C. S. Murthy Principal Investigator (Drought) [email protected] [email protected] Disaster Management Support Program National Remote Sensing Agency.

C. S. Murthy

Principal Investigator (Drought)

[email protected]@yahoo.com

Disaster Management Support ProgramNational Remote Sensing Agency

(Dept. of Space, Govt. of India)RS & GIS Applications AreaNational Remote Sensing Agency

(Dept. of Space, Govt. of India)

Drought Management – Integration of Geo Spatial & Contemporary Technologies

C. S. MurthyPrincipal Investigator (Drought)

Organization Activity

India Meteorological Department, NCMRWF

Meteorological information such as rainfall, temperature and derived products on aridity anomaly at subdivision level. Mainly for meteorological drought.

Agro-advisory services based on weather data

Central Water Commission

Water levels in surface water bodies - hydrological drought

State Departments of Agriculture

Monitoring crop sown area progression and drought prevalence through manual observations on agricultural situation and the data on rainfall and surface water bodies. Contingency crop plans.

State Disaster Management Authorities

Analyzing data from different departments and drought declaration

State Agricultural Universities

Agro-advisory services

Contingency crop plans

ICAR Agro meteorological data basesAgro advisory servicesDrought proofing measures

NRSA

(Dept. of Space, Govt. of India)

In season agricultural drought assessment and monitoring with satellite images and geospatial information technologies.

Organizations associated with drought assessment/monitoring

SATELLITE MONITORING OF AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT

Ground water Storage

Surface Storage

Runoff

Rain

Infiltration &Percolation

Satellite Sensors

Evapo transpiration

Biophysical Parameters

Vegetation Index

AgriculturalDrought

MeteorologicalDrought

HydrologicalDrought

Runoff

Earth Observation Systems and Geo-spatial Information Technologyfor drought assessment and management

Earth Resources Satellites

Geo-stationery &Communication Satellites

Automatic Weather Stations (AWS)

Village ResourceCentres (VRCs)

• Drought assessment• Vulnerability mapping• Drought mitigation• Drought management

1. Monitoring of Crop area, crop condition & yieldRange lands2. Soil moisture estimation3. Land surface temperature

• Meteorological information• Monitoring vegetation• Monitoring range lands

Geo-spatial tools-

Geographic Information System (GIS) – Data ware house, knowledge discovery, data mining, Spatial modellers etc

PNT systems (Position, Navigation and Tracking System)Data integration from diff. sources/ decision support

Data communication and net working

NDVI anomaly Assessment(1) Relative dev.(2) VCI(3) In season transformation

Agricultural drought situation

Change in crop calendar

Lag between NDVI & rainfall

Abnormal weather eventsSuch as floods

Extent of NDVI anomaly

Extent of rainfalldeviation

Extent of sown areadeviation

Methodology for drought assessment, kharif season (AVHRR/WiFS/AWiFS)Harmonization of NDVI and ground data

Normal

Watch

Alert

Drought warning(June, July, August)

Drought declaration(Sep, Oct)

Mild

Moderate

Severe

.

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

.

12/6 19/6 6/6 3/710/7 17/7 24/7 31/7 7/8 14/8 21/8 28/8 4/9 11/9 18/9 25/9

% d

evi

atio

n

.

0102030405060708090

100

5 J

un

12

Ju

n

19

Ju

n

26

Ju

n

3 J

ul

10

Ju

l

17

Ju

l

24

Ju

l

31

Ju

l

7 A

ug

14

Au

g

21

Au

g

31

Au

g

11

Se

p

18

Se

p

25

Se

p

30

Se

p

% o

f no

rma

l

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING SYSTEM

Coverage

Satellite data analysis

Integration with ground data

Information reporting

Drought assessment

AVHRR NDVI – August 2007

June 07 July 07 August 07

Uttar Pradesh state

Agricultural Drought Assessment – Aug 2007 NDVI

Andhra Pradesh stateAugust 2007

AWiFS NDVI

Agricultural drought assessment

at dis-aggregated level

June 2007

July 2007

August 2007

93 mandals in 7 districtswere found to be under mild agricultural drought situation

Agricultural Drought Assessment (upto August 2007)

Agricultural drought situationin 55 districts in the country

• 22 districts in U.P• 11 districts in M.P• 8 districts in Rajasthan• 6 districts in Maharashtra• 7 districts in AP• 1 district in Bihar

Crop condition anomalies at different levels

State District Block

Normal year (2005)

Drought year (2002)

Tadipatri mandal - Anantpur (Groundnut)

-0.100

-0.050

0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

0.300

0.350

June July August Sep October

ND

VI

2005 2002

Pamidi mandal - Anantpur (Paddy)

-0.050

0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

0.300

0.350

0.400

0.450

June July August Sep October

ND

VI

2005 2002

Impact of 2002 drought at block level Anantpur district

Mudigubba mandal - Anantpur districtgroundnut

-0.100

-0.050

0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

0.300

0.350

0.400

0.450

June July August Sep October

ND

VI

2005 2002

Kanekal mandal - Anantpur districtgroundnut + paddy

-0.100

-0.050

0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

0.300

0.350

0.400

June July August Sep October

ND

VI

2005 2002

Anantpur district Mahaboobnagar district

Data used

NDVI Rainfall Irrigation support

More vulnerable

Less vulnerable

Participating Organizations

CRIDA NRSA NIRD

Drought vulnerability mapping – space & ground inputsHanumantharao committee 1994

% area irrigated at district and block level in different agro climatic zones was the main criteria

1173 blocks in 185 districts of 13 states – 120 M ha as drought prone

Parthasarathy Committee 2005 – re-look in to criteria for drought proneness CRIDA ‘s criteria – Rainfall and irrigation support NRSA – Historic NDVI from high resolution data Integration of these two methods for composite drought prone index

3 Scale of informationAt different spatial units (mandals/taluks) within districtWeekly/fortnightly information

Info

rmat

ion

req

uir

emen

ts

for

in-s

easo

n d

rou

gh

t m

anag

emen

t 2 Middle/end of the season(a) Impact of drought on standing crops.(b) Expected reduction in crop yield

1 Beginning of the season(a) Extent of delay in sowings (no. of days/weeks)(b) Extent of reduction in sown area(c) Expected sown area

4 Quantitative assessment of drought impact

(a) Area affected by drought - list of drought affected mandals/taluks along with severity level.

