COMBATING TERRORISM CENTER at West Point Dr. James Forest Director of Terrorism Studies SS474: TERRORISM & COUNTERTERRORISM Lesson 1: Introduction to the Study of Terrorism Agenda: 1) Course Admin Review 2) Course Assignment #1 3) Lesson 1: Defining Terrorism
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C OMBATING T ERRORISM C ENTER at West Point Dr. James Forest Director of Terrorism Studies SS474: TERRORISM & COUNTERTERRORISM Lesson 1: Introduction to.
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COMBATING TERRORISM CENTERat West Point
Dr. James ForestDirector of Terrorism Studies
SS474: TERRORISM & COUNTERTERRORISMLesson 1: Introduction to the Study of Terrorism
Agenda:
1) Course Admin Review
2) Course Assignment #1
3) Lesson 1: Defining Terrorism
COMBATING TERRORISM CENTERat West Point
Dr. James ForestDirector of Terrorism Studies
Terrorist Group Analysis
• 3-page case study
• Describe a terrorist group, including motivations, structure, strategy, etc.
• Due 8 September, NLT 1600
• Your performance on this will determine who is selected to go on the DC trip
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Course Assignment #1
COMBATING TERRORISM CENTERat West Point
Dr. James ForestDirector of Terrorism Studies
• Tuesday, 22 August – E Hour, GEN Downing
• Thursday, 24 August – Lesson 2: History of Terrorism
• Sunday, August 27 – Counterterrorism Fellowship reception, with military officers from 32 countries, at the Thayer Hotel, Lawn Terrace – See Sign-up Sheet
• Read, read, read like your life depends on it
• Guest lectures are mandatory (esp. GEN Downing)
• No “office hours” but e-mail me for appointments
• Some class or lecture dates may change: Always check the course website for latest information
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Course Admin notes
COMBATING TERRORISM CENTERat West Point
Dr. James ForestDirector of Terrorism Studies
• Current Events
• Terrorist Hotspots?
• Reflections on the assigned readings– Hoffman– Stern– Crenshaw– Ahmad– Pillar
SS474: TERRORISM & COUNTERTERRORISMLesson 1: Introduction to Terrorism
COMBATING TERRORISM CENTERat West Point
Dr. James ForestDirector of Terrorism Studies
• Definitions– Many– Ambiguous– Are terrorists “freedom fighters”?– Matter of perception?– What is the relationship between insurgency
and terrorism? Are all insurgents terrorists? Are all terrorists insurgents?
– AW/UW, 4GW and terrorism
Defining Terrorism
COMBATING TERRORISM CENTERat West Point
Dr. James ForestDirector of Terrorism Studies
The Study of Terrorism: Implications for the Education of Military Officers
Officers must have a total grasp of the struggle, not just the terrorist acts
Why is terrorism being used as a tactic?
What are the political goals? Part of an insurgency?
What are the political, social, economic, cultural, information dimensions of the conflict as well as the security and military aspects.
How do these interrelate?
Training on tactics, techniques, and procedures can be developed but not until the leaders have the background
(According to GEN Downing and GEN McCaffrey)
COMBATING TERRORISM CENTERat West Point
Dr. James ForestDirector of Terrorism Studies
• Vision• Power• Strategy• Tactic• Duty• Shame• Freedom fighter• Self-sacrifice• Will to kill• Skill to kill
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Terrorism: Key Terms
• Ideology• Indoctrination• Radicalization• Rationalization• Emotions• Moral Disengagement• Communicative Acts• Facilitators/Causes• Learning Organization• Counter vs. Anti• Hard/Soft Power
COMBATING TERRORISM CENTERat West Point
Dr. James ForestDirector of Terrorism Studies
Certain aspects are fundamental
• Political act– Desire for political change– Terrorism is typically non-state in character
• (Note the separate but related topic of state terrorism – typically antithetical to the desire for political change.)
• States can terrorize, but they are not terrorists.
– Terrorists do not abide by norms• They target innocents• They seek psychological trauma
COMBATING TERRORISM CENTERat West Point
Dr. James ForestDirector of Terrorism StudiesAB95-5.PPT
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Primary Types
• Left-wing• Right Wing• Ethno-nationalist (separatist)• Religious
Defining Terrorism
COMBATING TERRORISM CENTERat West Point
Dr. James ForestDirector of Terrorism Studies
Left wing terrorist
• Driven by liberal or idealist political concepts• Prefer revolutionary anti-authoritarian anti-
materialist agendas• Typically target elites that symbolize authority• Examples?
