C atholic S ocial T eaching and The Prison System SOCIAL ACTION OFFICE - CLRIQ

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CC atholic atholic SS ocial ocial TT eachingeachingandand

The Prison SystemThe Prison System

SOCIAL ACTION OFFICE - SOCIAL ACTION OFFICE - CLRIQCLRIQ

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Section 1:Section 1: Catholic Social Teaching Catholic Social Teaching1.1 1.1 Historical OverviewHistorical Overview1.21.2 The Content of Catholic Social The Content of Catholic Social TeachingTeaching

Section 2:Section 2:2.12.1 Key Principles of Catholic Social Key Principles of Catholic Social

TeachingTeaching2.22.2 Summary of Main Encyclicals and Summary of Main Encyclicals and

DocumentsDocuments2.32.3 The Ongoing Development of Catholic The Ongoing Development of Catholic

Social Social TeachingTeaching

Seminar OutlineSeminar Outline

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Section 3:Section 3: Catholic Social Teaching and Prisons Catholic Social Teaching and Prisons

Section 4:Section 4: Workshopping the Issue Workshopping the Issue

Section 5:Section 5: An alternative Approach An alternative Approach

Section 6:Section 6: Resources Resources

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Section 1.1Section 1.1

Historical Overview of Catholic Social Historical Overview of Catholic Social TeachingTeaching

1891 Pope Leo XIII 1891 Pope Leo XIII Rerum Novarum: Rerum Novarum: (On the condition (On the condition of Labour)of Labour) The recognition of human dignityThe recognition of human dignity

The protection of basic economic and political The protection of basic economic and political rights, including the right to a just wage and to rights, including the right to a just wage and to organize associations or unions to defend just claimsorganize associations or unions to defend just claims

The right to private propertyThe right to private property The rights of labour over capitalThe rights of labour over capital The just organisations of society for the common The just organisations of society for the common

goodgood

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Catholic Social Teaching 1891 - 1991Catholic Social Teaching 1891 - 1991

1891 1891 Rerum NovarumRerum Novarum - Leo XIII (The Condition of - Leo XIII (The Condition of Labour)Labour)

1931 1931 Quadragesima AnnoQuadragesima Anno - Pius XI (The - Pius XI (The Reconstruction of the Social Order - 40Reconstruction of the Social Order - 40thth Year) Year)

1961 1961 Mater et MagisterMater et Magister - John XXIII (Mother and - John XXIII (Mother and Teacher - Christianity and Social Progress)Teacher - Christianity and Social Progress)

1963 1963 Pacem in TerrisPacem in Terris - John XXIII (Peace on Earth) - John XXIII (Peace on Earth) 1965 1965 Gaudium et SpesGaudium et Spes - Vatican II (The Church in - Vatican II (The Church in

the Modern World)the Modern World) 1967 1967 Populorum ProgressioPopulorum Progressio - Paul VI - Paul VI

(Progress/Development of Peoples)(Progress/Development of Peoples) 1971 1971 Octogesima AdveniensOctogesima Adveniens - Paul VI (Apostolic - Paul VI (Apostolic

Letter: Call to Action - 80Letter: Call to Action - 80thth Year) Year)

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1971 1971 Iustitia in MundoIustitia in Mundo - Synod of Bishops (Justice in - Synod of Bishops (Justice in the World)the World)

1975 1975 Evangelii NuntiandiEvangelii Nuntiandi - - Paul VI (Evangelisation in Paul VI (Evangelisation in the Modern World)the Modern World)

1981 1981 Laborem ExercensLaborem Exercens - John Paul II (On Human - John Paul II (On Human work)work)

1987 1987 Solicitudo Rei SocialisSolicitudo Rei Socialis - - John Paul II (Social John Paul II (Social Concerns of the Church)Concerns of the Church)

1990 1990 Redemptoris MissioRedemptoris Missio - - John Paul II (Missionary John Paul II (Missionary Activity of the Church)Activity of the Church)

1991 1991 Centisimus AnnusCentisimus Annus - - John Paul II (One Hundred John Paul II (One Hundred Years)Years)

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Summary of the Main EncyclicalsSummary of the Main Encyclicalsand Documentsand Documents


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Reverum Novarum:Reverum Novarum: On the Condition of Labour (Leo On the Condition of Labour (Leo XIII, 1891)XIII, 1891)

Lays out the rights and responsibilities of capital Lays out the rights and responsibilities of capital and labourand labour

