C. Major Historical Global Migrations 1. Europe to North America

C. Major Historical Global Migrations1. Europe to North America

a. Initial settlement of colonies…about 1 million prior to 1776 and another 1 million before 1840.

--Don’t forget the slaves from Africa too…@650,000.

b. 1840s – 1850s…The Irish (potato famine) and Germans escaping political oppression.

c. Late 1800s…The Industrial Revolution provided jobs for millions of Northern and Western Europeans.

d. Early 1900s…Immigration peaked around 1910…the main countries were Southern and Eastern Europeans…Italy, Russia and Austria-Hungary.

e. Since 1945…Laws limiting Asian migration were eased…China, the Philippines,

India and Vietnam increased. Also Latin America, especially Mexico.

Chain Migration???

2. Southern Europe to South and Middle Americaa. Spain and Portugal

3. Britain and Ireland to Africa and Australia4. Africa to the Americas during the period of slavery5. India to eastern Africa, Southeast Asia and Caribbean America

a. The British forced much of this immigration

Colonization…physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured

outsiders to gain control of the people and the land.1. Europeans colonized the Americas and the coasts of Africa and

parts of Asia from the 1500s to the 1800s.2. Europeans colonized interior Africa and Asia starting in the late

1800s and into the 1900s…this was the peak of European colonization.

D. Major Regional Migrations…migrants going to a neighboring country.1. Economic Opportunities – $$$$ available

a. Islands of Development – places within a region or country where most foreign investment goes, where the vast majority of paying jobs are located, and where infrastructure

is concentrated. --Opportunities

are often

only shortterm.

African Islands of Development

Migration for Economic

Opportunity – Islands of

Development

Chinese migration in late 1800s and

1900s throughout Southeast Asia to

work in trade, commerce, and

finance

2. Migration to Reconnect with Cultural Groupsa. Migration of about 700,000 Jews to

then-Palestine between 1900 and 1948

b. Forced migration of 600,000 Palestinian Arabs after 1948, when

the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine)

3. Migration to Escape Conflict and Wara. Germans heading west after WWIIb. Cubans escaping Castro

E. Intraregional (National) Migrations…within a single country or region rather than crossing international borders.1. United States – population moved Westward, and more

recently, Southward.

Voluntary African-American MigrationsBlacks moved to the Industrial Belt (i.e., Chicago, New York, Detroit) and Los Angeles

during World Wars (labor shortages). Now they have started moving back South. Possible “pull” factors: changing civil rights patters and increasing job opportunities in the South. One “push” factor may be deteriorating living conditions in the North.

2. Russia…Russification sought to assimilate all the people in the Soviet territory into the Russian culture, during the

communist period, by encouraging people to move out of Moscow and St. Petersburg and fill in the country.3. Mexico…Workers from southern Mexico are moving to Northern

Mexico to fill jobs left by those who have gone to the United States.

IV. Guest Workers…People from poorer countries migrate to economically growing areas to fill the need for laborers.A. Workers are legally documented migrants with short-term

visas.B. Usually allowed to stay if the need for labor continues…

however they are often sent home when the demand for labor declines.

C. Workers send home Remittances (monies sent home to family members in their home country).

Remittances:Many countries in

the Caribbean, Africa, Central and South America, and Eurasia depend on these funds to help

their economies.

V. Refugees…People who flee across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for

reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.

Refugees usually have little money, only the most basic transportation, no official documentation, and a few

small possessions.

A. Internally Displaced Persons – People who have been displaced within their own countries, but they do not cross

international borders as they flee.B. Asylum – the right to protection in the first country in which the

refugee arrives.C. Repatriation – a process by which the UNHCR (United Nations High

Commissioner for Refugees) helps return refugees to their homelands once violence and persecution subside.

D. Regions of Dislocation1. Africa – world leader in number of refugees

a. Extreme poverty, disease, governmental issuesb. Sub-Saharan West Africa – Liberia, Sierra Leonec. Sub-Saharan East Africa – Sudan…worst current

situation--Arab Muslims vs. Black African

Christians/Animists--Over 2.2 million deaths…5 million displaced

persons--Darfur Genocide: Arab Muslims killing Non-

Arab (Black) Muslimsd. Rwanda and Uganda…ethnic conflict…Hutus vs.

Tutsise. European Colonization caused many of the problems

Africa is still experiencing…drawing borders and using Africa labor in agriculture and mining

Ethnic conflicts are the main reasons refugees seek to leave a region!

African MigrationsCommon routes used by Sub-Saharan Africans. Each journey presents a different set of perils, whether crossing the Sahara Desert or plying the waters of the Atlantic Ocean or Mediterranean Sea often in small fishing boats, like this one arriving in Malta.

Zaire-Rwanda border region. Hundreds of thousands of mainly Hutu refugees stream out of a refugee camp in eastern Zaire, heading home to Rwanda in November 1996.

Refugees from the Darfur region of Sudan

2. North Africa and Southwest Asia… This geographic region, extending from Morocco in the west to Afghanistan in the

east, contains some of the world’s longest-lasting and most deeply entrenched conflicts that generate refugees.a. Israel and Palestiniansb. Iraq after the 1991 Gulf War

3. South Asia…is the third-ranking area of the world in number of refugees, mainly because of Pakistan’s role in

accommodating Afghanistan’s refugees after the 1979 Soviet Invasion.

a. Also…after September 11, 2001, the U.S. began attacking terrorists inside Afghanistan…many people

moved into Pakistan.

4. Europe…The Balkan Peninsulaa. Yugoslavia collapses…ethnic conflicts erupt…Serbs,

Macedonians, Bosnians, and

Albanians, among others,

clashed for

economic and religious

reasons.

Several small countries were

formed to try to solve the

problem, but

many people are still dislocated from their homes today.

VI. How Governments Affect MigrationA. Immigration Laws

1. Oriental Exclusion Acts (1882 – 1907)…prevented the immigration of Chinese people to California.

2. Australian Immigration Restriction Act…ended all nonwhite immigration to the country.

B. United States Immigration1. Two Big Waves

a. 1840 – 1930…W. and N. European transitioning to Southern and Eastern

European by 1900--Irish (potato famine in 1840s) and Germans--During 1900s: Italians, Russians, Austria-

Hungary (Czech, Poland, Romania, etc.)b. 1950 – Today…Asians and Latin Americans; declining

Europeans--Asians: China, India; 1980s -1990s: Philippines,

Vietnam, and South Korea--Latin America: Mexico, Dominican Republic, El

Salvador, Cuba, Haiti

Prior to 1840,90% of U.S.

immigration wasfrom Britain

More immigrants arrive during periods of economic prosperity in the destination country. The greatest number of international immigrants

came into the U.S. from 1980 – 2000. This number was almost matched during 1900 – 1920.

Annual Immigration to the United States

C. Post 9/11 Immigration Policies1. Asylum-seekers automatically detained from these 33

countries where al-Qaeda or other terrorist groups operate

2. Any illegal immigrant can be detained even if there are no ties to a terrorist group…especially Haiti or Mexico.

Wall being built along the U.S.-Mexican border.