COMBATING TERRORISM CENTERat West Point
Dr. James ForestDirector of Terrorism Studies
Right wing terrorists
• Often target race and ethnicity• Examples?
COMBATING TERRORISM CENTERat West Point
Dr. James ForestDirector of Terrorism Studies
Ethnonationalist/separatists
• Usually have clear territorial objectives– Liberation/separation– Popular support usually along ethnic/racial lines.
• Examples?
COMBATING TERRORISM CENTERat West Point
Dr. James ForestDirector of Terrorism Studies
Religious terrorists
• Believe involved in a struggle of good vs evil• Acting along desires of a diety – audience is
thus not necessarily human.• Feel unconstrained by law – higher calling• Complete alienation from existing socio/political
order• Support may be diffuse• Ideologies are supremacist & absolutist• Examples?
COMBATING TERRORISM CENTERat West Point
Dr. James ForestDirector of Terrorism Studies
Historical Examples
• Zealots – Sicarri 1st century BCE– Murdered Romans in broad daylight in Jerusalem
• Hindu Thugee– Thugs originally religious sect that strangled & robbed
victims in ritual sacrifice
• Muslim Assassins– It is a myth that the word assassin comes from the
Arabic word haschishin for hashish user. – Assassin comes from Hassassin -- a follower of
Hassan – Hassan was Persian not Arabic
COMBATING TERRORISM CENTERat West Point
Dr. James ForestDirector of Terrorism Studies
Historical Examples
• French revolution– Use of revolutionary tribunals to prop up the French
republic.– Rule by fear/terror – Robespierre’s “lists”
• Iraq– Hussein regime uses chemical weapons to subdue
uprising among Kurdish villages– Rule by fear/terror– Contemporary groups using terrorism . . .
Algerian GIA and GSPCSyrian Muslim BrotherhoodHizb ut-TahrirAl Qaeda in IraqLashkar-e Taiba (and other Kashmir groups)Islamic Movement of UzbekistanItalian Red BrigadesRed Army Faction (Baader Meinhof Gang)U.S.-based militia groupsThe Order, the Aryan Brotherhood, Christian Identity, The Sword, the Covenant & Arm of the LordMany, many others . . .
COMBATING TERRORISM CENTERat West Point
Dr. James ForestDirector of Terrorism Studies
More history of terrorism
• First VBIED (or “Car Bomb”) terrorist attack?
New York City, September 1920• Terrorist: Italian anarchist Mario Buda • Vehicle: Horse-drawn wagon • Target: Corner of Wall and Broad streets (directly across from JP
Morgan Company)• Attack: The wagon—packed with dynamite and iron slugs—
exploded at precisely noon in a fireball of shrapnel, killing 40 and wounding more than 200.
COMBATING TERRORISM CENTERat West Point
Dr. James ForestDirector of Terrorism Studies
More history of terrorism
• Second VBIED (or “Car Bomb”) terrorist attack?
Haifa, Palestine (now Israel) January, 1947• Terrorists: Stern Gang (a pro-fascist splinter group led by Avraham
Stern that broke away from the right-wing Zionist paramilitary Irgun)• Vehicle: Truck • Target: British police station in Haifa• Attack: A truckload of explosives was driven into the station, killing 4
and injuring 140.
(The Stern Gang would soon use truck and car bombs to kill Palestinians as well, as part of their extremist agenda)
COMBATING TERRORISM CENTERat West Point
Dr. James ForestDirector of Terrorism Studies
Basic trends in modern terrorism
• More violent attacks (and increasing lethality)
• Increasing use of suicide bombers (the ultimate smart bomb)
• Religious terrorist groups most common (even insurgencies and ethnic separatist groups use religion to justify violence)
COMBATING TERRORISM CENTERat West Point
Dr. James ForestDirector of Terrorism Studies
Lesson 1: Wrap-up
– What is a terrorist? – Who is a terrorist? – Terrorists do not want a "terrorist state" so, what do
terrorists desire and what motivates terrorists? – Why do definitions matter?