Describes the role of Government in a just societyDescribes the role of Government in a just societyCondemns atheistic communismCondemns atheistic communismUpholds the right to private propertyUpholds the right to private propertyQuadragesimo Anno:Quadragesimo Anno: On Reconstructing the Social On Reconstructing the Social Order (Pius XI, 1931)Order (Pius XI, 1931)

Condemns effects of greed and concentrated Condemns effects of greed and concentrated political and economic power proposes that social political and economic power proposes that social organisation be based on the principle of organisation be based on the principle of subsidiaritysubsidiarity

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Mater et Magister:Mater et Magister: Mother and Teacher (John XIII, Mother and Teacher (John XIII, 1961)1961)

Identifies the widening gap between rich and poor Identifies the widening gap between rich and poor nations as a global concern of justicenations as a global concern of justice

Raises concerns about the arms raceRaises concerns about the arms raceCalls upon Christians to work for a more just world.Calls upon Christians to work for a more just world.

Pacem in Terris:Pacem in Terris: Peace on Earth (John XIII, 1963) Peace on Earth (John XIII, 1963)Focus on human rights as the basis for peaceFocus on human rights as the basis for peaceCalls for disarmamentCalls for disarmamentStating the need for a world-wide institution to Stating the need for a world-wide institution to promote and safeguard the universal common promote and safeguard the universal common goodgood

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Gaudium et Spes:Gaudium et Spes: The church in the Modern World The church in the Modern World (Vatican Council II document)(Vatican Council II document)

Clear recognition that the Church is immersed in the Clear recognition that the Church is immersed in the modern worldmodern world

Condemns povertyCondemns povertyWarns about the threat of nuclear warWarns about the threat of nuclear warChristians must work to build structures that uphold Christians must work to build structures that uphold justice and peacejustice and peace

Populorum Progressio:Populorum Progressio: On the Development of On the Development of Peoples (Paul VI, 1967)Peoples (Paul VI, 1967)

Focus on human development - ‘development is the Focus on human development - ‘development is the new name for peace’new name for peace’

Condemns the situation that gives rise to global Condemns the situation that gives rise to global poverty and inequalitypoverty and inequality

Calls for new international organisations and Calls for new international organisations and agreements that promote justice and peaceagreements that promote justice and peace

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Octogesima Adveniens:Octogesima Adveniens: An Apostolic Letter: A Call An Apostolic Letter: A Call to Action (Paul VI, 1971)to Action (Paul VI, 1971)

Calls for political action for economic justiceCalls for political action for economic justiceDevelops the role of individual local churches in Develops the role of individual local churches in responding to unjust situations and acting for responding to unjust situations and acting for justicejustice

Justice in the WorldJustice in the World (Synod of Bishops, 1971)(Synod of Bishops, 1971)States that ‘action for justice’ is a constitutive States that ‘action for justice’ is a constitutive dimension of the preaching of the Gospel.dimension of the preaching of the Gospel.

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Evangelii Nuntiandi:Evangelii Nuntiandi: Evangelisation in the Modern Evangelisation in the Modern World (Paul VI, 1975)World (Paul VI, 1975)

Links the work of doing justice with Links the work of doing justice with evangelisationevangelisation

The Gospel is about liberation from all oppressive The Gospel is about liberation from all oppressive structuresstructures

Respect for culturesRespect for culturesLaborum Exercems:Laborum Exercems: On Human Work (John Paul II, On Human Work (John Paul II, 1981)1981)

Affirms the dignity of work and the dignity of the Affirms the dignity of work and the dignity of the workerworker

Affirms the rights of labourAffirms the rights of labourCalls for workplace justice.Calls for workplace justice.

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Sollicitudo Rei Socialis:Sollicitudo Rei Socialis: The Social Concerns of the The Social Concerns of the Church (John Paul II, 1987)Church (John Paul II, 1987)

Includes the ‘option for the poor’ as a central tenet Includes the ‘option for the poor’ as a central tenet of church teachingof church teaching

Also develops the notions of ‘solidarity’, the Also develops the notions of ‘solidarity’, the ‘structures of sin’ and ‘the social mortgage on ‘structures of sin’ and ‘the social mortgage on property’property’

Suggests that the resources used for the arms race Suggests that the resources used for the arms race be dedicated to the alleviation of human miserybe dedicated to the alleviation of human misery

Nature must be considered in developmentNature must be considered in developmentCentesimus Anus:Centesimus Anus: One Hundred Years (John Paul II, One Hundred Years (John Paul II, 1991)1991)

Reaffirms the principles of Catholic Social Teaching Reaffirms the principles of Catholic Social Teaching over one hundred yearsover one hundred years

Celebrates Celebrates Rerum NovarumRerum Novarum Identifies the failures of both socialist and market Identifies the failures of both socialist and market economieseconomiesThis summary has been adapted and developed from NETWORK 1998, Shaping a New World,

pp 5-11.

