By Prof. Lydia Ayers. 9:00 AM – Please come a little bit early! Don’t forget the Exam WEDNESDAY!

ByBy

Prof. Lydia AyersProf. Lydia Ayers

9:00 AM –Please come alittle bit early!

Don’t forgetthe Exam

WEDNESDAY!

What to KnowWhat to KnowWhat to KnowWhat to Know• Instruments• Notation• Rhythm and Meter• Acoustics• Pitch• Intervals• Tuning, Scales and Melody

Study TipsStudy TipsStudy TipsStudy Tips• Which of the following should you do?• Party all night and sleep badly the night

before the exam.• Eat a light breakfast before the exam.• Bring your student ID to the exam.• Bring electronic dictionaries, programmable

calculators, mobile phones, pagers, etc. to the exam.

TipsTipsTipsTips

• Stay healthy – NO make-up exams!Stay healthy – NO make-up exams!• Get enough sleep the night before the exam!Get enough sleep the night before the exam!

• sleeping makes you smartersleeping makes you smarter!!

• Eat properly!Eat properly!

InstrumentsInstrumentsInstrumentsInstruments• List four main categories of musical List four main categories of musical

instruments, divided by the way they instruments, divided by the way they produce sound.produce sound.

• IdiophonesIdiophones• Membranophones (Drums)Membranophones (Drums)• Chordophones (String Instruments)Chordophones (String Instruments)• Aerophones (Wind Instruments)Aerophones (Wind Instruments)

InstrumentsInstrumentsInstrumentsInstruments

• The class of self-sounding The class of self-sounding instruments is called __________ .instruments is called __________ .

• idiophonesidiophones

InstrumentsInstrumentsInstrumentsInstruments

• What are the four main components of a What are the four main components of a membranophone?membranophone?

• BodyBody• MembraneMembrane• AttachmentAttachment• DecorationsDecorations

InstrumentsInstrumentsInstrumentsInstruments

• What is the primary difference between What is the primary difference between a membranophone and an idiophone?a membranophone and an idiophone?

• The sound-producing part of a The sound-producing part of a membranophone is a membrane.membranophone is a membrane.

• The sound-producing part of an idiophone The sound-producing part of an idiophone is itself.is itself.

InstrumentsInstrumentsInstrumentsInstruments

• Which of the following instruments are not related pairs?

A. Violin and erhu

B. Yangqin and santour

C. Water bottle and drum

D. Guitar and monochord

E. None of the other answers

InstrumentsInstrumentsInstrumentsInstruments

• Describe a similarity between typical Describe a similarity between typical membranophones and typical membranophones and typical idiophones.idiophones.

• The two classes of instruments are often The two classes of instruments are often played in the same way (striking).played in the same way (striking).

PitchPitchPitchPitch

• Describe a method of changing the Describe a method of changing the pitch (and how the pitch is changed) if pitch (and how the pitch is changed) if you are blowing across a bottle that is you are blowing across a bottle that is half-filled with water.half-filled with water.

• Add water: pitch goes upAdd water: pitch goes up

• Remove water: pitch goes downRemove water: pitch goes down

• Blow harder for higher harmonics Blow harder for higher harmonics (pitch always increases)(pitch always increases)

InstrumentsInstrumentsInstrumentsInstruments

• The technique for performers to The technique for performers to perform continuously without perform continuously without stopping for breath is called stopping for breath is called _________ ._________ .

• circular breathingcircular breathing

InstrumentsInstrumentsInstrumentsInstruments• Which of the following statements is Which of the following statements is

most correct?most correct?A.A. Flutes and trumpets are both Flutes and trumpets are both

aerophones.aerophones.B.B. Flutes are aerophones; trumpets are Flutes are aerophones; trumpets are

idiophones.idiophones.C.C. Flutes are idiophones; trumpets are Flutes are idiophones; trumpets are

aerophones.aerophones.D.D. Flutes and trumpets are both idiophones.Flutes and trumpets are both idiophones.E.E. Flutes and trumpets are both Flutes and trumpets are both

membranophones.membranophones.

InstrumentsInstrumentsInstrumentsInstruments

• What is the difference in technique What is the difference in technique between playing a flute and playing between playing a flute and playing a trumpet?a trumpet?• Flute: Blowing across an edgeFlute: Blowing across an edge• Trumpet: Buzzing the lips while Trumpet: Buzzing the lips while

blowing into an openingblowing into an opening

RhythmRhythmRhythmRhythm

• The line for connecting a group The line for connecting a group of flagged notes is a ______.of flagged notes is a ______.• beambeam

MeterMeterMeterMeter

• Explain what the time signature ¾ Explain what the time signature ¾ means. means.

• 3: 3 beats per measure3: 3 beats per measure• 4: quarter note takes one beat4: quarter note takes one beat

MeterMeterMeterMeter

• Fill in the correct time signature in Fill in the correct time signature in the following figure:the following figure:

34

68

MeterMeterMeterMeter• Identify which of the following two Identify which of the following two

examples is in 6/8 meter and which is in examples is in 6/8 meter and which is in 3/4 meter: 3/4 meter:

6/86/8

3/43/4

NotationNotationNotationNotation

• Which of the following statements is Which of the following statements is correct?correct?

