cao. Ngoi ra gch xi mngct liu c th t khi lng th tch t 1300 n 1800 kg/m3nudng kt cu l. Nh vy n

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chng nhng khng qu nng nh ngi ta tng m cn khng nh c bn, s vng tricho cng trnh.

VD: Nhng cng trnh cn sn phm gch c cng 75Kg/cm2vi gch t nung phi dng

loi c t trng 1800kg/m

3

. Vigch khng nung xi mng ct liu ch cn dng loi kt cu lrng t trng 1400kg/m3cng c th t trn 100kg/cm2.

V c bit gi thnh ca sn phm gch khng nung xi mng ct liu rt c u th, hon toncnh tranh sng phng vi gch t nung(mc d chnh sch hn ch gch t nung cha hiuqu tc thi).

*Gch papanhGch khng nung c sn xut t ph thi cng nghip: X than, vi bt c s dng lu i

nc ta. Gch c cng thp t 3050 kg/cm2 ch yu dng cho cc loi tng t chu lc.

*Gch khng nung t nhinT cc bin th v sn phm phong ha ca bazan. Loi gch ny ch yu s dng cc vngc ngun puzolan t nhin, hnh thc sn xut t pht, mang tnh cht a phng, quy mnh,...

*Gch b tng nhGch b tng nhc hai loi c bn l gch b tng nh bt v gch b tng nh kh chng p.

Sn sut bng cng ngh to bt, kh trong kt cu nn t trng vin gch gim i nhiu v n trthnh c im u vit nht ca loi gch ny. Thnh phnh c bn: Xi mng, tro bay nhit in,ct mn, ph gia to bt hoc kh, vi,. Sn phm c kim nh cht lng vtTCXDVN: 2004 v cng chu nn i vi t trng D800. Gch b-tng kh chng p: Tnting Anh l Autoclaved Aerated Concrete gi tt l AAC c rt nhiu nc trn th giing dng rng ri vi rt nhiu u im nh 12ien thin vi mi trng, siu nh, bn, tit kimnng lng ha thch do khng phi nung t truyn thng, bo n, chng chy, cch m, cchnhit, chng thm rt tt so vi vt liu t st nung. N cn c gi l gch b-tng siu nhv t trng ch bng hoc thm ch l ch bng 1/3 so vi gch t nung 12ien12 thng. Cngtrnh xy dng s gim ti, gim chi ph x l nn mng v h thng kt cu, gp phn gim mcu t xy dng cng trnh t 7- 10%, y nhanh tin thi cng v hon thin phn bao che

ca cng trnh ln 2 5 ln. Ngoi ra, kh nng cch m v cch nhit ca b tng nh rt cao,lm cho nh m v ma ng, mt v ma h, tit kim in nng si hoc iu ha nhit Kch thc thnh phm ln v chnh xc (100mm x 200mm x 600mm)gip rt ngn thi12ien1212hi cng v k c thi gian hon thin. Vi thnh phn cu to l vt liu tr v cccht v c, gch b-tng siu nh ny hon ton khng c hi, c bn rt cao v khng btla. Ngoi ra, vi cu trc 12ien12 thong, n cn c th t khuch tn hi nc, gii phng m v loi tr cc vn 12ien quan n nm mc c bit l trong iu kin thi tit nng

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nng ca kh hu vng nhit i, vng bin v vng c m cao nh khu vc min Bc VitNam.

MT S HNH NH GCH TRN TH TRNG

GCH XY

Gch c 60

Thng s k thut:

- Kch thc: 210x100x60 mm

- Cng chu nn: 150 kg/cm2

- ht nc: 8 14%

- Trng lng: 2,60 kg/vin

- Cng dng: Xy tng chu lc, xy trang tr

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

Gch c 70

Thng s k thut:

- Kch thc: 300x170x70 mm

- Cng chu nn: 150 kg/cm2

- ht nc: 8 14%

- Trng lng: 7,5 kg/vin

- Cng dng: Xy tng chu lc, xy trang tr

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

Gch 2 l

Thng s k thut:

- Kch thc: 210x100x60 mm

- rng: 35%

- Cng chu nn: 50 kg/cm2

- ht nc: 8 14%

- Trng lng: 1,4 kg/vin

- Cng dng: Xy tng bao, chu lc, cch m, cch nhit

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

Thng s k thut:

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Gch c 60

- Kch thc: 210x100x60 mm

- Cng chu nn: 150 kg/cm2

- ht nc: 8 14%

- Trng lng: 2,60 kg/vin

- Cng dng: Xy tng chu lc, xy trang tr (khng trt)

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

Gch c 50

Thng s k thut:

- Kch thc: 210x100x50 mm

- Cng chu nn: 150 kg/cm2

- ht nc: 8 14%

- Trng lng: 2,10 kg/vin- Cng dng: Xy tng chu lc, xy trang tr (khng trt

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

b) Tng block- Vt liu:gch b tng x,b tng silicat,dy 16,20,30,40 cm

- Phn loi: block thn tng, ging tng, bu ca, gc tng, b tng, mi ua.MT S LOI TNG BLOCK

Bloc xy tng

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Bloc xy tng

Bloc xy tng

Bloc xy tng

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Bloc xy tng

Bloc xy tng

Bloc xy tng

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Bloc xy tng

Bloc xy tng

Bloc xy tng

Bloc xy tng

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Bloc xy tng

c) Tng panel- Vt liu: b tng nh c ct thp, knh, cht do, thch cao, g,...

- Panel tng chu lc, khng chu lc, t mang.

- Panel tng ngoi lin kt treo hoc lin kt ta.

- Panel tng trong dng c bit hoc dng rng (vch).

- Lin kt bng mi ni kh hoc t.

MT S LOI TNG PANEL TRN THTRNG

MICROLAMBRI EURO PANEL MEGALAMBRI

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SUPERLAMBRI EUROMAX PANEL PRESTIGE PANEL

EKO PANEL XL PANEL

4) Cu to k in t rc tng pan en b tng ct thp:

Tng panen b tng ct thp c khnng p ng yu cu cng nghip ha cao trongxy dng cng nghip, c chia lm hai loi: tng khng cch nhit v tng cch nhit.Mt ngoi ca panen c th trang tr bng nhiu cht liu khc nhau.

a) Tng pan en khng cch nh it :

Tng khng cch nhit c s dng cho cc khng gian sn xut khng c yu cuc bit viu kin vi kh hu, cho cc phn xng c qu trnh sn xut sinh nhiu nhittha.

