An Intelligent Agent-based An Intelligent Agent-based Architecture Architecture for Internet for Internet Mapping and Distributing Mapping and Distributing Geographic Information Services Geographic Information Services By Ming-Hsiang Tsou E-mail: [email protected]Phone: 619-5940205 Fax: 619-5944938 The Department of Geography, San Diego State University
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By Ming-Hsiang Tsou E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 619-5940205 Fax: 619-5944938
An Intelligent Agent-based Architecture for Internet Mapping and Distributing Geographic Information Services. By Ming-Hsiang Tsou E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 619-5940205 Fax: 619-5944938. The Department of Geography, San Diego State University. The Promise of Internet Mapping. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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An Intelligent Agent-based Architecture An Intelligent Agent-based Architecture for Internet Mapping and Distributing for Internet Mapping and Distributing
Geographic Information ServicesGeographic Information Services
Possible Solution: Possible Solution: Intelligent Software AgentsIntelligent Software Agents
Apply cartographic principles to web mappingSoftware Agents (Cartographers pre-defined)+User defined rules
Establish cartographic rules dynamically (Different tasks have different rules and knowledge base)
Create distributed cartography knowledge base (CKB) (Access/Distribute different rules and symbols, color schemes, layout.. via the software agent network)
Examples: Search “Color Scheme” for Digital Elevation Model.
Search Methods:1. Message Broadcasting 2. Agent Roaming3. Create a “Metadata Repository” to improve the search efficiency
Information InterpreterInformation Interpreter
Data-1 (UTM)
Metadata
[Buffering] in UNIX
Information Interpreter
Metadata
[Address matching] in Window 2000
Metadata
Data-2 (SPCS)
Metadata
Data-3 (Lat/Lon)
Metadata
Metadata becomes the source of knowledge bases
• Automatically convert from “UTM” coordinate systems to “SPCS California VI” by accessing the metadata of GIS data objects.
• Transform map units from feet to meters.
• Transform data from ESRI Shapefiles to AutoDesk SDFs.
The Design of Operational MetadataThe Design of Operational Metadata
Map display component
GIS-operation requirements (A, B)
System metadata
OtherGIS components
GeoData Object
Metadata(A, B, C, D, E, F)
Metadata describe how the Metadata describe how the objects should be represented objects should be represented (color, symbols) and the (color, symbols) and the domain of the object (vector, domain of the object (vector, line, transportation).line, transportation).
Integrating
Self-describing, Self-managingmap layers
Agent(decision maker)
Decision MakerDecision Maker
Events Actions
Agent(Information Finder)
Agent(Information Interpreter)
Agent Collaboration
•Event: If a new [polygon] data layer is added into point data layers.
•Agent Collaboration: •Info. Finder --> search for cartographic rules •Interpreter --> convert cartographic rules into executable procedures.
•Action: Move [point] data layers above the polygon layer.
Software Agents
Software Agents
User-defined rules(Cartographic rules)
Task #1 (Client Machine–A)
(Working memory)Task #2 (Client Machine–B)
(Working memory)
GIS data and components framework
GIS Component(Buffering)
Metadata(Facts)
GIS data object(Road, Colorado)
Metadata(Facts)
User Interface
Inference engine
Rules Facts Working memory
Traditional Traditional Expert SystemsExpert Systems
Advantages of a Mobile AgentAdvantages of a Mobile Agent
•Reduce network loadUpload the agents to remote GIS databases
•Overcoming network latencyReal-time response, agents on the remote site
•Protocol encapsulationAgent carries “codes” and “messages”
•Execute asynchronously and automaticallyMore stable in fragile network connections
•Dynamically adoption Agent senses the execution environment and reacts autonomously to change
Problems of Mobile AgentsProblems of Mobile Agents
• Security (Mobile Agents as “Virus”)
• Implementation (Cross platforms/technologies)
• Size and Diversity (Small programs, more functions)
• Protocol Development (Agent communication)
• Levels of Control (Behavior, location)
Security Model for AgentsSecurity Model for Agents•Security Treats:
•Disclosure of information (interception)•Denial of service (DOS)•Corruption of information
•Attack Targets:•Agents•Agent Containers
•Countermeasures:• Sandboxing (software-based fault isolation, Java)• Digital Signature (signed code to confirm the authenticity of an object, its origin, and its integrity)• Travel Histories (maintain an authenticatable record of the prior platforms visited by an agent.• Others...
Walk-through Example Walk-through Example
Sd_pointofinterestMetadata:•Carto-Type: Point•Symbols: star•Color: red•Size: 7 point •Scale threshold: 1:20,000- 1:10,000
Carto Agents retrieve the operational metadata from data objects and apply it on the map design.
Carto Agents re-arrange the layer sequences and reassign new color scheme for the landuse layer
Add a new landuse layer (metadata: color = blue)• Conflict with current sd_conven layer (same color: blue)• Overlap other information
Cartography OntologyCartography Ontology(Cartography Knowledge Base – CKB ) (Cartography Knowledge Base – CKB )
Statements:All point layers should be above all polygon layers.
