C++ NOTES COMPLET

7/23/2019 C++ NOTES COMPLET

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[C++ Notes]

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C C++

#include #include

Function >a >>b

&ascading of etractor

for net line/rintf ( Hello 0n user, cout


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HISTORY OF C++

3ear 4956

7eeloped 82 8jarne stroustrap

ab 8ell abs

&ompan2 :t + ;

& is procedure oriented language & is object oriented language

-as2 + fast programming in &'' closel2 models rear world

&. ogics can be easil2 deeloped problem soling approach.

CLASSES AND OBJECTS

!n structure of & = onl2 data can be member of structure and not functions

:ll member of structure of are public b2 default

!n class of &'' data ' functions accessing those data are member of class and :ll

member of class are priate b2 default

class stud

int roll

char gradefloat par

public

oid get( ,

oid show( ,

?

oid stud get( ,


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cout >roll>> grade >> per?

oid stud show

cout


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cin >> a >>b

?

oid add sum( ,

c$ a'b

?

oid add show( ,

cout


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-ncapsulation means building or wrapping up of data members and fnacting on

those data members with in a single unit. Since a class allows us to hold data +

functions within it are sa2 that it supports the principle of encapsulation.

POLYMORPHISM

;he word pol2morphism is deried from combination of two words

pol2 meaning multiple and morph means the abilit2 to hae multiple forms. !n

other words if an entit2 can acGuire multiple forms in different situation we sa2

that its behaiors is pol2morphic for eg in c'' it is possible for programmer to

redife operator ' in such a wa2 that it can be used to add two integers as well as

at the same time it can add two abject or two strings. So it a programmer define '

to behae in aboe mentioned member we sa2 that ' behaes pol2morphicall2 .

!n &''* pol2morphism is implemented in two wa2=

(1). Compile ime pol!mo"p#i$m= function oerloading and operator

"erloading

(%). R&'Time pol!mo"p#i$m= Iirtual functions* pure irtual functions

:bstract classes

(iii). I'#e"i'e= to inherit means to acGuire properties and features of an

eisting entit2 into a newl2 created entit2 iEe a

child acGuires properties of his or her parents* similar2 when designing

software if a programmer wishes then he can acGuire the data member andmember function of an eisting class in his own class with the help of

inheritance. ;he class which gets inherited is Enown as base class and the

class which inherits is Enown as deried class. ;hus b2 inheriting the

members of base class it becomes possible to access them through the

objects of derie class. ;he major adantage offered b2 principle of

!nheritance is reusabilit2 and reliabilit2

CREATIN* PARAMETERIED FUNCTIONS ,ITHIN CLASSES

class -mp

int age

char nameJ6KL

float salar2

public


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oid set (int * char M* float,

oid show( ,

?oid -mp set (int !* char Mj* float N,

age $!

strcp2(name* j,

salar2 $E

?

oid -mp show( ,

cout


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oid Fact init( ,

f$4?

oid Fact getno( ,

cout > n

?

oid Fact calculate( ,

int i

for (i$4 i


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B. ;he2 are automaticall2 called as soon as the object of class is created i.e. their

calling is implicit.

C. ;he2 cant be declared as staticQ. ;he2 cant be declared as irtual

:n2 class which does not contain an2 constructor then compiler from itself

supplier a constructor but it is hidden. for programmer these constructors are

default

class fact

?&onstructors are automaticall2 called een when not declared* at that time

default constructors are called. 7efault contructors are destro2ed as soon as we

declare constructor

Emple 23

class fact

int n

long int fpublic

fact( ,

f$4

?

oid getno( ,

oid calculate( ,

oid displa2( ,

?

oid fact getno( ,

cout > n

?

oid fact calculate( ,


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int i

for (i$4 i


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?

oid main( ,

-mp e(4K4*:mit*RKKK.KK,

e.show( ,

getch( ,

?

FUNCTION O4ERLOADIN*oid show (int* int* int,

4. %o. of :rguments oid show (int,

6. ;2pe of :rgument oid show (double,B. "rder of argument oid show (int* double,

oid show (double* int,

int show ( ,

%ot allowed (return t2pe differs,

oid show( ,

&ompiler does not consider return t2pe* because it is not compulsor2 to receie the

alue returned b2 the function. ;hus compiler will not be able to differentiate for

which function the call is being made. Function oerloading allows same function

name in same scope but there should be some difference in functions.

oid ol (int,

oid ol (int* int* int ,

oid main ( ,

int choicecout choice

switch (choice,

case 4


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int s

cout > sol (s,

breaE

case 6

int l* b* h

cout > l >> b >> h

ol (l*b* h,

breaE

default

cout


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8o(int*int*int, OOconstructor

oid show( ,

?8o 8o( ,

cout > l >> b>> h

?

8o 8o(int s,

l$b$h$s

?

8o 8o (int i* int j* int E,

l$i

b$j

h$E

?

oid 8o show( ,

cout


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4. when eer programmer creates an object and at the same time passes another

object of the same class as a parameter

6. wheneer a fn

accepts an object as a parameter b2 alue.B. wheneer a f nreturns an object b2 alue.

Re5e"e'e /"i6le23

S2nta= + $

oid main( , 7rawbacEs of pointer

int a $ 4K 4. will be initialiPed b2 garbageint Mp 6. necessar2 to initialiPe before their use

p$+a

cout


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B. !n case of arra2* alwa2s use pointer. Teference ariable can not worE with

arra2

C. we can not maEe arra2 of reference ariable

int +p JCL

&O&'' &O&'' onl2 in &''

p$$ 6! /l&e p$$ 6! 00"e$$ p$$ 6! "e5e"e'e

oid swap (int* int, oid swap (intM* intM, oid swap (int+*int+,oid main( , oid main( , oid main( ,

int a*b int a*b int a*b

cout a>>b cin >> a >> b

swap (a*b, swap (+a* +b, cout


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G$temp

?

A. D:/ to use a function call maimum which accepts an integer arra2 of siPe

pure as an argument + return the largest + smallest element of that arra2 to main.

Dithout changing the original position of element of arra2.

oid Uaimum (int aJL* int +* int+,oid main( ,

int aJQL* i* large* small

for (i$K iaJiL

?

Uaimum (a* large* small,cout


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class 8o

int l* b* hpublic

8o( ,

8o (int,

8o (int* int* int,

8o (8o +,

oid show( ,

?

8o 8o( ,

cout > l >> b >> h

?

8o 8o (int S,

l$b$h$s

?

8o 8o (8o +p,

l$p.l b$p.b

h$p.h

?

8o 8o (int i* int j* int E,

l$i

b$j

h$E

?

oid 8o show( ,

cout


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8o 86 (4K,

8o 86 (Q**44,

8o 8C (84,84. show( ,

86.show( ,

8B.show( ,

8C.show( ,

?

8o 86 (4K, 8o 86 $ 4K

8o 8C (84, 8o 8C $ 8

&all for cop2 constructor

8o 8C

8C $ 84

%o call for cop2 constructor use of assignment operator other

destination object is alread2 made

DEFUALT AR*UMENTS

oid printline (char $M* int$4,oid main ( ,

printline ( , OO printline (M* 4,

printline (#, OO printline ( #* 4,

printline (V* 4K, OO printline (V* 4K,

?

oid printline (char ch* int n,

for (int i$4 i


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class Stud

int agechar grade

float per

public

Stud (int* char* float, OO stud (int$o* char$ float$K.K,

oid get( ,

oid show( ,

?