Tng panen thng l tng t mang hoc l tng treo, c ch to bng b tngct thp thng hoc ng lc trc, b tng mc 200 400, c sn hay tit din c. Kchthc danh ngha ca panen thng l: cao 1,2m; 1,5m; 1,8m; di 6m hoc 12m; rng n300mm, bn mng 30mm. Ty theo phng n btr tng m gc nh c hoc khng ckhi gc.

Khi c s dng khi gc, chiu dy v chiu cao khi thng ly bng chiu dy panen

tng.

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Hnh 7: Cc loi tng panenBTCT khng cch nhit:

a) Loi sn tha;

b) Loi dy sn;

c) Tm c;

d) Sn tha di 12m.

b) Tng panen cch nh it :

Tng panen cch nhit c cu to t mt lp hoc nhiu lp, vi kch thc chungtng tpanen thng.

c) L in kt panen tng :

Lin kt panen vo ct phi chc chn, d bo qun v chng c bin dng nhit. Cth neo bng bulng mc, mc neo hoc hn.

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Hnh 8:chi titlin kt paneltng v ct

Hnh 9: chi titlin kt paneltng vo ct tivtr gc v hinh

Cc tm panen tng to cho c cu b mt nh c c trng ring bit khc vi sdng tng gch, tng block trt va hoc tng tm nh: Cc l ca thng c din tch thp t kch thc ca cc tm panen; tng c k phn v theo cc tm panen...

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Hnh 10: T hp c cu b mt tngpanen:

a);b): Ca s, ca chp thong t hptheo phng ngang

c) Ca s t hp theo phng ng

d) T hp ca s thnh nhiu lp theophng ngang (trong nh cng nghipnhiu tng)

e) T hp c cu b mt tng titng hi.

Hnh 11: V d mt ct tmngn mi canh cng nghip sdng tng panen BTCT:

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c) Khung chu lc:

- S dng ph bin trong xy dng, khng gian linh hot, kh thi xy dng nhiutng, cng ngh ha cao, p dng khoa hc k thut mi, mt ng phong ph adng.

- Cc b phn chnh: dm, ct, ging,...

- Li ct vung v ch nht c s dng rng ri.

- Khung ton khi v khung lp ghp.

- Khung ngang, khung dc v kt hp cng chu lc.

- Khu n 15m.

- Khu >18m khung phng nhip ln (dm dng lc trc hoc un cong).

CC LOI KHUNG CHU LC

Trong nh cng nghip mt tng, kt cu khung chu lc c th l bng BTCT,bng thp hoc hn hp BTCT v thp.

Khung B TCTc th thi cng ton khi hoc lp ghp; theo s chu lc c thl khung khp, khung cng hoc vm:

- Loi ton khi khung cng c n nh ln, tnh linh hot cao, nhng thigian thi cng b ko di.

- Loi lp ghp c th l khung khp hoc khung cng, c mc cng nghipho cao, gim bt thi gian thi cng xy dng.

- Vm lm vic nhmt thanh un cong, chu nn l chnh nn c cng ln.Khung thpc th dng:- Khung phng kiu khp- Khung cng vi cc kt cu chu lc lin kt cng vi nhau, do c cng

ln, tit din cu kin v trng lng bn thn nh hn so vi khung khp.

- Khung dng vm vi kh nng vt nhp ln.C.1 Kt cu khung chu lc lp ghp

Trong nh cng nghip, kt cu khung chu lc lp ghp c s dng rng ri.V cbn cc kt cu ca khung chu lc lp ghp gm: Mng; dm mng; ct; dmcu chy; kt cu mang lc mi; kt cu kt cu mang lc mi; h khung chng gi;h ging.

Mng nh cng nghip:nh ngha, phn loi mng:

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Mng l b phn gc ca khung, nhn ton b ti trng ca nh (ti trng ca bnthn ngi nh, ti trng ca cu trc, ca trang thit b, ti trng gi...) truyn xung nnt.

Mng cn phi kin c, bn chc, n nh, ph hp vi s chu lc ca hkhung v tit kim chi ph xy dng.Mng nh cng nghip thng c lm bng b

tng ct thp.Theo hnh dng, mng c th phn thnh: mng n; mng bng; mng b dngton khi hoc lp ghp.

Theo s khc bit gia hnh thc lin kt vi ct, mng c th phn thnh mngct b tng ct thp v mng ct thp.

Theo hnh thc thi cng xy dng, mng c th phn thnh mng ton khi vmng lp ghp.

Hnh 5: Cc dng mng nh cng nghipa) Mngn - mngc lp;b) Mng bng- thn mng lin kt vi

nhau theo trc ct;c) Mng by mng lin kt vi nhauthnh mt khi.

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Hnh 6: Mt s dng mng n trong khung nh cng nghip

* Ct nh cng nghip mt tng:a)nh ngha v phn loi ct:Ct l kt cu theo phng ng ca khung, nhn cc ti trng t mi, dm cu

chy v thit b vn chuyn nng, tng treotruyn vo mng. Theo vt liu ch to, ct c phn thnh ct BTCT v ct thp.Theo hnh dng, ct c phn thnh ct c v ct rng; ct c v khng c vai

ct dm cu chy.

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Theo v tr, ct c phn thnh ct bin nh v ct gia nh. b) Cu to ct BTCTCu to ca ct ph thuc vo dng khung nh, chiu cao nh, bc ct, ti trng

truyn vo ct, s dng cu trc ta trn vai ct. gim bt trng lng ct, c th thay phn ct trn bng thp.

Ct BTCT trong khung lp ghp lin kt vi mng qua cc mng.

Hnh 8: Ct BTCT c tit din ch nht (ct c) cho nh c cu trc vi sc trc n 20T

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c) C u to ct thp v lin k t vi cc k t c u khc:Tng t nhct BTCT, ct thp c phn thnh:- Theo vic s dng cu trc: Ct thp khng c vai v ct thp c vai ct

dm cu chy.- Theo tit din: Ct thp c v ct thp rng.

