C Programming Slide 2015 -1

7/23/2019 C Programming Slide 2015 -1

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/c-programming-slide-2015-1 1/59

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Text Book: Recommended for

C Programming

(1). Computer Programming in C

By V Rajaraman

(2). Programming in C

By S.G. Kochan

(3). C Programming

By E Balagurusamy

(4) Programming with C

By B. Gottfried



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C Programming is a high level

language for scientific computing.

The characters in C are grouped

into following categories:

Letters: A, B, …, Z ( Upper case)

a,b,c, ..., z (Lower case )

Numeric Digits:

0, 1, 2, 3,4,5,6,7,8,9

Special Characters:

, . ; : ? ‘ “



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| / \ ! ~ _ $

% & ^ * #

- + > < ( ) [ ] { }

White Spaces:

(1).Blank Space

(2). Horizontal Tab

(3). Vertical Tab

(4). New Line

(5). Form feed

(6) Carriage Return



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Key Words ( Reserved Words in C )

auto, break, case, char, const,

continue, default, do, double, else,

entry, enum, extern, float, for, goto,

if, int, long, register, return, short,

signed, sizeof, static, struct, switch,

typedef, union, unsigned, void, while,

Library Funtions:

abs( k) in Maths we write as: |k|

fabs(x) in Maths we write as: |x|

cos(x)

sin(x)



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tan(x)

acos(x)

asin(x)

atan(x)

atan2( x,y )

cosh(x)

sinh(x)

tanh(x)

exp(x)

ceil(x)

floor(x)

log(x)



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sqrt(x)

pow(x,y)

getc( )

putc( )

getchar( )

putchar( )

rand( )

scanf( )

printf( )

tolower( )

toupper( )

toascii( )



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Variable Name / Function Name

( Identifiers ):

Identifiers are the names given to

various program elements, such as

variables, functions and arrays.

An identifiers consists of letters and

digits and under score in any order.

The first character must be a letter

( either lower case or upper case ).

Both upper and lower case letter are

used. Rest of the characters can be

alphabetic or numeric. An identifier



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has some fixed length. For some

compiler there is no restrictions.

Examples: Valid variables names:

x

y27

sum_1

diff_2

temp_today

tax_rate

Invalid variable names:

2y tax rate

4x tax-rate



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Constants:

(1) Integer Constants

124

-3279

0

-123890

458

(2)Floating point constants:

123.50

-10.75

3.18E31

-5.723e-20



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(3)Character constants:

‘x’

‘X’

‘n’

‘N’

‘y’

‘Y’

‘0’

‘+’

‘-’

‘*’

‘&’



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(5) String Constants:

“Hello”

“IIT-KGP”

“STCP2015”

“stcp2015”

“Tuesday”

“Radha Reddy”

“many more”

“********”

“++++”

“&&&&&&”

“Welcome”



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Arithmetic Operators:

+ 14+5 gives 19

- 14-5 gives 9

* 14*5 gives 70

/ 14/5 gives 2

% 14%5 gives 4

Increment and Decrement

++ increment

-- decreament



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Relational Operators:

< less than

<= less than or equal to

> greater than

>= greater than or equal to

= = equal to

!= not equal to

Logical Operators:

&& and

|| or

! not



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Some Assignment statements:

a= a+b;

a=a-b;

a=a*b;

a=a/b;

a=a%b; where a and b are integers.

All these can be written as:

a+=b;

a-=b;

a*=b;

a/=b;

a%=b;



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Declaration:

int x,y,z;

short int x1,x2;

long int n1, n2, n3;

unsigned int year1, year2;

unsigned long int p1, p2,p3;

float rate1, rate2, rate3;

double w1, w2, w3, w4;

char g1, g2, g3, g4, g5,g6;

char fname[20], lname[20];

( string and array declaration )

int x[100];



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float y[50];

double rate[ 200];

Statements in C:

y= sinx cosx in Maths

y=sin(x)*cos(x);

c= (a+b)( a-b)+ (a-b)/(a+b) in Maths

c= (a+b)*(a-b) + (a-b)/(a+b);

d=a^3 + b^3 + c^3 -3abc

d=pow(a,3) + pow(b,3) +pow(c,3) -

3*a*b*c;

p= |x| + |y| p = abs(x) + abs(y);



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Some Escape Characters in C:

\n New line

\t Tab ( 4 columns to right)

\b Backspace ( one column )

\r Carrige Return

\f Form feed

\\ Backslash

\’ Single Quote

Syntax of a while Statement:

Rule 1: single statement



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while ( this condition is true)

execute this statement;

Example 1:

while ( n <= 50 )

nsquare= n*n;