Stud Stud (int !* char j* float E,

age $!grade$ j

per $E

?

oid Stud get( ,

cout > age >> grade >> per

?

oid Stud show( ,

cout


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DESTRUCTOR

:re special member fn

of class which hae same name as that of the class butpreceded with the s2mbol of tilde (W,. ;he2 are automaticall2 called wheneer an

object goes out of scope* that is *it is about to be destro2ed

Dhen an object is created first function which is automaticall2 called is

constructor + when object ends its life the last function which is called is

destructor which can be used to deallocate the resource occupied b2 the object.

class -mp

int age

char name J6KL

float sal

public

-mp( ,

W-mp( ,

oid show( ,

?

-mp -mp( ,

cout > age >> name >> sal

?

oid -mp show( , Noe

: class b2 default has B built in

cout


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f. show( ,

?

&reate a class cOo student haing B data members (i, for storing Toll no. (ii, for

storing name (iii, for storing marEs in subjects

;he member for storing name should be char M* member for storing marEs should

be int M

&reate constructor of class which prompts user to enter length of name*

allocates sufficient memor2 + accepts the name from user. ;he same constructor

asEs the user how man2 subject he want to enter* againallocate sufficient memor2

for that + accepts the marEs gien b2 user. Finall2 proide appropriate member f nwhich displa2 ) + grade of student. :t the end define the destructor in proper

manner to deallocate memor2 allocated b2 constructor.

class student

int roll *n

char M name* grade

int MmarEs

float perpublic

student ( ,

oid get(,

oid calculate( ,

oid show( ,

Wstudent( ,

?

student student ( ,

cout >n

name $ (char M, malloc ((n'4, M siPeof (char,,

if (name$ $ %1,

eit(4,

get( ,


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?

oid student get( ,

cout > roll

cout > name

cout >n

marEs$(intM,malloc(nM6,

for (i$K i M (marEs'i,

?

?

oid student calculate ( ,

per$K

for (int i$K i$Q,

grade $ :

else if (per >$RK,

grade $ 8

else

grade $ f

?

student W student ( ,

free (name,

free(marEs,

?

oid student show( ,

cout


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cout


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4. are special member fnof class haing same name as that of the class but

preceded with the s2mbol of tilde6. a destructor is also automaticall2 called but wheneer an object is about to be

destructor or goes out of scope thus these calling is implicit.

B. we can not pass parameters to a destructor.

C. as the2 dont accept parameters we can not oerload then* thus a class can not

hae multiple destructor

Q. calling of destructor is alwa2s done in reerse or des of the creation of objects.

R. inheriting of destructor is also not possible

. we can hae irtual destructor in a class.

INLINE FUCNTIONS

I'li'e 5&'io'$

:re those fnwhose call is replaced b2 their bod2 during

compilation. 7eclaring a fnas inline has two major adantages.

4. compiler does not has to leae the calling fnas it finds definition of fnbeing

called their it self.

6. ;he oerhead of maintaing the stacE in belureen function call is seduced;hus declaring a function as inline increases the eecution

Speed* s0reuces eecution time + thus enhances the oerall efficienc2 of program.

8ut two ptr must be considered before declaring a fnas inline

4. ;he definition of inline function must appear before its call i.e. if a non

member fn is to be made inline then its declaration + definition must appear

about main as a single unit.

6. the bod2 of inline fnmust be short + small

B. it should not contain an2 comple Ee2words or Ee2word or statement liEe for*

if* while* dowhile do*

if an2 of the aboul sules are iolated then compiler ignores the

Ee2word inline an treats the fnas offline or normal one. Uoreoer a

class can hae two Einds of inline functions


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1.Implii I'li'e= fnefined within the bod2 of class

%. Eplii I'li'e= fndeclared within the class but defined outside the class

preceded with the Ee2word inline.

;hus at the end we can sa2* that declaring a fnas line is a reGuest made

b2 programmer which the later ma2 agrel or den2.

class -mp

char name J6KL

int age

float sal

public oid get( ,

Implii

I'li'e cout > age >> name >> sal

?

oid show( ,

?

Eplii inline oid -mp show( ,I'li'e

cout


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So"-e l$$ 0ei0e$ #e 5olloi'-

4. 7efault alue6. life (persistence,

B. scope (accessibilit2,

$o"-e 0e5&l li5e $ope

4.auto garbage limited to limited to declaration blocE

(automatic, their

7eclaration

8locE

6. static Xero throughout

;he programB. register garbage same as auto same as auto

C. global Pero throughout throughout the program

;he program

A&o Si

oid displa2 ( , oid displa2 ( ,

oid main( , oid main ( ,

displa2( , displa2( ,

displa2 ( , displa2 ( ,

displa2 ( , displa2( ,

? ?

oid displa2( , oid displa2( ,

int a

cout


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STATIC DATA

Static data members with in the class

class data

int a

Static int b

? K b

a a

int data b

d4 76

static ariable dont wait for creation of object* before object creation memor2 is

allocated for then

of class

4. : static data member has a single cop2 shared amongst each object of that

class. "n other hand if a class has non static data then eer2 object of thatclass has its own cop2 of non static data

6. static data members arrie in memor2 een before objects of the class get

created. 8ecause of their feature it becomes necessar2 to redefine them outside

the class so that the2 can be gien space in T:U without the help of object.

B. since the2 are not related to an2 particular object of the class + hae a single

cop2 in the entire class* a static data member neer contributes in the siPe of

object. !n other words siPe of object is alwa2s calculated b2 summing up siPes

of non static members.

D:/ to create a class cOo student haing two data members roll + count. ;he

member roll should Eeep the roll no. allocated to eer2 student object while themembers count should Eeep tracE of total no. of student objects currentl2 in the

memor2. Finall2 proide appropriate members fn to initialiPe + displa2 the alues

of Toll no. + count.

class Student


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int roll

static int count

publicStudent (int i,

roll$i

'' count

?

oid show( ,

cout


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(list of arguments,

RESTRICTIONS ON STATIC FUNCTIONS

4. static fncan neer access non Zstatic data numbers. 8ut reerse is true.

6. &onstructor + 7estructor can neer be made or declared as static.

B. !f a static function is defined outside the class the Ee2word static cannot be

used.

class student

int roll

static int count

public

student (int i,

roll $i

''count

?

oid show( ,

cout


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student S(4K,. /(6K,* A(BK,

S.show(,

/.show(,A.show(,

student total[student( ,

student Y(CK,* 3(QK,

Y. show( ,

3.show(,

studenttotal[student(,

?


?


getch( ,

?

P"o-"m= &reate a class cOa emplo2a haing data members for storing age* name

+ id. :lso proide another member which stores the net id which will be

allocated to net incoming object. /roide a member fn

to initialiPe this ariablewith its initial alue + also proide appropriate constructor + member f nfor

initialiPed all other members of class.

class -mp

int age

char name J6KL

int id

static int nid

publicstatic oid init( ,

id$nid

?

-mp( ,


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cout > age >> name

id$nid''nid

?

oid show( ,

cout


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oid -mplo2ee show( ,

cout


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float sal

public

oid get( ,

cout > age>> name>>sal

cout


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82 default class has B this pointer.

&onstructor cop2 constructor 7estructor

Ae$$i'- D Mem6e" U$i'- ;#i$:

class 8o

int l* b* h

public

8o( ,

8o (int* int* int ,

8o (8o +,

oid show( ,?

8o 8o( ,

cout > l >> b >> h

?