Ct thp c: c tit din khng i hoc thay i, ct c bc hay khng cbc. Ct c c tit din khng i dng khi cu trc c Q n 20T, chiu cao ct Hcn 9,6m. Khi sc trc Q: 20 75T, nn dng ct c c bc. Ct c thng c titdin ch I hoc ch nht t thp hnh hay thp bn t hp li bng mi hn lin tc,vikch thc tit din trn 400 x 1000mm.

Ct rng: c tit din rng, c hoc khng c bc, bao gm ct t hp ccthanh cng lm vic chung, v ct phn cch hai nhnh ct lm vic ring. Ctrng c s dng khi kch thc tit din trn 400 x 1000mm. Ct t hp c sdng khi sc trc Q >75T bng thp bn hay thp gc. Ct phn cch c s dngkhi sc trc Q>150T. Cc thanh ging c b tr theo dng du nhn, cho hoctam gic, ph thuc khong cch gia hai thanh tr

Ti trng t ct c truyn xung mng qua ctbng thp. ct thp thng c dng tm c hay khng c sn gia cng v dngdm . Vic la chn dng ct thng ph thuc vo ti trng truyn vo ct vnhp nh: khi mmen un khng ln, thng dng dng tm ; cn khi m men unln chn loi dm . Cc ct ny c neo vo mng b tng ct thp bng ccbulng, sau c bc b tng bo v.

Hnh 12: Mt s dng ct thp trong nh cng nghip

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*Dm ging:a)nh ngha v phn loi kt cu dm ging:Dm ging l h thng kt cu chu lc theo phng ngang, c nhim v cc

mng tng bao che khi thay i cao, lm lm lanh t cho cc l ca ln, nhn titrng ca tng truyn vo ct. Ngoi ra dm ging cn c vai tr tng cng cng

dc ca khung nh.Dm ging c th l BTCT hoc bng thp.b) Cu to dm ging v lin ktvi cc kt cu khc:Nhp ca dm ging chnh l khong cch gia hai ct, thng l 6m. Dm ging BTCT lp ghp thng di 6 m, kch thc v hnh dng tit din

ngang ca dm ph thuc vo lc tc ng ln n, thng c tit din ch nht hocch T. Dm ging BTCT lin kt vi ct bng cch hn cc bn thp chn sn dmvo ct.

Hnh 29: Dm ging BTCT: Hnh dng titdin v lin kt vi ct.

Trong khung thp, dm ging bng thp c tit din ch I, U hoc ch nht clm t thp hnh hoc thp bn t hp hn. Dm ta ln vai ct ph bng thp v linkt vo ct bng hn.

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Hnh 30: Dm ging bng thp trong khung thp ( Khung Zamil) .

C.2 Kt cu khung cng

Bn cnh kt cu khung phng chu lc kiu dm (gin) ct, khung cng bng btng ct thp hoc kim loi cng c s dng rng ri cho cc nh cng nghip ihi khng gian ln, c kh nng s dng linh hot.

Trong kt cu khung cng, nh dm (gin) ngang lin kt cng vi ct, cho nnso vi khung dm (gin) phng thng, chng c cng ln hn. Cc b phn chulc c bn ca khung cng nh ct, dm (gin) lm vic di dng chu nn lch tmv un, l kt cu chuyn tip t kt cu dm ct sang kt cu vm lm vic kiu chunn, do tit din dm, kch thc gin nh hn, trng lng bn thn gim.

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Khung cng c th mt hoc nhiu nhp, khng khp, hai hoc ba khp. Dmngang c th thng, gy khc hay cong. Vic la chn dng khung cng phc thucvo nn t, nhp khung, ti trng tc ng ln khung v yu cu ca hnh thc kintrc.

Hnh 38: Cc dng khungcng nh cng nghip nghiumt tng

Khung cng BTCT:Khung cng b tng ct thp c cu to dm (gin) ngang thng nh cu kin

chu un, cn dm (gin) cong v gy khc c lc dc tng i ln khi c ti trngng tc dng, do c cu to nh kt cu chu nn. Ct c cu to nh cu kinchu nn lch tm.

Nhp khung cng dm ngang c th t n 18m, cn dm gy khc v cong n55m.Do lin kt cng, nn ti cc mt cng ct - dm v ch gy khc xut hin m

men un rt ln. m bo mt cng khng b bin dng, cn tng cng tit dinu ct v mt dm, mt dm (k c ct thp). gim ng sut cc b, gc trong cant khung phi c nch trn hoc xin. Khi cng ca ct nh hn cng ca dm,cho php lm nch vung.

Trong khung cng ton khi, tit din ca dm ct (tr ti cc mt) khng thayi. Ct c th ni cng hoc khp vi mng. Khi ni cng, ti chn ct c m menun nn ct thp phi ko thng vo mng. Mng c th kiu ng tm hoc lch tm,ty gi tr m men chn ct. Khi lin kt khp, ti c cu to c bit.

Hin nay, khung cng loi thng hay ng sut trc, c dng ton khi hay lpghp vi nhp 30 60m c s dng kh rng ri trong xy dng cng nghip. Trong cc nh sn xut c li ct vung ca nh my dt, c kh, c th dng

khung cng dm gy lm mi rng ca. m bo cng cn s dng ging ct kiu mt cng hay ging cho

bng thp.

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Hnh 39:Cu to khung cngb tng ct thp

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Hnh 40a: V d mt s dngkhung cng BTCT: a) Khung cnghai khp; b) Khung cng khngkhp; c) Khung cng khng khp-dm ngang gy, nhiu nhp; d)Khung cng ba khp

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Hnh 40b: V d mt s dngkhung cng BTCT:a) Khungc lp ghp t ctch L (ngc) v dm ngang; b)

Khung cng lp ghp t cc cukin ri; c) Khung cng lp ghpc ca mi; d) Khung cng lpghp ti nh c khng gian khcnhau.

2) Khung cng bng thp:Trong khung cng bng thp, ct v dm (gin) ngang c tit din c hoc rng,

t hp t thp hnh hay thp bn. Nh dm (gin) lin kt cng vi ct, s dng thmct thp ng lc trc, nn nhp khung c th t n 100m.