Example 2:

while( n <= 20)

ncube=n*n*n;

Syntax of while statement:

Rule 2: To execute more than one

statements



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while ( this condition is true )

{

execute statement 1;



………………..

execute statement n;

}

while statement:

while( index <= 100)

{



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sum=sum+index;

prod=prod*index;

index=index+1;

}

Example 2:

while ( n >= 1)

{

sum=sum+n;

n=n-1; }

Syntax of if statement:

Rule 1: single statement

if ( this condition is true )



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execute this statement 1;

Example 1:

if ( mark >= 35 )

printf( “ Grade is P \n”);

Syntax of if statement:

Rule 2: multiple statements


{




…………………………



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execute this statement n;

}

Example 2:

if ( x = = 235)

{

printf( “x=%d \n”, x);

x=x/10;

printf(“ x=%d \n”, x);

x=x/10;

printf(“x=%d \n”, x); }

Syntax of if else statement:

Rule 1: Single statement:



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Execute this statement 1;

else


Rule 2: Multiple statements


{



…………………………

Execute this statement n;

}



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else

{

Execute this statement s1;

Execute this statement s2;

………………………

Execute this statement sn;

}

Example 1:

if( m%2==0 )

printf( “ m is an even number \n”);



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else

printf( “ m is an odd number \n”);

Example 2:

if( m%2 ==0)

{

printf( “m is an even number \n”);

printf(“It ends with a:0,2,4,6,8 \n”);

}

else

printf(“ m is an odd number \n”);

printf( “ It ends with a:1,3,5,7,9\n”);

printf(“ It may be a prime \n”)



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}

Syntax of if- else if- else statement:

Rule 1: Single statement

if( this condition is true )

Execute statemet s1;

else if ( this condition is true)

Execute statement s2;



……………………….

else

Execute statement sn;



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Syntax of if- else if- else statement:

Rule 2: Multiple statements

if( this condition is true )

{

Execute statemet s11;

Execule statement s12;

…………………….

}


{




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…………………………

}


{



……………………….

}

else

{

Execute statement sn1;



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Execute statement sn2;

………………….

}

Example of Printing Grades:

Mark >= 90 grade is Ex.

Mark >= 80 but less than 90,

Grade is A.


Grade is B.


Grade is C.




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Grade is D.


Grade is P.

Mark < 35 grade is F.

Example 1:

if( m >= 90 )

printf( “ grade is Ex \n”);

else if ( m>= 80 )

printf( “ grade is A \n”);

else if ( m>= 70 )

printf( “ grade is B \n”);

else if ( m>= 60 )



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printf( “ grade is C \n”);

else if ( m>= 50 )

printf( “ grade is D \n”);

else if ( m>= 35 )

printf( “ grade is P \n”);

else

{

printf( “ grade is F \n”);

printf(“ Repeat it again \n”); }

Example 2:

If ( a > b && a > c )

printf( “ a is largest \n”);



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else if ( a > b && a < c )

printf(“ c is largest \n”);

else

printf(“ b is largest \n”);

Example 3:

if ( a < b && a < c )

printf( “ a is smallest \n”);

else if ( b < a && b < c )

printf(“ b is smallest \n”);

else

printf(“ c is smallest \n”);



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Increment Rule 1:

int a, b;

a=5;

b=++a;

printf( “ a=%d, b=%d \n”, a,b);

a= 6, b=6

Equivalent One

int a, b;

a=5;

a=a+1;

b=a;




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Increment Rule 2:

int a, b;

a=15;

b=a++;


a= 16, b=15

Equivalent One

int a, b;

a=15;

b=a;

a=a+1;

printf( “ a=%d, b=%d \n”,a,b);



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Decrement Rule 1:

int a, b;

a=50;

b=--a;


a= 49, b=49

Equivalent One

int a, b;

a=50;

a=a-1;

b=a;




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Decrement Rule 2:

int a, b;

a=15;

b=a--;


a= 14, b=15

Equivalent One

int a, b;

a=15;

b=a;

a=a-1;




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Syntax of for Statement:

for ( initialize; condition; increment

or decrement )

{

Execute statement 1;



…………………..

Execute statement n;

Re evaluate counter;

}



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Example 1:

int i, sum1, sum2, sum3 ;

sum1=0, sum2=0, sum3=0;

for ( i=1; i <=100; i++ )

{

sum1=sum1+i;

sum2=sum2+i*i;

sum3=sum3=i*i*i;

}

printf( “ sum1=%d \n”, sum1);

……………..



