Microsoft PowerPoint - Byzantine Syria.pptTHE BASILICATHE BASILICA Scala 7622 (©1972) Santa Maria Maggiore plan modern view Architecture (2 vols, London 1855), II, p 490 Scala 7622 (©1972) Richard Krautheimer, Rome: Profile of a City, 312-1308 (Princeton [New Jersey] 1980), p 48 St John Studios, Istanbul, 463: view & plan Miles Lewis; Stewart, Early Christian, Byzantine and Romanesque, p 33 Metropolitan Church, Nessebar, Bulgaria, C5th-6th Miles Lewis Miles Lewis Hagios Demetrios, Salonika, late C5th Edition Photo Lykides, Thessaloniki, no 1 the Latin & Greek basilicas Miles Lewis St Peter’s, Rome (Latin) H Studios, Constantinople (Hellenistic) in the Latin basilica: 1. the plan is (at first) occidented, to the west, rather than oriented to the east 2. the atrium contains a fountain or cantharus for ritual ablutions before entering the building 3. there is a porch, formed usually by one side of the atrium, whereas in the Greek basilica there is a narthex, more open to the interior than the exterior in the Latin basilica 4. the lighting is through the gable end, which may be square or pitched, and usually through three windows St Peter’s, Rome, reconstruction (note the atrium, cantharus and porch) MUAS 15,439 Sta Maria Maggiore, Rome (Latin) Hagios Demetrios, Salonika (Hellenistic) in the Latin basilica 5. there is commonly a colonnade dividing off the aisles, whereas in the east it is always (except in the Studios basilica) an arcade. 6. there is a triumphal arch between the nave and the apse 7. there is a raised platform or bema for the officiating clergy St John Lateran, foundations St Peter’s, Rome, reconstruction Sta Maria Maggiore (Latin basilicas) in the Latin basiilica: 8. there might be some sort of transverse space at the sanctuary end, but never (until much later) a true transept: nor was there in the Greek basilica 9. the altar was commonly portable - probably set up in the nave at first, but later it retreated to the apse, and was fenced off with a marble chancel rail 10. beneath the altar was commonly a confessio, or repository for holy relics. Mancinelli, Catacombs and Basilicas, p 11 MUAS 10,278 James Fergusson, The Illustrated Handbook of Architecture (2 vols, London 1855), II, p 490 early altar location (confessio below) tra ns ve rs e sp ac e in the Latin basilica 11. at the back of the apse was the Bishop's throne, or cathedra (hence the word cathedral): the Hellenistic basilica had a curved seat for the clergy, or synthronon, with the cathedra at the centre. 12. the apse was semicircular and domed. The Greek one was semicircular internally but polygonal externally, and was timber roofed 13. the whole plan was long rather than square in proportion Latin & Greek basilicas Qirkbize, Northern Syria: bema & lectern Miles Lewis Church, Qirkbize Jean Lassus, The Early Christian and Byzantine World, p 12 Basilica A, Resafe, C5th: the bema Miles Lewis Northern Syria south courtyard; cistern or fountain; two south doors; central bema; iconostasis Church and villa at Qirkbizé, isometric view, with the adjoining villa, and cutaway view of the church Georges Tchalenko, Villages Antiques de la Syrie du Nord : le Massif du Belus à l'Époque Romaine(3 vols, Paris 1953), II, pl civ; pl x, 1 Cathedral of S. Thomé, Madras, India, C16th J F Butler, 'India and the Far East', in Gervis Frere-Cook [ed], The Art and Architecture of Christianity (Cleveland [Ohio] 1972 ) p 256, fig 2 JUDEA & JORDANJUDEA & JORDAN ROME JERUSALEM BETHLEHEM eastern Christian sites, C4th- C6th, with the locations of the great Constantinian basilicas indicated MUAS 15,417 Church of the Nativity at Bethlehem, Jordan, 325-333 and later interior view & isometric reconstruction Peter Bamm, The Kingdoms of Christ: the Story of the Early Church (London 1959), p 165 Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, p 37 Church at Eleona, founded by Helena, C4th, as restored by Père L H Vincent J W Crowfoot, Early Churches in Palestine (London 1941), p 33 Ridge Church, Petra, allegedly late C5th, from above Jane Taylor, Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabateans (London 