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Hnh 41: V d mt s dng

khung cng bng thp:

VT LIU LM KHUNG1. B tng ct thp:

B tng ct thpl mt loi vt liu xy dng kt hp ca hai loi vt liu lb tngvthp.

1.1C IM

S kt hp ny em li nhiu u im ni bt cho b tng ct thp. Thp v b tng ch sgin n nhitgn ging nhau, do trnh c s nh hng canhit mi trng. B tngbo v ct thp khi s xm thc ca mi trng, thp nh v b tng nhm trnh nt v. Btng c c tnh chu ko v un km, khi c ct thp nhc im ny s c khc phc dothp l vt liu chu ko kh tt.

V c bn trong cu kin b tng ct thp th ct thp s chung sut kocn b tng chungsut nn, v ct thp chu nn v kou tt, cn nhc im ca b tng l ch chu nn tt, cnchu ko th km.

B tng ct thp c s dng rng di trong xy dng hin nay. S kt hp gia b tng v ctthp to ra cc cu kin lm cc kt cu chu lc ca cac cng trnh

1.2U IM

B tng l mt trong nhng loi vt liu rt quan trng c s dng rng ri trong mi lnh vcxy dng v n c nhng u im sau :

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C cng chu nn cao , bn trong mi trng

Ct liu c th s dng nguyn liu a phng

Dc gii ha,tng ha qu trnh sn xut v thi cng

C th to c nhiu loi b tng c tnh cht khc nhau.

2. Thp:

Thp lhp kimvi thnh phn chnh lst(Fe), vicacbon(C), t0,02% n 2,14% theo trnglng, v mt snguyn t ha hckhc. Chng lm tng cng, hn ch s di chuyn ca nguynt st trong cu trc tinh thdi tc ng ca nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau. Slng khc nhau cacc nguyn t v t l ca chng trong thp nhm mc ch kim sot cc mc tiu cht lng nh cng, n hi, tnh d un, v sc bn ko t. Thp vi t l cacbon cao c thtng cng cngv cng lc ko t so vi st, nhng li gin v dgy hn. T l ha tan ti a ca carbon trong stl 2,14% theo trng lng ( trng thi Austenit) xy ra 1.147 C; nu lng cacbon cao hn haynhit ha tan thp hn trong qu trnh sn xut, sn phm s lxementitc cng lc km hn. Phatrn vi cacbon cao hn 2,06% scgang. Thp cng c phn bit vi st rn, v st rn c rt thay khng c cacbon, thng l t hn 0,035%. Ngy nay ngi ta gi ngnh cng nghip thp (khnggi l ngnh cng nghip st v thp), nhng trong lch s, l 2 sn phm khc nhau. Ngy nay cmt vi loi thp m trong cacbon c thay th bng cc hn hp vt liu khc, v cacbon nu c,

chl khng c a chung.

C TNH

Cng nh hu ht cc kim loi, v c bn,stkhng tn ti vTri tdi dng nguyn t, n ch

tn ti khi kt hp vixyhoclu hunh. St dng khong vt bao gm Fe2O3-mt dng caxt

stc trong khong vthematit, v FeS2 - qung sunfit st. St c ly t qung bng cch kh xy

hoc kt hp st vi mt nguyn t ho hc nhcacbon. Qu trnh ny c gi lluyn kim, c p

dng ln u tin cho kim loi viim nng chythp hn.ngnng chy nhit hn 1.080 C,

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trong khithicnng chy 250C. Pha trn vi cacbon trong st cao hn 2,14% s cgang, nng

chy 1.392C. Tt c nhit ny c th t c vi cc phng php c c s dng t nht

6.000 nm trc. Khi t l xy ho tng nhanh khong 800C th vic luyn kim phi din ra trong mi

trng c xy thp.

Trong qu trnh luyn thp vic trn lncacbonvstc th hnh thnh nn rt nhiu cu trc khc nhau

vi nhng c tnh khc nhau. Hiu c iu ny l rt quan trng luyn thp c cht lng. nhit bnh thng, dng n nh nht ca st l stferritc cu trc lp phng tm khi (BCC) hay st,

mt cht liu kim loi mm, c th phn hu mt lng nh cacbon (khng qu 0,02% nhit

911 C). Nu trn 911 C th ferrit s chuyn t tm khi (BCC) sang tm mt (FCC), c gi

laustenit, loi ny cng l mt cht liu kim loi mm nhng n c th phn hu nhiu cacbon hn (

2,14% cacbon nhit 1.147C). Mt cch loi b cacbon ra khi austenit l loi xementit ra khi hn

hp , ng thi st nguyn cht dng ferit v to ra hn hp xementit-ferrit. Xementit l mt hp

cht ho hc c cng thc l Fe3C.

Cc loi thp

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3) Kt cu khng gian:Kt cu khng gian l cc b phn kt cu chu lc u truyn lc cho nhau

cng nh pht huy iu kin lm vic chung trong c khng gian ba chiu,cng htr nhau theo 2 phng thng gc,do c kh nng chu lc tt hn nn cng stiu tn vt liu v i hi khng gian cho kt cu t hn.Vd dm trong kt cu

phng i hi cao kt cu khong 1/8- 1/10 di khu ca n,cc kt cungang trong h kt cu khng gian c th ch cn cao khong 1/20 -1/30 khu,tc l c th gim 1/2hay 1/3 khng gian kt cu cn thit.

Ta c th gp cc kt cu khng gian nhng dng sau:- Kt cu ch yu chu nn: cc dng mi kiu cupon (vm bt p),v

c,cupon khung dn,cc dng vm v tr mng cong 1 chiu(mng1/1001/300 ng knh vm tc khu vm) bng b tng ct thphay v cong hai chiu (kiu chn bn xe p).

- Kt cu ch yu chu ko: cc kt cu treo vi cong 1 chiu hoc hai

chiu (v kiu hypa hnh yn nga).- Kt cu gp np: l cc tm mng nhng c gp np vi cong 1

chiu (to mt phng) hay 2 chiu (vi nhiu mt phng).- Kt cu dn khng gian: l h thng dn 2 phng theo li

vung,li tam gic c lin kt cht ch vi nhau cng lm vicnh 1h thng dm c bng b tng ct thp hay bng vn g ghp dn,hocl kt cu dng bnh xe p (gm vnh cng,li cng v hai h thng dycng trn di) ph lp cc hnh trn,gn trn.