(b) Extent of reduction in crop yield.

5 Early warning on drought occurrence/severity

Drought management

Goals• Land management • Crop management• Fodder management• Agricultural Water management• Drinking Water management• Socio-economic equity

Short term1. Contingency crop plan2. Drought resistant cultivars3. Cultivation practices for soil

and water conservation4. Mid season corrections5. Nutrient management

Long term1. Watershed management2. Ground water recharge3. Water use efficiency4. Employment generation5. Public awareness

In-season management(near real-time)

• Assessment indicators• Monitoring mechanism

End-of-the season management

• Drought declaration rationale• Relief management

Criteria for drought declaration by different states

State Criteria for drought declaration

Andhra Pradesh 1. Mandal level rainfall

2. Mandal level crop sown area

3. Yield reduction

4. Dry spells

Karnataka Rainfall

Dry weeks

Maharashtra Paisewari system, yield loss 100 point scale

Orissa Block level rainfall, Crop assessment

Rajasthan, UP and J & K

Yield loss criteria

• Declaration of drought by state level• Declaration in Sept/Oct

• Memorandum of scarcity

• Verification by Central Govt.

Criteria in different states

Standard criteria for operational drought assessment & declaration

Scientific approach

Criteria should cut across various rainfall zones, agro-ecological zones

Complete and comprehensive – rainfall, soil and plant

Weather data

• IMD weather stations• Revenue rain guages• Automatic Weather stations• Geo-stationery satellites

Soil moisture

• Soil water balance• Automatic Weather stations• Microwave satellites • Thermal data from satellites

Crop sown areas

• Manual collection• Satellite observations

Crop condition & crop estimation

• Geospatial near realtime from different satellites• Bio-physical parameters from satellites• Agro meterological yield models• Improved manual crop estimation surveys

Drought severity Classification

at Sub district level

Drought declaration Relief Assessment Relief Management

National Drought Management SystemA model

Institutional participation

Agriculture

Meteorology

Hydrology

Socio-economic

Academic

Scientific

Near real-time flowof data/information

Flow of expertise

KNOWLEDGECENTER (KC)

Integrated Geospatial Data base on droughtrelated parameters (Spatial and non spatial)

Geo-informatics tools for data analysis

Knowledge Data mining Data Fusion

Spatial DecisionSupport Systems

. . .

Drought Assessment atdiff. spatial & temporal scales

Federal Government

State Government

DistrictAdministration

Farmers

Delivery & Feedback mechanism

Institutional Linkages with KNOWLEDGE CENTRE (KC)

KNOWLEDGE CENTRE (KC)

IMD

State Depts. of Agril.State Depts. of Relief

State Depts. of Planning

Ministry of Agriculture, GOI

ICAR

State Agril. Universities

Other A

cademic/S

cientific

Main issues• Identification of institutions• Defining roles/responsibilities• Ensuring near realtime flow of data and knowledge• Ensuring end use and feed back analysis

Remote Sensing

Standardization of data collection and Transmission system

1. Weather data -- IMD stations Revenue stations Increasing the density - Automatic Weather Stations

2. Agriculture – Soil information (Soil maps) Deep Soils Shallow soils Geo morphology – uplands, low lands Cropping pattern, Irrigation support Crop sown area progression Irrigation support

3. Geospatial data bases Land Use / Land cover Crop condition Bio physical parametrs etc

4. Consistency in the data collection procedures, timeliness etc

Data transmission to centralised servers

Surface mail, e mailSatellite transmission

Harmonization of data & Unified index – A Classic example

• Multi disciplinary • Involvement of multiple organizations (about 150 scientists are involved)• Comprehensive drought assessment• It is not a forecasting/early warning system

Drought monitor is atclimatic division averaged.

Not good for local leveldecision making

Criteria in US Drought monitor

Category Palmer drought index

CPC soil moisture model

Stream flows

SPI Satellite Vegetation health index

Normal -1 to -1.9

21-30 21-30 -.5 to -.7

36-45

Moderate drought

-2 to -2.9

11-20 11-20 -.8 to -1.2

26-35

Severe drought

-3 to -3.9

6-10 6-10 -1.3 to -1.5

16-25

Extreme drought

-4 to -4.9

3-5 3-5 -1.6 to -1.9

6-15

Exceptional drought

-5 or less

0-2 0-2 -2 or less

1-5

Automatic Weather Stations

• Affordable alternatives to get detailed weather information.

• AWS measures – meteorological parameters like rainfall, humidity, temperature

• Special sensors for measuring soil moisture

• Data transmission through communication satellites – Kalpana - 1, INSAT 3A

• consistency in data recording, enhanced frequency of coverage,

• Coverage of inaccessible areas, all weather and all time operations

AWS are being established in selected locations in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra.

Thank you all