2001), p 206 Ridge Church, Petra allegedly late C5th view west atrium & cistern Miles Lewis Madaba: Church of the Virgin Mary, C6th, & Church of the Prophet Elias, 607 Michele Piccirillo et al, Byzantinische Mosaiken aus Jordanien (Vienna 1986), p 63 Madaba: Church of the Virgin Mary, C6th,& Church of the Prophet Elias, 607 Michele Piccirillo et al, Byzantinische Mosaiken aus Jordanien (Vienna 1986), p 65 Church of the Virgin Mary, Madaba, C6th: two sides of the ring crypt Miles Lewis St Peters Basilica, Rome end as rearranged c 594 Toynbee & Perkins, The Shrine of St Peter, p 215 James Lees-Milne, Saint Peter's: the Story of Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome (London 1967), p 80 St Peter's Basilica, cutaway perspective of the crypt area after c 594 Krautheimer, Rome, p 86 Santa Prassede, Rome, c 817 isometric drawing, showing the ring crypt Krautheimer, Rome, p 123 Church of the Virgin Mary, Madaba, C6th, central mosaic AD 767: plan Michele Piccirillo et al, Byzantinische Mosaiken aus Jordanien (Vienna 1986), p 140 Church of the Virgin Mary, Madaba: central mosaic AD 767 Miles Lewis CENTRALISED PLANS: THE BAPTISTERYCENTRALISED PLANS: THE BAPTISTERY octagonal & similar baptisteries in northern Italy & southern France Albenga Nevers Como Milan Ravenna (Orthodox) Ravenna (Arian) Haven [Connecticut] 1965), fig 12 Baptistery at Qalat Siman, c 476-90, and associated church, c 500, from south Miles Lewis the Baptistery at Qalat Siman Georges Tchalenko, Villages Antiques de la Syrie du Nord: le Massif du Belus à l'Époque Romaine (3 vols, Paris 1953), II, pl lxxvi THE MARTYRIUMTHE MARTYRIUM a heroum Mausoleum of Diocletian at Spalato or Split, 284: plan & elevation Robert Adam, Ruins of the Palace of the emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia (London 1764) a heroum / martyrium Basilica of SS Marcellinus and Petrus, with the mausoleum of St Helena (mother of Constantine) originally intended for Constantine himself Mancinelli, Catacombs and Basilicas, p 40 a herooum / martyrium mausoleum of Santa Costanza, c 338-350, and the church of Sant' Agnese fuori le Mura, c 625-38 Mancinelli, Catacombs and Basilicas, p 50 Santa Costanza, interior Lassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, pl 16 cruciform cruciform martyriamartyria Richard Krautheimer & Spencer Corbett, 'The Constantinian Basilica of the Lateran', in Richard Krautheimer, Studies in Early Christian, Medieval, and Renaissance Art (London 1971 [New York 1969]), p 28 stylite saint, from an inscription at Qalbloze Georges Tchalenko, Villages Antiques de la Syrie du Nord: le Massif du Belus à l'Époque Romaine(3 vols, Paris 1953), III, fig 18 Martyrium church of St Simeon Stylites, Qalat Seman, Syria, c 460-80 view through north arm of the church reconstruction of the complex Miles Lewis Lassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, p 46 St Simeon Stylites plan of church plan of church complex St Simeon Stylites two reconstructions of the church William Macdonald, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture (London 1968 [New York 1962]), p 45 Miles Lewis the remains of a possible C5th martyrium church, later the Cathedral of St Helen, incorporated in the Madreseh Halawaya, Aleppo reconstruction plan from S Guyer, 'La Madrasa al-Halâwiyya Alep', Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale de Caire, XI, 1914. sketch plan of existing structures: Miles Lewis Madreseh Halawaya, Aleppo: detail at impost level Miles Lewis wind-blown capitals the Madreseh Halaweyeh, Aleppo Qalat Siman, c 476-490 H Demetrios, Salonika, 500-550 Miles Lewis Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 45 B Stewart, Early Christian, Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture, p 56 THE TETRACONCHTHE TETRACONCH a Roman tetraconch the Piazza d'Oro of Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, 124, reconstruction MUAS 13,933 front colonnade [New York 1962]), pl 37 S Lorenzo, Milan alternative reconstructions plan modern view Fritz Baumgart, A History of Architectural Styles (London 1970 [1969]), p 57 Paolo Verzone, From