8o 8o (int !* int j* int E,

l$i


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?

oid 8o show( ,

cout


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6. pointer to const

B. const pointer

C. const pointer to const ariableQ. const parameters

R. data members of class

. member f nof a class

9o'$: 4"i6le$

oid main ( ,

const float pi$B.4C

?

&onst ariable are initialiPed at the pt of declaration menns the2 are readonl2 ariables + their alues can not be manipulated.

cout


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int b$QK

int a$4K

int M const p$+aMp$6K

p$+b

9o'$: p"mee"2

Dhen the constmodifier is used with a pointer parameter in a function\s

parameter list* the function cannot modif2 the ariable that the pointer

points to.

For eample*

int strlen(const char Mp,

Here the strlen function is preented from modif2ing the string that p points to.

DorEing on the same theme the protot2pe of a cop2 constructor is actuall2

( +,

For eample

8o (const 8o +p, OO protot2pe of default cop2 constructor

$p.l

8$p.b

H$p.h

?

Co'$ 0 mem6e"$ o5 l$$

Uan2 times we hae some data members in a class whose alues should remain

unaltered after the2 are initialiPed. ;o create such members we can use the constEe2word in front of their declaration and such members are called const

members. 8ut the2 must be initialiPed using initialiPers.

For eample

class circle


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int rad

const float pi OO ;his is inalid?

Tather the class should hae a constructor to initialiPe pi using initialiPers.

class circle

int rad

const float pi OO ;his is inalid

public

circle (int r, pie (B.4C,

rad$r

?

?

Co'$ Mem6e" F&'io'23

if we want that a f

n

that should not be allowed tochange alue of classmember than we maEe them const.

class circle

int r

float a

public

oid get (int ,

r$?

oid cal[area ( ,

a$r M r M B.4C

?

oid show ( , const


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count


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3$65

PASSIN* OBEJCTS USIN* POINTER

class 8o

int l* b* h

public

oid get( ,

OO same as preious

?

int compare (8o M,?

int 8o compare (8o Mp,

int * 2

$ lMbMh

2$/lM pbM ph

if ($ $ 2,

return (K,

if (>2,return (4,

else

return (=4,

?

oid main( ,

8o 84* 86

84. get( ,

86. get( ,

84. show( ,86. show( ,

int ans

ans $ 84. compare (+86,

if (ans$ $K,

cout


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else if (ans$$4,

cout


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84.get( ,

86.get( ,

84.show( ,86.show( ,

int ans

ans$84. compare (86,

if (ans$ $K,

cout


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Emple23OO 7emonstrating the use of friend function

class student

int roll

char grade

float per

public

oid get( ,

friend oid show (student,

?

oid student get( ,

cout > roll>> grade>>per

?

oid show (student /,

cout


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?

oid get (student + /,

cout > /.roll >> /.grade >> /.per

?

oid student show( ,

cout Ggrade >> Gper

?

oid student show ( ,

cout


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Student s

@et (+s,

s.show( ,?

A FUNCTION BEIN* FRIEND OF T,O CLASSES

class 8eta OO forward declaration

class :lpha

int

publicoid get( ,

cout >

?

friend oid compare (:lpha* 8eta,

?

class 8eta

int 2

public

oid set( ,

cout >2

?

friend oid compare (:lpha* 8eta,

?

oid compare (:lpha :* 8eta 8,

if (:* Y > 8. 3,

cout


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cout feet >> inches?

7istance add (7istance +,

oid show( ,

cout


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?

Teturn (temp,

?oid main( ,

7istance 74* 76* 7B

74. get( ,

76* get( ,

7B $ 74. add (d6,

7B. show( ,

?

class 7istance

int feet* inches

public

oid get( K

OO same as preious

?

oid add (distance +* distance +,

oid show( ,

OO same as preious

?

?

oid distance add (distance +d4* distance +d6,

Feet $ d4. feet ' d6* feet

!nches $ d4. inches ' d6* inches

if (inches >46,

Feet $ feet ' inches O46

!nches ) $ 46

?

?

oid main( ,


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7istance d4* d6* dB d4.get( ,* d6.get( ,

7B* add (d4* d6,

7B. show( ,?

ADDIN* T,O AF CLASS UISN* PRIED FUNCTION

class distance

int feet

int inches public

oid get( ,

oid >feet >> inches

?

oid show( ,

OOsame?

friend distance add (distance* distance ,

?

distance add (distance /* distance A,

distance temp

temp. feet $ /.feet 'A.feet

temp. inches$ /.inches ' A.inches

if (temp. inches>$46,

temp.feet '$ temp. inchesO46

temp. inches ) $ 46

?

return (temp,

?

oid main( ,


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distance 74* 76* 7B

74.get( ,76.get( ,

7B $ add (74* 76,

7B.show( ,

?

OPERATOR O4ERLOADIN*

!t is a mechanism using which a programmer can maEe built in

operator of &'' act on objects of user defined classes much in the same wa2 liEe

the2 act on ariables of primitie data t2pe. ;hus we can sa2 b2 using operator

oerloading a programmer can enhance the worEing range of built in operator from

primitie t2pe to non primitie t2pe also.

;he major adantage offered b2 operator oerloading is the simplicit2

in readabilit2 of the call i.e. f ncall which are gien using operator oerloading are

much more eas2 to interpret as compared to conentional function calls.

"perator "erloading can be done

4. UaEing use of member function

6. maEing use of friend function.

S!'23

operator (arguments,

friend (ret=t2pe> operator (,

"erloading "f 1nar2 "perator :s Uember Function "f ;he class

(/re !ncrement,

class counter

int count


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public

counter( ,

count $K

?

counter (int c,

count $ c

?

oid operator ''( ,

oid show( ,

cout


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?

&ounter operator '' ( ,

oid show( ,

cout


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?

&ounter operator '' (int,

oid show( ,

cout


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?

friend oid operator '' (counter +,

?

oid operator '' (counter +&,

"r

'' c.count counter temp

return (&, temp. count $ c.count''

? return (temp,

oid main ( ,

counter &4 $ 4K* &6&4. show ( ,

&6. $ ''&6

&4. show ( ,

&6. show( ,

?

Noe23 when unar2 operators are oerloading using member function then

dont accept an2 argument but when the2 are oerloaded using friend fnthen the2

hae one argument of t2pe object (class,.

class counter

int count

public

friend counter operator '' (counter +,

counter

count $K

?counter (int i,

count $ i

oid show( ,


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cout


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oid show( ,

cout $ O46,

t.feet ' $ t.inchesO46

t.inches ) $ 46

?

Teturn (t,

?

oid main ( ,

7istance 74* 76* 7B

74* get( ,76* get( ,

7B $ 74'76

7B. show( ,

@etch( ,

?

O/e"lo0i'- Bi'"! Ope"o" U$i'- 5"ie'0 F&'io'

class 7istance

int feet* inches

public

oid get( ,

cout > feet>> inches


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?

oid show( ,

cout $46,

t.feet $ t.feet 't.inchesO46

t.inches ) $ 46

?

Teturn (t,

?

oid main ( ,

7istance 74* 76* 7B74.get( ,

76.get( ,

7B$74'd6

7B.show( ,

?

A$$i-'me'23

76 $ 74'n

7B $ n ' 74

class 7istance

int feet* inches

public

oid get( ,


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OO same as preious

?

oid show( ,

OO same as preious

?