Vt liu lm ch yu l b tng ct thp v thp

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II) H THNG KT CU BAO CHE

1) NHNG VN CHUNG

Kt cu bao che nh cng nghip bao gm hai nhm chnh:

- Kt cu bao che theo phng ng: tng, ca s, ca i;

- Kt cu bao che theo phng nm ngang: mi, ca mi.

C s ch yu thit k cu to kin trc kt cu bao che nh cng nghip l c imcng ngh sn xut bn trong, tnh cht cng trnh, kh nng cung ng vt liu xy dng trnth trng, c im kh hu a phng v t hp kin trc.

Hnh 1: Cc b phn cbn ca kt cu bao che nh cng nghip

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2) KT CU BAO CHE THEO PHNGNG

O TNG NH CNG NGHIP

1) Phn l oi :

- Theo vt liu lm tng: tng gch xy, tng khi xy, tng panen b tng ctthp, tng tm nh...;

- Theo khnng cch nhit: tng khng cch nhit v tng cch nhit;

- Theo v tr t tng: tng ngoi, tng ngn bn trong, tng dc, tng ngang,tng hi.

2) Cu to k in t rc tng gch v khi xy n h (tng block) :

Tng gch, tng khi xy nh thng c s dng cho cc nh c quy m khngln; lm tng ngn hoc xy chn hon thin.

Tng xy bng gch c t hp bng cc vin gch t st nung, kch thc 22cmx10,5cmx 5,5cm, c chi ph r do tn dng c vt liu a phng. Tng xy gch c chiudy 110mm; 220mm; 330mm; 450mm...

gim thi gian xy dng, tng c thc xy bng cc khi (block) b tng ctthp hoc b tng cilict (c lm t hn hp ct, vi v xi mng) c kch thc ln hn, vd nh cc block tng c kch thc di khong 60cm, cao 24cm, dy 30cm. Cc khi blockthng c chia thnh cc khi tng, khi gc tng, khi lanh t trn ca...

V tr ca tng gch hoc block so vi ct: thng nm ngoi ct, c th nm gia thnct v trong ct.

Mt ngoi ca tng c trt va xi mng bo v, c thp gch lt hoc treo cc tmtng nh bng tn.

Tng trn cc l ca s, ca i, l thit b..., c xy ln cc lanh t, dm ging bngb tng ct thp, hoc bng thp.

Khi xy dng loi tng ny cho nh khung cn ch neo tng vo ct bng cc mcneo bng thp.

Tt c cc chn tng gch xy hoc block cn phi c lp chng thm nc ma bngbitum hoc vt liu chng thm khc. Lp chng m di chn tng bng va xi mng mc75 dy 2cm, t ngang ti ct cao ca mt nn hon thin.

Tng (v mi nh) bao che bn ngoi cng trnh c hng sn xut A,B,F phi thit ksao cho c th bung ra khi c s c n.

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Khi thit k cho php kt hp s dng kt cu bao che kh bung v kt cu bao che dbung (ca s, ca i, ca mi, tng tm nh) khi xy ra s c n, nhng din tch kt cu bung phi c xc nh theo tnh ton.

Hnh 3: Gch block

- Hnh trn gch block thng; hnh di:gch block c khe v glin kt.

Kch thc cbn ca block:

- Chiu di (l): 50;60cm

- Chiu cao (h): 20;24cm

- Chiu rng (d): 5;7,5;10;15;20;24;30cm

Hnh 4: Lin kt gch block vi ct BTCT

1: ct; 2: Rnh lin kt; 3:Tm thp hnh nm (hnh a) vai thp lin kt tng vi ct (hnh b) ; 4: Tng block;5:Vt lin kt; 6;7;8: Va lin kt gia hai block tng.

a) Lin kt khi tng

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b Lin kt khi gc tng

Hnh 5: Lin kt gch block vi ct thp

1) Ct thp; 2: ai thp lin kt vi ct qua rnh lin kt; 3)Tng block; 4: Vt lin kt tng vo ai; 5,6,7: Va linkt gia hai block tng.

c) Lin kt khi lanh t ca

Hnh 6: Lin kt vi ct cacc khi tng chnh

(1:Khi lanh t; 2:Khung ca;3:Cng sn thp lanh t; 4Khi tng)

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5) Cu to k in t rc tng tm nh

Tng bng tm nh (tn, kim loi...) hin c s dng rt rng ri, trc ht do khnng thi cng n gin, nhanh chng.

Cu to chung ca tng gm c x g v tm tng. X g thng dng nht l loibng thp hnh, dng chU, Z. Chng c lin kt vo ct bng bulng hoc hn. Khongcch gia cc x g ph thuc chiu di tm lp v n nh ca tng. Tm tng lin ktvo x g bng mc neo, vt hoc bulng.

che cc khe hgc tng, mp ca, l thit b,cn phi dng thm cc cu kinph.

Vi tng nh, bo vchn tng khi bh hng do va chm, phn chn tng cao1,2 2m c thc lm bng gch, khi xy hoc bng panen btng ct thp.

Khi xng c yu cu cch nhit, tng nh cch nhit sc lm nhiu lp t cctm nh bo v v lp cch nhit gia hoc cc panen in hnh vi kch thc ty t cctm nh v lp cch nhit. Chng c lin kt vo ct bng cc mc neo.

Hnh 12: Cc kh nng c uto tng tm nh:

a) Tng tm nh mt lp

b) Tng tm nh 2 lp:lp tng ngoi v lp cchnhit

c) Tng c 3 lp, lptung pha trongt k lin

lp cch nhit

d) Tng c 3 lp, lptng pha trong t bnngoi x g lin kt.

1:Tm tng ngoi; 2; 3Sn thp lin kt; 4:Lp

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cch nhit; 5: X g ; 6:Tm tng trong.

Hnh 13 : Tng t m nh v mt s loi t m tn (khng cch nhit v c cch nhit) hinang sdng rng ri ti Vit Nam

- Knh ngn chia

Vic pht trin cng ngh trong kt cu xy dng bng vt liu v l thuytkt cu, m trong kt cu btng ct thp v kt cu thp gii phngcc bc tng nng n, cng nhng yu cu cng nghip ho xy dng, l iu kin cho cc loi vt liu bao che cng pht trin, lm a dngcho b mt ca cng trnh kin trc.

