Chapter Fourteen Psychological Disorders © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Jan 01, 2016
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Five Common Myths About Mental Illness
1. People with psychological disorders act in bizarre ways and are very different from normal people
2. Mental disorders are a sign of personal weakness3. Mentally ill people are often dangerous and
unpredictable4. A person who has been mentally ill never fully
recovers5. Most mentally ill individuals can work at only low-
level jobs
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Abnormal Behavior
Patterns of behaviors, thoughts, or emotions considered pathological (diseased or disordered) for one or more of four reasons:
DevianceDysfunctionDistressDanger
WILEY VIDEODying to be Thin
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Initial Understanding of Abnormal Behavior
Evil spirits and witchcraftAsylums—initially good intentions, but many resulted in
inhumane conditions
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Initial Understanding of Abnormal Behavior
Medical model—perspective that assumes diseases (including mental illness) have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and possibly cured
Psychiatry—branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders
“Mentally ill” label can have drawbacksWhat might be some drawbacks?
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Seven Psychological Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV-TR
Classification system developed by the American Psychiatric Association used to name and describe abnormal behaviors
Neurosis—outmoded term for disorders characterized by unrealistic anxiety and other associated problems; less severe disruptions than psychosis
Psychosis—serious mental disorders characterized by extreme mental disruption and defective or lost contact with reality
Insanity—legal term applied when people cannot be held responsible for their actions, or are judged incompetent to manage their own affairs, because of mental illness
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV-TR
Approximately 400 disorders17 categories
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV-TR
Organizes diagnostic information into five dimensions/axes:
1. Clinical disorders2. Personality disorders and mental retardation3. General medical condition4. Psychosocial and environmental problems5. Global assessment of functioning
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
DSM-IV-TR Criticisms and Limitations
OverdiagnosingCultural biasProblem of labels
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Anxiety Disorders
Definition Overwhelming apprehension
and fear accompanied by autonomic nervous system arousal
Five Major Types• Generalized anxiety
disorder (GAD)• Panic disorder• Phobias• Obsessive-compulsive
disorder (OCD)• Posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD)
WILEY VIDEOPanic
Disorder
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Anxiety Disorders
WILEY VIDEO9/11 PTSD
Therapy
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Mood Disorders
DefinitionExtreme disturbances in
emotional states
Two Major Types• Major Depressive Disorder
—long-lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest in life
• Bipolar Disorder—repeated episodes of mania (unreasonable elation, often with hyperactivity) alternating with depression
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Suicide
What are some common misconceptions and stereotypes
about suicide?
WILEY VIDEOTroubled
Teens
WILEY VIDEOAntidepressant Suicide Genes
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Talking to the Depressed
Some General Tips Don’t trivialize the diseaseDon’t be a cheerleader or a Mr. or Mrs. Fix-itDon’t equate normal, everyday “down times”
with clinical depressionEducate yourselfBe RogerianGet help (1-800-SUICIDE)
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Explaining Mood Disorders
Biological Factors• Structural brain changes• Neurotransmitter
imbalances• Genetics• Generally adaptive response
(evolutionary perspective)
Psychosocial Factors• Learned helplessness• Attribution• Environmental stressors• Relationship disturbances• Thought disturbances
WILEY VIDEOImaging
Antidepressant Accuracy
WILEY VIDEOBlues to Brains
WILEY VIDEOExercise and Depression
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Schizophrenia
Group of severe disorders involving major disturbances in perception, language, thought, emotion, and behavior
A more devastating disorderAffects about 1% of the populationEmerges between late teens and mid-thirties
ANIMATIONSchizophrenia
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Schizophrenia: Areas of Disturbance
Perception Senses may be enhanced or bluntedHallucinations—false, imaginary sensory perceptions
that occur without external stimuli (most common is auditory)
Language and ThoughtDisorganized and bizarre thoughts and logicWord salad, neologismsDelusions—mistaken beliefs based on
misrepresentations of reality
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Schizophrenia: Areas of Disturbance
EmotionExaggerated and fluctuate rapidlyBlunted and decreased intensityFlattened affectBehaviorSocial withdrawalUnusual actions with a special meaningCatalepticWaxy flexibility
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Schizophrenia: Methods of Classification
Positive SymptomsAdditions or exaggerations• Delusions• Hallucinations
Disorganization of Behavior
Negative SymptomsLoss or absence• Impaired attention• Limited or toneless speech• Flat or blunted affect• Social withdrawal
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Explaining Schizophrenia
Biological Factors• Genetics• Neurotransmitters
Dopamine hypothesis— overactivity of dopamine neurons may contribute to some forms of schizophrenia
• Brain abnormalitiesLarger cerebral ventricles
Psychosocial Factors• Diathesis-stress model—
people inherit a predisposition that increases their risk for mental disorders if exposed to certain extremely stressful life experiences
• Critical and hostile families• Families with
communication disorders
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Substance-Related Disorders
Abuse of, or dependence on, a mood- or behavior-altering drug
Comorbidity—co-occurrence of two or more disorders in the same person at the same time, as when a person suffers from both depression and alcoholism,possible self-medication
WILEY VIDEOBuzzed
Brain
WILEY VIDEOMaternal
Separation
WILEY VIDEOTeen Brains on Alcohol
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative DisorderAmnesia, fugue, or multiple personalities resulting from
a splitting apart of experience from memory or consciousness
Need to escape from anxietyEnvironmental variables are primary causeDissociative Identity Disorder (DID)Presence of two or more distinct personality systems in
the same individual at different times; previously known as multiple personality disorder
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Personality Disorders
Inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that cause significant impairment of social and occupational functioning
Antisocial Personality DisorderExtreme disregard for and violation of the rights of
others; guiltless, exploitive, irresponsible, intrusive, and self-indulgent
Ego-centrism, lack of conscience, impulsive behavior, superficial charm
Potential environmental and biological causes
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Personality Disorders
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
Severe instability in emotion and self-concept, along with impulsive and self-destructive behavior
See the world in black and whiteRelationship problemsPossible environmental and
biological causes
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender and Psychological Disorders
More women are diagnosed with depression around the world
Why might this be?
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Culture and Psychological Disorders
• Differences in schizophrenia rates around the world
• Most research conducted in Western cultures• Culture-general and culture-bound symptoms