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Key Principles of Catholic Social Teaching Key Principles of Catholic Social Teaching ExpandedExpanded

1.1.Human DignityHuman DignityHuman beings are created in the image of God and, Human beings are created in the image of God and, therefore, are endowed with dignity. This inherent therefore, are endowed with dignity. This inherent dignity carries with it certain basic rights and dignity carries with it certain basic rights and responsibilities which are exercised within a social responsibilities which are exercised within a social framework.framework.

2. The Common Good2. The Common GoodWhile the dignity of the human person is affirmed, While the dignity of the human person is affirmed, individuals live in common with others and the individuals live in common with others and the rights of individuals must be balanced with the rights of individuals must be balanced with the wider common good of all. The rights and needs of wider common good of all. The rights and needs of others must be always respected.others must be always respected.

3. The Principle of Solidarity3. The Principle of SolidarityHuman beings are social by nature and do not exist Human beings are social by nature and do not exist merely as individuals. When considering the human merely as individuals. When considering the human community it must be remembered that it consists community it must be remembered that it consists of individuals and social elements.of individuals and social elements.


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4.4. The Principle of SubsidiarityThe Principle of SubsidiarityThis principle recognises that society is based on This principle recognises that society is based on collectives or communities of people ranging from collectives or communities of people ranging from small groups or families right through to national small groups or families right through to national and international institutions. As a rule of social and international institutions. As a rule of social organisation, this principle affirms that a higher organisation, this principle affirms that a higher level community should not interfere in the life of a level community should not interfere in the life of a community at a lower level of social organisation.community at a lower level of social organisation.

5. The Purpose of the Social Order5. The Purpose of the Social OrderThe social order must uphold the dignity of the The social order must uphold the dignity of the human person.human person.

6. The Purpose of Government6. The Purpose of GovernmentThe purpose of government is the promotion of the The purpose of government is the promotion of the common good. Governments are required to common good. Governments are required to actively participate in society to promote and actively participate in society to promote and ensure social justice and equity.ensure social justice and equity.

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7.7. The Principle of ParticipationThe Principle of ParticipationIndividuals and groups must be enabled to Individuals and groups must be enabled to participate in society.participate in society.

8.8. The Universal Purpose of GoodsThe Universal Purpose of GoodsThe world’s goods are meant for all. Although the The world’s goods are meant for all. Although the Church upholds the right to private property this is Church upholds the right to private property this is subordinate to the right to common use and the subordinate to the right to common use and the overall common good. There is a social mortgage overall common good. There is a social mortgage on private property.on private property.

9.9. Option for the PoorOption for the PoorThis refers to seeing the world through the eyes of This refers to seeing the world through the eyes of the poor and standing with the poor in solidarity. the poor and standing with the poor in solidarity. This should lead to action for justice with and on This should lead to action for justice with and on behalf of those who are poor and marginalised.behalf of those who are poor and marginalised.

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TThe spirit of the Lord has been given to me,he spirit of the Lord has been given to me,for he has anointed mefor he has anointed mehe has sent me to bring good news to the he has sent me to bring good news to the poor,poor,to proclaim liberty to captivesto proclaim liberty to captivesand to the blind new sightand to the blind new sightto set the downtrodden freeto set the downtrodden freeto proclaim the Lord's year of favour.to proclaim the Lord's year of favour.Luke 4:18Luke 4:18

FFor I was hungry and you gave me food;or I was hungry and you gave me food;I was thirsty and you gave me drink;I was thirsty and you gave me drink;I was a stranger and you made me welcome;I was a stranger and you made me welcome;naked and you clothed me,naked and you clothed me,sick and you visited me,sick and you visited me,in prison and you came to see me.in prison and you came to see me.Matthew 25:36Matthew 25:36

Section 3Section 3

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“ “Not to promote the interests of prisoners would be Not to promote the interests of prisoners would be to make imprisonment a mere act of vengeance of the to make imprisonment a mere act of vengeance of the part of society, provoking only hatred in the prisoners part of society, provoking only hatred in the prisoners themselves.”themselves.”