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Nu nh trc kia cc bc tng (xy bng gch, ) cng trnh kintrc va ng vai tr bao che cho khng gian s dng bn trong, va phi

lm nhim v chu lc; th vi kt cu khung (btng ct thp, thp), ccbc tng chcn mang ngha bao che, ngn chia. V knh tr thnhmt vt liu mi thay th vi nhiu u im: gim ti trng, gim din tchchim mt sn, chu c cc iu kin thi tit, chng thm tuyt i b mt, cho nh sng xuyn qua

Nhng kin trc hin i, cc to cao c bc knh l hnh nh quen thuc

cc th. Ngoi vic l vt liu s dng cho kt cu bao che bn ngoi,knh cn c dng lm vch ngn bn trong thay tng truyn thng, cbit trong cc khng gian vn phng lm vic, khng gian cng cng nhbo tng, trung tm thng mi, nh ga hng khng, nh hng Knhng vai tr phn nh khng gian chc nng, nh tuyn giao thng nhngkhng hn ch tm nhn, khng cn nh sng. S dng knh ngn chia

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hp l s lm rng khng gian v mt th gic v to nn nhng hiu qunh sng hu dng v thm m.

Trn thch cao cho nhng u im to hnh v thun tin lp t thit bchiu

sng,

kthut m trn.

Knh cng c s dng ph bin cho mt b phn kin trc bao che khcl mi. Mi knh l gii php kin trc k thut khai thc nh sng theophng thng ng. iu ny c bit c ngha vi nhng cng trnh cmt bng ln, khng gian ln m nh sng t cc din tng bao bnngoi vo pha trong (pha gia) khng , do b cn hoc qu xa. Mi knhcng l mt yu t to nn hiu qu kin trc cho c ngoi tht v ni tht

cng trnh.

Tuy vy, khng c ngha l knh khng c nhc im. Trc ht knh tonn hiu ng lng knh, lm tng nhit mi trng bn trong. H qu cavic ny l phi dng my lnh, gy tiu tn nng lng v nh hng tiu

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cc ti mi trng. Vic thi cng, lp t v s dng, vn hnh vi vt liuknh cng gy ra nhiu ri ro (v) vi chnh cng trnh v ngi s dng.Bn cnh , vic iu chnh thit k, sa cha, ci to hay ph dcngl mt vn khng n gin vi loi vt liu ny. Bi cc loi knh c

s dng lm kt cu bao che, ngn chia u l knh ti (knh tempered)khng th ti s dng vi kch thc, quy cch khc c (khng th giacng c hc nh ct, khoan, mi). V vic ti chnh mt loi ph thi ihi chi ph cao, vic tiu hu cng kh.

Nhng vt liu linh hot cho kt cu ngn chia

H trn xng ni v trn nhm c sdng nhiu cc cng trnh cng cng,

thun tin cho vic bo tr, sa cha.

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Kin trc thay i nhiu, v gp phn thay i x hi v nhng thay iv mt x hi nh hng ngc li n kin trc. l mt qu trnh,

din bin song song. Nhng vt liu xy dng mi xut hin, thc hinnhng vai tr v chc nng mi, trong nhng khng gian mi. Nu nhknh l loi vt liu c khnng bn trong cc iu kin thi tit, ph hpvi bn ngoi, th bn trong nh cng c nhiu loi vt liu khc p ngcc nhu cu c th.

Ph bin nht l vch thch cao. Vch thch cao (vi khung xng bntrong ph tm thch cao pha ngoi) c u im l r tin, d lp dng,sa cha. Vt liu thch cao c nhiu u im nh: nh (chbng khong10 12% ti trng tng xy trt), khng c hi, cch m tt, chng chytt. Tm thch cao cng a dng chng loi s dng cho nhng khnggian khc nhau nh c loi tm chu nc dng cho khu v sinh, khu mt; c loi tm sn hay c l ht m, tiu m. Vt liu thch cao saukhi sn, b hon thin c b mt tng ng vi b mt tng xy trt,to s thng nht v vt liu cho khng gian ni tht.

Ngoi vch thch cao, th cng c nhiu loi vch khc, s dng linh hotcho nhng khng gian ni tht v yu cu k thut c th, nh vch g,vch nhm knh, thp knh, vch bc n, vch bng cc loi vt liucomposit. Nu nh vch thch cao c lm ging nh mt bc tng to sng nht vi cc din tng sn c, th cc loi vt liu khcc bit l vch g l mt s chng phn nh, nhn mnh mng

khi trong ni tht nhm trang tr. C nhng vch c tc dng ngn cchkn o nh mt bc tng (vch thch cao), c vch ngn cch m vphn nh khng gian (vch knh), c vch chn thun ngn chia tngtrng, hn ch tm nhn khng bnh hng ti cng vic (cc vchlng trong cc n nguyn/block lm vic trong vn phng).

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Vch ngn bng knh

Trn tr nn cn thit

Trn l din pha trn ca phng hay khng gian ni tht. Trn c th chnhl mt di ca kt cu sn hay mi. Trong xu hng thit k xy dnghin nay, trn gi (gi tt l trn), nm di v c lp vi kt cu ca sn,mi tr nn cn thit v ph bin hn rt nhiu. Trn c thit k vthi cng lp dng nhm to hiu qu thm m cn thit cho khng gian nitht, c tc dng cch m, cch nhit, ng thi cng che i nhng hthng k thut pha trn (ng nc, dy in, ng bo n iu ho)

Trn cng l b mt lp cc loi thit b chiu sng, thit b k thut nhn m, iu ho, ca thng gi, thit b bo chy, cha chy. Nhng thitbny i hi c mt khong m nht nh, v th khng th lp trc tipln trn btng (kt cu sn trn).

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a) b)

Hnh 14 : Thanh (x g ) lin k t t m tng ti vtr ct bin (a) v ct u h i (b)

Hnh 15: Lin kt tm tng khng cchnhit vi ct

Hnh 16: Lin kt tm tng c cch nhit vict

Ngoi nhng loi tng gch, tng block trt va; tng pa nen v tng tm nh ktrn, trong thc t hin ny cn c tng p g, tng bc nhm to cho cng trnh cngnghip c hnh thc rt a dng.

