SURGICAL DISEASES OF THE SMALL INTESTINE BY PROF. SALEH M AL SALAMAH FRCS Prof. surgery and consultant general and laparoscopic surgeon college of medicine king Saud university Riyadh ksa
Dec 23, 2015
SURGICAL DISEASES OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
BYPROF. SALEH M AL SALAMAH FRCS
Prof. surgery and consultant general and laparoscopic surgeon college of medicine king
Saud university Riyadh ksa
OBJECTIVESAt the end of this lecture students will be able to
describe:
The clinical presentation and Management of Small bowel obstruction.
The clinical features and Management of Crohn’s disease.
Presentation and Management of Small bowel tumors.
Clinical features and Management of Small bowel ischemia.
Short bowel syndrome , causes and management.
Meckel’s Diverticulum, presentation and management.
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
MECHANICAL (Dynamic) vs ILEUS (Adynamic)
ACUTE vs CHRONIC SMALL vs LARGE INTESTINAL
INVESTIGATIONS
Complete Blood Count
Blood Chemistry
Abdominal X Ray, erect and supine
films
CT abdomen with oral and I/V
contrast
Investigations required for GA
fitness if surgery is planned
Paralytic Ileus ( ADYNAMIC OBSTRUCTION)
This may be defined as a state in which there is failure of transmission of peristaltic waves secondary to neuromuscular failure.
The resultant stasis leads to accumulation of fluid and gas within the bowel, with associated distension, vomiting, absence of bowel sounds and constipation.
Vascular Disease of IntestineMESENTERIC ISCHEMIA
Arterial or Venous Acute or Chronic Symptoms: Acute: Sudden abdominal
pain, passage of altered blood, shock. Chronic: Abdominal angina, weight loss or diarrhoea.
Investigations: AXR, CT angiography Treatment: Resuscitation, Gut Resection,
Embolectomy, Vascular bypass or Endarterectomy.
CROHN’S DISEASEREGIONAL ILEITIS
A disease of uncertain aetiology, but thought to be result of inflammation caused by an unusual strains of mycobacteria.
It is characterized by full thickness inflammatory process of any part of GIT from lips to anal margin.
Pathological features include full thickness inflammation, edema, fissures/ulceration, non- caseating foci of epithelioid and giant cells.
CLINICAL FEATURES CROHN’S DISEASE
ACUTE Pain right iliac fossa
with tenderness mimicking acute appendicitis.
Features of low small bowel obstruction
Rarely perforation of small intestine causing peritonitis.
CHRONIC Colicky abdominal
pain with diarrhoea Weight loss Perianal fistulas Fistulation into
adjacent organs like bladder, colon, vagina.
INVESTIGATIONS
Barium meal and follow through
CT abdomen with oral and I/V contrast
Blood : Anemia, high C- reactive protein
and low Vit-B12 levels
Colonoscopy/ Enteroscopy with biopsy
TREATMENT
Corticosteroids
Aminosalicylates
Immunomodulators e.g.
azathioprine
Monoclonal antibodies
Antibiotics for perianal disease
Surgery: Resections,
strictureplasty or colectomies.
Intestinal Tuberculosis
Uncommon in developed countries except when associated with AIDS.
Both human and bovine strains of mycobacterium can affect.
Starts when ingested from infected source or from swallowed sputum from open pulmonary tuberculosis.
Pathology: Ulceration, stricture formation and lymph node enlargement.
Clinical Features & Investigations
General: Weight loss, low grade fever, fatigue. Abdominal: Vague lower abdominal pain,
distension, borborygmi, diarrhoea, constipation and ulceration leading to lower GI blood loss. Palpable mass in right iliac fossa.
Blood / Serum: CBC, ESR, PCR, Culture. Radiological: CXR, CT abdomen, Barium follow
through. Endoscopy
TREATMENT OF INTESTINAL TUBERCULOSIS
Course of Anti-tuberculosis drugs Surgery for complications like:
Stricture formation Perforation Haemorrhage
Meckel’s Diverticulum
Embryological remnant of Vitello-intestinal duct.
Occurs in 2% population, 2 feet from ileocecal valve and 2 inches long and 2 times common in men.
Presents as :o Persistent vitello-intestinal fistulao Acute diverticulitiso Perforation and peritonitiso Intestinal obstructiono Bleeding due to ectopic gastric mucosa.
Treatment
Asymptomatic and incidentally discovered Meckel’s diverticulum are left as such.
Narrow necked, inflamed or symptomatic diverticulum is excised.
Tumors of the Small Intestine
Primary tumours of small gut are uncommon and form only 5% of the GIT neoplasms.
Aetiological factors include:A. Inherited Conditions: Polyposis coli, Peutz-Jegherz Syndrome, Gardner's syndrome.
B. Immunocompromised states: Coeliac disease, AIDS, transplant recipients.
C. Geographical Areas: Lymphomas more common in Middle East.
Classification of Tumours
Benign
Adenomas
GIST (Gastrointestinal
Stromal tumours)
Lipomas
Neurofibromas
Malignant
Lymphomas both primary and part of
generalised disease.
Adenocarcinomas
Carcinoids
Secondary tumours from lung, breast or malignant melanoma.
Clinical Presentation
It can be Acute or Chronic
Acute presentation is with intestinal obstruction, GI bleeding or perforation leading to peritonitis.
Chronic symptoms include malaise, abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhoea and anaemia.
Investigations & Treatment
Blood : Anemia and high ESR, Tumour markers, high 5-HIAA levels in Carcinoids.
Radiological: CT or MRI abdomen with oral and intravenous contrast.
Endoscopy: Upper GI endoscopy, Enteroscopy,
Colonoscopy.
TREATMENT: This depends upon presentation, stage and type of the tumour.
SHORT GUT SYNDROME
Short gut syndrome has been arbitrarily defined as the presence of less than 200 cm of residual small bowel in adult patients.
OR A functional definition, in which
insufficient intestinal absorptive capacity results in
the clinical manifestations of diarrhoea, dehydration and malnutrition.
Aetiological Causes
Crohn's disease; Mesenteric infarction Radiation enteritis Midgut volvulus Multiple fistulae Small-bowel tumours