“ “For all to play their part in building the common For all to play their part in building the common good they must work, in the measure of their good they must work, in the measure of their competence, to ensure that prisoners have the means competence, to ensure that prisoners have the means to redeem themselves, both as individuals and in their to redeem themselves, both as individuals and in their relations to society.”relations to society.”

“ “Regulations contrary to the dignity and Regulations contrary to the dignity and fundamental rights of the human person should be fundamental rights of the human person should be definitively abolished from national legislation, as definitively abolished from national legislation, as should laws which deny prisoners religious freedom.”should laws which deny prisoners religious freedom.”

“ “To make prison life more human it is more To make prison life more human it is more important than ever to take practical steps to enable important than ever to take practical steps to enable prisoners as far as possible to engage in work which prisoners as far as possible to engage in work which keeps them from the degrading effects of idleness.”keeps them from the degrading effects of idleness.”

John Paul II: Message for the Jubilee on Prisons

July 2000

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United States Catholic BishopsUnited States Catholic BishopsNovember 2000November 2000

Responsibility, Rehabilitation, and Responsibility, Rehabilitation, and Restoration: A Catholic PerspectiveRestoration: A Catholic Perspective

on Crime and Criminal Justiceon Crime and Criminal Justice

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Human Life and Dignity:Human Life and Dignity:

The fundamental starting point for all of Catholic The fundamental starting point for all of Catholic Social Teaching is the defense of human life and Social Teaching is the defense of human life and dignity: every human person is created in the dignity: every human person is created in the image and likeness of God and has an inviolable image and likeness of God and has an inviolable dignity, value, and worth, regardless of race, dignity, value, and worth, regardless of race, gender, class, or other human characteristics. gender, class, or other human characteristics. Therefore, both the most wounded victim and the Therefore, both the most wounded victim and the most callous criminal retain their humanity. All most callous criminal retain their humanity. All are created in the image of God and possess a are created in the image of God and possess a dignity, value and worth that must be recognized, dignity, value and worth that must be recognized, promoted, safeguarded, and defended. For this promoted, safeguarded, and defended. For this reason, any system of penal justice must provide reason, any system of penal justice must provide those necessities that enable inmates to live in those necessities that enable inmates to live in dignity; food, clothing, shelter, personal safety, dignity; food, clothing, shelter, personal safety, timely medical care, education, and meaningful timely medical care, education, and meaningful work adequate to the conditions of human work adequate to the conditions of human dignity.dignity.

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Human Rights and Responsibilities:Human Rights and Responsibilities:

Crime and corrections are at the intersection of Crime and corrections are at the intersection of rights and responsibilities. Those who commit rights and responsibilities. Those who commit crimes violate the rights of others and disregard crimes violate the rights of others and disregard their responsibilities. But the test for the rest of us their responsibilities. But the test for the rest of us is whether we will exercise our responsibility to is whether we will exercise our responsibility to hold the offender accountable without violating his hold the offender accountable without violating his or her basic rights. Even offenders should be or her basic rights. Even offenders should be treated with respect for their rights.treated with respect for their rights.

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Family, Community and Participation:Family, Community and Participation:

Likewise, maintaining community and family Likewise, maintaining community and family connections can help offenders understand the connections can help offenders understand the harm they've done and prepare them for harm they've done and prepare them for reintegration into society. Isolation may be reintegration into society. Isolation may be necessary in some rare cases; but while cutting necessary in some rare cases; but while cutting off family contact can make incarceration easier off family contact can make incarceration easier for those in charge, it can make reintegration for those in charge, it can make reintegration harder for those in custody.harder for those in custody.

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The Common Good:The Common Good:

The social dimension of our teaching leads us to The social dimension of our teaching leads us to the common good and its relationship to the common good and its relationship to punishment. According to the punishment. According to the Catechism of the Catechism of the Catholic ChurchCatholic Church, punishment by civil authorities , punishment by civil authorities for criminal activity should serve three principal for criminal activity should serve three principal purposes: (1) the preservation and protection of purposes: (1) the preservation and protection of the common good of society, (2) the restoration of the common good of society, (2) the restoration of public order, and (3) the restoration or conversion public order, and (3) the restoration or conversion of the offender.of the offender.

The concept of "redress," or repair of the harm The concept of "redress," or repair of the harm done to the victims and to society by the criminal done to the victims and to society by the criminal activity, is also important to restoring the common activity, is also important to restoring the common good. This often neglected dimension of good. This often neglected dimension of punishment allows victims to move from a place of punishment allows victims to move from a place of pain and anger to one of healing and resolution. In pain and anger to one of healing and resolution. In our tradition, restoring the balance of rights our tradition, restoring the balance of rights through restitution is an important element of through restitution is an important element of justice.justice.