7istance 7istance operator ' (int n,

7istance temp

;emp feet $ feet ' n

;emp. inches $ inches ' n

if (temp. inches > $ 46,

;emp. feet ' $ temp. inches O 46

;emp. inches ) $ 46

?

Teturn (temp,

?

7istance operator ' (int /* 7istance A,

7istance temp

;emp.feet $ /'A.feet;emp. inches$ /'A. inches

if (temp. inches> $ 46,

;emp.feet $ temp. feet ' temp. inchesO46

;emp. inches ) $ 46

?

Teturn (temp,

?

oid main( ,

7istance 74* 76* 7B

int n

cout > n

74. get ( ,


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! 76 $ 74'n OO can be done using member f n+ friend fn

76. show( ,

cout >n

!! 7B $ n'74 OO not possible through member fn

7B. show( ,

?

Noe23

!! can not be done using member function becoP n is an integer and onl2 an

object can call function not integer. So ! call can be made using member function

as well as friend function but !! can be done onl2 friend function

A$$i-'me' 23 74'$76 using member fn+ friend fn

"erloading Telational "perators

if (74$ $ 76,

&ompiler if (74.operator $ $ (76, ,

class 7istance

int feet* inches

public

oid get( ,

cout > feet >> inches

?

oid show( ,

cout


59/156

int * 2

Y$ feet +46 ' inches

3 $ 7. feet M46 ' 7.inchesif ($ $ 2,

Teturn (4,

else

Teturn (K,

?

oid main( K

7istance 74* 76

74. get( ,

76. get( ,74. show( ,

76.show( ,

if (74$ $ 76,

cout


60/156

strJKL $ 0K

?

string (char M/,

strcp2 (str* /,

?

oid show( ,

cout


61/156

4> .(dot operator, member access operator (alread2 oerloaded,

6> (scope resolution operator,

it alread2 worEs on classes we oerloadonl2 those operators which worEs on primitine and not on non prin

B> ] (conditional "perator,!t reGuires there arguments oerloading of

operators atmost can taEe 6 argument

C> M. /ointer to member operator

Q> SiPe of operator

DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION (DMA)

MALLOC NE,

4. !t is a function !t is a operator

6. %ecessar2 to include the header file header file not reGuired

B. !t taEes no* of b2tes as parameter !t taEes no. of elements

TeGuired as parameter

C. brings memor2 from local heap bring has no such memor2 store

Q. Uaimum memor2 that malloc %ew has no such memor2

can allocate $ RCN8 limitation

R. Ualloc retirens the address of %ew automaticall2 conerts :llocate blocE in from of (oidM, according to the datat2pe gien

;hus its return alue has to be t2pe thus no need to eplicitl2 t2pe

&asted accordingl2 cast its return alue.

. when malloc fails it returns null when new fails it returns Pero

5. Ualloc onl2 creates a new blocE on the other hand operator new

8ut not call the constructor of the can allocate memor2 as well as

class for initialiPed the data member call the class for initialiPing the

"f that blocE members of blocE created. Such

&onstructors are called d2namic

&onstructors.

S!' 5o" 'e73


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(i, new

(ii, new JintL

Alloio'$ O5 Ne 23

4. int M / new allows programmer to initialiPe the memor2

/$ new int (4K, allocated but malloc does not proide na2 such feature

cout


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D:/ which creates a d2namic arra2 of user defined siPe :ccept alues from user

in that arra2 + then find largest element in that arra2 along with its position.

Finall2 it should displa2 the largest element + delete the arra2.

oid main ( ,

int n

cout > n

int Mp

p$ new int JnL

if (p$ $ K,

cout ma,

ma $ M(p'i,

pos $ i

?

?cout


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D:/ to create a class cOa string haing a character pointer /. proide constructor in

the class which accept int as parameter and allocates d2namic arra2 of characters

of special siPe. %ow proide following member fn

in the class.

4. get string which prompts users to enter string in d2namic arra2.

6. show string which displa2 the string

B. Teerse string which accept an object as parameter and copies the

Teerse of string stored in calling object in object

/assed as parameter.

class string

char Mp int n

public

string (int,

string ( ,

oid showstr( ,

oid reersestr ( string +,

oid getstr( ,

?

string string (int siPe,

p $ new char JsiPe '4L

if (p$ $K,

eit (4,

n $ siPe '4

?

oid string getstr( ,

cout


65/156

for (i$K* j$strlen (p,=4j>$K j==* i'',

s.pJiL $ pJjL?

s. pJiL $ 0K

?

oid string showstr( ,

cout


66/156

float sal

public

oid get( ,

cout > age >> name >> sal

?

oid show( ,

cout


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class -mp

int age

char nameJ6KL

float sal

oid get( ,

cout > age>> name>> sal

?

oid show( ,

cout


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-nhance the aboe program so that after accepting records of n emplo2ees. 3our

program prompts the user to enter another name + displa2 the record of that

emplo2ee onl2. if emplo2ee name is not aailable then program should displa2 themessage record not found.

class -mp

int age

char name J6KL

float sal

public

oid get( ,

cout > age>> name>> sal

?

oid show( ,

cout


69/156

cout > name >> sal

?

-mp (int !* char Mj * float E,


70/156

:ge $ !

Strcp2 (name* j,Sal $ E

?

oid show( ,

cout


71/156

INHERITANCE

1. Si'-le I'#e"i'e %. M&li le/el I'#e"i'e

: 8ase class : indirect base class of &

8 7eried class 8 base class of &

c

B. M&liple I'#e"i'e . Hie""#il I'#e"i'e

: 8 :

& 8 &

. H!6"i0 I'#e"i'e o" M&lip# I'#e"i'e

:

8 &

7

S!' 5o" I'#e"i'e=

class public O priate O protected < clas=name>


72/156

7eried class Uode of !nheritance 8ase class

class 8o

int l* b* h

public

oid get( ,

cout > l>>b>>h

?

oid show( ,

cout


73/156

Ae$$6ili! R&le$ ,#e' Mo0e O5 I'#e"i'e I$ p&6li

Dhen a base class is inheritance in public mode then =

4. :ll the public members of base class become public members of deried

class i.e. the2 can be accessed through the function of deried class as well

as b2 objects of deried class.

6. :ll the protected members of base class become protected members of

derie class + thus can onl2 be accessed through functions of deried class

but not b2 the object (main, of deried class.

B. :ll priate members of base remain priate to their own class + thus can

neither be accessed through functions of derie class nor b2 object of derieclass.

EARLY BINDIN*23

!t is a prours which is eecuted during compilation in which

compiler binar2 the fnbod2 with the fncall i.e. een before program starts

eecuting decision regarding the fncall and fnbod2 to be eecuted are taEen b2 the

compiler since this happens before eecution* we can sa2 it is earl2 binding. -arl2

binding is alwa2s an action until + unless Ee2word irtual is used infront of the fn

return t2pe. !t is done on the basis of there criterias=

(i, function name or

(ii, calling object t2pe or

(iii, function parameter t2pe

in other words earl2 binding is alwa2s in action in normal fncalls*

oerloaded fncalls and oerloaded operators

;he major benefit of earl2 binding is speed of eecution i.e. functioncalls which are bound using earl2 binding get eecuted at a fastest speed as

compared to late binding fncalls.

O4ERRIDIN*


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;he function oerriding is a term which is used when a derie class

contains a function with the same protot2pe as its bass class. !n other words* fn

proided b2 base class has same protot2pe in derie class but in different bod2.

O/e""i0i'- O/e"lo0i'-

Scope must be different alwa2s in same class

82 the classes related b2 means at single leel

!nheritance

/rotot2pe of functions protot2pe must be different

Uust be same .

