Presented by (click to enter name) Development and characterization of compatible cellulose blend membranes using cellulose and other natural biopolymers using a novel solvent system By Eugene F. Douglass, MS, PhD Department of Chemistry Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan & Richard Kotek, PhD TECS, College of Textiles North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA June 28, 2010 1
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By Eugene F. Douglass, MS, PhD Department of Chemistry Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan &
Development and characterization of compatible cellulose blend membranes using cellulose and other natural biopolymers using a novel solvent system. By Eugene F. Douglass, MS, PhD Department of Chemistry Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan & Richard Kotek, PhD - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Presented by (click to enter name)
Development and characterization of compatible cellulose blend membranes using cellulose and other natural biopolymers using a novel solvent
systemBy
Eugene F. Douglass, MS, PhDDepartment of Chemistry
Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan&
Richard Kotek, PhDTECS, College of Textiles
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
June 28, 2010
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Objectives - Reviewing briefly the literature, and previous
work with this system. To summarize the recent work developing new fibers and membranes using our novel solvent system.
To show the development of biopolymer blend cellulose membranes, using previous work as a foundation.
To show the characterization of the membranes. To extend the preliminary goals of the research
into a new creative area, developing brand new materials that may have use in the membrane industry, and to characterize these new materials.
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Presented by
1 - Introduction
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Layer of material which serves as a selective barrier Barrier is between two or more phases Remains impermeable to specific particles, molecules or
substances Osmotic forces enable free flow of solvents Some components are allowed passage into permeate
stream Others are retained and remain in the retentate stream
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Cellulosic sources Cellulose most abundant naturally occurring
polymeric raw material – very cheap raw material Wood pulp, cotton, other plant fibers, or plant
waste
Figure 1- Molecular structure of cellulose.11
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ExamplesCellulosic fibers and membranes Natural cellulose fibers: cotton, linen, & flax Regenerated cellulose: rayon fiber and film, cellophane film Cellulose dissolved in a solvent: Lyocell fiber and film Cellulose derivatives: nitrocellulose, celluloid, cellulose acetate fibers and
films
Early solution methods – Regenerated cellulose: Cellulose xanthate is made, dissolved, then regenerate the cellulose chemically.
Viscose process Rayon Problems: dangerous solvent, toxicity of waste material
Recent solution methods – Dissolve cellulose in a solvent system Lyocell process – prime commercial process
Table 1 - Different swelling and dissolution mechanisms for cotton and wood fibers in NMMO – water mixtures at various water contents.3
Background of invention of new material
Cellulose and starch are polysaccharides Bond linkage of glucose units different Solvent for cellulose works, perhaps would work for starch. Discussion with Drs. Kotek, Venditti, and Pawlak: Can
starch make a membrane with this solvent system? No, could we do a blend??
Motivation Attempt blend with starch for membranes; success! Based on success with starch; chitosan, chitin and soy
protein were also tried. Both porous and nonporous membranes were obtained, this
section describes the development of cellulose blended with starch to form a useful membrane.
• Made blend fibers from cellulose / waxy maize, and cellulose / soy protein blends.
• Cross-linked cellulose and cellulose blend membranes to prevent falling apart in long term water contact.
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7 – Coming work at Nazarbayev University
Brief Discussion
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ConclusionsNew dissolution process development: Using a special solvent system of ED/KSCN in a
65/35 mass % ratio, functional porous and non-porous membranes were produced that have comparable physical properties to other methods of making cellulose membranes.
New material development: Using the same solvent system, starch was
blended with cellulose in the solution and cast to make functional porous blend membranes, that are stronger than the cellulose porous membranes developed earlier, and very water absorbent.
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Conclusions Using the same solvent system, soy protein was
blended with cellulose to make functional non-porous blend membranes, that are strong and even more water absorbent than the blend membrane with starch.
The casting and drying processes were optimized to deal with issues of shrinkage that causes wrinkling and variable film thicknesses
Other polysaccharides (chitosan and chitin), and protein (keratin from hair) were also used to make functional blend membranes with cellulose, suggesting further applications for this system.
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Presented by
8 - References
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1. Ott . Cellulose and cellulose derivatives : Molecular characterization and its application. Burlington: Elsevier; 1954.
2. Khare VP, Greenberg AR, Kelley SS, Pilath H, Roh IJ, Tyber J. Synthesis and characterization of dense and porous cellulose films. J Appl Polym Sci 2007;105(3):1228-36.
3. Cuissinat C, Navard P. Swelling and dissolution of cellulose part 1: Free floating cotton and wood fibres in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide-water mixtures. Macromolecular Symposia 2006;244(1):1.
4. Cuissinat C, Navard P. Swelling and dissolution of cellulose part II: Free floating cotton and wood fibres in NaOH-water-additives systems. Macromolecular Symposia 2006;244(1):19.
5. Fink H, Weigel P, Purz HJ, Ganster J. Structure formation of regenerated cellulose materials from NMMO-solutions. Progress in Polymer Science 2001 11;26(9):1473-524.
6. Swatloski RP, Spear SK, Holbrey JD, Rogers RD. Dissolution of cellulose with ionic liquids. J Am Chem Soc 2002;124(18):4974-5.
7. Zhang . 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride room temperature ionic liquid: A new and powerful non-derivatizing solvent for cellulose. Macromolecules 2005;38(20):8272.
8. Hafez MM, Pauls HW, inventors. Method for preparing thin regenerated cellulose membranes of high flux and selectivity for organic liquids separations. Exxon Research and Engineering Co., editor. 4496456. 1985 1/29/1985
9. Frey M, Li L, Xiao M, Gould T. Dissolution of cellulose in ethylene diamine/salt solvent systems. Cellulose 2006 04/29;13(2):147-55.
10. Cao Y. Preparation and properties of microporous cellulose membranes from novel cellulose/aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions. Journal of Applied Polymer Science [Internet]. [revised 2006;102(1):920.
11. Metzger J. Carbohydrate structures http://chemistry.gcsu.edu/~metzker/Common/Structures/Carbohydrates/
12. Lee HJ. Novel cellulose solvent system and dry jet wet spinning of Cellulose/ED/KSCN solutions. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University; 2007. Available from: unrestricted
9- Acknowledgements North Carolina State University, College of Textiles
including Drs. Richard Kotek, Peter Hauser and Alan Tonelli Dr. Richard Venditti and Dr. Joel Pawlak, College of
Natural Resources Chuck Mooney, Birgit Anderson and Theresa White
Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan seed funding to disseminate this work, and develop further work Drs. Kenneth Alibek SST, Sergey Mikhalovsky College of