By Prof. Saeed Makarem 1. PLACENTA This is a fetomaternal organ. It has two components: – Fetal part – develops from the chorionic sac – Maternal part.

By• Prof. Saeed Makarem

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PLACENTA

• This is a fetomaternal organ.• It has two components:– Fetal part – develops from the chorionic sac– Maternal part – derived from the endometrium

• The placenta and the umbilical cord are a transport system for substances between the mother and the fetus.

• Function Of The Placenta:1. Protection.2. Nutrition.3. Respiration.4. Excretion.5. Hormone production, (progesterone,estrogen,Gonadotrophins

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DECIDUA• DEFINITION: 1.1. It is the functional layer of It is the functional layer of endometrium of endometrium of

the gravid (pregnant) uterusthe gravid (pregnant) uterus..

2.2. It includes the endometrium of It includes the endometrium of fundus & fundus & bodybody of uterus of uterus

3.3. The endometrium of the cervix does not The endometrium of the cervix does not form a part of decidua. form a part of decidua.

DECIDUA CAUSE OF FORMATION: 1.1. Trophoblast secretes chorionic Trophoblast secretes chorionic

gonadotrophins which prolong the life of gonadotrophins which prolong the life of corpus luteumcorpus luteum

2.2. The corpus luteum of pregnancy The corpus luteum of pregnancy continues to secrete progesterone till the continues to secrete progesterone till the 2020thth week week

3.3. The increasing level of progesterone in The increasing level of progesterone in maternal bloodmaternal blood induces changes in the induces changes in the endometrial into deciduaendometrial into decidua

DECIDUA

STEPS OF FORMATION (DECIDUAL REACTION):

1. The endometrium becomes thicker & more vascular

2. The endometrial glands become full of secretion

3. The connective tissue cells enlarge due to accumulation of lipid & glycogen.

4. They are called “decidual cells”

DECIDUA – Decidua basalis: It lies at the site of implantation ,it forms the maternal part of the placenta

– Decidua capsularis: it covers the conceptus

– Decidua parietalis: the rest of the endometrium that lines the body & the fundus.

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DEVELOPMENT OF PLACENTA • Until the beginning of the 8th week, the entire chorionic sac is covered with villi, (C).

• As the chorionic sac grows, only the part that is associated with Decidua basalis retain its villi, (D).

• Villi of Decidua capsularis compressed by the developing sac.

• Thus, two types of chorion are formed:– Chorion frondosum

(villous chorion) – Chorion laeve –

bare (smooth) chorion

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DEVELOPMENT OF PLACENTA• The villous chorion

will form the fetal part of the placenta.

• The decidua basalis will form the maternal part of the placenta.

• The placenta will grow rapidly.

• By the end of the 4th month, the decidua basalis is almost entirely replaced by the cotyledons.

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DEVELOPMENT OF PLACENTA

1. FETAL PART: VILLOUS CHORION

2. MATERNAL PART: DECIDUA BASALIS

PRIMARY CHORIONIC VILLI

At the end of 2nd week, finger-like processes formed of outer syncytiotrophoblast & inner cytotrophoblast appear

SECONDARY CHORIONIC VILLI

Early in 3rd week, extraembryonic mesoderm extends inside the villi

TERTIARY CHORIONIC VILLI During 3rd week, arterioles, venules & capillaries develop in the mesenchyme of villi & join umbilical vesselsBy the end of 3rd week, embryonic blood begins to flow slowly through capillaries in chorionic villi

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PLACENTAA) MATERNAL SURFACE

Irregular, divided into convex areas (cotyledons)

B) FETAL SURFACE: smooth, transparent, covered by amnion with umbilical cord attached near its center & umbilical vessels radiating from it

FULL-TERM PLACENTA• Cotyledons –about 15 to

20 slightly bulging villous areas. Their surface is covered by shreds of decidua basalis from the uterine wall.

• After birth, the placenta is always carefully inspected for missing cotyledons.

• Cotyledons remaining attached to the uterine wall after birth may cause severe bleeding.

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Maternal side

FULL-TERM PLACENTA(500 -600 gm- Diameter 15-20 cm)

• Fetal surface:• This side is smooth

and shiny. It is covered by amnion.

• The umbilical cord is attached close to the center of the placenta.

• The umbilical vessels radiate from the umbilical cord.

• They branch on the fetal surface to form chorionic vessels.

• They enter the chorionic villi to form arteriocapillary-venous system. 16

Fetal side

PLACENTAL CIRCULATION

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STRUCTURE OF STEM CHORIONIC VILLUS

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PLACENTAL MEMBRANE • This is a composite structure that separating the fetal blood from the maternal blood.

• It has four layers:– Syncytiotrophoblast– Cytotrophoblast– Connective tissue of

villus– Endothelium of fetal

capillaries• After the 20th week, the

cytotrophoblastic cells disappear and the placental membrane consists only of three layers.

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It separates fetal from maternal blood.It separates fetal from maternal blood.It prevents mixing of them.It prevents mixing of them.

It is an incomplete barrier as it only prevents large It is an incomplete barrier as it only prevents large molecules to pass ( heparin & bacteria)molecules to pass ( heparin & bacteria)

But cannot prevents passage of viruses(e.g. But cannot prevents passage of viruses(e.g. rubella), micro-organisms(toxoplama, treponema rubella), micro-organisms(toxoplama, treponema pallidum) drugs and hormones.pallidum) drugs and hormones.

TRANSFER ACROSS THE PLACENTAL MEMBRANE

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Anomalies of PlacentaAnomalies of Placenta

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BATTLEDORE PLACENTA

VELAMENTOUS INSERTION OF

CORD

FULL-TERM UMBILICAL CORD

• Usually it is attached near the center of the fetal surface of placenta.

• Length: about 50 cm• Diameter: 1-2 cm• Contains two arteries

and one vein, surrounded by mucoid connective tissue (Wharton jelly)

• The vessels are longer than the cord and may have loops (false knots). 27