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Hnh 17: Tng bc nhm trong nh cngnghip

Hnh 18: Tngp g trong nh cng nghip

O CU TO KIN TRC CA S, CA I, CNG NH CNG NGHIP1) Cu to k in t rc ca s:

a) Yu cu chung

-i vi nh khng c yu cu vc bit viu kin vi kh hu v chiu sng, cn tndng ti a ca ly nh sng v thng thong t nhin.

- Loi ca, hnh dng, kch thc v v tr b tr ca sc xc nh trn c s yu cuchiu sng ca sn xut, thng gi tin nghi trong xng, c im sn xut; gii php t hpkin trc mt ng ta nh v kh nng cung ng kt cu ca ch to sn trn th trng.

- Vic b tr v la chn kch thc ca cn ph hp vi kt cu tng, c bit l tngpanen hn ch phi s dng cc khi tng ph.

b) Phn l oi :

- Theo chc nng c ca s chiu sng, ca s thng gi v ca s hn hp chiu sngv thng gi. Ca chiu sng c lm bng knh cnh. Ca thng gi c lm bng chpg, kim loi, nha... Ca hn hp c lm bng ca knh xoay theo trc ng, ngang, chpknh xoay, hoc mt phn knh cnh, mt phn chp thong, ca knh la...

- Theo hnh thc: c ca sgin on, ca bng ngang, ca bng ng, ca mng ln.Ca s loi gin on thng c s dng cho cc nh c kt cu tng chu lc, cho ccxng c yu cu nh sng khng nhiu. Khi xng cn nhiu nh sng, c th dng ca

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bng ngang mt hoc nhiu lp. Ca sbng ng cho nh sng tt, song khng ng u.Ca s mng ln rt ph hp vi cc nh cng nghip c khng gian ln. Loi ca knh lt trcngang gia hoc trn c kh nng chiu sng, thng gi t nhin tt, ng thi chngc ma ht.

c) Cu t

o chung

Tng tnh trong nh dn dng, cu to chung ca ca s nh cng nghip gm c:khun ca, cnh ca v trong mt strng hp cn c thm h thng ng, m ca.

- Khun ca vin quanh l ca cnh v lm g ht nc. Chng c lm bngg tt, b tng ct thp, kim loi, bng cht do tng hp.

- Cnh ca c cu to t khung cnh bng g, kim loi, cht do tng hp, cc tmca bng pa n g, knh, kim loi, ty theo yu cu chc nng ca ca s.

i vi ca s b tr ti cao nh hn 2,4m cn phi b tr ca s c kh nng ng

m. Khi c yu cu chng gi bo, cc din tch lp knh ti cao ln hn 2,4m k t mt snphi lp thnh khung cnh, c thng mc bng c kh.

Kch thc ca ca: Chiu rng nn ly theo bi s 0,5m; chiu cao l bi s ca 0,6m.Kch thc ny l c s cho vic la chn kch thc theo cc mu ca ca cc hng cungng.

a) b)

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Hnh 20: V d cu to ca nh cng nghip: a) Ca g; b) Ca thp

Hin trn th gii nh c ca s hai lp tr ln thng dng, to cho cng trnh c hailp v. Phn gia ca hai lp v c nhim v thng thong. Gii php ny c s dng

ch yu cho nh nhiu tng.

a)

b)

Hnh 21: Ca knh hai lp: a) Mt trc; b)Mt ct dc; c) Mt bng.

1: Khung nhm; 2: Chp thng thong; 3: Lpknh bn trong gii hn khng gian phng; 4:Khung ca lp knh ngoi; 5: Lp knh bcngoi cng trnh; 6:Li thp gia cc tng; 7:

Rm ca iu khin tng.

c)

Trong qu trnh thit k ca hin nay (trong nh dn dng cng nh nh cng nghip)vic la chn hng cung ng ca ng vai tr quan trng, nh hng Eurowindow l mt v d.

Ca ca hng (theo qung co) c sn xut theo cng ngh ca chu u vi snphm l ca nhm v vch nhm. Khung ca v khung cnh ca (Profile) c sn xut t

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nhm thi vi cc ph kin km theo p ng vic cch nhit, cch m v chng r rncma, m bo c cng v c tnh thm m cao.

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1) Thanh profile nhm mt ngoi khun ca

2) Thanh profile nhm mt trong khun ca

3) Cu cch nhit polymer khun ca

4) Chn lp t khun ca

5) Rnh thot nc ma

6) Giongcnh ca

7) Giong gia cnh v khun ca

8) Cu cch nhit polymer cnh ca

9) Thanh profile nhm mt ngoi cnh ca

10) Thanh profile nhm mt trong cnh ca

11) Rnh lp ph kin kim kh

12) Giong khung knh

13) Giong np knh

14) Knh

15) Keo dn hp

16) Thanh chp knh

1) Giong ngoi trn

2) Giong trong trn ng

3) ng trn vch dng

4) Thanh cu cch m, cch nhit

5) ngang vch dng

6) Giong trong trn ngang

7) Profile giknh mt dng

8) Profile p ngoi mt dng

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Hnh 22: C u to ca khung nhm ca hng cungng Eurowindow

c) Kt cu che chn nng

Kt cu che nng n gin v thng dng nht l vng kt hp vi lanh t ca. Tutheo v tr ca mt tng m kt cu che nng c th kt hp vi kt cu che nng theophng ng v theo phng ngang.

Ngoi kt cu che nng vng cnh bng b tng ct thp, ngi ta cn s dng ktcu che nng bng kim loi ng mc (c th hon ton tng).

Cc kt cu che nng l chi tit kin trc c ngha trong t hp mt ng nh cngnghip.

Hnh 23: K t c u che n ng b ng kim loi cth tngng m.

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3) KT CU BAO CHE THEO PHNG NGANG- MI, CA MI

O CU TO KIN TRC MI NH CNG NGHIP1) Phn l oi mi n h cng ngh ip:

- Theo s kt cu, mi c phn thnh: mi kt cu phng v mi khng gian. Trongmi kt cu phng (gm mi btng ct thp hoc vt liu nh), kt cu bao che v kt cu chulc lm vic c lp vi nhau, phn bao che chtham gia chu lc mt phn. Mi kt cu khnggian c kt cu chu lc ng thi l kt cu bao che, ph hp vi nh nhp ln.