,#e' Mo0e O5 I'#e"i'e I$ P"oee0

Dhen base class is inheritance in protected mode then=

4. :ll public members of base class becomes protected member of derie class

i.e. the2 can be accessed onl2 through function of deried class but not b2

object of derie class.

6. :ll protected members of base class become protected members of derie

class i.e. the2 two can onl2 be accessed through functions of deried classbut not b2 object of derie class.

B. :ll priate members of base class remains priate to their own class + thus

neither accessible through the object nor through functions of derie class.

class %um

protected

int a* b

public

oid get( ,

cout > a >> b

?

oid show( ,


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cout


76/156

4. :ll the public members of base class become priate members of derie

class i.e. the2 can be onl2 accessed through fnof derie class but not b2 the

objects of derie class.6. :ll the protected members of base become priate members of derie class

i.e. the2 two can onl2 be accessed through the function of derie class but

not b2 objects of derie class.

B. :ll priate members of base class remain priate to their own class + thus

can neither be accessed b2 fnnor b2 objects of deries class.

class %um

protected

int a* bpublic

oid get( ,

cout > a >> b

?

oid show( ,

cout


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?

oid displa2 ( ,

show( ,

cout a >> b

?

oid show( ,

cout


78/156

protected

int cpublic

oid set( ,

get( ,

?

oid displa2( ,

show( ,

cout


79/156

7iff%um obj

obj. accept( ,obj. add( ,

obj. diff( ,

obj. print( ,

?

P"o-"m

class counter

protectedint count

public

oid init (int a,

count $a

?

oid operator ''( ,

count ''?

oid show( ,

cout


80/156

7eccounter 7

7.int(4K,

7.show( ,''7

7.show( ,

= = 7

7. show( ,

?

A$$i-'me' 23

&reate a class cOa arra2 which contains an integer arra2 of siPe 4K. ;he

class should hae two member functions called get arr and showarr* which should

accept alues in the arra2 + displa2 its alues respectiel2. %ow create a derieclass of arra2 cOa sortarr* the class should accept a string as parameter if string

contains asc then sorting should be done in ascending order + if it contains

desc sorting should be done in descending order.

Finall2 create the function main which should contain menu drie

interface for the user haing Q options=

(i, input

(ii, displa2(iii, sort in ascending

(i, sort in descending

(, Guit

Sol&io' #include

#include

class :rra2

protected

int aJQLpublic

oid get( ,

oid displa2( ,

?

oid :rra2 get( ,


81/156

int i

cout aJiL

?

oid :rra2 displa2 ( ,

for (int i$K i


82/156

for (j$K j


83/156

breaE

case C sr.descsort( ,

breaEcase Q

eit(4,

?

? while (ch V$Q,

getch( ,

?

MULTIPLE INHERITANCE

class base4

protected

int a

public

oid get( ,

cout >a?

oid show( ,

cout


84/156

?

oid displa2( ,

cout


85/156

class base4

protectedint a

public

oid get( ,

cout >a

?

oid show( ,

cout


86/156

set( ,

?

oid add( ,

c$ a'b

?

oid print( ,

Dill show show( , base4 show( ,

-rror ambiguit2 base6 show( ,

error

?

?oid main( ,

7r obj

obj. accept( ,

obj. add( ,

obj. print( ,

?

Role O5 Co'$"&o" 8 De$"&o" I' I'#e"i'e

:s a basic rule in inheritance* it a base class contains a constructor and

destructor as well as derie class also contains constructor + destructor* then when

object of derie class is created* constructor of base class gets eecuted first

followed b2 constructor of derie class and the destructor is called in reerse order

i.e. the destructor of derie class is called first followed b2 the destructor of base

class.

;hus we can sa2 constructor are alwa2s called in the order of inheritance and

destructor are called in reerse order.

class 8ase

public

8ase ( ,


87/156

cout


88/156

a $ !

b $ j

?oid show( ,

cout


89/156

8ase4 (int, base6 (int,

oid show( , oid displa2(,

class 8ase4

protected

int a

public

8ase (int i,

a $ i

?oid show( ,

cout


90/156

dr (int p* int G, 8ase4 (p,* 8ase6(G,

c$a'b?

oid print ( ,

show ( ,

displa2( ,

cout


91/156

cout


92/156

obj4. print( ,

obj6. print( ,

?

Noe

&onstructors can not be inherited =

&onstructors are special member fnwhich are eclusiel2 used for

initialing priate data members of class. %ow since the priate data of class is not

passed on to its derie classes* so the functions which eplicitl2 initialiPe then

(constructor, are not inherited. Same is the case with destructor*

HIERARCHIAL INHERITANCE

class %um

protected

int a* b

public

%um (int i* int j,

a $ ib $ j

?

oid show( ,

cout


93/156

oid show( ,

%um show( ,

cout


94/156

public

int a

?class dr4 irtual public 8ase

public

int b

?

class dr6 irtual pubic 8ase

public

int c

?class drB public dr4* public dr6

public

int d

?

oid main( ,

drB obj

obj. a $4Kobj. b $ 6K

obj. c $BK

obj.d$ obj a ' obj.b ' obj. c

cout


95/156

public

int c

?class dr protected 7ata

public

7ata & OO bring & in public mode instead of protected

?

Foreg=

class 8anE

public oid deposit( ,

oid withdraw( ,

oid int=cal( ,

?

class saing Z acct /riate 8anE

public

8anE deposit

8anE with draw?

POLYMORPHISM

class 8ase

public

oid show( ,

cout


96/156

oid show( ,

cout


97/156

cout


98/156

;his is because pointer of base class can access onl2 those function of

derie class which are oerridden in the derie class but not those which are

hidden or added b2 derie class.

I'e"'l ,o"Gi'- O5 4i"&l F&'io'

class : 4TABLE FOR A

int a +: f6( ,

public

oid f4( , +: fB( ,

?

irtual oid f6( , obj4 I/;T a

?

? 4TABLE FOR B

class 8 public : +8 f6( ,

int

public +: fB( ,

oid fB( ,

oid f6( , obj6 I/;T

?

oid main( , siPe of class : $ C b2tes

: obj4

: Mptr 6 b2tes for ariable a

ptr $ + obj4 6 b2tes for I/;T

ptr f6( ,


99/156

ptr $ + obj6

ptr fB( ,

ptr

fC( ,? ;his will not be eecuted since this is not irtual + compiler

will go to -arl2 binding table for base class : where there is no function fC.

4TABLE23

for eer2 class in &'' which contains at least one irtual function a

special looE up table for storing addresses of there irtual function is created which

is Enown as I;:8- or irtual ;able. ;hus in short I;:8- is a table containing

addresses of irtual functions of the class as well as irtual function of base class if

the2 are not oerridden. ;his table is then consulted b2 the compiler when a call

for irtual function is encountered during runtime.

44PTR23 (4i"&l /oi0 Poi'e",

for eer2 class which contains a irtual function special pointer is

created b2 the compiler Enown as II/;T* which is used for pointing to the irtual

table. ;hus eer2 object of class containing irtual function has its siPe

incremented b26. %ow wheneer compiler encounters call for irtual function

through a pointer* it first refers to the address of object to which pointer is pointing

from their it reads the address contained in II/;T of the object the which is the

address of I;:8- of class. astl2 within the I:;8- it eecutes the irtualfunction called. ;hus irtual function enhances the siPe of code as reduces the

eecution speed but proides a fleible wa2 of designing program which can

respond to the changes which accur at run time.

class 7ata

int a

7ata (int ,

public

static 7ata get"bject( ,oid show( ,

?