First-Order Logic:
Computer Program: number layout sequences (1:top, 2:second..)
polylayer(x).number = i pointlayer(y).number = jIf (i < j) then {
polylayer(x).number = jpointlayer(y).number = i}
yx, Above( PointLayer(x), PolyLayer(y) )
Combining Metadata and Rules Combining Metadata and Rules
Cartographic Rule:If the color of the new polygon layer is the same as one of the existing layers, carto-agents will change the color of new layer to a unique color.
Inference by Multiple Knowledge Bases Inference by Multiple Knowledge Bases
Multiple Cartographic Knowledge Bases (CKB):•Rule#1: “Landuse” data objects are qualitative. (from San Diego State University) http://map.sdsu.edu/001.ckb•Rule#2: Color-hue is best visual variable for displaying qualitative area data. (from UC-Santa Barbara) http://geog.ucsb.edu/hydro.ckb)
Inference:Rule#1 AND Rule#1 Landuse should use “Color-hue” for area symbol display.
Computer Program (Software Agents):Landuse.Symbols =
Agent Communication Agent Communication Language (ACL) / Protocol (ACP)Language (ACL) / Protocol (ACP)
• KQML (Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language) (Finin and Weber, 1993)
•ACL (Agent Communication Language) specification FIPA (Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents) 1997
• IIOP (Internet Inter-ORB Protocol), and CORBA’s Mobile Agent Facility Specification 1.0
OMG, (1999)
• XML-based scripting language (Lange, Hill, & Oshima, 2000)
Current Internet MappingCurrent Internet Mapping
Intelligent Agent SolutionIntelligent Agent Solution• Improve the quality of web maps• Create dynamic cartographic design• Search for appropriate map styles / color schemes.• Establish distributed cartographic knowledge bases.
• Poor quality of maps - No cartographic principles• Problems with multiple data/layer presentation• Difficult to apply color schemes / map styles• Unknown situation for mapping new data objects
SUMMARYSUMMARY
FUTURE WORKFUTURE WORK
Implementation of Cartography OntologyConvert from “logics and rules” to “computer languages”
New Cartographic Principles for New Tasks3D rules, Layer Transparency, Animation rules, etc.
Other A.I. possibility for software agents?Fuzzy logic for scale threshold?,
Probabilistic theory for Data uncertainty representation? Neural networks for _______???,
PowerPoint Slide is available: http://map.sdsu.edu
A GIS spatial analyst, Dick, wants to locate a new Wal-Mart store in Boulder. He needs to obtain related map information and perform a GIS overlay analysis for this task.
Procedure-A: (from Dick’s requests]•Buffer 200m from [Road] to create [Buffer zone]•Overlay [Land use] [Flood zone], [Buffer zone], and [Land parcels], [Crime Risk Index].
Agent
The Roaming of Agent The Roaming of Agent (Carry a [Procedure-A])
Procedure-A:
Agent Procedure-A: Agent Procedure-A:
Agent Procedure-A:
Procedure-A:
3. Agent travels to the agent container in CODOT.4. Executes the first line of procedure-A.5. Generates a new data called [Buffer zone] and puts the new data in the CODOT data container.
Dick’s GIS node
CODOT
Procedure-A: (from Dick’s request)•Buffer 200m from [Road] to create [Buffer zone]•Overlay [Land use] [Flood zone], [Buffer zone], and [Land parcels], [Crime Risk Index].
Agent
First StageFirst Stage
Data container
1. Agents search the location of [Roads], [Buffer operation], etc.2. Find out the location of data and component. ([Roads] URL: www.CODOT.gov) ([Buffer]: URL: www.CODOT.gov)
Agent container
Component container
Roads
Buffer zone
Agent Procedure-A
Buffer
Dick’s GIS node
CODOT
Procedure-A: (from Dick’s request)•Buffer 200m from [Road] to create [Buffer zone]•Overlay [Land use] [Flood zone], [Buffer zone], and [Land parcels], [Crime Risk Index].
Agent
Second StageSecond Stage
Data container
Agent container
Component container
Roads
Buffer zone
Agent Procedure-A
Buffer
The Planning Department
Agent container
Buffer zone
Agent Procedure-A
Overlay
Overlay
Land useFlood
zone
Over-1
Procedure-A: (from Dick’s request)•Buffer 200m from [Road] to create [Buffer zone]•Overlay [Land use] [Flood zone], [Buffer zone], and [Land parcels], [Crime Risk Index].
If .RequiredData found in [Data container] Then set .OperationData = .RequiredDataElseIf Search(.RequiredData) = Null Then print “Data can not be found.”; exitElse set .OperationData = Search(.RequiredData).CopyToDataContainerEnd If
If .RequiredComponent found in [Component container] Then set .OperationComponent = .RequiredComponentElseif Search(.RequiredComponent) = Null Then print “GIS component can not be found.”; exitElse set .OperationComponent = Search(.RequiredComponent).CopyToComponentContainerEnd If