Theodoric to Charlemagne (London 1968 [1967]), p 35 MacDonald, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 37 Hubert, Europe in the Dark Ages, pl 8 S Lorenzo, Milan interior as remodelled by Martino Bassi, 1574-88 view, ambulatory, plan Lassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, p 89 Miles Lewis MacDonald, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 37 more tetraconch double shell (or nearly) plans church or audience hall in the library of Hadrian, Athens, early C5th probable Martyrium at Seleucia- Pieria (Samandag), late C5th MacDonald, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 38 Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, p 105 Resafe Resafe Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 96 Martyrium or tetraconch church, Resafe, before 553 view from the east & plan Miles Lewis Soubhi Saouaf, Six Tours in the Vicinity of Aleppo (Aleppo 1957), fig 93 martyrium church, Resafe cathedra Miles Lewis tetraconch plans Hadrian's Stoa, Athens, early C5th. San Lorenzo Maggiore, Milan, c 460. Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture p 188. MacDonald, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pls 38, 37 SOUTHERN SYRIASOUTHERN SYRIA the Hauran (basalt) Miles Lewis Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, p 238 Secular Basilica at Shaqqa plan & cross-section H C Butler, Early Churches in Syria (Princeton [New Jersey]), pp 16, 17 Palace complex, Shaqqa,. AD C2nd: west or entrance front Palace, Shaqqa corner span in first court the Western Tomb, Amman C R Conder, The Survey of Eastern Palestine. Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, Archaeology, Etc. Volume 1. – The 'Adwân Country (London 1889), p 44 & facing Palace, Shaqqa: first hall fortified house, Shaqqa doorway of ?mausoleum fortified house, Shaqqa Bosra Samaria-Sebaste [British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem Supplementary Paper 4] (London 1937), pl 11 Flavian Palace or Domus Augustana, Rome, inaugurated AD 92: octagonal hall Axel Boëthius & J B Ward-Perkins, Etruscan and Roman Architecture (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1970), 252 cloister vault of the Military Baths, Bosra Miles Lewis THE BOSRAN PARADIGMTHE BOSRAN PARADIGM Cathedral at Bosra, plan as published by Fergusson James Fergusson, History of Architecture (2 vols, London 1867), II, p 307, from E G Rey, Voyage dans le Harouan, 1863, pl iv Cathedral at Bosra: Crowfoot’s excavation of 1935 J W Crowfoot, Churches at Bosra and Samaria-Sebaste [British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem Supplementary Paper 4] (London 1937), p 7 Cathedral at Bosra: plan with tetraconch Crowfoot, Bosra and Samaria-Sebaste, pl 2 St Hripsime, Vagarshapat, Armenia, 618: plan Hamilton, Byzantine Architecture, p 144 St Hripsime, Vagarshapat: Miles Lewis Church at Garni, Armenia, AD C6th-7th view of partly reconstructed foundations Miles Lewis Cathedral Church of the Vigilant Powers, Zwartnots Armenia, AD 641-666 Miles Lewis Cathedral Zwartnots : reconstruction & plan Christina Maranci, 'The Architect Trdat', Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, LXII, 3 (September 2003), p 299 Cathedral at Bosra expedition in 1875 Crowfoot, Bosra and Samaria- Sebaste, pl 1 Cathedral at Bosra Detweiler’s reconstruction Cathedral at Bosra, plan and reconstruction by Detweiler Cathedral at Bosra: interior looking east Miles Lewis Cathedral at Bosra plan detail of the south wall (marked orange on plan) Miles Lewis Cathedral at Bosra Ch Early Churches in Palestine (London 1941), p 97 south-west view apse 1954 [1905/8]), p 63, after De Vogué St George, Ezraa front view plan south-east view Miles Lewis G Dehio & G von Bezold, Die Kirkliche Baukunst des Abendlandes (2 vols, atlas in 5 vols, Stuttgart 1887-1901) MUAS 15,451 HH Sergios & Bakchos plan south flank HH Sergios & Bakchos: interior © Paradoxplace.com. from HH Sergius & Bakchos to Hagia Sophia Miles Lewis Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, AD 532-7 Miles Lewis Resafe, from the north
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