A.A. Staves in Western Music Notation Staves in Western Music Notation have five lines.have five lines.

B.B. The treble clef has four lines.The treble clef has four lines.

C.C. The bass clef has four lines.The bass clef has four lines.

D.D. The number of lines in the staff The number of lines in the staff depends on the key signaturedepends on the key signature

NotationNotationNotationNotation

• Short horizontal lines that extend the Short horizontal lines that extend the staves up and down are called _____ staves up and down are called _____

• ledger linesledger lines

PitchPitchPitchPitch• Which of the following affect the pitch Which of the following affect the pitch

produced by a string? (Circle all that produced by a string? (Circle all that apply)apply)

A.A. Length of the stringLength of the stringB.B. Height of the bridgeHeight of the bridgeC.C. Tension of the stringTension of the stringD.D. Force that you bow the string (bowed Force that you bow the string (bowed

instruments only)instruments only)E.E. Speed that you bow the string (bowed Speed that you bow the string (bowed

instruments only)instruments only)

PitchPitchPitchPitch

• Write down the pitch name for Write down the pitch name for each line of the bass clef staff.each line of the bass clef staff.

Always

BoysGood

FineDo

Pitch and NotationPitch and NotationPitch and NotationPitch and Notation

• A double sharp raises the pitch A double sharp raises the pitch by ___ whole step(s).by ___ whole step(s).

• 11

PitchPitchPitchPitch

• Name all the pitches in this figure:Name all the pitches in this figure:

C# C# F# F C F# C# C

AcousticsAcousticsAcousticsAcoustics

• What are the frequencies of the first 4 What are the frequencies of the first 4 harmonics of A 440?harmonics of A 440?

• 440 Hertz440 Hertz• 880 Hertz880 Hertz• 1320 Hertz1320 Hertz• 1760 Hertz1760 Hertz

TuningTuningTuningTuning

• If Note 2 is one octave higher than Note If Note 2 is one octave higher than Note 1, what is the value of Note2/Note1?1, what is the value of Note2/Note1?

• 22

AcousticsAcousticsAcousticsAcoustics

• If the fundamental frequency is If the fundamental frequency is 150Hz, what is the frequency of the 150Hz, what is the frequency of the 66thth harmonic? harmonic?

• 900 Hz900 Hz

• How many half steps are there How many half steps are there between A and C#?between A and C#?

A.A. 22B.B. 33C.C. 44D.D. 5 5E.E. none of the other answers none of the other answers

IntervalsIntervalsIntervalsIntervals

IntervalsIntervalsIntervalsIntervals

• Name the intervals in the following Name the intervals in the following figure.figure.

minor 6th diminished 5th

IntervalsIntervalsIntervalsIntervals

• What is the complementary interval What is the complementary interval for a perfect 5th?for a perfect 5th?

• Perfect 4th Perfect 4th

TuningTuningTuningTuning

• What is the interval for frequency What is the interval for frequency ratio 3/2?ratio 3/2?

• Perfect 5Perfect 5thth

• If the frequency of the fundamental of a If the frequency of the fundamental of a tone “x” is 110 Hertz, what is the frequency tone “x” is 110 Hertz, what is the frequency of “y”?of “y”?

A.A. 550 Hertz550 Hertz

B.B. 660 Hertz660 Hertz

C.C. 440 Hertz440 Hertz

D.D. 110 Hertz110 Hertz

E.E. none of the other answersnone of the other answers

AcousticsAcousticsAcousticsAcoustics

Acoustics and TuningAcoustics and TuningAcoustics and TuningAcoustics and Tuning

• What is the frequency of the note a What is the frequency of the note a perfect 4perfect 4thth below 200 Hz? below 200 Hz?

• 150 Hz150 Hz

TuningTuningTuningTuning

• To divide the octave in 12 equal To divide the octave in 12 equal parts, what is the frequency ratio of parts, what is the frequency ratio of each adjacent note?each adjacent note?

• 2^(1/12) or2^(1/12) or

ScalesScalesScalesScales

• What is the melodic minor scale What is the melodic minor scale pattern in terms of whole and half pattern in terms of whole and half steps? How are the other minor steps? How are the other minor scales related to it?scales related to it?

• 1 1 ½ 1 1 1 ½1 1 ½ 1 1 1 ½

ScalesScalesScalesScales• Which major key signature has 3 Which major key signature has 3

sharps?sharps?• A majorA major

• Write the key signature:Write the key signature:

ScalesScalesScalesScales• Which minor key signature has 4 Which minor key signature has 4

flats?flats?• F minorF minor

• Write the key signature:Write the key signature:

Frequency AnalysisFrequency AnalysisFrequency AnalysisFrequency Analysis

• Apart from the input wav file, what is Apart from the input wav file, what is the other input for the PVan the other input for the PVan program?program?

• the analysis frequencythe analysis frequency

EssaysEssaysEssaysEssays• What a short solo piece of music What a short solo piece of music

with 4 bars which satisfies the with 4 bars which satisfies the following requirements (25 points): following requirements (25 points): ……

• You will hear this piece twice. Briefly discuss some of the elements in the piece and how you might use them in a composition of your own (10 points). [TRACK 9]

• Write a short progress report on your final project (10 points).