7ata 7ata (int i,

a $ i


100/156

?

7ata 7ata getobject( ,

7ata 7(4K,

return (7,

?

oid 7ata show( ,

cout


101/156

int dim4* dim6

public

oid get( ,

cout > dim4>> dim6

?

?

class Tectangle public Figure

public

oid area( ,

cout


102/156


103/156

Iirtual 7estructor=

class 8ase

protected

int Mp

public base( ,

p$new int J4KL

cout


104/156

7estructor can not be declared as pure irtual. Since it is not possible to leae

empt2 bod2 of destructor since at the time of call of destructor same actiit2 mustbe performed.

FILE HANDLIN* (STREAM I


105/156

Steap TeGuired for Driting 7ata !n File

Sep1 &reate the object of "f stream class

-g= "f stream obj

Sep% &onnect the object with file on 2our s2stem.

Sep write the data through the object in file.

Sep&lose the file.

C++ Impleme' O5 A6o/e Sep$

Sep1 (a, "f stream obj

Sep% obj. "pen ( 7ata. ;t,

Sep (a, obj


106/156

if stream obj

"bj.open ( 7ata. ;t* ios in,

"rif stream obj (7ata.tt* ios in,

C"ei'- O6e O5 5$"em l$$

4. fstream obj

"bj.open ( 7ata.tet* ios out ^ ios in,

6. 1sing &onstructor

Fstream obj ( 7ata.tt* ios out ^ ios in,

D:/ to create a file cOa message. tet :ccept a line of tet from user + write itin file character b2 character

#include

#include

#include

#include

oid main ( ,

"f stream out ( Uessage. ;et,

if (Vout,

cout


107/156

cout


108/156

oid main( ,

Fstream %isha ( 7ata* ios out ^ ios in,if (V %isha,

cout


109/156

Stream obj6 (Uessage6. tt* ios out ^ ios in,

char ch

if (V "bj4,

cout


110/156

eit (4,

?

char tet J5KLcout > n

cout


111/156

"bj


112/156

BINARY I age >> name>> sal

?

oid show( ,


113/156

cout


114/156

e.get( ,obj.write ((char M, +-* siPe of (-mp,,

cout > choice

? while ( ch $ $ 2,

"bj. seeEg (K,

Dhile (opj.read (char M, +-* siPe of (emp,,

-.show( ,

getch( ,

obj.close( ,?

T!pil Fe&"e O5 Re023

Noe= if in an2 ane program* we want to read file successiel2 to eof

we must clear the flag

"bj. seeEg (K,

"bj. clear( ,

A. D:/ to write multiple records of t2pe emp in a file. :ccept a name from user

+ displa2 the record of the emplo2ee b2 searching it with in the file and displa2

the appropriate message

oid main( ,

int flat $ K

-mp -

Fstream obj4 ( -Eta* tt* ios out ^ ios in ^ ios trunc ^

!os binar2,if (V "bj,

cout


115/156

7o

-.get( ,"bj.write ( ( char M, +-* siPe of (-mp,,

cout name

"bj. seeEg(K,

Dhile (obj.read (char M, +-* siPe of (emp,,

if ( V ( - $ $ name, ,

-. show( ,

Flag $4

8reaE

?

?

if ( V flag, or if (flag $ $K,

cout


116/156

oid main ( ,

ifstream in ( Tecords.dal* ios in ^ ios binar2,if ( V in,

cout temp

!n.seeEg(K,

Dhile (in.read ( (char M, +-* siPe of (emp, ,

if ( ( - $ $temp, $ $K,


117/156

-.get( ,

!n.seeEg (=4 M siPe of (-mp,* ios cur,!n.write ( ( char M, +-* siPe of (emp,,

8reacE

?

?

!n.clear( ,

!n.seeEg(K,

Dhile (in.read ( ( char M, +-* siPe of (-mp, ,

-.show( ,

int operator $ $(char Mn,

Teturn (strcmp (temp* ptr, ,

?

?

A$$i-'me' 23

4. D:/ to delete record gien b2 user from file.

6. D:/ to update just the salar2 of emplo2ee whose name gien b2 user.

TEMPLATES

;emplates are a techniGue proide b2 &'' using which a programmer

can define a single function in which last to be carried out is mentioned but the

datat2pe is not mentioned. 7uring runtime b2 looEing at the call of the function +

its parameter t2pe the compiler generates specific ersion of that function to act

according to parameter passed.

;hus in other words* we can sa2 templates are generic functions

which at the time of creation are onl2 told what to do + during run time the2

become aware on what t2pe of argument it has to be done.


118/156

Temple$ "e o5 o !pe

(i, Function ;emplate(ii, class ;emplate

S!' F&'io' Temple

;emplate

< function=name> (< t2pe=name> ,

Emple

;emplate

oid displa2 ( ; n,

cout


119/156

oid main ( ,

int a* bcout > a >> b

Swap (a* b,

cout


120/156

char * 2

cin >> >>2

cout


121/156

; a

; b

; cpublic

oid get( ,

cin >> a >> b

?

oid add ( ,

& $ a'b

?

oid show( ,

cout


122/156

;4 a

;6 b

publicoid get( ,

cin >> a >>b

?

oid show( ,

cout


123/156

?

;emplate

oid stacE push (; n,

if (tos $ $ C,

cout


124/156

O/e"lo0i'- O5 A$$i-'me' Ope"o"

class string

char Mp

public

string (int,

oid set string (char M,

oid resetstrign ( char M,

oid displa2 ( ,

string( ,

?string string (int n,

/$new int Jn'4L

?

oid string setstring (char Mstr,

Strcp2 (p* str,

?

oid string resetstring (char Ms,

Strcp2 (p* s,

?

oid string displa2 ( ,

cout


125/156

S44. setstring ( Hello 1ser,

S6$s4

S4. displa2 ( ,S6. displa2 ( , oid string operator $(string

S4. resetstring ( Delcome, +s,

S4. displa2 ( ,

S6. displa2( , strcp2 9p* s.p,

? $s.

?

Noe23

when eer the class is containing d2namic pointer then it is necessar2 to

oerload assignment operator

:t the time of oerloading $ it is necessar2 to pass parameter b2 reference.

( eg ( string + s, ,.Noe 23

for cascading of assignment operator it is necessar2 that return t2pe must be

string

string string operator $ (string +s,

string (p* s* p,

Y$ s*

Teturn (M this,

?

Noe 23

A. wh2 do we oerload assignment operator]

:ns= ;he default assignment operator proided b2 &'' is used for cop2ing oneobject of class to another but it copies the alue bit b2 bit i.e. the alue contained in

eer2 bit of source object are copied in eer2 bit of destination object. ;his

behaiour is perfect if source cosle is not containing an2 pointer to d2namicall2

alloeated blocE* but if it is so then the default eGul to ($, operator will simpl2

cop2 the address stored in the pointer with in source object to pointer in the

destination object. ;his will maEe two the defferent pointers point to same location


126/156

which ma2 cause multiple problems liEe the destructor calling delete operator for

the same memor2 to oercome this* a programmer should oerload the eGual ($,

operator + proide his own definition for cop2ing the data pointer b2 pointer ofsource object rather than address.

