By: Norman G. Hord, Janine S. Ghannam, Harsha K. Garg, Pamela D. Berens, and Nathan S. Bryan Presented by: Rachel Mydosh.

Nitrate and nitrite content of human, formula, bovine, and

soy milks: implications for dietary nitrite and nitrate

recommendations

By: Norman G. Hord, Janine S. Ghannam, Harsha K. Garg, Pamela D.

Berens, and Nathan S. Bryan

Presented by: Rachel Mydosh

Introduction

Did you know you are consuming nitrates and

nitrites daily?

http://www.worldcommunitycookbook.org/season/guide/spinach.html

http://www.ehow.com/info_8318387_dangers-nitrites-nitrates.html

http://chriskresser.com/the-nitrate-and-nitrite-myth-another-reason-not-to-fear-bacon

http://www.dodgegrain.biz/content.aspx?cid=37

Nitrates and NitritesWhat are they?

Common CharacteristicsHighly water soluble Not volatileContain oxygen and nitrogen

Nitrite NO2

Reacts with myglobin in meat

Preservative: mainly curing meats

Used in textiles, rubber, and photography

NO3

Produced by bacteria

You consume approximately 80% of dietary nitrate values from vegetables

Found in private wells from agricultural runoff and fertilizers

Nitrate

MilkThere are 3 stages of breast milk.

Colostrum

Transition

Mature Colostrum

Transition

Mature

Introduction Cont.

It is recommended that a baby be nursed by the mother for the first 6 months of their life.

Alternatives to human milk are formula, bovine (cow), and soy milks.

Human milk has significant nutritional and immunological benefits for the baby. It cannot adequately be replaced by any other food, including formula

Introduction Cont.

Other tests have proven that human, soy, bovine, and formula milk all contain levels of nitrates and nitrites…

It is inferred that since human breast milk contain levels of nitrate and nitrites that they have some important and essential physiological functions.

Regulations

Acceptable Daily Intake

Nitrate – 3.7mg/kg of body weight

Nitrite – 0.06mg/kg of body weight

For Foods and Water

Nitrate – 10mL/L or ppm

Nitrite – 1mL/L or ppm

Methemoglobinemia

High levels of nitrates

Nitrate turns to nitrite

Nitrite reacts with hemoglobin

Hemoglobin changes to

methemoglobin

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Review of Literature

1. Review Nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds.Gangolli SD, van den Brandt PA, Feron VJ, Janzowsky C, Koeman JH, Speijers GJ, Spiegelhalder B, Walker R, Wisnok JSEur J Pharmacol. 1994 Nov 1; 292(1):1-38.

What is a nitrate and nitrite?

2. Review Food sources of nitrates and nitrites: the physiologic context for potential health benefits.Hord NG, Tang Y, Bryan NS Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jul; 90(1):1-10.

How nitrates and nitrites in food could affect your health

3. Effects of dietary nitrate on oxygen cost during exercise.Larsen FJ, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO, Ekblom B Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2007 Sep; 191(1):59-66

How nitrates and nitrites affect you when exercising

Review of Literature

4. Review Food sources of nitrates and nitrites: the physiologic context for potential health benefits.Hord NG, Tang Y, Bryan NSAm J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jul; 90(1):1-10.

In what foods you can get nitrates and nitrites from

5. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Gartner LM, Morton J, Lawrence RA, Naylor AJ, O'Hare D, Schanler RJ, Eidelman AI, American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding Pediatrics. 2005 Feb; 115(2):496-506.

Breast milk facts, why you should feed breast milk

6. Nutrition During Lactation. National Academy Press; Washington, DC: 1991. Subcommittee on Nutrition During Lactation, Committee on Nutritional Status During Pregnancy and Lactation, Food, and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences.

Nutrition in breast milk

Problem Statement

To estimate potential exposure to nitrate and nitrite in human, formula, bovine, and soy

milk to inform total dietary exposure estimates and recommendations.

Methods and Materials

Colostrum and milk

were collected using a

breast pump

Samples were taken and put on

ice

Samples stayed on

ice and methanol

was added

http://article.wn.com/view/2012/07/17/Research_and_Markets_Methanol_Industry_in_Japan/

http://www.extension.org/pages/28320/collection-and-preparation-of-milk-samples-for-microbiological-culturing

http://www.kveller.com/blog/parenting/pumping-on-the-set-of-big-bang-theory/attachment/breast-pump/

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Methods and Materials

Vortex-mixed

Centrifuged to

precipitate protein

Supernatant collected

and analyzed

http://www.scientificinternational.co.in/silma/how-does-it-work.html

http://www.keison.co.uk/grantbio_pv1.shtml

http://www2.volstate.edu/chem/1120/Qual_Anal_I.html

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Methods and Materials

An ENO-20 high performance liquid chromatography system was used to do the analysis

http://www.eicom-usa.com/ENO-20.html

• Clear separation of nitrite and nitrate from other compounds in biological liquid samples

• Single injection to measure both nitrite and nitrate

Results

Average infants normally consume/day

Significantly lower nitrate

Significantly higher nitrite

ResultsBovine and soy milks

Formulas

Nitrate intake were higher in pediatric formulas

Highest nitrate exposure

Results Cont.For a 6.8-kg infant consuming 750 mL/day

WHO= World health organization

ADI= acceptable daily intake

Colostrum is for a 3.2-kg infant

Discussion

The data suggests that the ratio of nitrate and nitrite changes in order to meet the changing metabolic demands of the infant.

It is reasonable to summarize that nitrite must be supplied through human milk to the newborn in order to derive the resulting vascular, immunologic, and gastroprotective benefits.

The infant needs the extra nitrites in the colostrum since it is not born with the enzyme that converts nitrates to nitrites.

Discussion Cont.

Human milk provides a dietary source for nitrite prior to the establishment of lingual and gastrointestinal microbiota. Once the microbiota are established, these commensal organisms are capable of reducing dietary nitrate, to nitrite.

Conclusion

Breast feeding might reduce the risk of or even prevent many health problems in children.

Breast feeding has been shown to reduce the risk of asthma, allergies, and childhood leukemia.

Breast fed babies have been shown to have a lower blood pressure later in life.

Conclusion Cont.

The reduction in adult-onset diseases may be due to the early influence of nitrate/nitrite composition in the milk.

Humans are adapted to receive dietary nitrite and nitrate from birth and therefore, may not pose significant risks at levels naturally found in foods.

The absence of nitrite in baby formulas may contribute to many of the health disparities in formula-fed babies.

Acknowledgements

A big thanks to:

-My family

-Mrs. Gleason

-Mrs. Ross

Questions?