- Theo dc mi, mi c phn thnh: Mi bng vi dc thot nc i= 1/8 1/12 ,lm bng btng ct thp; Mi dc vi i>1/8, bng b tng ct thp hoc tm nh; Mi phngvi I = 0%, dng cha nc cch nhit (t dng ti Vit Nam)

- Theo tnh cht cch nhit, mi c phn thnh: Mi cch nhit: dng cho cc nh c cao tng n mi < 6m v cho cc nh c yu cu c bit v vi kh hu; Mi khng cchnhit: dng cho cc nh c chiu cao tng > 6m, khng c i hi c bit viu kin vi khhu.

- Theo vt liu lm mi, mi c phn thnh: Mi bng b tng ct thp (mi nng); Mibng tm lp nh (mi nh).

2) Nhng yu cu chung th it kcu to k in t rc mi n h cng ngh ip :

- C bn vng cao, ph hp vi cc yu cu ca cng ngh sn xut;

- C khnng thot nc nhanh, chng thm tt;

- Tha mn yu cu cng nghip ha xy dng;

- Ph hp vi kh nng cung ng vt liu trn th trng;

- C chtiu kinh t - k thut hp l;

- Ph hp vi yu cu t hp kin trc cng trnh.

3) Cu to k in trc mi b tng ct thp:

Mi nh bng b tng ct thp c bn vng cao chu la tt, do c s dng rngri trong cc nh cng nghip c yu cu bn vng cao, nin hn s dng kh lu di. Nhcim ca loi mi ny ch yu l nng n, thi cng ko di, khi h hng kh sa cha.

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4) KT CU BAO CHE THEO PHNG NGANG- MI, CA MI

O CU TO KIN TRC MI NH CNG NGHIP1) Phn l oi mi n h cng ngh ip:

- Theo s kt cu, mi c phn thnh: mi kt cu phng v mi khng gian. Trongmi kt cu phng (gm mi btng ct thp hoc vt liu nh), kt cu bao che v kt cu chulc lm vic c lp vi nhau, phn bao che chtham gia chu lc mt phn. Mi kt cu khnggian c kt cu chu lc ng thi l kt cu bao che, ph hp vi nh nhp ln.

- Theo dc mi, mi c phn thnh: Mi bng vi dc thot nc i= 1/8 1/12 ,

lm bng btng ct thp; Mi dc vi i>1/8, bng b tng ct thp hoc tm nh; Mi phngvi I = 0%, dng cha nc cch nhit (t dng ti Vit Nam)

- Theo tnh cht cch nhit, mi c phn thnh: Mi cch nhit: dng cho cc nh c cao tng n mi < 6m v cho cc nh c yu cu c bit v vi kh hu; Mi khng cchnhit: dng cho cc nh c chiu cao tng > 6m, khng c i hi c bit viu kin vi khhu.

- Theo vt liu lm mi, mi c phn thnh: Mi bng b tng ct thp (mi nng); Mibng tm lp nh (mi nh).

2) Nhng yu c

u chung th i

t k

cu t

o k i

n t rc mi n h cng ngh i

p :

- C bn vng cao, ph hp vi cc yu cu ca cng ngh sn xut;

- C khnng thot nc nhanh, chng thm tt;

- Tha mn yu cu cng nghip ha xy dng;

- Ph hp vi kh nng cung ng vt liu trn th trng;

- C chtiu kinh t - k thut hp l;

- Ph hp vi yu cu t hp kin trc cng trnh.

3) Cu to k in trc mi b tng ct thp:

Mi nh bng b tng ct thp c bn vng cao chu la tt, do c s dng rngri trong cc nh cng nghip c yu cu bn vng cao, nin hn s dng kh lu di. Nhcim ca loi mi ny ch yu l nng n, thi cng ko di, khi h hng kh sa cha.

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Cu to chung ca mi b tng ct thp gm hai phn chnh: lp chu lc v cc lp chcnng.

a) Lp chu lc:

Lp chu lc c chc nng ton b cc lp lp, thit bt trn mi, cng c khi chng

gi lun chc nng cch nc. Lp chu lc c thc ton khi hay lp ghp.

- Loi ton khi c bn cao, tit kim thp, nhc im ln nht l thi cng ko di, vvy chnn dng cho cc nh c din tch mi khng ln v cho mi v mng, hoc do yu cucng nghi hi. V cu to, c bn ging cu to mi trong nh dn dng. Vi loi mi ny,nu x l chng thm tt, lp chu lc ng thi s l lp cch nc.

- Lp chu lc lp ghp c s dng rng ri hn do p ng c yu cu cngnghip ha v xy dng nhanh chng. Lp chu lc mi c hnh thnh t cc tm (panen).Loi panen c kch thc 1,5mx6m; 3mx6m; 3mx12m, chiu dy 0,3m l loi c dng rngri nht. Panen mi c th l dng c hoc panen c sn vi chiu dy ca bn 3 5cm. Khi

cn thit, c th cha sn cc l trng t thit b chiu sng hoc cc thit b k thut.Panen lin kt vo kt cu mang lc mi bng cch hn cc chi tit thp ch hai cu kin.

Hnh 27: Cc dng panen mi b tng ct thp

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b) Cc lp lp chc nng:

Trong mi b tng ct thp, ngoi lp chu lc cn c cc lp lp chc nng cn thitkhc nh : Lp chng thm; lp cch nhit; lp bo v; lp lm phng; cc lp cch hi, chngxm thc...

Slng cc lp ny v thng s k thut ca chng, c xc nh ty thuc vo loikt cu mi, c im v ch sn xut, mi trng sn xut v kh hu a phng...

- Lp cch n hit :

Lp cch nhit thng dng nht hin nay l b tng bt xp c t trc tip ln tmmi. Chiu dy lp cch nhit c xc nh theo tnh ton, sao cho chng c th cch nhithoc gi nhit tt, ph hp vi yu cu ca khng gian sn xut v tin nghi cho ngi laong bn trong nh. khng lm gim khnng cch nhit, lp cch nhit cn c cc lpcch nc bo v. V d: Trong cc xng c hi nc ng di mi, bn d i