O/e"lo0i'- O5 I'$e"io' A'0 E"io' Ope"o"

/rotot2 "f (istream * -mp+,

friend ostream + operator > (istream + in* -mp + p,

!n >> /.age >> /.sal >> /.nameTeturn (in,

?

"stream + operator


127/156

A. Dhat is the need of oerloading insertion and etraction operator]

:ns= !n &''* all primitie t2pes liEe int* float* char etc. are displa2 on consoleusing predefined object cout along with insertion operator (


128/156

&onstructor (8asic t2pe

OO steps to conert basic to user defined

?

&onersion 8etween 1ser 7efined ;" 8asic

"perator primitie t2pe of &'' ( , return t2pe

OO steps to conert basic to user defined

Teturn (,

?

Emple1ser ;o 8asic + 8asic ;o 1ser

class Ueter

float length

public

Ueter ( ,

ength $ K.K

?

Ueter (float cm,

ength $ &UO4KK

?

"perator float( ,

Flaot ans$ length M 4KK.KTeturn (ans,

?

oid accept meters( ,

cout > length


129/156

?

oid show meter( ,

cout


130/156

N M $ 4K

! = =

?

Co'/e"$io' F"om U$e" De5i'e0 To U$e" De5i'e0

4. &onersion Toutine !n Source "bject=

"perator ( ,

OOroutines to conert source to destination

Teturn ( ,

?

6. &onersion Toutine !n 7estination "bject=

&onstructor ( ,

OOroutines to conert source to diction

?

&onersion From 1ser 7efined ;o 1ser 7efined 82 /lacing &onersion Toutine

!n Source "bject

class Tadian

float rad

public

Tadian ( ,

Tad $ K.K

?

Tadian (float r,

Tad $ r

?

oid show( ,

cout


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?

class 7egree

float deg

public

7egree( ,

8eg $ K.K

?

"perator Tadian ( ,

float $ deg M /!O45K

Tadian obj $ Teturn (obj ,

?

oid show( ,

cout


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public

7egree( ,

7eg $K.K

?

oid show( ,[

cout


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7egree 7

7.get7ata( ,

Tadian T $ 7 OO Tadian T (7,7. show( ,

T.show( ,

?

A$$i-'me'23

#include

#include

class hour

float time

public

Hour( ,

;ime $ K.K

?

Hour (double ,

;ime $OBRKK?

"perator float( ,

float $ time M BRKK

Teturn(,

?

oid accept( ,

cout > time?

oid show( ,

cout


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oid main( ,

Hour t4$BRKKHour t6

;6. accept( ,

float $ t6

cout


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cin. @et (ch,

Dhile (ch V $0n,

cout


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cout


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"ld width aurrent width

oid main( ,

cout. Didth(C,

cout


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cout


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oid main ( ,

cout.self (ios left* ios adjust field,cout.fill (M,

cout. precision (6,

cout.width (R,

cout


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? 6K.CK

Emple 23oid main ( ,

cout.setf (ios showpoint,

cout.setf (ios show pos,

cout.setf (ios internal* ios adjust field,

cout.precison(B,

cout.width (4K,

cout


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cin >> a

cout


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float f $ 466.BCBC

cout


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?

?

oid main ( ,

:rra2 obj(Q,

int

for (int i$K i>

"bj.fill (!* , or obj JiL $

?

for (! $ K i


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;emp.l $ l ' this l

;emp.b $ b ' this b

;emp.h $ h ' this

hTeturn (temp,

?

oid main ( ,

8o 84

84.get( ,

8o 86

86 $ 84 (Q* B* 9, OO 86 $ 84. operator ( , (Q* B* 9,

84. show( ,

86. show( K?

*RAPHICS MODE PRO*RAMMIN*

Steps TeGuired for 7esigning @raphics Uode /rogram

4> &oncert the displa2 monitor from tet mode to graphics mode.

6> /erform the reGuired graphics operation liEe filling coloring* drawing etc.B> Finall2 close the graphics mode and restore character mode.

&onerting &haracter ;o /iels

4. oid init gragraph (int M* int M* char M,

7rier resolution path of 8@! file

"r

Uode

6. 7rawing using built in functions.B. oid close graph( ,

oid restorecrtmode( ,

P"o-"m= D:/ to couert monitor displa2 mode from char to piel and print

welcome message.


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#include

#include

#include oid main( ,

int gd* gm* ec

@d$ 7-;-&;

!nttgraph (+gd* +gm* &00;&008@!,

-c$ graphresult( ,

if (ecV$gr"E, or (ecV$K,

/rintf (error in initialising,

eit(4,?

&leardeice

"uttet ( welcome to graphics,

@etch( ,

&losegraph( ,

Testarectmode( ,

?

Noe23

int getma( , returns the maimum alue of Z coordinate.

int getma2( ,= returns the minimum alue of if Z coordinate.

:ssignment= Uodif2 the aboe code so that now code displa2 the

Uessage at the necter of screen.

oid main ( ,

int gd* gm* ec

@d $ 7-;-&;!nitgraph (+gd* + gm* &00;&008@!,

-c$graphresult( ,

if (ec V $ gr"E,

/rintf ( error,

eit(4,


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?

&leardeice( ,

int a $ getma( ,int b $ getma2( ,

"uttetr2 ( ( aO6,* (bO6,* welcome to graphics,

@etch( ,

&losegraph( ,

Testorecrtmode( ,

?

A. D:/ to accept user name + then conert screen to graphics mode + displa2 the

name gien b2 user at the center of the screen on char at a time.

oid main ( ,

char strJ6KL

int gd* gm* ec

@d $ 7-;-&;

!nitgraph (+gd* +gm* c00;&008@!,

-c $ graphresult( ,

if (ecV$gr"E,

/rintf ( error,

eit(4,

?

&leardeicl ( , printf (enter name,

Uoe to (getma( , O6* getma2( ,O6,

for (i$K strJiL i'',

Spritf (msg* )c* strJiL,

"ut tet (msg,

7ela2 (4KKK,?

?

&hanging the font st2le and siPe

4. oid settetst2le (int font* int dir* int charsiPe,

description of parameters


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5o' default Z F"%; (K,

;T!/-Y Z F"%; (4,SU: Z F"%; (6,

S:%S Z S-T!; Z F"%; (B,

@";H!& Z F"%; (C,

S&T!/; Z F"%; (Q,

S!U/-Y Z F"%; (R,

/T!/-Y Z S&T!/; Z F"%; (,

&"U/-Y Z F"%; (5,

-1T"/-:% Z F"%; (9,

8"7 Z F"%; (4K,

Di" horiP Z dir (K,

Iert Z dir (4,

C#"$ie 2= 4 to 4K

4 being siPe of 5 5 piel.

P"o-"m23

oid main( ,

char M font Z st2le J L $ 7efualt Z font ====* 8"7=

F"%;,

int gd* gm* ec char msgJ6KL

@d $ 7-;-&;

!nitgraph (+gd* +gm* & 00 ;&00 8@!,

-c $ graphresult ( ,

if (ec V $ K,

/rintf ( error,

eit (4,?

&leardeicl ( ,

Uoe to (getma( ,O6* getma2( ,O6,

for (4$K i


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/rintf (msg $ shi = )s* font=st2le JiL,

Settet st2le (!* K* 4,

"uttetr2 (getma( ,O6* getma2( ,O6* msg,@etch( ,

&leardeicl ( ,

?

&leardeicl( ,

Testorecrtdeicl ( ,

?