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The Option for the Poor and Vulnerable:The Option for the Poor and Vulnerable:

This principle of Catholic Social Teaching This principle of Catholic Social Teaching recognizes that every public policy must be recognizes that every public policy must be assessed by how it will affect the poorest and assessed by how it will affect the poorest and most vulnerable people in our society. Sometimes most vulnerable people in our society. Sometimes people who lack adequate resources from early in people who lack adequate resources from early in life (i.e. children, especially those who have been life (i.e. children, especially those who have been physically, sexually or emotionally abused, the physically, sexually or emotionally abused, the mentally ill and people who have suffered mentally ill and people who have suffered discrimination) turn to lives of crime in discrimination) turn to lives of crime in desperation or out of anger or confusion. desperation or out of anger or confusion. Unaddressed needs—including proper nutrition, Unaddressed needs—including proper nutrition, shelter, health care, and protection from abuse shelter, health care, and protection from abuse and neglect—can be steppingstones on a path and neglect—can be steppingstones on a path towards crime. Our role as Church is to continually towards crime. Our role as Church is to continually work to address these needs through pastoral work to address these needs through pastoral care, charity and advocacy.care, charity and advocacy.

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Subsidiarity and Solidarity:Subsidiarity and Solidarity:

These two related principles recognize that human These two related principles recognize that human dignity and human rights are fostered in dignity and human rights are fostered in community. Subsidiarity calls for problem-solving community. Subsidiarity calls for problem-solving initially at the community level: family, initially at the community level: family, neighbourhood, city and state. It is only when neighbourhood, city and state. It is only when problems become too large or the common good problems become too large or the common good is clearly threatened that larger institutions are is clearly threatened that larger institutions are required to help. This principle encourages required to help. This principle encourages communities to be more involved. Criminal communities to be more involved. Criminal activity is largely a local issue and, to the extent activity is largely a local issue and, to the extent possible, should have local solutions. possible, should have local solutions. Neighbourhood Watch groups, community-Neighbourhood Watch groups, community-oriented policing, school liaison officers, oriented policing, school liaison officers, neighbourhood treatment centres, and local neighbourhood treatment centres, and local support for ex-offenders all can be part of support for ex-offenders all can be part of confronting crime and fear of crime in local confronting crime and fear of crime in local communities.communities.

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Solidarity recognizes that “we are all really Solidarity recognizes that “we are all really responsible for all”. Not only are we responsible responsible for all”. Not only are we responsible for the safety and well-being of our family and our for the safety and well-being of our family and our next-door neighbour, but Christian solidarity next-door neighbour, but Christian solidarity demands that we work for justice beyond our demands that we work for justice beyond our boundaries. Christians are asked to see Jesus in boundaries. Christians are asked to see Jesus in the face of everyone, including both victims and the face of everyone, including both victims and offenders. Through the lens of solidarity, those offenders. Through the lens of solidarity, those who commit crimes and are hurt by crime are not who commit crimes and are hurt by crime are not issues or problems; they are sisters and brothers, issues or problems; they are sisters and brothers, members of one human family. Solidarity calls us members of one human family. Solidarity calls us to insist on responsibility and seek alternatives to insist on responsibility and seek alternatives that do not simply punish, but rehabilitate, heal that do not simply punish, but rehabilitate, heal and restore.and restore.

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Restorative Restorative JusticeJustice

Section 5Section 5

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Restorative justice is founded not on the Restorative justice is founded not on the judgement and punishment of others, but on the judgement and punishment of others, but on the restoration of peace and right relationships in restoration of peace and right relationships in the community.the community.

Principles of Restorative Justice:Principles of Restorative Justice:

1.1. The victim is a central part of the processThe victim is a central part of the process

2.2. Justice requires offenders to accept responsibility Justice requires offenders to accept responsibility and accountability for their actionsand accountability for their actions

3.3. The restoration of harm and the reparation of The restoration of harm and the reparation of relationships is the goal of restorative justicerelationships is the goal of restorative justice

4.4. Restorative justice focuses on the crime and its Restorative justice focuses on the crime and its consequences rather than the person who consequences rather than the person who committed itcommitted it