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Example 2:


sum1=0, sum2=0, sum3=0;

for ( i=100; i >=1; i-- )

{

sum1=sum1+i;

sum2=sum2+i*i;

sum3=sum3=i*i*i;

}


……………..



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Example 3:


sum1=0, sum2=0, sum3=0;

for ( i=1; i <=99; i=i+2 )

{

sum1=sum1+i;

sum2=sum2+i*i;

sum3=sum3=i*i*i;

}


……………..



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Example 4:


sum1=0, sum2=0, sum3=0;

for ( i=99; i >=1; i=i-2 )

{

sum1=sum1+i;

sum2=sum2+i*i;

sum3=sum3+i*i*i;

}


……………..



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Syntax of break statement:

for( n=1; n<= 20; ++i)

{

if( n == 7 ) break;

printf( “%d ,” , n );

} Output : 1, 2,3,4,5,6,

for( n=12; n>=1; n--)

{

if( n == 7 ) break;

printf( “%d ,” , n );

}

Output: 12, 11,10,9,8,



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Syntax of continue statement:

for( n=1; n<= 10; ++i)

{

if( n == 7 ) continue;

printf( “%d ,” , n );

} Output: 1, 2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10

for( n=12; n>=1; n--)

{

if( n == 7 ) continue;

printf( “%d ,” , n );

}

Output: 12, 11,10,9,8, 6,5,4,3,2,1,



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/ * Program No. 1 */

/* To print a positive integer k */

/* in a reverse order */

#include<stdio.h>

main( )

{

int k, i ;

printf( " give your input k \n");

scanf("%d", &k);



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printf("\n Reverse of the number

is:");

while( k >= 1)

{

i=k %10;

printf("%d",i);

k=k/10;

}

printf("\n");

return 0;

}



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2015

Reverse of the number is: 5102


/* Print the Numeric Characters */

/* of a positive Integer k in a line*/

#include<stdio.h>

main( )

{

int k,i;


scanf("%d",&k);



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printf("Numeric characters

are:\t\t");

while( k >= 1)

{

i=k %10;

printf("\b\b%d",i);

k=k/10;

}

printf("\n");

return 0;

}

2015



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Numeric Characters are: 2015


/* Binary form of a positive */

/* integer k to be printed in a line*/

#include<stdio.h>

main( )

{

int k,i;


scanf("%d",&k);



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printf("Binary form of the given

integer is:\t\t");

while( k >= 1)

{

i=k %2;

printf("\b\b%d",i);

k=k/2;

}

printf("\n");

return 0;

}

4



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Binary form of the given number is :

100


/* Octal form of a positive */

/* decimal integer k */

#include<stdio.h>

main( )

{

int k,i;




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scanf("%d", &k);

printf("Octal form of the given

integer is:\t\t");

while( k >= 1)

{

i=k %8;

printf("\b\b%d",i);

k=k/8;

}

printf("\n");

return 0;

}



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64

Octal form of the given integer is:

100


/* Hexadecimal form of a */

/* Positive Integer k */

#include<stdio.h>

main( )

{

int k,i;

printf( " give your k \n");

scanf("%d",&k);



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printf("Hexadecimal form of the

number is:\t\t");

while( k >= 1)

{

i=k %16;

if( i<=9) printf("\b\b%d",i);

if( i==10) printf("\b\bA");

if( i==11) printf("\b\bB");

if( i==12) printf("\b\bC");

if( i==13) printf("\b\bD");

if( i==14) printf("\b\bE");

if( i==15) printf("\b\bF");



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k=k/16;

}

printf("\n");

return 0;

}

256

Hexadecimal form of the number is:

100


/* HCF of two positive integers */

/* where x > y or y > x */



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#include<stdio.h>

main( )

{

int x,y,i;

printf( " input x and y \n");

scanf( "%d%d", &x, &y);

while( x%y > 0 )

{

i=x%y;

x=y;

y=i;

}



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printf( "HCF is equal to: %d \n", y);

return 0;

}

150 100

HCF is equal to: 50


/* HCF and LCM of two positive */

/* unequal integers */

#include<stdio.h>

main( )

{



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int x, y, i, x1, y1, hcf, lcm;

printf( "input x and y \n");

scanf( "%d%d", &x, &y);

x1=x;

y1=y;

while( x%y > 0 )

{

i=x%y;

x=y;

y=i;

}

hcf=y;



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lcm=(x1*y1)/hcf;

printf( " HCF =%d \n", hcf);

printf( " LCM =%d \n", lcm);

return 0;

}

150 100

HCF = 50

LCM = 300



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Prof. M.P. Biswal

Dept. of Mathematics

IIT- Kharagpur

C Programming Slide 2015 -1

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