DRA,IN* IN *RAPHICS

4. 5o" D"i'- Li'e=

a. oid line (int 4* int 24* int 6* int 26,

b. oid linerel (int* int,

c. oid line to (int* int,

Emple =

oid mai% ( ,

int gd* gm* ec* * 2@d $ 7-;-&;

!nitgraph ( +gd* +gm* c 00;&008@!,

-c $ graphresult( ,

if (ec V $ K,

/rintf ( error,

eit (4,

?

&leardeicl ( ,Y$getma( ,O6 2$getma2( ,O6

ine (K* K* * 2,

@etch ( ,

&losegraph( ,

Testorertmode( ,


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A.D:/ which draws a line from 6K* BK to 4KK piels further + displa2 the

wordinate of line at its end point.

oid main ( ,

int gd* gm* ec* * 2

@d $ 7-;-&;

!nitgraph (+gd* + gm* c 00;&008@!,

-c $ graphresult ( ,

if (ecV $ K,

/rintf ( error,

eit (4,?

&leardericl ( ,

Uoe to (6K* BK,

Sprintf (msg* )d )d* get ( ,* get2( , ,

"uttet (msg,

inerel (4KK* 4KK,

Sprintf (msg* )d )d* get( ,* get 2( , ,

"uttet (msg,

?

D"i'- Li'ee I' Spei5i ,i0# 8 S!le

oid setline st2le (int st2le* int pattern* int thicEness,

S!le= %o &onstant meaning

K S"!7=!%- solid line

4 7";;-7 Z!%-

6 &-%;-T=!%- line withdot + dash

B 7:SH-7=!%- line with dashes C 1S-T8!;=!%-

Pe"'23 !t is alwa2s Pero ecept when first parameter is userbit line.

T#iG'e"$23 4 Z ;H!&N=D!7;H

B Z %"TU=D!7;H


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oid main( ,

int gd* gm* ec* !

char M st2le J L $ solidline?* 7otted=line*====* 7ashedline?

@d $ 7-;-&;

!nitgraph ( +gd* + gm* & 00;&008@!,

-c$graphresult( ,

if (ec V$ groE,

/rintf ( error,

eit(4,

?7eardice( ,

for (i$K i


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D"i'- A"$ O" Ci"le$ O" Re'-le$

4. oid arc (int * int 2* intstangle* int endangle* int rad,

6. oid piesline (int * int 2* int stangle* int endangle* int rad,

B. oid circle (int * int 2* int rad,

C. oid rectangle (int left* int top* int right* int bottom,Q. oid bar (int left* in top* int right* int bottom,

Filli'- Im-e ,i# Di55e"e' Pe"'$

oid set color (int,

oid setfillst2le (int pattern* int st2le,

Pe"'2= ;he pattern parameter signifies the pattern in which filing is to bemade.

Nme /l&e Re$&l

4. -mpt2 Fill K 8acEground color

6. S"!7=F! 4 Solid Filling

B. !%-=F!- 6 ==============

=============

C. !S:SH[F!- B

Q. S:SH=F! C


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R 8N:SH=F!- Q

. ;8NS:SH=F!- R

H:;&H=F!-

YH:;&H=F!- 5

!%;-T-:I-=F!- 9

D!7-=7";=F!- 4K

&"S-=7";=F!- 44

D:/ which draws a sectangle with white outline + red fill color + should displa2

the fitling in all of the twele patterns one at a time. :lso name of pattern should

be displa2ed with in the rectangle.

oid main ( ,

int gd* gm* ec* left* right* top* bottom* !char M st2le J L $ -U/;3=F!-* S"!7=F!-* ====*

&"S-7=7";=F!-?

@d$7-;-&;

!nitgraph (+gd* +gm* &00;&008@!,

-c$grapgresult( ,

if (ec V$K,

/rintf (error,

eit (4,

?&leardeicl ( ,

eft $ getma( ,O6=4KK

;op$getma2( ,O6=4KK

Tight Z getma( ,O6'4KK

8ottom$getma2( ,O6

for(i$K i


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Setfill st2le (!* T-7,

8ar(left* top* right bottom,Tectangle (left* top* right* bottom,

"uttet2 (left'QK* top'QK* st2leJiL,

?

?

FILLIN* CIRCLES 8 TRIAN*LESS

4. oid floodfill (int * int 2* int boundar2,

(* 2, a point with in the figure which has to be filled using flodfill also Enown

as sad.

8oundar2 color= &olor at which filling should stop.

Filling &ircles Dith 7ifferent /attern

oid main ( ,

char M pattern $ -U/;3=F!-* ========* &"S-=7";=F!-?

int gd* gm* ec* * 2* K@d$7-;-&;

!nitgraph (+gd* +gm* &00;&008@!,

-c$graphresult( ,

if (ecV $ gr"E,

/rintf ( error,

eit(4,

?

&leardeice( ,

Y$getma( ,O6 2$getma2( ,O6

for (i$K i


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Floodfill (* 2* @T--T,

Setcolor (DH!;-,

"uttet2 (=QK* 2=QK* patterJiL,@etch( ,

&leardiice( ,

?

@etch ( ,

Testorecrtdeice( ,

?

So"i'- '0 D"i'- Im-e$ O' S"ee'

4. oid getline (int* int* int* int* oid M,6. int imagesiPe (int* int* int* int,

B. oid putimage (int* int* oid M* int option,

oid getimage (int* int* int* int* oid M,

copies the bit image of specified

postion in memoer2

4stparameter indicates left coordinates

6nd

parameterer

to Brdparameter right

Cthparameter bottom

Qthparameter pointer to an arra2 large enough to store bit pattern.

oid putimage Jint * int 2* oid M are* int iption,

&opies or outputs the image pattern form memoer2 to the specified

portion on the screen.

Y $ starting left coordinate

3 $ starting top coordinate

:rr $ maner un which color of the resultant piel is to be decided* taEing into

consideration the piels stored in memor2 + the piels stores on screen.

int image siPe (int* int* int* int,=


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Teturns no. of b2tes reGuired to store the image* on an2 Eind of error

return =4

oid main ( ,

int gd* gm* ec

char M buffer* msg J6KL

int siPe =Kf=image

@d $ 7-;-&;

!nitgraph ( +gd* +gm* &00;&008@!,

-c $ graphresult( ,

if (ec V $K,

/rintf (error,

eit (4,

?

Tectangle (4QK* 4QK* 6KK* 6KK,

SiPe=of=image $ image siPe (4QK* 4QK* 6KK* 6KK,

if (siPe=of=image $ $ =4,

"uttet2 (getma( ,O6* getma2( ,O6* -rror,

@etch( ,&lose graph( ,

eit(4,

?

8uffer $ (char M, malloc (siPe=of=image M siPe of (char, ,

if (buffer $ $ %1,

"uttet2 (getma( ,O6* getma2( ,O6* &an not allocate memor2,

@ecth( ,

eit(4,

&lose graph( ,?

@etimage (4QK* 4QK* 6KK* 6KK* buffer,

ine (6KK* 66K* 66K* 66K,

/utimage (4Q* 6KK* buffer* &"/3=/1;,

@etch( ,

&losegraph( ,


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Testore crtdeice( ,

?

4ALUES CREEN EMORY OUTPUT

COPY3PUT "% "% "%

"FF "% "%

"% "FF "FF

"FF "FF "FF

OR3PUT "% "% "FF

"FF "% "%

"% "FF "%"FF "FF "FF

OR3PUT "% "% "%

"FF "% "%

"% "FF "%

"FF "FF "FF

C++ NOTES COMPLET

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