5.5. Crime occurs between people.Crime occurs between people.

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RESOURCESRESOURCES

Church DocumentsChurch Documents

Message of His Holiness John Paul II for the Jubilee Message of His Holiness John Paul II for the Jubilee on Prisons, 9 July 2000on Prisons, 9 July 2000

Responsibility, Rehabilitation, and Restoration: A Responsibility, Rehabilitation, and Restoration: A Catholic Perspective on Crime and Criminal JusticeCatholic Perspective on Crime and Criminal Justice – – A Statement of the Catholic Bishops of the United A Statement of the Catholic Bishops of the United StatesStates

Broken Laws or Broken PeopleBroken Laws or Broken People – – A Joint Project of A Joint Project of the Catholic Justice and Peace Commission the Catholic Justice and Peace Commission (Brisbane) and Catholic Prison Ministry 2000(Brisbane) and Catholic Prison Ministry 2000

Section 6Section 6

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BooksBooks Jim Consedine, Jim Consedine, Restorative Justice: Healing the Restorative Justice: Healing the

Effects of CrimeEffects of Crime, Revised Edition, Plowshares , Revised Edition, Plowshares Publishing 1995Publishing 1995

Helen Bowen and Jim Consedine (Eds), Helen Bowen and Jim Consedine (Eds), Restorative Restorative Justice: Contemporary Themes and PracticeJustice: Contemporary Themes and Practice, , Plowshares Publishing 1999Plowshares Publishing 1999

David Brown and Meredith Wilkie (Eds), David Brown and Meredith Wilkie (Eds), Prisoners as Prisoners as Citizens: Human Rights in Australian PrisonsCitizens: Human Rights in Australian Prisons, The , The Federation Press 2002Federation Press 2002

Related ArticlesRelated Articles Dr Andrew Coyle, Dr Andrew Coyle, Restorative Justice in the Prison Restorative Justice in the Prison

SystemSystem, International Centre for Prison Studies, , International Centre for Prison Studies, King’s College, University of LondonKing’s College, University of London

Howard Zehr and Harry Mika, Howard Zehr and Harry Mika, Fundamental Concepts Fundamental Concepts of Restorative Justiceof Restorative Justice, 1997 Mennonite Central , 1997 Mennonite Central CommitteeCommittee

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Related Articles (cont’d)Related Articles (cont’d) Tom Cavanagh, facilitator, Tom Cavanagh, facilitator, Adopting New Values Adopting New Values

for the Courts: What is Restorative Justice?for the Courts: What is Restorative Justice? http://www.restorativejustice.com/published.html (click (click on third dot point – it will open as a on third dot point – it will open as a WordWord document)document)

Anne-Marie Cusac, Anne-Marie Cusac, What’s the Alternative? What’s the Alternative? Society has to respond to lawbreakers, but it Society has to respond to lawbreakers, but it doesn’t always have to lock them updoesn’t always have to lock them up http://www.motherjones.com/prisons/alternatives.html

Basic Principles for the Treatment of PrisonersBasic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners, GA , GA res 45/111, annex, 45 UN GAGOR supp. (No. 49A) res 45/111, annex, 45 UN GAGOR supp. (No. 49A) at 200, UN Doc. A/45/49 (1990)at 200, UN Doc. A/45/49 (1990)

Joanna Davidson, Joanna Davidson, Prison Reform: Working for Just Prison Reform: Working for Just and Effective Systemsand Effective Systems http://www.changemakers.net/journal/99april/davidson.cfm

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WebsitesWebsites

Justice Action – Australia: Justice Action – Australia: http://www.justiceaction.org.au/http://www.justiceaction.org.au/

Restorative Justice in Australia (Australian Institute of Restorative Justice in Australia (Australian Institute of Criminology): Criminology): http://http://www.aic.gov.au/rjusticewww.aic.gov.au/rjustice

Restorative Justice Online (International Centre for Restorative Justice Online (International Centre for Justice and Reconciliation): Justice and Reconciliation): http://http://www.restorativejustice.orgwww.restorativejustice.org

Restorative Justice by Tom Cavanagh: Restorative Justice by Tom Cavanagh: http://www.restorativejustice.com/http://www.restorativejustice.com/

Center for Restorative Justice & Peacemaking (University Center for Restorative Justice & Peacemaking (University of Minnesota): of Minnesota): http://ssw.che.umn.edu/rjp/http://ssw.che.umn.edu/rjp/

Queensland Government – Department of Corrective Queensland Government – Department of Corrective Services: Services: http://http://www.dcs.qld.gov.auwww.dcs.qld.gov.au

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